STUDY GUIDE

EFL 2-B,C,D

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

We use Present Perfect to talk about completed actions with
a aonnection to the present, experiences, and actions that
started in the past and continue into the present.

POSITIVE FORM
Start with the subject, add "have" (for I, you, we, they)
or "has" (for he, she, it), and then add the past participle
form of the verb. (The verb can be regular or irregular.)
Example: “I have played soccer.”

NEGATIVE FORM
Use "not" after "have" or "has" to form negative sentences.
Add the past participle form of the verb.
Example: “She hasn’t finished her lunch yet.”

QUESTION FORM
Begin with "have" or "has," add the subject, and then
add the past participle form of the verb.
Example: “Have you seen that movie?”
 THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
DO
Affirmative (+) Negative (-) Interrogative (?)
I sleep early. I don't sleep early. Do I sleep early?
You sleep early. You don't sleep early. Do you sleep early?
We sleep early. We don't sleep early. Do we sleep early?
They sleep early. They don't sleep early. Do they sleep early?

DOES
Affirmative (+) Negative (-)
She sleeps early. She doesn't sleep early.
He sleeps early. He doesn't sleep early.
It sleeps early. It doesn't sleep early.
Interrogative (?)
Does she sleep early?
Does he sleep early?
Does it sleep early?

TIME LANGUAGE
EXPRESSIONS IN USE
always General truth
usually
Habits
often
sometimes Timetables/Scheduled events
seldom/rarely Permanent situations
never Newspaper headlines
Telling stories
everyday
every year Giving directions
once/twice a weak Opinions
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
We use Present Continuous to talk about actions
happening right now or around the present moment.

POSITIVE FORM
To make a positive sentence, start with the subject, add the
appropriate form of "to be" (am, is, are), and then
add the base form of the verb with -ing.
Examples: “I am cooking dinner.” “She is playing tennis.”

NEGATIVE FORM
For negative sentences, use "not" after the form of "to be"
(am not, is not, are not), and then
add the base form of the verb with -ing.
Examples: “He isn’t sleeping.” “They aren’t watching TV.”

QUESTION FORM
To ask a question, begin with the appropriate form of "to be"
(am, is, are), add the subject, and then
add the base form of the verb with -ing.
Examples: “Is she cooking?” “Are you studying for the test?”
 VERB TO BE IN PAST AFFIRMATIVE PAST SIMPLE
Study the forms of the verb Review the rules for the
to be in the simple past tense affirmative form of the
and when to use it. sentences in the simple past
form.

Sub+verb in past simple +

complement
I went to the movies
Martha gave her a hug
My parents danced their
favorite song

past simple negative form and questions

Negative statements about the past .

Sub + aux did+ not + verb in base form+ complement

I did not (didn‘t) do my homework.

Questions about the past: Information questions and yes/no questions.

wh questions + | aux did+ sub + verb in base form+ complement

what did you do yesterday? or Did you go to the movies?

Regular verbs irregular verbs time markers past

Remember that you have to now these verbs by
heart, because there are no rules to follow. You
can use your visual dictionary to study them

Yesterdat/this morning
Last
weekend/week/month/year
One/two...
year(s)/days/week(s)/month
(s) ago
Days of the week + on
Ex. My cousin came to my house
two days ago
 Comparatives and superlatives
Uses of the comparative adjectives:
We use comparative adjectives to show change or make comparisons:
This car is certainly better, but is much more expensive.
I'm feeling happier now.
We need a bigger house for the family.

We use "than" when we want to compare one thing with another:

Mom is 3 years younger than my dad.
My current city is bigger than the last one.
An elephant is way bigger than a rat.

Form and syllables:

Adjectives with one syllable: We usually add -er to the adjective:
Old - Older.
Clean - Cleaner.
Slow - Slower.
If an adjective ends with -e, we add an -r:
Safe - Safer.
Nice - Nicer.
If kind
an adjective ends in a vowel and a consonant, we usually double the consonant:
kindest
Big - Bigger.
short
Hot - Hotter. shorter
Adjectives with two or more syllables: If it ends in a consonant and -y, we change -y for -i and add
-er:
When the adjective has two or more syllables, and
Noisy - Noisier.
doesn't end in 'y', use more and most.
Happy - Happier.
Easy - Easier.
Wefamous
use "more" to make comparative forms for
more most two-syllable adjective
famous mostandfamous
for all three-syllable
adjectives:
wonderful
Beautiful - More beautiful. more wonderful
Dangerous - More dangerous.
Stressful - More stressful.
interesting most interesting
BETTER OR THE BEST?
COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES

COMPARATIVE
A comparison between two nouns.
Eg. This dog is bigger than the other.

SUPERLATIVE
A comparison of a noun with other nouns in a group.
Eg. This dog is the biggest.

HAVE A GO - FILL THE GAPS

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

brave bravest
new newer
tall taller
kind kindest
short shorter

When the adjective has two or more syllables, and

doesn't end in 'y', use more and most.

famous more famous most famous

wonderful more wonderful
interesting most interesting
 We use the Future Simple for future predictions and intentions. Promises,
threats, requests, refusals, offers

POSITIVE NEGAITIVE QUESTION

I / You / We / They I / You / We / They Will I / you / we / they
He / She / It will play. He / She / It won’t play. he / she / it play?

Reflexive pronouns

imperative sentences
 Future with "be going to" and "will"

Use be going to + verb for plans you've decided on

What are you going to do?

I'm going to go camping and hiking.
I'm going to travel by myself.

Use will + verb for possible plans before you've made

a decision.

-Will is often accompanied by other words to show the

possibility or probability (e.g. I guess, maybe, I think,
probably, I suppose, I expect)

What are you going to do?

I'm not sure. I guess I'll just stay home.
Maybe I'll binge-watch my favorite TV series.

- We also use will for spontaneous offers and sudden

decisions.

I'll help you!

I'll open the door!
Modal verbs: can, could, must, should, mustn’t, don’t have to