Name : Kevinia Mayumi Amran

Student No.: 2220522066

Subject: Advance Human Capital Management
MULTI-LEVEL AND MULTI-ACTOR RESEARCH
Multi-level and multi-actor research has become increasingly sought after in
management studies. Involves the building of research models that cross multiple levels of
analysis and the collection of data from multiple organizational actors. One significant factor
contributing to the demand of such research is the growing acknowledgement that the
question of how to integrate micro and macro research methods and theories is one of the
most critical challenges currently facing management studies. The excerpt emphasizes the
importance of social embeddedness in organizations, highlighting the need for collaboration
across different domains and levels. It suggests that comprehensive examination of complex
organizational issues requires drawing from various levels of analysis and rich, multi-sourced
data. The text discusses the growing interest in multi-level research methods, particularly in
HRM and management research, due to the multi-level nature of contemporary managerial
challenges. It stresses the significance of advancements in theory, measurement, design, and
analysis to effectively conduct multi-level quantitative research. Moreover, it underscores the
lack of resources focusing on the design and implementation phases of multi-level data
collection, which are crucial for high-quality analysis.

A. STRENGTS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE APPROACH

Approach that involves building research models that cross multiple levels of analysis
and collecting data from multiple organizational actors. Argues that this approach is valuable
for understanding complex issues in management studies, as it allows researchers to
incorporate both macro and micro perspectives and avoid methodological problems
associated with single-level analysis. Acknowledges that multi-level and multi-actor research
is a complex endeavour that requires careful planning and consideration of various factors,
such as the level of theory, measurement, and analysis, as well as the potential for common
method variance and issues related to data access and collection. Provides practical examples
from a large-scale multi-level and multi-actor research project called "Global HRM
Challenge" to illustrate these concepts.

B. DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING MULTI-LEVEL AND MULTI-ACTOR

RESEARCH
 The importance of multi-level research in addressing the challenge of integrating micro
and macro research methods and theories, as well as the potential to enrich theory by creating
more comprehensive models of relationships and their interactions. The chapter also
emphasizes the methodological benefits of multi-level research, such as avoiding aggregation
and disaggregation problems and addressing common method variance. However, the chapter
acknowledges that multi-level and multi-actor research is a complex endeavour that requires
careful consideration of factors such as the level of theory, measurement, and analysis, as
well as the potential for common method variance and issues related to data access and
collection. Provides practical examples from a large-scale multi-level and multi-actor
research project called "Global HRM Challenge" to illustrate these concepts.

1. Level Of Theory
Quantitative research methods and data analysis should ideally begin and end with
theory, although the reality in multi-level research is somewhat more complex, with
data- and analysis-related considerations driving theory development in many cases.
2. Level Of Measurement
Given the matrix-type structure of the MNC, and potential geographical dispersion,
how do we define a subsidiary, and how do we gain access to those subsidiaries?
Nestedness was also not entirely straightforward in a matrix-type structure.
3. Level Of Analysis
Largely dictated by theory and enabled/hindered by the approach to measurement, it is
essential to plan for it in advance. Theory-data-analysis alignment is closely related to
the issue of sample sizes at the various implied levels of analyses.

ARTICLE
MULTI LEVEL RESEARCH: FOUNDATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN
MANAGEMENT
Multilevel research is a methodological approach that examines the
relationships between variables at multiple levels, such as individual, group,
organizational, and industry levels. In this approach, variables at each level may
influence variables at other levels, and the relationships between levels can be
reciprocal. For example, employee productivity can be influenced by individual
characteristics and group or team variables, while firm profitability can depend on
firm resources and capabilities, as well as industry membership. Multilevel research
often involves analysing data from multiple levels and using techniques such as
hierarchical linear models (HLM) to account for the nested structure of the data.
Aggregation and collective constructs are also important concepts in multilevel
research, as they refer to the emergence of higher-level variables from lower-level
characteristics or perceptions.