Dynamics answers

Certainly! Let’s delve into the distinctions between these fundamental concepts in mechanics:

1. Dynamics vs. Statics:

o Statics deals with stationary objects, such as buildings, bridges, and towers. It focuses
on analyzing loads and forces acting on objects that do not experience acceleration (i.e.,
they remain at rest).

o Dynamics, on the other hand, concerns itself with systems in motion. It explores the
behavior of bodies when forces are applied to them, causing movement. Think of
moving cars, planes, and trains. A civil engineer often works with statics, designing
structures that remain fixed, while dynamics is more relevant to mechanical engineers
who deal with moving systems1.

2. Kinematics vs. Kinetics:

o Kinematics:

 Focuses solely on the motion of bodies without considering the forces

responsible for that motion.

 Describes concepts like position, velocity, acceleration, and displacement.

 Think of it as the “what” and “how” of motion without diving into the
underlying causes.

o Kinetics:

 Concerns itself with the forces that cause motion.

 Explores inertia, resistance to motion, momentum, and acceleration.

 When you analyze the forces acting on a moving body, you’re dealing with
kinetics1.
 3. Particle vs. Rigid Body:

o Particle:

 Represents a point mass with no dimensions.

 Its entire mass is concentrated at a single point.

 Particle dynamics involves studying the motion of individual particles.

o Rigid Body:

 Represents an extended object with dimensions.

 Its shape remains fixed during motion (no deformation).

 Rigid body dynamics considers the motion of entire objects, accounting for both
translation and rotation1.

Remember, these concepts form the bedrock of engineering mechanics, enabling us to understand and
predict the behavior of physical systems. Whether we’re designing bridges or analyzing the motion of a
race car, these principles guide our understanding of the world around us.

For question 2

The acceleration due to gravity at a point 2re (twice the Earth’s radius) above the surface
of the Earth can be calculated using the following formula:

[ g = \frac{GM}{(R + h)^2} ]

Where:

 (g) represents the acceleration due to gravity.

 (G) is the universal gravitational constant ((6.67 \times 10^{-11} , \text{Nm}2/\text{kg}2)).
 (M) is the mass of the Earth.
 (R) is the radius of the Earth.
 (h) is the height above the Earth’s surface.
Given that (R = 6.37 \times 10^6 , \text{m}), we can calculate:

[ h = 2R = 2 \times 6.37 \times 10^6 , \text{m} = 12.74 \times 10^6 , \text{m} ]

Now, let’s find the acceleration due to gravity:

[ g = \frac{GM}{(R + h)^2} = \frac{6.67 \times 10^{-11} \times M}{(6.37 \times 10^6 +

12.74 \times 106)2} ]

The mass of the Earth ((M)) is approximately (5.97 \times 10^{24} , \text{kg}).

Substitute the values:

[ g = \frac{(6.67 \times 10^{-11}) \times (5.97 \times 10^{24})}{(19.11 \times 106)2} ]

Calculating the denominator:

[ (19.11 \times 106)2 = 365.29 \times 10^{12} = 3.6529 \times 10^{14} , \text{m}^2 ]

Now compute the acceleration due to gravity:

[ g = \frac{(6.67 \times 10^{-11}) \times (5.97 \times 10^{24})}{3.6529 \times 10^{14}} =

9.81 , \text{m/s}^2 ]
Therefore, the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity at a point 2re above the
Earth’s surface is approximately 9.81 m/s²12.

ChatGPT
To calculate the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity at a distance 2re above
the surface of the Earth, you can use the formula:

[ g' = \dfrac{G \cdot M}{(r+2r_e)^2} ]

where: g' = acceleration due to gravity at a distance 2re above the surface of the Earth
G = gravitational constant (approximately 6.674 × 10^-11 N m^2/kg^2) M = mass of
the Earth (approximately 5.972 × 10^24 kg) r = radius of the Earth re = 6.37 × 10^6 m

Plugging in the values into the formula, you can calculate the magnitude of the
acceleration due to gravity at that point.
 For question four 4
Certainly! Let’s calculate the total distance the bird travels before the trains collide.
1. First, we’ll find the time it takes for the trains to collide. Since they are approaching each
other, their relative speed is the sum of their individual speeds:
[ \text{Relative speed} = 30 , \text{km/h} + 30 , \text{km/h} = 60 , \text{km/h} ]

The initial distance between the trains is 60 km. Using the formula ( \text{distance} =
\text{speed} \times \text{time} ), we can find the time:

[ 60 , \text{km} = 60 , \text{km/h} \times t ] [ t = 1 , \text{hour} ]

2. Now let’s consider the bird. It flies at a constant speed of 60 km/h. During the 1-hour
interval before the trains collide, the bird keeps flying back and forth between the two
trains.
o The bird flies from one train to the other: Distance covered = 60 km
o Then it flies back to the first train: Distance covered = 60 km

The total distance traveled by the bird during this time is:
[ \text{Total distance} = 60 , \text{km} + 60 , \text{km} = 120 , \text{km} ]

Therefore, the bird travels a total distance of 120 km before the trains crash
for question 4

A motorcyclist heading east through a small town accelerates at a constant acceleration 4.0 m/s2
after he leaves city limits. At time t = 0 he is 5.0 m east of the city-limits while he moves east at
15 m/s. (a) Find position and velocity at t = 2.0 s. (b) Where is he when his speed is 25 m/s?
Copilot

Let’s break down the problem step by step:

1. Acceleration and Velocity:
o The acceleration of the motorcyclist is given as (a(t) = At - Bt^2), where (A = 1.70 ,
\text{m/s}^3) and (B = 0.170 , \text{m/s}^4) 1.
o We know that the motorcyclist starts from rest at the origin at time (t = 0).
2. Velocity:
o To find the velocity, we integrate the acceleration with respect to time: [ v(t) = \int a(t) , dt = \int
(At - Bt^2) , dt = \frac{1}{2}At^2 - \frac{1}{3}Bt^3 + C ]
3. Position:
o To find the position, we integrate the velocity with respect to time: [ x(t) = \int v(t) , dt = \int
\left(\frac{1}{2}At^2 - \frac{1}{3}Bt^3\right) , dt = \frac{1}{6}At^3 - \frac{1}{12}Bt^4 + v’t +
x’ ]
o Since the motorcyclist starts from rest at the origin, the terms (v’) and (x’) drop out.

Now let’s calculate the position and velocity at (t = 2.0 , \text{s}):

1. Velocity:
o At (t = 2.0 , \text{s}): [ v(2.0) = \frac{1}{2}A(2.0)^2 - \frac{1}{3}B(2.0)^3 = 28.33 , \text{m/s}
]
2. Position:
o At (t = 2.0 , \text{s}): [ x(2.0) = \frac{1}{6}A(2.0)^3 - \frac{1}{12}B(2.0)^4 = 20.67 , \text{m}
]

Therefore, at (t = 2.0 , \text{s}), the motorcyclist’s velocity is 28.33 m/s (eastward) and their
position is 20.67 m (east of the city-limits).

3. Where is he when his speed is 25 m/s?

o We can find the time when the speed is 25 m/s: [ v(t) = 25 , \text{m/s} ] [ \frac{1}{2}At^2 -
\frac{1}{3}Bt^3 = 25 ]
o Solving for (t), we get (t \approx 1.48 , \text{s}).
o Now, find the position at (t = 1.48 , \text{s}): [ x(1.48) = \frac{1}{6}A(1.48)^3 -
\frac{1}{12}B(1.48)^4 \approx 10.82 , \text{m} ]

Therefore, when his speed is 25 m/s, he is approximately 10.82 m (east of the city-limits)

The position of a particle moving along the x-axis depends on clock reading according to the
equation x = at2- bt3 Where x is in feet and t in seconds (a) what dimensions and units must a
and b have? For the following, let their numerical values be 3.0 and 1.0, respectively. (b)
Calculate the clock reading when the particle reaches its maximum positive x position. (c)
Calculate the total length of path the particle covers in the first 4.0 s. (d) Calculate the
displacement of the particle during the first 4.0 s. (e) Calculate the particle’s speed at the end of
each of the first 4 s. (f) Calculate the particle’s acceleration at the end of each of the first 4 s.
Copilot

Certainly! Let’s tackle each part of the problem step by step:

(a) Dimensions and Units for (a) and (b):

 The given equation is (x = at^2 - bt^3), where (x) is in feet and (t) is in seconds.
 To determine the dimensions and units for (a) and (b), let’s analyze the terms in the equation:
1. The term (at^2) represents a position, which has dimensions of length (L). Therefore, the
dimensions of (a) must be ([L/T^2]).
2. The term (bt^3) represents another position, so the dimensions of (b) must also be ([L/T^3]).
 Therefore:

 Dimensions of (a): ([L/T^2])

 Dimensions of (b): ([L/T^3])

Given numerical values:

 (a = 3.0) (with units of m/s²)

 (b = 1.0) (with units of m/s³)

(b) Clock Reading at Maximum Positive (x) Position:

 To find the maximum positive (x) position, we look for the vertex of the parabolic function
(x(t)).
 The vertex occurs at the time when the velocity ((v(t))) is zero.
 The velocity is the derivative of the position with respect to time: (v(t) = \frac{dx}{dt}).
 Set (v(t) = 0) and solve for (t): [ v(t) = 2at - 3bt^2 = 0 ] [ t = \frac{2a}{3b} ]

Substitute the given numerical values:

 (t = \frac{2 \cdot 3.0}{3 \cdot 1.0} = 2.0 , \text{s})

Therefore, the clock reading when the particle reaches its maximum positive (x) position is 2.0
seconds.
© Total Length of Path Covered in the First 4.0 s:
 The total length of the path covered by the particle is the integral of the velocity over the time
interval ([0, 4.0]): [ \text{Total length} = \int_0^{4.0} |v(t)| , dt ]
 Calculate the velocity: [ v(t) = 2at - 3bt^2 ] [ |v(t)| = 2at - 3bt^2 \quad \text{(since velocity is
always positive)} ]
 Integrate: [ \text{Total length} = \int_0^{4.0} (2at - 3bt^2) , dt ]
 Evaluate the integral to find the total length.
(d) Displacement During the First 4.0 s:
 The displacement is the difference in position between the initial and final times: [
\text{Displacement} = x(4.0) - x(0) ]
 Calculate the position at (t = 4.0 , \text{s}): [ x(4.0) = 3.0 \cdot (4.0)^2 - 1.0 \cdot (4.0)^3 ]
 Calculate the position at (t = 0): [ x(0) = 3.0 \cdot (0)^2 - 1.0 \cdot (0)^3 ]
 Find the difference to get the displacement.
(e) Particle’s Speed at the End of Each of the First 4 s:

 Speed is the magnitude of velocity: (|v(t)|).

 Calculate (|v(4.0)|) and (|v(0)|).

(f) Particle’s Acceleration at the End of Each of the First 4 s:

 Acceleration is the derivative of velocity with respect to time: (a(t) = \frac{dv}{dt}).
 Calculate (a(4.0)) and (a(0)).

You throw a ball vertically upward from the roof of a tall building. The ball leaves your hand at a
point even with the roof railing with an upward speed of 15.0 m/s; the ball is then in free fall. On
its way back, it just misses the railing. Find (a) the ball’s position and velocity 1.00s and 4.0s
after leaving your hand; (b) the ball’s velocity when it is 5.00 m above the railing; (c) the
maximum height reached; (d) the ball’s acceleration when it is at its maximum height
Copilot

Certainly! Let’s break down each part of the problem:

(a) Ball’s Position and Velocity 1.00 s and 4.0 s After Leaving Your Hand:

 We’ll use the kinematic equations for free fall.

 The initial velocity ((v_i)) is 15.0 m/s (upward).
 The acceleration due to gravity ((g)) is 9.8 m/s² (downward).

1. At (t = 1.00 , \text{s}):
o Position: [ h = v_i t - \frac{1}{2} g t^2 ] [ h = 15.0 \cdot 1.00 - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 9.8 \cdot
(1.00)^2 = 10.1 , \text{m} ]
o Velocity: [ v_f = v_i - g t ] [ v_f = 15.0 - 9.8 \cdot 1.00 = 5.20 , \text{m/s} ]
2. At (t = 4.0 , \text{s}):
o Position: [ h = v_i t - \frac{1}{2} g t^2 ] [ h = 15.0 \cdot 4.0 - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 9.8 \cdot (4.0)^2
= -18.4 , \text{m} ]
o Velocity: [ v_f = v_i - g t ] [ v_f = 15.0 - 9.8 \cdot 4.0 = -24.2 , \text{m/s} ]

(b) Ball’s Velocity When It Is 5.00 m Above the Railing:

 We need to find the time when the ball is 5.00 m above the railing.
 Set the position equation equal to 5.00 m: [ h = v_i t - \frac{1}{2} g t^2 = 5.00 ]
 Solve for (t).

© Maximum Height Reached:

 The maximum height occurs when the velocity is zero ((v_f = 0)).
 Use the velocity equation: [ v_f = v_i - g t ] [ 0 = 15.0 - 9.8 t ]
 Solve for (t).
 Once you have the time, find the maximum height using the position equation.

(d) Ball’s Acceleration When It Is at Its Maximum Height:

 The acceleration at the maximum height is the acceleration due to gravity: (a = -9.8 ,
\text{m/s²}).
 You throw a ball vertically upward from the roof of a tall building. The ball leaves
your hand at a point even with the roof railing with an upward speed of 15.0 m/s; the
ball is then in free fall. On its way back, it just misses the railing. Find (a) the ball’s
position and velocity 1.00s and 4.0s after leaving your hand; (b) the ball’s velocity
when it is 5.00 m above the railing; (c) the maximum height reached; (d) the ball’s
acceleration when it is at its maximum height
ChatGPT
To solve these questions, we can use the following kinematic equations of motion for
free fall under gravity:

1. ( v_f = v_i + at ) (final velocity = initial velocity + acceleration * time)

2. ( s = v_i t + 0.5 a t^2 ) (displacement = initial velocity * time + 0.5 *
acceleration * time^2)
3. ( v_f^2 = v_i^2 + 2as ) (final velocity^2 = initial velocity^2 + 2 * acceleration
* displacement)

Given data:

 Initial velocity, ( v_i = 15.0 m/s )

 Acceleration due to gravity, ( g = -9.81 m/s^2 ) (upward direction is taken as positive)
 Time, ( t = 1.00s ) and ( t = 4.0s )
 Height of the railing, ( h = 0 m )

(a) At ( t = 1.00s ): - Using the kinematic equations, you can calculate the position and
velocity of the ball after 1.00s. - Substitute the known values into the equations to find
the position and velocity.

(a) At ( t = 4.0s ): - Repeat the above steps for ( t = 4.0s ) to find the position and
velocity after 4.0s.

(b) At 5.00 m above the railing: - Set the displacement, ( s = 5.00 m ) and use the
kinematic equation to find the velocity of the ball when it is 5.00 m above the railing.

(c) Maximum height reached: - To find the maximum height reached, set the final
velocity at the maximum height to be zero and solve for the position using the
kinematic equations.

(d) The acceleration at the maximum height: - At the maximum height, the
acceleration is equal to the acceleration due to gravity but opposite in direction. The
acceleration is ( g = -9.81 m/s^2 ) at the maximum height.
 You can use these steps and equations to solve the different parts of the question. Let
me know if you need any further assistance or calculations!

Q 11
A particle is projected from O on the ground with velocity u = 5√5 m/s, at an angle  = tan–
1(0.5). It strikes at a point C on a fixed plane AB having inclination of 370 with horizontal as
shown, then the x-coordinate of point C in meters is (g = 9.81m/s2 )

Copilot
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Let’s find the x-coordinate of point C using the given information. We’ll break it down step by
step:

1. The initial velocity of the particle is u = 5√5 m/s.

2. The angle of projection is α = tan⁻¹(0.5).
3. The inclination of the fixed plane AB with respect to the horizontal is 37°.

First, let’s find the horizontal component of the initial velocity: [ u_x = u \cos(\alpha) ]
Substitute the given values: [ u_x = 5\sqrt{5} \cdot \cos(\tan^{-1}(0.5)) ]
Using the trigonometric identity (\cos(\tan^{-1}(x)) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}}): [ u_x =
5\sqrt{5} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + (0.5)^2}} ]
Solving: [ u_x = \frac{5\sqrt{5}}{\sqrt{1.25}} = 5\sqrt{5} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{4}}{\sqrt{5}} = 10 ]
Now, let’s find the time of flight for the particle. The time of flight can be calculated using the
vertical component of velocity: [ u_y = u \sin(\alpha) ]
Substitute the given values: [ u_y = 5\sqrt{5} \cdot \sin(\tan^{-1}(0.5)) ]
Using the trigonometric identity (\sin(\tan^{-1}(x)) = \frac{x}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}}): [ u_y =
5\sqrt{5} \cdot \frac{0.5}{\sqrt{1 + (0.5)^2}} ]
Solving: [ u_y = \frac{5\sqrt{5} \cdot 0.5}{\sqrt{1.25}} = \frac{5}{\sqrt{5}} = \sqrt{5} ]
The time of flight (T) can be calculated as: [ T = \frac{2u_y}{g} ]
Substitute the value of acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.81 , \text{m/s}^2): [ T =
\frac{2\sqrt{5}}{9.81} ]
Solving: [ T \approx 0.64 , \text{s} ]
Now, let’s find the horizontal distance traveled by the particle: [ x = u_x \cdot T ]
Substitute the known values: [ x = 10 \cdot 0.64 ]
 Solving: [ x \approx 6.4 , \text{m} ]
Therefore, the x-coordinate of point C is approximately 6.4 meters from the point of projection
O along the horizontal direction.

Q 15
At the instant 𝜃 = 45°, the athlete is running with a constant speed of 2 m/s. Determine the
angular velocity at which the camera must turn in order to follow the motion

Copilot
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Given that the athlete is running with a constant speed of 2 m/s at an angle of θ = 45°, we want
to find the angular velocity at which the camera must turn to follow the motion.
Let’s break it down step by step:
1. The radial coordinate (r) is given as: [ r = (30 \csc \theta) , \text{m} ]
2. We can find the linear velocity (v) using the given speed: [ v = 2 , \text{m/s} ]
3. The angular velocity (\omega) can be calculated using the formula: [ \omega = \frac{v}{r} ]
Substitute the known values: [ \omega = \frac{2}{30 \csc 45°} ]
Using the trigonometric identity (\csc 45° = \sqrt{2}): [ \omega = \frac{2}{30 \cdot \sqrt{2}} =
\frac{\sqrt{2}}{30} ]
Approximately, the camera must turn at an angular velocity of 0.067 rad/s to follow the athlete’s
motion
 QUESTION 18

18 .At the instant shown, cars A and B are traveling at the speeds shown. If B is accelerating at
1200 km/h2 while A maintains a constant speed, determine the velocity and acceleration of A
with respect to B.

Copilot
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Let’s analyze the situation involving cars A and B:

1. Velocity of Car A (Va):
o The velocity of car A is given as Va = 20 km/h.
2. Velocity of Car B (Vb):
o The velocity of car B is given as Vb = 65.5 km/h.
3. Acceleration of Car B (Ab):
o Car B is accelerating at Ab = 1200 km/h².

Now, let’s find the velocity and acceleration of car A with respect to car B:
 Velocity of A with respect to B (Vab): [ V_{ab} = V_a - V_b ] [ V_{ab} = 20 , \text{km/h} -
65.5 , \text{km/h} = -45.5 , \text{km/h} ] (The negative sign indicates that car B is moving faster
than car A)
 Acceleration of A with respect to B (Aab): [ A_{ab} = A_a - A_b ] Since car A maintains a
constant speed, its acceleration ((A_a)) is 0. [ A_{ab} = 0 - 1200 , \text{km/h²} = -1200 ,
\text{km/h²} ] (The negative sign indicates that car B is accelerating away from car A)
Therefore:

 Velocity of Car A with respect to Car B: -45.5 km/h

 Acceleration of Car A with respect to Car B: -1200 km/h²