专题一 阅读理解

主题 1 人与自我·生活与学习
题组一
Passage 1 [2023 新课标卷Ⅱ，B，10 分]
Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for
middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another
teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools.
The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness,
and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo's students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are
not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. "The kids literally
come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks," she says. "They
come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful." Though
some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try
something new.
Urban Sprouts' classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include
hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of
fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook
the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.
"We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now
they're eating differently," Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program's benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so
interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable
gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo's
special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues." They get
outside," she says, "and they feel successful."
1. What do we know about Abby Jaramillo?( )
A. She used to be a health worker. B. She grew up in a low-income family.
C. She owns a fast food restaurant. D. She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.

2. What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program?( )

A. The kids' parents distrusted her. B. Students had little time for her classes.

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C. Some kids disliked garden work. D. There was no space for school
gardens.

3. Which of the following best describes the impact of the program?( )

A. Far-reaching. B. Predictable. C. Short-lived. D. Unidentifiable.

4. What can be a suitable title for the text?( )

A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life
C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape

Passage 2 [2023 全国卷甲，B，8 分]

Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY （ do-it-yourself ） .Skilled at
putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a
job she can do herself.
She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd. From the
age of six, Terri, now 26, accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays. A
day's work was rewarded with ￡ 5 in pocket money. She says: "I'm sure I wasn't
much of a help to start with. But when Derek built our family house about eight years
ago, I was heavily involved （ 参 与 ） , painting the rooms and putting down the
flooring throughout the house. It took weeks and it was backbreaking work, but I
know he was proud of my skills."
Terri, who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth, South West London,
says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy（租期） comes to
an end. She adds: "I've moved house many times and I always like to personalise my
room and put up pictures. So, it's been useful to know how to cover up holes and
repaint a room to avoid any charges when I've moved out."
With millions of people likely to take on DIY projects over the coming weeks,
new research shows that more than half of people are planning to make the most of
the long, warm summer days to get jobs done. The average spend per project will be
around ￡823. Two thirds of people aim to improve their comfort while at home. A
fifth wish to increase the value of their houses. Though DIY has traditionally been
seen as a male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading the charge.
1. Which is closest in meaning to "a dab hand" in paragraph 1?( )

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A. An artist. B. A winner. C. A specialist. D. A pioneer.
2. Why did Terri's grandfather give her ￡5 a day?( )
A. For a birthday gift. B. As a treat for her work.
C. To support her DIY projects. D. To encourage her to take up a hobby.

3. How did Terri avoid losing the deposit on the house she rented?( )
A. By making it look like before. B. By furnishing it herself.
C. By splitting the rent with a roommate. D. By cancelling the rental agreement.

4. What trend in DIY does the research show?( )

A. It is becoming more costly. B. It is getting more time-consuming.
C. It is turning into a seasonal industry. D. It is gaining popularity among
females.

题组二
Passage 1 [2022 全国卷甲，C，8 分]
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of
little Gentoo penguins （ 企 鹅 ） longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely
gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never
forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel.
Throughout her career（职业） as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but
always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons
eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to
travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it
was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to
Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South
American mainland. "I just decided I wanted to go," she says. "I had no idea about
what I'd find there and I wasn't nervous. I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it
alone as I always prefer it that way."
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she'd never met before,
to begin the journey towards Antarctica. "From seeing the wildlife to witnessing
sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that

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no other place has," Ginni says. "I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it
just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at
us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater."
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of
the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
1. Which of the following best explains "take the plunge" underlined in paragraph 2?(
)
A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.

2. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?( )

A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discount fare. D. A friend's invitation.

3. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey?( )

A. It could be a home for her. B. It should be easily accessible.
C. It should be well preserved. D. It needs to be fully introduced.

4. What is the text mainly about？( )

A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.

Passage 2 [2021 浙江，A，7.5 分]

Leslie Nielsen's childhood was a difficult one, but he had one particular shining
star in his life — his uncle, who was a well-known actor. The admiration and respect
his uncle earned inspired Nielsen to make a career （职业） in acting. Even though
he often felt he would be discovered to be a no-talent, he moved forward, gaining a
scholarship to the Neighborhood Playhouse and making his first television appearance
a few years later in 1948. However, becoming a full-time, successful actor would still
be an uphill battle for another eight years until he landed a number of film roles that
finally got him noticed.
But even then, what he had wasn't quite what he wanted. Nielsen always felt he
should be doing comedy but his good looks and distinguished voice kept him busy in

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dramatic roles. It wasn't until 1980 — 32 years into his career — that he landed the
role it would seem he was made for in Airplane! That movie led him into the second
half of his career where his comedic presence alone could make a movie a financial
success even when movie reviewers would not rate it highly.
Did Nielsen then feel content in his career? Yes and no. He was thrilled to be
doing the comedy that he always felt he should do, but even during his last few years,
he always had a sense of curiosity, wondering what new role or challenge might be
just around the corner. He never stopped working, never retired.
Leslie Nielsen's devotion to acting is wonderfully inspiring. He built a hugely
successful career with little more than plain old hard work and determination. He
showed us that even a single desire, never given up on, can make for a remarkable
life.
1. Why did Nielsen want to be an actor?( )
A. He enjoyed watching movies. B. He was eager to earn money.
C. He wanted to be like his uncle. D. He felt he was good at acting.

2. What do we know about Nielsen in the second half of his career?( )

A. He directed some high quality movies. B. He avoided taking on new challenges.
C. He focused on playing dramatic roles. D. He became a successful comedy actor.

3. What does Nielsen's career story tell us?( )

A. Art is long, life is short. B. He who laughs last laughs longest.
C. It's never too late to learn. D. Where there's a will there's a way.

题组三
Passage 1 [2021 浙江 1 月，B，7.5 分]
At the start of the 20th century, an American engineer named John Elfreth
Watkins made predictions about life today. His predictions about slowing population
growth, mobile phones and increasing height were close to the mark. But he was
wrong in one prediction: that everybody would walk 10 miles a day.
Today, in Australia, most children on average fall 2,000 steps short of the
physical activity they need to avoid being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 per cent
of children walked to school, while in 2010, it was as low as 15 per cent.

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 The decline is not because we have all become lazy. Families are pressed for
time, many with both parents working to pay for their house, often working hours not
of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited public
transport.
The other side of the coin is equally a deprivation: for health and well-being, as
well as lost opportunities （ 机 会 ） for children to get to know their local
surroundings. And for parents there are lost opportunities to walk and talk with their
young scholar about their day.
Most parents will have eagerly asked their child about their day, only to meet
with a "good", quickly followed by "I'm hungry". This is also my experience as a
mother. But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son's day comes out. I
hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare
parental opportunity to hear more.
Many primary schools support walking school-bus routes（路线）, with days of
regular, parent-accompanied walks. Doing just one of these a few times a week is
better than nothing. It can be tough to begin and takes a little planning — running
shoes by the front door, lunches made the night before, umbrellas on rainy days and
hats on hot ones — but it's certainly worth trying.
1. Why does the author mention Watkins' predictions in the first paragraph?( )
A. To make comparisons. B. To introduce the topic.
C. To support her argument. D. To provide examples.

2. What has caused the decrease in Australian children's physical activity?( )

A. Plain laziness. B. Health problems. C. Lack of time. D.Security
concerns.
3. Why does the author find walking with her son worthwhile?( )
A. She can get relaxed after work. B. She can keep physically fit.
C. She can help with her son's study. D. She can know her son better.

Passage 2 [2020 全国卷Ⅰ，B，8 分]

Returning to a book you've read many times can feel like drinks with an old
friend. There's a welcome familiarity — but also sometimes a slight suspicion that

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time has changed you both ， and thus the relationship. But books don't change ，
people do. And that's what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on
our present mental register. It's true ， the older I get ， the more I feel time has
wings. But with reading， it's all about the present. It's about the now and what one
contributes to the now ， because reading is a give and take between author and
reader. Each has to pull their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every
spring ， is Ernest Hemingway's A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964 ， it's his
classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating （令人陶醉的），
an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie
Dillard's Holy the Firm ， her poetic 1975 ramble （随笔） about everything and
nothing. The third book is Julio Cortázar's Save Twilight：Selected Poems， because
poetry. And because Cortázar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books ， these three were given to me as gifts ，
which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that ， while money
is indeed wonderful and necessary ， rereading an author's work is the highest
currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time
passes. But remember ， it's you that has to grow and read and reread in order to
better understand your friends.
1. Why does the author like rereading?( )
A. It evaluates the writer-reader relationship. B. It's a window to a whole new
world.
C. It's a substitute for drinking with a friend.D. It extends the understanding of
oneself.

2. What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast?( )

A. It's a brief account of a trip.
B. It's about Hemingway's life as a young man.
C. It's a record of a historic event.
D. It's about Hemingway's friends in Paris.

3. What does the underlined word "currency" in paragraph 4 refer to?( )

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A. Debt. B. Reward. C. Allowance. D. Face value.

4. What can we infer about the author from the text?( )

A. He loves poetry. B. He's an editor.
C. He's very ambitious. D. He teaches reading.

题组四
Passage 1 [2020 全国卷Ⅱ，D，8 分]
I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can
remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a
day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to
parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old. It was a
dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for
story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an
added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source
（来源） of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local
library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read
to them.
I always read, using different voices, as though I were acting out the stories with
my voice and they loved it! It was a special time to bond with my children and it
filled them with the wonderment of books.
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love it that the
excitement of going to the library lives on from generation to generation.
As a novelist, I've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to
go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a
safe haven （避风港） for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a
reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy （盗版行为）
and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can.
Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social
media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
1. Which word best describes the author's relationship with books as a child?( )
A. Cooperative. B. Uneasy. C. Inseparable. D. Casual.

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2. What does the underlined phrase "an added meaning" in paragraph 3 refer to？( )
A. Pleasure from working in the library.
B. Joy of reading passed on in the family.
C. Wonderment from acting out the stories.
D. A closer bond developed with the readers.

3. What does the author call on other writers to do?( )

A. Sponsor book fairs. B. Write for social media.
C. Support libraries. D. Purchase her novels.

4. Which can be a suitable title for the text?( )

A. Reading: A Source of Knowledge B. My Idea about Writing
C. Library: A Haven for the Young D. My Love of the Library

Passage 2 [2020 新高考卷Ⅰ，B，10 分]

Jennifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student to
pursue her goal of earning a nursing degree. That willpower bore fruit when Jennifer
graduated from University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large
family to earn a bachelor's degree.
Mauer, of Edgar, Wisconsin, grew up on a farm in a family of 10 children. Her
dad worked at a job away from the farm, and her mother ran the farm with the kids.
After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her
tuition（学费）, because there was no extra money set aside for a college education.
After graduation, she worked to help her sisters and brothers pay for their schooling.
Jennifer now is married and has three children of her own. She decided to go
back to college to advance her career and to be able to better support her family while
doing something she loves ： nursing. She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at
Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her
four-year degree close to home. She could drive to class and be home in the evening
to help with her kids. Jennifer received great support from her family as she worked

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to earn her degree ： Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills, and her 68-
year-old mother helped take care of the children at times.
Through it all, she remained in good academic standing and graduated with
honors. Jennifer sacrificed（牺牲） to achieve her goal, giving up many nights with
her kids and missing important events to study. "Some nights my heart was breaking
to have to pick between my kids and studying for exams or papers," she says.
However, her children have learned an important lesson witnessing their mother earn
her degree. Jennifer is a first-generation graduate and an inspiration to her family —
and that's pretty powerful.
1. What did Jennifer do after high school?( )
A. She helped her dad with his work.
B. She ran the family farm on her own.
C. She supported herself through college.
D. She taught her sisters and brothers at home.

2. Why did Jennifer choose the program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in
Marshfield?( )
A. To take care of her kids easily. B. To learn from the best nurses.
C. To save money for her parents. D. To find a well-paid job there.

3. What did Jennifer sacrifice to achieve her goal?( )

A. Her health. B. Her time with family.
C. Her reputation. D. Her chance of promotion.

4. What can we learn from Jennifer's story?( )

A. Time is money. B. Love breaks down barriers.
C. Hard work pays off. D. Education is the key to success.

题组五

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Passage 1 [2020 新高考卷Ⅱ，B，10 分]
The end of the school year was in sight and spirits were high. I was back teaching
after an absence of 15 years, dealing with the various kinds of "forbidden fruit" that
come out of book bags. Now was the spring of the water pistol （手枪）.
I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit.
"Please bring that pistol to me," I said. "I'm going to put it in my Grandma's
Box."
"What's that?" they asked.
"It's a large wooden chest full of toys for my grandchildren," I replied.
"You don't have grandchildren," someone said.
"I don't now," I replied. "But someday I will. When I do, my box will be full of
wonderful things for them."
My imaginary Grandma's Box worked like magic that spring, and later.
Sometimes students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it. Then I would
try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away — since I
seldom actually kept them. Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day,
and I would return the belonging.
The years went by, and my first grandchild Gordon was born. I shared my joy
with that year's class. Then someone said, "Now you can use your Grandma's Box."
From then on, instead of coming to ask their possessions back, the students would
say, "That's okay. Put it in your Grandma's Box for Gordon."
I loved talking about the imaginary box, not only with my students but also with
my own children. They enjoyed hearing about all the forbidden fruit I had collected.
Then one Christmas I received a surprise gift — a large, beautifully made wooden
chest. My son Bruce had made my Grandma's Box a reality.
1. What was the author's purpose in having the conversation with the students?( )
A. To collect the water pistol. B. To talk about her grandchildren.
C. To recommend some toys. D. To explain her teaching method.

2. What do the underlined words "the offender" in paragraph 8 refer to?( )

A. The student's parent. B. The maker of the Grandma's Box.
C. The author's grandchild. D. The owner of the forbidden fruit.

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3. What did the students do after they learned about the birth of Gordon?( )
A. They went to play with the baby. B. They asked to see the Grandma's Box.
C. They made a present for Gordon. D. They stopped asking their toys back.

4. What can we infer about the author?( )

A. She enjoys telling jokes. B. She is a strict and smart teacher.
C. She loves doing woodwork. D. She is a responsible grandmother.

Passage 2 [2019 全国卷Ⅰ，B，8 分]

For Canaan Elementary's second grade in Patchogue, N.Y., today is speech day,
and right now it's Chris Palaez's turn. The 8-year-old is the joker of the class. With
shining dark eyes, he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.
But he's nervous. "I'm here to tell you today why you should...should..." Chris
trips on the "-ld," a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers.
His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. "...Vote for...me..."
Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech
to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
A son of immigrants, Chris started learning English a little over three years ago.
Whaley recalls（回想起） how at the beginning of the year, when called upon to
read, Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.
Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience. What you
need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. "It takes a lot for any student,"
Whaley explains, "especially for a student who is learning English as their new
language, to feel confident enough to say,‘I don't know, but I want to know.’"
Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he
asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a
president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just
learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast （夸耀）
about themselves.
"Boasting about yourself, and your best qualities," Whaley says, "is very difficult
for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident."
1. What made Chris nervous?( )
A. Telling a story. B. Making a speech.

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C. Taking a test. D. Answering a question.

2. What does the underlined word "stumbles" in paragraph 2 refer to?( )

A. Improper pauses. B. Bad manners. C. Spelling mistakes. D. Silly jokes.

3. We can infer that the purpose of Whaley's project is to

A. help students see their own strengths B. assess students' public speaking skills
C. prepare students for their future jobs D. inspire students' love for politics

4. Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher?( )

A. Humorous. B. Ambitious. C. Caring. D. Demanding.

主题 2 人与自我·做人与做事
题组一
Passage 1 [2023 全国卷乙，B，8 分]
Living in Iowa and trying to become a photographer specializing in landscape
（风景） can be quite a challenge, mainly because the corn state lacks geographical
variation.
Although landscapes in the Midwest tend to be quite similar, either farm fields or
highways, sometimes I find distinctive character in the hills or lakes. To make some
of my landscape shots, I have traveled up to four hours away to shoot within a 10-
minute time frame. I tend to travel with a few of my friends to state parks or to the
countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way.
Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography. I
often leave early to seek the right destinations so I can set up early to avoid missing
the moment I am attempting to photograph. I have missed plenty of beautiful
sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before the best moment.
One time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil's Lake, Wisconsin, to climb
the purple quartz （ 石 英 ） rock around the lake. After we found a crazy-looking
road that hung over a bunch of rocks, we decided to photograph the scene at sunset.
The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background. We
managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset.

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However, we did not mark the route （路线） so we ended up almost missing the
sunset entirely. Once we found the place, it was stressful getting lights and cameras
set up in the limited time. Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best
shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and
managed my time wisely.
1. How does the author deal with the challenge as a landscape photographer in the
Midwest?( )
A. By teaming up with other photographers.
B. By shooting in the countryside or state parks.
C. By studying the geographical conditions.
D. By creating settings in the corn fields.

2. What is the key to successful landscape photography according to the author?( )

A. Proper time management. B. Good shooting techniques.
C. Adventurous spirit. D. Distinctive styles.

3. What can we infer from the author's trip with friends to Devil's Lake?( )
A. They went crazy with the purple quartz rock.
B. They felt stressed while waiting for the sunset.
C. They reached the shooting spot later than expected.
D. They had problems with their equipment.

4. How does the author find his photos taken at Devil's Lake?( )
A. Amusing. B. Satisfying. C. Encouraging. D. Comforting.

Passage 2 [2022 浙江，C，10 分]

Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but
research has found that moderation （适度）also gets results on the job.
In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to
translate sentences into a new made-up language. Subjects who practiced the
language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced
extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to

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traditional ways of viewing problems across fields — the arts, sciences, and politics.
High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance, especially in simple jobs
where it doesn't pay to be a perfectionist.
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful
examination in many workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is
probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed
conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. "People from cultures
that value relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating
alone in front of a computer," says Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the
University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift mood （ 情
绪）and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve
any post-lunch effort.
Markman also promotes off-task time. "Part of being a good thinker is
experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated to what you are working on at the
moment but give you fresh ideas about your work," he says. "Also, there is a lot of
research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and
creativity. So, when people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make
themselves more effective at work."
1. What does Ellen Langer's study show?( )
A. It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist. B. Translation makes people
knowledgeable.
C. Simpler jobs require greater caution. D. Moderate effort produces the best
result.

2. The underlined word "go-getter" in paragraph 3 refers to someone who

A. is good at handling pressure B. works hard to become successful
C. has a natural talent for his job D. gets on well with his co-workers

3. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?( )

A. A good thinker is able to inspire other people.
B. Experience unrelated to your job is useless.
C. A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind.

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D. Focusing on what you do raises productivity.

4. What does the text seem to advocate?( )

A. Middle-of-the-road work habits. B. Balance between work and family.
C. Long-standing cultural traditions. D. Harmony in the work environment.

题组二
Passage 1 [2022 北京，B，8 分]
My name is Alice. Early last year, I was troubled by an anxiety that crippled
（ 削 弱 ） my ability to do anything. I felt like a storm cloud hung over me. For
almost a year I struggled on, constantly staring at this wall that faced me. My
perfectionist tendencies were the main root of this: I wanted to be perfect at whatever
I did, which obviously in life is not possible, but it consumed me.
One day, I attended a presentation by wildlife conservationist Grant Brown at my
high school. His presentation not only awed and inspired me, but also helped emerge
an inner desire to make a difference in the world. I joined a pre-presentation dinner
with him and that smaller setting allowed me to slowly build up my courage to speak
one-on-one with him — an idea that had seemed completely impossible. This first
contact was where my story began.
A month later, Brown invited me to attend the World Youth Wildlife Conference.
Looking back, I now see that this would be the first in a series of timely opportunities
that my old self would have let pass, but that this new and more confident Alice
enthusiastically seized. Shortly after I received his invitation, applications to join the
Youth for Nature and the Youth for Planet groups were sent around through my high
school. I decided to commit to completing the applications, and soon I was a part of a
growing global team of young people working to protect nature. Each of these new
steps continued to grow my confidence.
I am writing this just six months since my journey began and I've realised that
my biggest obstacle （障碍） this whole time was myself. It was that voice in the
back of my head telling me that one phrase that has stopped so many people from
reaching their potential: I can't. They say good things come to those who wait; I say:
grab every opportunity with everything you have and be impatient. After all, nature
does not require our patience, but our action.

第 16 页
1. What was the main cause for Alice's anxiety?( )
A. Her inability to act her age. B. Her habit of consumption.
C. Her desire to be perfect. D. Her lack of inspiration.

2. How did Grant Brown's presentation influence Alice?( )

A. She decided to do something for nature. B. She tasted the sweetness of friendship.
C. She learned about the harm of desire. D. She built up her courage to speak up.

3. The activities Alice joined in helped her to become more

A. intelligent B. confident C. innovative D. critical

4. What can we learn from this passage?( )

A. Practice makes perfect. B. Patience is a cure of anxiety.
C. Action is worry's worst enemy. D. Everything comes to those who wait.

Passage 2 [2022 浙江 1 月，A，7.5 分]

For nearly a decade now, Merebeth has been a self-employed pet transport
specialist. Her pet transport job was born of the financial crisis （危机） in the late
2000s. The downturn hit the real estate（房地产） firm where she had worked for
ten years as an office manager. The firm went broke and left her looking for a new
job. One day, while driving near her home, she saw a dog wandering on the road,
clearly lost. She took it home, and her sister in Denver agreed to take it. This was a
loving home for sure, but 1,600 miles away. It didn't take long for Merebeth to decide
to drive the dog there herself. It was her first road trip to her new job.
Merebeth's pet delivery service satisfies her wanderlust. It has taken her to every
state in the US except Montana, Washington and Oregon, she says proudly. If she
wants to visit a new place, she will simply find a pet with transport needs there. She
travels in all weathers. She has driven through 55 mph winds in Wyoming, heavy
flooding and storms in Alabama and total whiteout conditions in Kansas.

第 17 页
 This wanderlust is inherited from her father, she says. He moved their family
from Canada to California when she was one year old, because he wanted them to
explore a new place together. As soon as she graduated from high school she left
home to live on Catalina Island off the California coast, away from her parents, where
she enjoyed a life of sailing and off-road biking.
It turns out that pet transporting pays quite well at about $30,000 per year
before tax. She doesn't work in summer, as it would be unpleasantly hot for the
animals in the car, even with air conditioning. As autumn comes, she gets restless —
the same old wanderlust returning. It's a call she must handle alone, though. Merebeth
says, "When I'm on the road I'm just in my own world. I've always been independent-
spirited and I just feel strongly that I must help animals."
1. Why did Merebeth change her job?( )
A. She wanted to work near her home.
B. She was tired of working in the office.
C. Her sister asked her to move to Denver.
D. Her former employer was out of business.

2. The word "wanderlust" in paragraph 2 means a desire to

A. make money B. try various jobs
C. be close to nature D. travel to different places

3. What can we learn about Merebeth in her new job?( )

A. She has chances to see rare animals. B. She works hard throughout the year.
C. She relies on herself the whole time. D. She earns a basic and tax-free salary.

题组三
Passage 1 [2021 新高考卷Ⅰ，B，10 分]
By day, Robert Titterman is a lawyer. In his spare time though he goes on stage
beside pianist Maria Raspopova — not as a musician but as her page turner. "I'm not a
trained musician, but I've learnt to read music so I can help Maria in her
performance."
Mr Titterman is chairman of the Omega Ensemble but has been the group's
official page turner for the past four years. His job is to sit beside the pianist and turn

第 18 页
the pages of the score so the musician doesn't have to break the flow of sound by
doing it themselves. He said he became just as nervous as those playing instruments
on stage.
"A lot of skills are needed for the job. You have to make sure you don't turn two
pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go
back to the right spot," Mr Titterman explained.
Being a page turner requires plenty of practice. Some pieces of music can go for
40 minutes and require up to 50 page turns, including back turns for repeat passages.
Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of
"nodding" to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.
But like all performances, there are moments when things go wrong. "I was
turning the page to get ready for the next page, but the draft wind from the turn
caused the spare pages to fall off the stand," Mr Titterman said. "Luckily I was able to
catch them and put them back."
Most page turners are piano students or up-and-coming concert pianists, although
Ms Raspopova has once asked her husband to help her out on stage.
"My husband is the worst page turner," she laughed. "He's absorbed in the music,
feeling every note, and I have to say:‘Turn, turn!’ Robert is the best page turner I've
had in my entire life."
1. What should Titterman be able to do to be a page turner?( )
A. Read music. B. Play the piano.
C. Sing songs. D. Fix the instruments.

2. Which of the following best describes Titterman's job on stage?( )

A. Boring. B. Well-paid. C. Demanding. D. Dangerous.

3. What does Titterman need to practise?( )

A. Counting the pages. B. Recognizing the "nodding".
C. Catching falling objects. D. Performing in his own style.

4. Why is Ms Raspopova's husband "the worst page turner"?( )

A. He has very poor eyesight. B. He ignores the audience.
C. He has no interest in music. D. He forgets to do his job.

第 19 页
Passage 2 [2019 北京，B，8 分]
Alice Moore is a teenager entrepreneur（创业者）, who in May 2015 set up her
business AilieCandy. By the time she was 13, her company was worth millions of
dollars with the invention of a super-sweet treat that could save kids' teeth, instead of
destroying them.

It all began when Moore visited a bank with her dad. On the outing, she was
offered a candy bar. However, her dad reminded her that sugary treats were bad for
her teeth. But Moore was sick of missing out on candies. So she desired to get round
the warning. "Why can't I make a healthy candy that's good for my teeth so that my
parents can't say no to it?"With that in mind, Moore asked her dad if she could start
her own candy company. He recommended that she do some research and talk to
dentists about what a healthier candy would contain.
With her dad's permission, she spent the next two years researching online and
conducting trials to get a recipe that was both tasty and tooth-friendly. She also
approached dentists to learn more about teeth cleaning. Consequently, she succeeded
in making a kind of candy only using natural sweeteners, which can reduce oral
bacteria.
Moore then used her savings to get her business off the ground. Afterwards, she
and her father secured their first business meeting with a supermarket owner, who
finally agreed to sell Moore's product — CanCandy.
As CanCandy's success grows, so does Moore's credibility as a young
entrepreneur. Moore is enthusiastic about the candy she created, and she's also
positive about what the future might bring. She hopes that every kid can have a clean
mouth and a broad smile.
Meanwhile, with her parents' help, Moore is generally able to live a normal
teenage life. Although she founded her company early on in life, she wasn't driven
primarily by profit. Moore wants to use her unique talent to help others find their

第 20 页
smiles. She donates 10% of AilieCandy's profits to Big Smiles. With her talent and
determination, it appears that the sky could be the limit for Alice Moore.
1. How did Moore react to her dad's warning?( )
A. She argued with him. B. She tried to find a way out.
C. She paid no attention. D. She chose to consult dentists.

2. What is special about CanCandy?( )

A. It is beneficial to dental health. B. It is free of sweeteners.
C. It is sweeter than other candies. D. It is produced to a dentists' recipe.

3. What does Moore expect from her business?( )

A. To earn more money. B. To help others find smiles.
C. To make herself stand out. D. To beat other candy companies.

4. What can we learn from Alice Moore's story?( )

A. Fame is a great thirst of the young.
B. A youth is to be regarded with respect.
C. Positive thinking and action result in success.
D. Success means getting personal desires satisfied.

主题 3 人与社会·社会服务与人际沟通
题组一
Passage 1 [2022 新高考卷Ⅰ，C，10 分]
The elderly residents（居民） in care homes in London are being given hens to
look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity （ 慈 善 组 织 ） to reduce
loneliness and improve elderly people's wellbeing. It is also being used to help
patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have
reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said:" I
used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each
morning before I went to school.

第 21 页
 "I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting
the hens out and down there again at night to see they've gone to bed.
"It's good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to
see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I'm enjoying the
creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful."
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the
North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to
embark on the project, said:"Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the
creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring
to people here."
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said:"We are happy to be taking
part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest
and creative activities."
1. What is the purpose of the project?( )
A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people's
welfare.

2. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?( )

A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of
achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong
personality.

3. What do the underlined words "embark on" mean in paragraph 7?( )

A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate.

4. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?( )
A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results.

第 22 页
Passage 2 [2022 全国卷乙，B，8 分]
In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N.Y. —
Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood — traveled to a settlement in the
Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith
College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to
instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their
stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted ： The Unexpected Education of
Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and
Dorothy Woodruff's granddaughter.
Why did they go then? Well ， they wanted to do something useful. Soon ，
however， they realized what they had undertaken.
They moved in with a local family， the Harrisons， and， like them， had
little privacy， rare baths， and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up
in the morning. Some mornings ， Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the
schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring ， the snow was
replaced by mud over ice.
In Wickenden's book ， she expanded on the history of the West and also on
feminism ， which of course influenced the girls' decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-
raising section concerns the building of the railroads ， which entailed （ 牵 涉 ）
drilling through the Rockies ， often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with
Rosamond and Dorothy's return to Auburn.
Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism
（ 坚 忍 ） of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of
Dorothy Woodruff， on her horse， looking down from a hill top："When the sun
slipped behind the mountains ， it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full
moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals ： foxes ， coyotes ，
mice， and varying hares， which turned white in the winter."
1. Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains?( )
A. To teach in a school. B. To study American history.
C. To write a book. D. To do sightseeing.

2. What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3?( )

A. They enjoyed much respect. B. They had a room with a bathtub.

第 23 页
C. They lived with the local kids. D. They suffered severe hardships.

3. Which part of Wickenden's writing is hair-raising?( )

A. The extreme climate of Auburn. B. The living conditions in Elkhead.
C. The railroad building in the Rockies. D. The natural beauty of the West.

4. What is the text?( )

A. A news report. B. A book review. C. A children's story. D. A diary entry.

题组二
Passage 1 [2021 新高考卷Ⅱ，C，10 分]
A British woman who won a $1 million prize after she was named the World's
Best Teacher will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.
Andria Zafirakou, a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to
bring about a classroom revolution （变革）. "We are going to make a change," she
said. "I've started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools."
The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of
any sort — whether an up-and-coming local musician or a major movie star — into
schools to work with and inspire children.
Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School, her place of work
for the past twelve years."I've seen those magic moments when children are talking to
someone they are inspired by — their eyes are shining and their faces light up,"she
said. "We need artists more than ever in our schools."
Artist Michael Craig-Martin said ： "Andria's brilliant project to bring artists
from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when
the arts are being downgraded in schools." It was a mistake to see the arts as
unnecessary, he added.
Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts
education in schools was not just an add-on. "It is absolutely necessary. The future
depends on creativity and creativity depends on the young. What will remain of us
when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our creative
spirit, our visionary sense of freshness, that has been our strength for centuries."
1. What will Zafirakou do with her prize money?( )

第 24 页
A. Make a movie. B. Build new schools.
C. Run a project. D. Help local musicians.

2. What does Craig-Martin think of the teaching of the arts in UK schools?( )

A. It is particularly difficult. B. It increases artists' income.
C. It opens children's mind. D. It deserves greater attention.

3. What should be stressed in school education according to Schama?( )

A. Moral principles. B. Interpersonal skills.
C. Creative abilities. D. Positive worldviews.

4. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?( )

A. Bring Artists to Schools B. When Historians Meet Artists
C. Arts Education in Britain D. The World's Best Arts Teacher

Passage 2 [2021 北京，B，8 分]

I remember the day during our first week of class when we were informed about
our semester （学期） project of volunteering at a non-profit organization. When the
teacher introduced us to the different organizations that needed our help, my last
choice was Operation Iraqi Children （ OIC ） . My first impression of the
organization was that it was not going to make enough of a difference with the plans I
had in mind.
Then, an OIC representative gave us some details, which somewhat interested
me. After doing some research, I believed that we could really do something for those
kids. When I went online to the OIC website, I saw pictures of the Iraqi children.
Their faces were so powerful in sending a message of their despair （绝望） and
need that I joined this project without hesitation. We decided to collect as many
school supplies as possible, and make them into kits — one kit, one child.
The most rewarding day for our group was project day, when all the efforts we
put into collecting the items finally came together. When I saw the various supplies
we had collected, it hit me that every kit we were to build that day would eventually
be in the hands of an Iraqi child. Over the past four months, I had never imagined how

第 25 页
I would feel once our project was completed. While making the kits, I realized that I
had lost sight of the true meaning behind it. I had only focused on the fact that it was
another school project and one I wanted to get a good grade on. When the kits were
completed, and ready to be sent overseas, the warm feeling I had was one I would
never forget.
In the beginning, I dared myself to make a difference in the life of another
person. Now that our project is over, I realize that I have affected not only one life,
but ten. With our efforts, ten young boys and girls will now be able to further their
education.
1. How did the author feel about joining the OIC project in the beginning?( )
A. It would affect his/her initial plans.
B. It would involve traveling overseas.
C. It would not bring him/her a good grade.
D. It would not live up to his/her expectations.

2. What mainly helped the author change his/her attitude toward the project?( )
A. Images of Iraqi children. B. Research by his/her classmates.
C. A teacher's introduction. D. A representative's comments.

3. The author's OIC project group would help ten Iraqi children to .
A. become OIC volunteers B. further their education
C. study in foreign countries D. influence other children

4. What can we conclude from this passage?( )

A. One's potential cannot always be underrated.
B. First impression cannot always be trusted.
C. Actions speak louder than words.
D. He who hesitates is lost.

题组三
Passage 1 [2019 全国卷Ⅰ，D，8 分]

第 26 页
 During the rosy years of elementary school（小学）, I enjoyed sharing my dolls
and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the
playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose
in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and
playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a
professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and
the status seekers. The likables' plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard
friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever
after in life and work. Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence:
status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein's studies show
unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as
those least liked in elementary school, are "most likely to engage （ 从 事 ） in
dangerous and risky behavior."
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235
adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on
student surveys（调查研究）. "We found that the least well-liked teens had become
more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in
status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high
status has just the opposite effect on us."
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you
on a play date — sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make
you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion:
Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for
those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds
of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage," he said.
1. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?( )
A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool.

2. What is the second paragraph mainly about?( )

A. The classification of the popular. B. The characteristics of adolescents.

第 27 页
C. The importance of interpersonal skills. D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.

3. What did Dr. Prinstein's study find about the most liked kids?( )
A. They appeared to be aggressive. B. They tended to be more adaptable.
C. They enjoyed the highest status. D. They performed well academically.

4. What is the best title for the text?( )

A. Be Nice — You Won't Finish Last B. The Higher the Status, the Better
C. Be the Best — You Can Make It D. More Self-Control, Less
Aggressiveness

Passage 2 [2019 全国卷Ⅱ，B，8 分]

"You can use me as a last resort（选择）, and if nobody else volunteers, then I
will do it." This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for
volunteers for my kids 'lacrosse（长曲棍球） club.
I guess that there's probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety
around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little
persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with
four kids running the show and Italk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren't
even on... At this point the unwilling parent speaks up," Alright. Yes, I'll do it."
I'm secretly relieved because I know there's real power in sharing volunteer
responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule,
sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the
way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach
is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for
another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as
watching your own kid score a goal.
Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a
close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep
coming back for more: Connecting to the community （社区） as you freely give

第 28 页
your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so
good.
In that sense, I'm pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I'd freely
like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too,
does it really matter where my motivation lies?
1. What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph 1?( )
A. She knows little about the club. B. She isn't good at sports.
C. She just doesn't want to volunteer. D. She's unable to meet her schedule.

2. What does the underlined phrase "tug at the heartstrings" in paragraph 2 mean?( )
A. Encourage teamwork. B. Appeal to feelings.
C. Promote good deeds. D. Provide advice.

3. What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3?( )

A. She gets interested in lacrosse. B. She is proud of her kids.
C. She'll work for another season. D. She becomes a good helper.

4. Why does the author like doing volunteer work?( )

A. It gives her a sense of duty. B. It makes her very happy.
C. It enables her to work hard. D. It brings her material rewards.

主题 4 人与社会·文学、艺术与体育
题组一
Passage 1 [2023 新课标卷Ⅰ，C，10 分]

第 29 页
 The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a
detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to
adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the
philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the
forces that are making so many people's digital lives increasingly intolerable, before
moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this
philosophy ： the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from
optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then
add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will
provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I'll guide you through carrying out your own
digital declutter. In doing so, I'll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over
1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You'll hear these participants'
stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they
encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you
cultivate （ 培 养 ） a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I
examine issues such as the importance of solitude （ 独 处 ） and the necessity of
cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device
use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help
you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox
meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular
circumstances.
1. What is the book aimed at?( )
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.

2. What does the underlined word "declutter" in paragraph 3 mean?( )

A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.

3. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?( )

第 30 页
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.

4. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?( )
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.

Passage 2 [2023 新课标卷Ⅱ，C，10 分]

Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the
book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the
world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before
books as we now know them came into being. In artists' representations of books and
reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this " book of books," artworks are selected and arranged in a way that
emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of
children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations
between the generations. Adults are portrayed （描绘） alone in many settings and
poses — absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These
scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we
can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the
intellect（才智）, wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing
press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More
recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used
them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete
volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to
make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book
is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To
serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages
parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And
in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is

第 31 页
monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, "off-
line" activity.
1. Where is the text most probably taken from?( )
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.

2. What are the selected artworks about?( )

A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure.

3. What do the underlined words "relate to" in paragraph 2 mean?( )

A. Understand. B. Paint. C. Seize. D. Transform.

4. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?( )

A. The printed book is not totally out of date.
B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.
D. People now rarely have the patience to read.

题组二
Passage 1 [2023 全国卷甲，C，8 分]
I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder's Sophie's
World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head
in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy
（哲学）.
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for
philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or
Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.
Eric Weiner's The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead
Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an
invitation to think and experience philosophy.

第 32 页
 Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then
frames each philosopher's work in the context（背景） of one thing they can help us
do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like
Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more
than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use
philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality
of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into
conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he
becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding（解读） their messages and
adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent
simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and
aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit
down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It's worth your time, even if
time is something we don't have a lot of.
1. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author?( )
A. Foucault. B. Eric Weiner. C. Jostein Gaarder. D. A college
teacher.

2. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4?( )

A. To compare Weiner with them.
B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praise their writing skills.
D. To help readers understand Weiner's book.

3. What does the author like about The Socrates Express?( )

A. Its views on history are well-presented. B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.
C. It includes comments from readers. D. It leaves an open ending.

4. What does the author think of Weiner's book?( )

A. Objective and plain. B. Daring and ambitious.
C. Serious and hard to follow. D. Humorous and straightforward.

第 33 页
Passage 2 [2022 新高考卷Ⅱ，D，10 分]
As we age, even if we're healthy, the heart just isn't as efficient in processing
oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early
60s. And among people who don't exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
"Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for
20 years and it will become dry and easily broken," says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart
specialist at the University of Texas. That's what happens to the heart. Fortunately for
those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven't been an enthusiastic
exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who
did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly
divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic （无
氧 ） exercise — balance training and weight training — three times a week. The
second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for
four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable
improvements in heart health.
"We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30- or 35-year-
old hearts," says Levine. "And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was
that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump （ 泵 送 ） a lot more blood
during exercise." But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise
didn't change, he says.
"The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven't already, is in late middle
age when the heart still has flexibility," Levine says. "We put healthy 70-year-olds
through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all."
Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says
Levine's findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated
with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise
routine make the biggest difference.
1. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?( )
A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack.

第 34 页
C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart.

2. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?( )
A. Diet plan. B. Professional background.
C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition.

3. What does Levine's research find?( )

A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.
B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.
C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.
D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.

4. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest?( )

A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants.
C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study.

题组三
Passage 1 [2022 全国卷甲，A，6 分]
Theatres and Entertainment
St David's Hall
St David's Hall is the award-winning National Concert Hall of Wales standing at
the very heart of Cardiff's entertainment centre. With an impressive 2,000-seat concert
hall, St David's Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff. It presents live
entertainment, including pop, rock, folk, jazz, musicals, dance, world music, films and
classical music.
The Hayes, Cardiff CF10 1AH
www.stdavidshallcardiff.co.uk
The Glee Club
Every weekend this is "Wales" premier comedy club where having a great time is
the order for both audiences and comedy stars alike. It is hard to name a comedy star

第 35 页
who hasn't been on the stage here. If you are looking for the best comedies on tour
and brilliant live music, you should start here.
Mermaid Quay, Cardiff Bay, Cardiff CF10 5BZ
www.glee.co.uk/cardiff
Sherman Cymru
Sherman Cymru's theatre in the Cathays area of Cardiff reopened in February
2012. This special building is a place in which theatre is made and where children,
artists, writers and anyone else have the opportunity （机会） to do creative things.
Sherman Cymru is excited to present a packed programme of the very best theatre,
dance, family shows and music from Wales and the rest of the world.
Senghennydd Road, Cardiff CF24 4YE
www.shermancymru.co.uk
New Theatre
The New Theatre has been the home of quality drama, musicals, dance and
children's shows for more than 100 years. Presenting the best of the West End along
with the pick of the UK's touring shows, the New Theatre is Cardiff's oldest surviving
traditional theatre. Be sure to pay a visit as part of your stay in the city.
Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3LN
www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk
1. Where is the Welsh Proms Cardiff hosted?( )
A. At the New Theatre. B. At the Glee Club.
C. At Sherman Cymru. D. At St David's Hall.

2. What can people do at the Glee Club?( )

A. Watch musicals. B. Enjoy comedies. C. See family shows. D. Do creative
things.

3. Which website can you visit to learn about Cardiff's oldest surviving theatre?( )
A. www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk B. www.shermancymru.co.uk
C. www.glee.co.uk/cardiff D. www.stdavidshallcardiff.co.uk

Passage 2 [2021 全国卷乙，A，6 分]

第 36 页
 The Biggest Stadiums in the World
People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece. In
around 80 A.D., the Romans built the Colosseum, which remains the world's best
known stadium and continues to inform contemporary design. Rome's Colosseum was
157 feet tall and had 80 entrances, seating 50,000 people. However, that was small fry
compared with the city's Circus Maximus, which accommodated around 250,000
people.
These days, safety regulations — not to mention the modern sports fan's desire
for a good view and a comfortable seat — tend to keep stadium capacities （ 容
量）slightly lower. Even soccer fans tend to have a seat each; gone are the days of
thousands standing to watch the match.
For the biggest stadiums in the world, we have used data supplied by the World
Atlas list so far, which ranks them by their stated permanent capacity, as well as
updated information from official stadium websites.
All these stadiums are still functional, still open and still hosting the biggest
events in world sport.
·Rungrado 1st of May Stadium, Pyongyang, D.P.R.Korea. Capacity: 150,000.
Opened： May 1,1989.
·Michigan Stadium, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S. Capacity: 107,601. Opened:
October 1, 1927.
·Beaver Stadium, State College, Pennsylvania, U.S. Capacity: 106,572. Opened:
September 17,1960.
·Ohio Stadium, Columbus, Ohio, U.S. Capacity: 104,944. Opened: October 7,
1922.
·Kyle Field, College Station, Texas, U.S. Capacity: 102,512. Opened: September
24，1927.
1. How many people could the Circus Maximus hold?( )
A. 104，944. B. 107,601. C. About 150,000. D. About 250,000.

2. Of the following stadiums, which is the oldest?( )

A. Michigan Stadium. B. Beaver Stadium. C. Ohio Stadium.
D. Kyle Field.

第 37 页
3. What do the listed stadiums have in common?( )
A. They host big games. B. They have become tourist attractions.
C. They were built by Americans. D. They are favored by architects.

题组四
Passage 1 [2021 全国卷甲，C，8 分]
When I was 9, we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow,
London on a gray January morning. Everyone in the family settled quickly into the
city except me. Without my beloved beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a loss
and out of place. Until I made a discovery.
Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British
skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I
loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And
my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it.
Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam （ 横 杆 ） , I fell onto the stones,
damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe.
A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud,
shouting: "Safe! Safe! Safe!" And that's what mattered — landing tricks, being a good
skater.
When I was 15, my family moved to Washington. I tried skateboarding there, but
the locals were far less welcoming. Within a couple of years, I'd given it up.
When I returned to London in 2004, I found myself wandering down to
Southbank, spending hours there. I've traveled back several times since, most recently
this past spring. The day was cold but clear ； tourists and Londoners stopped to
watch the skaters. Weaving（穿梭）among the kids who rushed by on their boards, I
found my way to the beam. Then a rail-thin teenager, in a baggy white T-shirt,
skidded（滑）up to the beam. He sat next to me. He seemed not to notice the man
next to him. But soon I caught a few of his glances. "I was a local here 20 years ago,"
I told him. Then, slowly, he began to nod his head. "Safe, man. Safe."
"Yeah，" I said. "Safe."

第 38 页
1. What can we learn about the author soon after he moved to London?( )
A. He felt disappointed. B. He gave up his hobby.
C. He liked the weather there. D. He had disagreements with his family.

2. What do the underlined words "Safe! Safe! Safe!" probably mean?( )

A. Be careful! B. Well done! C. No way! D. Don't worry!

3. Why did the author like to spend time in Southbank when he returned to London?
( )
A. To join the skateboarding. B. To make new friends.
C. To learn more tricks. D. To relive his childhood days.

4. What message does the author seem to convey in the text?( )

A. Children should learn a second language. B. Sport is necessary for children's
health.
C. Children need a sense of belonging. D. Seeing the world is a must for
children.

Passage 2 [2021 浙江，B，10 分]

We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes'
walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my
children want to do after school is pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for
hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours
a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have
begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago，film-maker
David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to
screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son's
ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and,
being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He
documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to

第 39 页
young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the
Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out
into nature.
"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference," David Bond says.
"There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if
children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for
life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now:"We just send
them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our
children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
1. What is the problem with the author's children?( )
A. They often annoy the neighbours.
B. They are tired of doing their homework.
C. They have no friends to play with.
D. They stay in front of screens for too long.

2. How did David Bond advocate his idea?( )

A. By making a documentary film. B. By organizing outdoor activities.
C. By advertising in London media. D. By creating a network of friends.

3. Which of the following can replace the underlined word "charts" in paragraph 2?( )
A. records B. predicts C. delays D. confirms

4. What can be a suitable title for the text?( )

A. Let Children Have Fun B. Young Children Need More Free
Time
C. Market Nature to Children D. David Bond: A Role Model for
Children

第 40 页
 题组五
Passage 1 [2020 新高考卷Ⅰ，C，10 分]
In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He
left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later,
still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the
disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book,
Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about
a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been
destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to
a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way ： Rustam, his translator, a
lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and
Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but
also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural
wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when
suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral （ 葬 礼 ）
followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the
dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making
his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment
and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author
explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage.
Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian
traditions.
1. What made Mr Bissell return to Uzbekistan?( )
A. His friends' invitation. B. His interest in the country.
C. His love for teaching. D. His desire to regain health.

2. What does the underlined word "that" in paragraph 2 refer to?( )

A. Developing a serious mental disease. B. Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C. Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. D. Writing an article about the Aral Sea.

第 41 页
3. Which of the following best describes Mr Bissell's road trip in Uzbekistan?( )
A. Romantic. B. Eventful. C. Pleasant. D. Dangerous.

4. What is the purpose of this text?( )

A. To introduce a book. B. To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C. To remember a writer. D. To recommend a travel destination.

Passage 2 [2020 全国卷Ⅰ，C，8 分]

Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running ， research shows ，
while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own
problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the
Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer
than the marathon. But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight
through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact （ 接 触 ） with the
ground at all times. It's this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive
activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at
Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says. According to most
calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about
800 calories （ 卡 路 里 ） per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they
would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about
1,000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr.
Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four
times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground,
create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as
runner's knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport's strange form does
place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such
injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try
race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn
proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.

第 42 页
1. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?( )
A. They must run long distances. B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules. D. They are good at swinging their legs.

2. What advantage does race walking have over running?( )

A. It's more popular at the Olympics. B. It's less challenging physically.
C. It's more effective in body building. D. It's less likely to cause knee injuries.

3. What is Dr. Norberg's suggestion for someone trying race walking?( )

A. Getting experts' opinions. B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced coach. D. Doing regular exercises.

4. Which word best describes the author's attitude to race walking?( )

A. Skeptical. B. Objective. C. Tolerant. D. Conservative.

主题 5 人与社会·历史、社会与文化
题组一
Passage 1 [2023 全国卷乙，C，8 分]
What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and
chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so
uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine,
it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens
and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It's thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons
are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more
adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those
sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain's consumers
would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in
the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It
seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching
cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one

第 43 页
third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients（配料） than they used to, and
just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four
adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their
cookery knowledge and skills, and youngpeople are also getting more interested in
cooking. The UK's obsession （ 痴 迷 ） with food is reflected through television
scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often
than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it's no longer "uncool"
for boys to like cooking.
1. What do people usually think of British food?( )
A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition.
C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation.

2. Which best describes cookery programmes on British TV?( )

A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential.

3. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?( )
A. 20%. B. 24%. C. 25%. D. 33%.

4. What might the author continue talking about?( )

A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters.

Passage 2 [2023 全国卷乙，D，8 分]

If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege
one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the
world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.
Writing is one of humanity's later achievements, and until fairly recently even many
literate （ 有 文 字 的 ） societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in
things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this
book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can't. The clearest example

第 44 页
of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany
Bay, between Captain Cook's voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the
English side, we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day.
From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield（盾） dropped by a man in
flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually
going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly
as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are
victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know
how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell
their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of
Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their
past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told
through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact（联系） between
literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are
necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that
conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?( )
A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.

2. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?( )
A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.

3. What does the underlined word "conversation" in paragraph 3 refer to?( )

A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.

4. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?( )
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories

第 45 页
 题组二
Passage 1 [2023 浙江 1 月，B，10 分]
Live with roommates? Have friends and family around you? Chances are that if
you're looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be
ready to jump on that bandwagon.
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years
ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my
husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I've learned a few things along
the way though, which I hope you'll find encouraging if you're doing your best to
figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember
showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be
to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with
my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for
me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within
my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn't need.
Since I had my own toiletries （ 洗 漱 用 品 ） , I was able to start personalising my
routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned
out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household
won't entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own
personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up
for yourself if others comment on what you're doing, which can turn itself into a
whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words
probably won't do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice: Lead by action.
1. What do the underlined words "jump on that bandwagon" mean in the first
paragraph?( )
A. Share an apartment with you. B. Join you in what you're doing.
C. Transform your way of living. D. Help you to make the decision.

2. What was the attitude of the author's father toward buying groceries with jars?( )

第 46 页
A. He disapproved of it. B. He was sympathetic to it.
C. He was tolerant of it. D. He didn't care about it.

3. What can we infer about the author?( )

A. She is quite good at cooking. B. She respects others' privacy.
C. She enjoys being a housewife. D. She is a determined person.

4. What is the text mainly about?( )

A. How to get on well with other family members.
B. How to have one's own personal space at home.
C. How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.
D. How to control the budget when buying groceries.

Passage 2 [2022 新高考卷Ⅰ，B，10 分]

Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula （芝
麻菜） was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I
ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the
chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had
unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw
out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, "food waste goes
against the moral grain," as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month's cover story. It's
jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from "ugly" （but
quite eatable ） vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes
thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used
to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes,
"if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse
gases in the world."
If that's hard to understand, let's keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my
refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more
like 12 boxes of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC

第 47 页
Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy
meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations
and collecting blemished（有瑕疵的） produce that otherwise would have rotted in
fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use
in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don't think. "Everyone can play
a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your
weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won't eat,"
Curtin says.
1. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?( )
A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at
times.
C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting
food.

2. What is a consequence of food waste according to the text?( )

A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.
C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.

3. What does Curtin's company do?( )

A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.

4. What does Curtin suggest people do?( )

A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.
C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.

题组三
Passage 1 [2022 新高考卷Ⅰ，D，10 分]
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common "m"
and "a" to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain
sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that

第 48 页
diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in
half the world's languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds
called labiodentals, such as "f" and "v", were more common in the languages of
societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the
University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults
were aligned（对齐）， making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed
by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite
structure（结构）， making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of
agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The
jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in
the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of "f" and "v"
increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not
found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were
present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. "The set of speech
sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human
beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product
of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution," said
Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
1. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi's research focus on?
( )
A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its
development.

2. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?( )

A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.

第 49 页
3. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?( )
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.

4. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?( )
A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural
diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human
beings.

Passage 2 [2022 全国卷乙，D，8 分]

The Government's sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as
Ministers first predicted it would generate ， the first official data on the policy has
shown.
First announced in April ， 2016 ， the tax which applies to soft drinks
containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood
obesity （ 肥 胖 ） .It is believed that today's children and teenagers are consuming
three times the recommended level of sugar ， putting them at a higher risk of the
disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make ￡ 520m a year for the Treasury.
However ， data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this
amount. At present it is expected to generate ￡ 240m for the year ending in April
2019， which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar
levels cut by manufacturers （ 制 造 商 ） so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks
now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers' efforts to
avoid the charge， according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have
been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce
or import， depending on the sugar content.

第 50 页
 However， some high sugar brands， like Classic Coca Cola， have accepted
the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit
juices ， milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax ， as are
small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today's figures ， according to one government official ， show the positive
influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities
（ 设 施 ） and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a
healthy and active childhood is of great importance， and the industry is playing its
part.
1. Why was the sugar tax introduced?( )
A. To collect money for schools. B. To improve the quality of drinks.
C. To protect children's health. D. To encourage research in education.

2. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?( )

A. They turned to overseas markets.
B. They raised the prices of their products.
C. They cut down on their production.
D. They reduced their products' sugar content.

3. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?( )

A. Most alcoholic drinks. B. Milk-based drinks.
C. Fruit juices. D. Classic Coke.

4. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?( )
A. It is a short-sighted decision. B. It is a success story.
C. It benefits manufacturers. D. It upsets customers.

第 51 页
 题组四
Passage 1 [2022 全国卷甲，D，8 分]
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia.
The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of
things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally
diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s， pilots Sydney ferryboats
for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor.
After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways —
he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
"I'll miss these old boats," he said as we parted.
"How do you mean?" I asked.
"Oh, they're replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they're
not so elegant, and they're not fun to pilot. But that's progress, I guess."
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords （口
号 ） , and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city's official
historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much
of its past, including many of its finest buildings. "Sydney is confused about itself,"
she said."We can't seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a
traditional one. It's a conflict that we aren't getting any better at resolving （解决）."
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I
considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. "Many
people say that we lack culture in this country," he told me. "What people forget is
that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the
Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We've got a foundation built on
ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It's a pretty hard
combination to beat."
He is right, but I can't help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?( )
A. Sydney's striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.

第 52 页
C. The key to Sydney's development. D. Sydney's tourist attractions in the
1960s.

2. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?( )

A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life.
C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries.

3. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?( )

A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress.
C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international.

4. Which statement will the author probably agree with?( )

A. A city can be young and old at the same time.
B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C. Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.

Passage 2 [2022 浙江，A，7.5 分]

Pasta and pizza were on everyone's lunch menu in my native land of Italy.
Everyone who had such a lunch was fair-skinned and spoke Italian. A few years later,
as I stood in the lunch line with my kindergarten class in a school in Brooklyn, I
realized things were no longer that simple. My classmates ranged from those kids
with pale skin and large blue eyes to those with rich brown skin and dark hair. The
food choices were almost as diverse as the students. In front of me was an array of
foods I couldn't even name in my native language. Fearing that I would pick out
something awful, I desperately tried to ask the boy ahead of me for a
recommendation. Unfortunately, between us stood the barrier of language.
Although my kindergarten experience feels like a century ago, the lessons I
learned will stick in my mind forever. For the past three summers, I have worked in a
government agency in New York. New immigrants much like the little girl in the
lunch line flooded our office seeking help. I often had to be an interpreter for the
Italian-speaking ones. As I served the role of vital communication link, I was
reminded of my desperate struggle to converse before I learned English. I watched

第 53 页
with great sympathy as elderly Italians tried to hold a conversation in Italian with
people who did not speak the language. It suddenly became very clear to me how
lucky I was to be fluent in two languages.
In New York, a multicultural city, students like me are blessed with a chance to
work with a diverse population. In my English to Italian translations, I've learned
about social programs that I didn't know existed. This work expanded my mind in
ways that are impossible inside the four walls of a classroom. Walking through the
streets of Brooklyn today, I am no longer confused by this city's sounds and smells.
Instead, I enjoy its diversity.
1. What did the author realize after entering school in Brooklyn?( )
A. Time passed quickly. B. English was hard to learn.
C. The food was terrible. D. People were very different.

2. Who does "the little girl" in paragraph 2 refer to?( )

A. An Italian teacher. B. A government official.
C. The author herself. D. The author's classmate.

3. How did the summer job benefit the author?( )

A. It strengthened her love for school. B. It helped sharpen her sense of
direction.
C. It opened her eyes to the real world. D. It made her childhood dream come
true.

题组五
Passage 1 [2022 浙江 1 月，B，7.5 分]
The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology, and the
lifeblood of that technology has long been electricity. By providing long-distance
communication and energy, electricity created the modern world. Yet properly
understood, the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam,
which began a century earlier.
"It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric
revolutions," writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers: Steam, Electricity,

第 54 页
and the Men Who Invented Modern America. Klein, a noted historian of technology,
spins a narrative（叙述） so lively that at times it reads like a novel.
The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland, where Watt
perfected "the machine that changed the world." Klein writes, "America did not
invent the steam engine, but once they grasped its possibilities they put it to more uses
than anyone else."
Meanwhile, over the course of the 19th century, electricity went from mere
curiosity to a basic necessity. Morse invented a code for sending messages over an
electromagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a voice. Edison perfected an
incandescent bulb（白炽灯泡） that brought electric light into the American home.
Most importantly, Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification,
which he showed in New York City. With help from Tesla, Westinghouse's firm
developed a system using alternating current （ 交 流 电 ） , which soon became the
major form of power delivery.
To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the
progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one
man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.
1. What is Klein's understanding of the age of electricity?( )
A. It is closely linked to the steam age. B. It began earlier than people thought.
C. It is a little-studied period of history. D. It will come to an end sooner or later.

2. What can be inferred about Ned?( )

A. He was born in New York City. B. He wrote many interesting stories.
C. He created an electricity company. D. He lived mainly in the 19th century.

3. What is the text?( )

A. A biography. B. A book review. C. A short story. D. A science
report.

Passage 2 [2021 新高考卷Ⅰ，D，10 分]

Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional（情
感 的 ） intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as

第 55 页
almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ
test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people
skills." Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these
qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be
used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others
are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a
cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does
not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what
research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more
beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and
much needed emphasis （ 重 视 ） on emotion by employers, educators and others
interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional
intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of
emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we
hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly
study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer
new perspectives （ 视 角 ） from which to study how people manage their lives.
Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in
the right direction.
1. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?( )
A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person's mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person's positive
qualities.

2. Why does the author mention "doctor" and "cheater" in paragraph 2?( )
A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept.
C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction.

3. What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?( )

第 56 页
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.

4. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?(
)
A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives.

题组六
Passage 1 [2021 全国卷乙，B，8 分]
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian
homes still paying for a landline（座机）？
These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15
who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their
pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over
a quarter （29%） rely only on their smartphones, according to a survey（调查）.
Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it's not really
necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use
it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into
that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home
phone. Age is naturally a factor（因素） — only 58 percent of Generation Ys still
use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps
had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn't the only factor; I'd say it's also to
do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it
convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every
family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home
phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess
who is calling before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out
of it）.

第 57 页
 How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas
street lamps and morning milk deliveries?
1. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?( )
A. Their target users. B. Their wide popularity.
C. Their major functions. D. Their complex design.

2. What does the underlined word "concede" in paragraph 3 mean?( )

A. Admit. B. Argue. C. Remember. D. Remark.

3. What can we say about Baby Boomers?( )

A. They like smartphone games B. They enjoy guessing callers' identity.
C. They keep using landline phones. D. They are attached to their family.

4. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?( )
A. It remains a family necessity. B. It will fall out of use some day.
C. It may increase daily expenses. D. It is as important as the gas light.

Passage 2 [2021 全国卷乙，D，8 分]

During an interview for one of my books， my interviewer said something I still
think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction（干扰） in his open office，
he said， "That's why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street
— so I can focus." His comment struck me as strange. After all ， coworking spaces
also typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came across a study
that shows why his approach works.
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they
completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups
and exposed to various noise levels in the background ， from total silence to 50
decibels（分贝）， 70 decibels， and 85 decibels. The differences between most
of the groups were statistically insignificant； however， the participants in the 70
decibels group — those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a
coffee shop — significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were

第 58 页
small ， this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in
response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant ， the study also suggests
that the right level of background noise — not too loud and not total silence — may
actually improve one's creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise
may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to
wander ， without making it impossible to focus. This kind of "distracted focus"
appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that ， in
our offices， we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others' conversations
while we're trying to focus. Indeed ， the researchers found that face-to-face
interactions and conversations affect the creative process ， and yet a coworking
space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom
from interruptions.
1. Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?( )
A. It helps him concentrate. B. It blocks out background noise.
C. It has a pleasant atmosphere. D. It encourages face-to-face
interactions.

2. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?( )

A. Total silence. B. 50 decibels. C. 70 decibels. D. 85 decibels.

3. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?( )

A. Personal privacy unprotected. B. Limited working space.
C. Restrictions on group discussion. D. Constant interruptions.

4. What can we infer about the author from the text?( )

A. He's a news reporter. B. He's an office manager.
C. He's a professional designer. D. He's a published writer.

第 59 页
 题组七
Passage 1 [2021 全国卷甲，D，8 分]
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international
symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of
genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than
the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of
European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the
victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When
contributions were made by geniuses outside the club — women, or people of a
different color or belief — they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are
less likely than boys to say that members of their gender （性别）are "really, really
smart." Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they
start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really smart." Can our
planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't
take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication,
we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we
look, the more we will see that social factors（因素）like gender, race, and class do
not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from
those with "intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune,
who are able to change the world."
1. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?( )
A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative.
C. They're objective. D. They're strict.

2. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?( )

A. They think themselves smart.
B. They look up to great thinkers.

第 60 页
C. They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.

3. Why are more geniuses known to the public?( )

A. Improved global communication. B. Less discrimination against women.
C. Acceptance of victors' concepts. D. Changes in people's social positions.

4. What is the best title for the text?( )

A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms
C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck

Passage 2 [2020 新高考卷Ⅰ，D，10 分]

According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size
and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And
contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people
who order large portions（份）, it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need
to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted
two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into
a lab to ostensibly（表面上） participate in a study about movie viewership. Before
the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by
the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105
pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased
her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The
participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have.
However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the
snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first
test：the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin
actor took 30 pieces.

第 61 页
 The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're
making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the
"I'll have what she's having" effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an
overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the
results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat
much and keep slim, why can't I?
1. What is the recent study mainly about?( )
A. Food safety. B. Movie viewership.
C. Consumer demand. D. Eating behavior.

2. What does the underlined word "beanpoles" in paragraph 1 refer to?( )

A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons.
C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons.

3. Why did the researchers hire the actor?( )

A. To see how she would affect the participants.
B. To test if the participants could recognize her.
C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D. To study why she could keep her weight down.

4. On what basis do we "adjust the influence" according to the last paragraph?( )

A. How hungry we are. B. How slim we want to be.
C. How we perceive others. D. How we feel about the food.

题组八
Passage 1 [2020 新高考卷Ⅱ，C，10 分]
In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was
closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected
perhaps 50,000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800,000 crowded the roads to
the bridge. By the time 250,000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something
terrible: the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it
had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway （ 晃 动 ） . The

第 62 页
authorities closed access to the bridge and tens of thousands of people made their way
back to land. A disaster was avoided.
The story is one of stories in To Forgive Design: Understanding Failure, a book
that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean （赞歌） to its breakdowns.
Its author, Dr. Henry Petroski, has long been writing about disasters. In this book, he
includes the loss of the space shuttles （航天飞机） Challenger and Columbia, and
the sinking of the Titanic.
Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who
thought them up or engineered them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr.
Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context in which such failures occur.
Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed with low quality
materials incompetently applied. Or perhaps a design works so well that it is adopted
elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless improvements, until, suddenly, it
does not work at all anymore.
Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new
stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and
the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them.
"Success is success but that is all that it is," Dr. Petroski writes. It is failure that
brings improvement.
1. What happened to the Golden Gate Bridge on its 50th birthday?( )
A. It carried more weight than it could. B. It swayed violently in a strong wind.
C. Its roadway was damaged by vehicles. D. Its access was blocked by many
people.

2. Which of the following is Dr. Petroski's idea according to paragraph 3?( )

A. No design is well received everywhere.
B. Construction is more important than design.
C. Not all disasters are caused by engineering design.
D. Improvements on engineering works are necessary.

3. What does the last paragraph suggest?( )

A. Failure can lead to progress. B. Success results in overconfidence.

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C. Failure should be avoided. D. Success comes from joint efforts.

4. What is the text?( )

A. A news report. B. A short story. C. A book review. D. A research
article.

Passage 2 [2020 全国卷Ⅲ，C，8 分]

With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation
（孤独）， more families are choosing to live together.
The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his
mother-in-law: she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and
their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol —
one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together
under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita
Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground
floor.
"We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house,"says Kathryn Whitehead.
Rita cuts in:"We spoke more with Nick because I think it's a big thing for Nick to live
with his mother-in-law."
And what does Nick think? "From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well.
Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would."
It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates
that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the
number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000
in 2001 to 419,000 in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live
with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home,
if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents,
compared with 16% in 1991. The total number of all multigenerational households in
Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.

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 Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational
living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are
expected to move in with their husband's family when they get married.
1. Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol?( )
A. Nick. B. Rita. C. Kathryn. D. The daughters.

2. What is Nick's attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in-law?( )
A. Positive. B. Carefree. C. Tolerant. D. Unwilling.

3. What is the author's statement about multigenerational family based on?( )

A. Family traditions. B. Financial reports. C. Published statistics. D. Public
opinions.

4. What is the text mainly about?( )

A. Lifestyles in different countries. B. Conflicts between generations.
C. A housing problem in Britain. D. A rising trend of living in the UK.

题组九
Passage 1 [2020 全国卷Ⅲ，D，8 分]
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of
years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes （ 基 因 ） ， they are finding
examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian
highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle-raising people in East Africa
and northern Europe have gained a mutation（突变） that helps them digest milk as
adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new
kind of adaptation — not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling
people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people
are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the
Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also
built houses on stilts （ 支 柱 ） in coastal waters."They are simply a stranger to the
land," said Rodney C.Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the
Bajau.

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 Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the
Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. "We
were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,"
Dr. Jubilado said. "I could see them actually walking under the sea."
In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of
Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have
led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. "It
seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population," said Dr.
Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau
dive.
1. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?( )
A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.
B. New knowledge of human evolution.
C. Recent findings of human origin.
D. Significance of food selection.

2. Where do the Bajau build their houses?( )

A. In valleys. B. Near rivers. C. On the beach. D. Off the coast.

3. Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?( )

A. They could walk on stilts all day. B. They had a superb way of fishing.
C. They could stay long underwater. D. They lived on both land and water.

4. What can be a suitable title for the text?( )

A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea B. Highlanders' Survival Skills
C. Basic Methods of Genetic Research D. The World's Best Divers

Passage 2 [2019 全国卷Ⅱ，C，8 分]

Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly
reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your
business! Lunch is Bechtel's "me" time. And like more Americans, she's not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than
half （53percent）have breakfast alone and nearly half （46 percent） have lunch

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by themselves. Only at dinner time are we eating together anymore, 74 percent,
according to statistics from the report.
"I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know?" Bechtel said,
looking up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has
lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch
at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the
shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. "Today, I just wanted some time to
myself, "she said.
Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his
lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the
barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little
interaction（交流）. "I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the
week," he said. "It's a chance for self-reflection. You return to work recharged and
with a plan."
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a
time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those
days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. "It
doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology," said Laurie
Demeritt, whose company provided the statistics for the report.
1. What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about?( )
A. Food variety. B. Eating habits. C. Table manners. D. Restaurant
service.

2. Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?( )

A. To meet with her coworkers. B. To catch up with her work.
C. To have some time on her own. D. To collect data for her report.

3. What do we know about Mazoleny？( )

A. He makes videos for the bar. B. He's fond of the food at the bar.
C. He interviews customers at the bar. D. He's familiar with the barkeeper.

4. What is the text mainly about?( )

A. The trend of having meals alone. B. The importance of self-reflection.

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C. The stress from working overtime. D. The advantage of wireless technology.

题组十
Passage 1 [2019 全国卷Ⅲ，B，8 分]
For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration
for Western creative.
"It's no secret that China has always been a source （来源） of inspiration for
designers," says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media
company and home to some of the biggest fashion（时尚） shows.
Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York
exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works
of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics （ 美 学 ） on
Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries.
The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese
influences.
"China is impossible to overlook," says Hill. "Chinese models are the faces of
beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which
means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its
movement." Of course, not only are today's top Western designers being influenced
by China — some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves
Chinese. "Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Albaz,
Marc Jacobs — and beating them hands down in design and sales, " adds Hill.
For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when
discussing fashion. "The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and
so are the consumers," she says. "China is no longer just another market; in many
senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about
China — its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young
designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways."
1. What can we learn about the exhibition in New York?( )
A. It promoted the sales of artworks. B. It attracted a large number of visitors.
C. It showed ancient Chinese clothes. D. It aimed to introduce Chinese models.

第 68 页
2. What does Hill say about Chinese women?( )
A. They are setting the fashion. B. They start many fashion campaigns.
C. They admire super models. D. They do business all over the world.

3. What do the underlined words "taking on" in paragraph 4 mean?( )

A. learning from B. looking down on C. working with D. competing
against

4. What can be a suitable title for the text?( )

A. Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B. A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C. Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D. Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends

Passage 2 [2019 全国卷Ⅲ，C，8 分]

Before the 1830s, most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in
America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount
of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens.
Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the
trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass
audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking
place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper" — a term referring to papers made
widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more
importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible （ but not
easy） to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830, but this usually meant the
reader had to go down to the printer's office to purchase a copy. Street sales were
almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be
commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny
— usually two or three cents was charged — and some of the older well-known

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papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase "penny paper" caught the public's
fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well.
Some of the early ventures（企业） were immediate failures. Publishers already in
business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the
tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
1. Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?( )
A. Academic. B. Unattractive. C. Inexpensive. D. Confidential.

2. What did street sales mean to newspapers?( )

A. They would be priced higher. B. They would disappear from cities.
C. They could have more readers. D. They could regain public trust.

3. Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?( )

A. Local politicians. B. Common people. C. Young publishers. D. Rich
businessmen.

4. What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?( )

A. It was a difficult process. B. It was a temporary success.
C. It was a robbery of the poor. D. It was a disaster for printers.

主题 6 人与社会·科学与技术
题组一
Passage 1 [2023 浙江 1 月，C，10 分]
A machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in
debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called
Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel's former
national debating champion.
Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences
from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This
can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be
ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond,

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professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University,
put it: "There's never a stage at which the system knows what it's talking about."
What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central
to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of
machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to
transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those
symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking,
talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols. But for humans, meaning is
everything. When we communicate, we communicate meaning. What matters is not
just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just how they are
arranged but what they mean.
Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation,
interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign
meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory,
social conventions and social relations. It is this that distinguishes humans from
machines. And that's why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the
tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial
intelligence.
1. Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph?( )
A. To explain the use of a software program.
B. To show the cleverness of Project Debater.
C. To introduce the designer of Project Debater.
D. To emphasize the fairness of the competition.

2. What does the underlined word "wrinkles" in paragraph 2 refer to?( )

A. Arguments. B. Doubts. C. Errors. D. Differences.

3. What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond?( )

A. Create rules. B. Comprehend meaning.
C. Talk fluently. D. Identify difficult words.

4. What can we learn from the last paragraph?( )

A. Social interaction is key to understanding symbols.
B. The human brain has potential yet to be developed.

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C. Ancient philosophers set good examples for debaters.
D. Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.
Passage 2 [2022 新高考卷Ⅱ，B，10 分]
We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools.
Many young people don't even realize it's new. For them, it's just normal.
This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over
the Spring Festival holiday. I had brought a children's book to read. It had simple
words and colorful pictures — a perfect match for his age.
Picture this: my grandson sits on my lap as I hold the book in front so he can see
the pictures. As I read, he reaches out and pokes （戳） the page with his finger.
What's up with that? He just likes the pictures, I thought. Then I turned the page
and continued. He poked the page even harder. I nearly dropped the book. I was
confused: Is there something wrong with this kid?
Then I realized what was happening. He was actually a stranger to books. His
father frequently amused the boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with
colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He thought my storybook was
like that.
Sorry, kid. This book is not part of your high-tech world. It's an outdated, lifeless
thing. An antique, like your grandfather. Well, I may be old, but I'm not hopelessly
challenged, digitally speaking. I edit video and produce audio. I use mobile payment.
I've even built websites.
There's one notable gap in my new-media experience, however: I've spent little
time in front of a camera, since I have a face made for radio. But that didn't stop
China Daily from asking me last week to share a personal story for a video project
about the integration of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei province.
Anyway, grandpa is now an Internet star — two minutes of fame! I promise not
to let it go to my head. But I will make sure my 2-year-old grandson sees it on his
tablet.
1. What do the underlined words "hit home for me" mean in paragraph 2?( )
A. Provided shelter for me. B. Became very clear to me.
C. Took the pressure off me. D. Worked quite well on me.

2. Why did the kid poke the storybook?( )

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A. He took it for a tablet computer. B. He disliked the colorful pictures.
C. He was angry with his grandpa. D. He wanted to read it by himself.

3. What does the author think of himself?( )

A. Socially ambitious. B. Physically attractive.
C. Financially independent. D. Digitally competent.

4. What can we learn about the author as a journalist?( )

A. He lacks experience in his job. B. He seldom appears on television.
C. He manages a video department. D. He often interviews Internet stars.

题组二
Passage 1 [2022 新高考卷Ⅱ，C，10 分]
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public
service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down
their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse.
Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking
photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of
the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving
was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas," he said in a speech last month, referring broadly
to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior,
lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want
to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device
called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a
crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the
operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver
had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's
hands-free driving laws.

第 73 页
 "We need something on the books that can change people's behavior," said Félix
W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the
Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their
hands on the cell phone."
1. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US?( )
A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary. C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair.

2. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?( )

A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.

3. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to?( )
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.

4. What is a suitable title for the text?( )

A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer

Passage 2 [2022 全国卷乙，C，8 分]

Can a small group of drones（无人机） guarantee the safety and reliability of
railways and， at the same time， help railway operators save billions of euros each
year? That is the very likely future of applying today's "eyes in the sky" technology to
making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure （基础设
施） worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They
could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of
rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.

第 74 页
The more regularly they can be inspected， the more railway safety， reliability and
on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be
more efficient（高效） across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway
personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately
20 billion euros a year on maintenance ， including sending maintenance staff ，
often at night ， to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous
work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
By using the latest technologies， drones could also start providing higher-value
services for railways ， detecting faults in the rail or switches ， before they can
cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks， drones for rail don't need to be
flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept：the rail drones of the
future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train， and programmed to run
autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead
of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead ， they could
signal any problem， so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
1. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?( )
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B. Drones' ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D. Drones' reliable performance in remote areas.

2. What does "maintenance" underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?( )

A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.

3. What function is expected of the rail drones?( )

A. To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation.

4. Which is the most suitable title for the text?( )

第 75 页
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways

题组三
Passage 1 [2022 全国卷甲，B，8 分]
Goffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown
to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not
known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in
the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut
inside it. The clear front of the box had a "keyhole" in a geometric shape, and the
birds were given five differently shaped "keys" to choose from. Inserting the correct
"key" would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of
age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less
symmetrical（对称的）shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be
turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an "allocentric frame of
reference". In the experiment, Goffin's cockatoos were able to select the right tool for
the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used,
the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin's
cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in
space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the
cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues （ 线 索 ） , or also use a sense of touch in
making their shape selections.
1. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?( )
A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.

2. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?( )
A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds.

第 76 页
C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.

3. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?( )
A. How far they are able to see.
B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.

4. Which can be a suitable title for the text?( )

A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters

Passage 2 [2022 北京，D，8 分]

Quantum （量子） computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has
been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the
biggest challenges we face as humans. I've also had exchanges with two quantum-
computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone
who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity.
Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller
ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us "cure cancer,
and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction." This is the sort
of hype （ 炒 作 ） that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making
promises they can't keep. "What's new," Johnson wrote, "is that millions of dollars are
now potentially available to quantum computing researchers."
As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may
mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their
work's potential. If researchers can't keep their promises, excitement might give way
to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have
gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it
especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because "‘quantum’ stands for

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something cool you shouldn't be able to understand." And that brings me back to
Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum
After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also
answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor
shares Johnson's concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to
PyQuantum.
The company, he says, is closer than any other firm "by a very large margin （幅
度 ） " to building a "useful" quantum computer, one that "solves an impactful
problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise." He adds, "People will
naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively
comparing what we are doing with others."
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition "by a wide margin", as
Taylor claims? I don't know. I'm certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone
else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.
1. Regarding Johnson's concerns, the author feels
A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited

2. What leads to Taylor's optimism about quantum computing?( )

A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field.
C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies.

3. What does the underlined word "prone" in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?( )
A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant.

4. Which would be the best title for the passage?( )

A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor?
B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology?
C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being?
D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype?

第 78 页
 题组四
Passage 1 [2021 新高考卷Ⅱ，D，10 分]
An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing
cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely
on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as
necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that
will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the
animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is
sick. Radio tags （ 标 签 ） on the animals will measure temperature changes. The
quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture （质
地） of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle
to another field for nutrition purposes.
Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as
corn and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.
For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers
interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job.
Years of experience in the industry — and failed attempts to use technology — have
convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who
bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or
400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey, vice president of
the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given
rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their
value has risen, making them appealing targets.
1. What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?( )
A. Soil pollution. B. Lack of workers. C. Aging machines. D. Low
profitability.

2. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do?( )

A. Monitor the quality of grass. B. Cure the diseased cattle.
C. Move cattle to another field. D. Predict weather changes.

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3. Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle?( )
A. He wants to help them earn a living. B. He thinks men can do the job better.
C. He is inexperienced in using robots. D. He enjoys the traditional way of life.

4. How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?( )
A. Increase the value of cattle. B. Bring down the cost of labor.
C. Make the job more appealing. D. Keep cattle from being stolen.

Passage 2 [2021 浙江 1 月，C，10 分]

Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild
chimpanzees（黑猩猩） use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate
19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of 66 gestures. The scientists
discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining
more than 5,000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of
intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and
chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a
message to another group member.
"That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures," she said. "They're the only
thing that looks like human language in that respect."
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand
complex information from another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their
voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference
between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they
wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby,
signalling: "Climb on me." The youngster immediately jumps on to its mother's back
and they travel off together. "The big message from this study is that there is another
species （ 物 种 ） out there that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not
unique to humans," said Dr Hobaiter.

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 Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester,
said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution
of human language. But, she added, the results were "a little disappointing".
"The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have
little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in
their gestures and actions," she said. "Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond
what other animals convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf
remains."
1. What do chimps and humans have in common according to Dr Hobaiter?( )
A. Memorizing specific words. B. Understanding complex information.
C. Using voices to communicate. D. Communicating messages on purpose.

2. What did Dr Shultz think of the study?( )

A. It was well designed but poorly conducted.
B. It was a good try but the findings were limited.
C. It was inspiring but the evidence was unreliable.
D. It was a failure but the methods deserved praise.

3. What does the underlined word "gulf" in the last paragraph mean?( )
A. Difference. B. Conflict. C. Balance. D. Connection.

4. Which of the following is the best title for the text?( )

A. Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough
B. Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills
C. Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom
D. Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated

题组五
Passage 1 [2020 全国卷Ⅰ，D，8 分]
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific
research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in
Youngstown ， Ohio ， for example ， discovered that greener areas of the city

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experienced less crime. In another ， employees were shown to be 15%more
productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT） have taken
it a step further — changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to
perform diverse ， even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors
printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can
detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. "We're thinking about how we can engineer
plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day ，" explained Michael
Strano， a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow（发光） in experiments
using some common vegetables. Strano's team found that they could create a faint
light for three-and-a-half hours. The light ， about one-thousandth of the amount
needed to read by， is just a start. The technology， Strano said， could one day
be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
In the future， the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be
sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant's lifetime.
The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off "switch" where the glow would
fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since
lighting is often far removed from the power source （ 电 源 ） — such as the
distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway — a lot of energy is
lost during transmission （ 传 输 ） .Glowing plants could reduce this distance and
therefore help save energy.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?( )
A. A new study of different plants. B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces. D. Benefits from green plants.

2. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers?( )
A. To detect plants' lack of water. B. To change compositions of plants.
C. To make the life of plants longer. D. To test chemicals in plants.

3. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?( )

A. They will speed up energy production.

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B. They may transmit electricity to the home.
C. They might help reduce energy consumption.
D. They could take the place of power plants.

4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?( )
A. Can we grow more glowing plants?
B. How do we live with glowing plants?
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?

Passage 2 [2020 全国卷Ⅱ，B，8 分]

Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but
researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young
children at the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between
ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a
significant predictor of cognition （ 认 知 ） after controlling for differences in
parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during
everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and
46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
"The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not,
on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate （旋转） and translate shapes," Levine
said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would,
and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-
income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both
boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys
tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided
more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of
girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
1. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?( )

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A. Building confidence. B. Developing spatial skills.
C. Learning self-control. D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.

2. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment?( )
A. Parents' age. B. Children's imagination.
C. Parents' education. D. Child-parent relationship.

3. How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play?( )

A. They play with puzzles more often.
B. They tend to talk less during the game.
C. They prefer to use more spatial language.
D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.

4. What is the text mainly about?( )

A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study.
C. A woman psychologist. D. A teaching program.

题组六
Passage 1 [2020 江苏，C，8 分]
For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more
beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical
activity.
Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance.
However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect
general health.
To find out, British scientists conducted a study. They first found 10 overweight
and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and
worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the men's fitness and resting
metabolic（新陈代谢的） rates and took samples（样品） of their blood and fat
tissue.
Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists' lab, each man walked for
an hour at an average speed that, in theory, should allow his body to rely mainly on

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fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that
they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast （禁食）.
On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they
started walking.
Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples
of the men's blood and fat tissue.
Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences. Most
obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts
when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned
more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the
other hand, they burned slightly more calories （ 卡 路 里 ） , on average, during the
workout after breakfast than after fasting.
But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most
significant, the researchers found. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on
whether someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these genes produce
proteins（蛋白质） that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin（胰岛素）
levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health.
These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than
when they had breakfasted.
The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from
exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.
1. The underlined expression "stomach it" in Paragraph 1 most probably means "".
A. digest the meal easily B. manage without breakfast
C. decide wisely what to eat D. eat whatever is offered

2. Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment?( )

A. Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people.
B. Their lack of exercise led to overweight.
C. They could walk at an average speed.
D. They had slow metabolic rates.

3. What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise?( )

A. They successfully lost weight. B. They consumed a bit more calories.

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C. They burned more fat on average. D. They displayed higher insulin levels.

4. What could be learned from the research?( )

A. A workout after breakfast improves gene performances.
B. Too many workouts often slow metabolic rates.
C. Lifestyle is not as important as morning exercise.
D. Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health.

Passage 2 [2020 浙江，C，7.5 分]

Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking ， planning and other
managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age ， a study published
Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than
1,000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers' memory and
thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the
same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating （ 刺 激 ） , demanding jobs before
retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive （认
知） function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging
jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants'
overall health status.
"This works just like physical exercise," says Francisca Then, who led the study.
"After a long run, you may feel like you're in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes
you fit. After a long day at work — sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain
stay healthy."
It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit,
Then points out. A waiter's job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and
decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And
"running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating （ 协
调），"she says. "You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of
the bills and groceries."

第 86 页
 Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons —
including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to
challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.
1. Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests?( )
A. To assess their health status. B. To evaluate their work habits.
C. To analyze their personality. D. To measure their mental ability.

2. How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4?( )

A. By using an expert's words. B. By making a comparison.
C. By referring to another study. D. By introducing a concept.

3. Which of the following is the best title for the text?( )

A. Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B. Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C. Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D. Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age

题组七
Passage 1 [2019 全国卷Ⅰ，C，8 分]
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is
growing for biometric （ 生 物 测 量 ） technologies — like fingerprint scans — to
keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive,
though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost
device（装置）that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard
precisely measures the cadence （ 节 奏 ） with which one types and the pressure
fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by
analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses.
These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's
identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's
connected to — regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar
with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.

第 87 页
 In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the
word "touch" four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device
could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very
low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward
to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team
hopes to make it to market in the near future.
1. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?( )
A. To reduce pressure on keys. B. To improve accuracy in typing.
C. To replace the password system. D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.

2. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?( )

A. Computers are much easier to operate.
B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D. Data security measures are guaranteed.

3. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?( )

A. It'll be environment-friendly. B. It'll reach consumers soon.
C. It'll be made of plastics. D. It'll help speed up typing.

4. Where is this text most likely from?( )

A. A diary. B. A guidebook. C. A novel. D. A magazine.

Passage 2 [2019 全国卷Ⅲ，D，8 分]

Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly
different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water
or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined — or
added — the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the
team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch

第 88 页
screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two
symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one
side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the
left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if
they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers — 17
in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go
for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a
calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed
that the monkeys tended to underestimate （低估） a sum compared with a single
symbol when the two were close in value — sometimes choosing, for example, a 13
over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two
numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added
only a fraction（小部分） of the smaller number to it.
"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains,"
Dr. Livingstone says. "But in this experiment what they're doing is paying more
attention to the big number than the little one."
1. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?( )
A. They fed them. B. They named them.
C. They trained them. D. They measured them.

2. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?( )

A. By drawing a circle. B. By touching a screen.
C. By watching videos. D. By mixing two drinks.

3. What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys?( )

A. They could perform basic addition. B. They could understand simple words.
C. They could memorize numbers easily. D. They could hold their attention for
long.

4. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?( )

A. Entertainment. B. Health. C. Education. D. Science.

第 89 页
 主题 7 人与自然·自然生态与环境保护
题组一
Passage 1 [2023 新课标卷Ⅱ，D，10 分]
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is
becoming harder to find. If you're lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you
live, but it's unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a
new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-
being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred
park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful
interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these
submissions, coding （编码）experiences into different categories. For example, one
participant's experience of "We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while"
was assigned the categories "sitting at beach" and "listening to waves."
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a "nature
language" began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen
categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering
wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people
recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to
them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be
satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown
during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking
along a fountain on their lunch break.
"We're trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature
interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect
nature so that we can interact with it," said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
1. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text?( )
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.

第 90 页
2. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories?( )
A. To compare different types of park-goers.
B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park.
D. To find patterns in the visitors' summaries.

3. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5?( )

A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.

4. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn?( )
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.

Passage 2 [2023 全国卷甲，D，8 分]

Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5m long and weigh over 400kg,
occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche — we revere（敬畏） them even
as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood
into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often
the same: a grizzly bear.
"Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range," says bear
biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they
haven't been seen in a century or more, they're increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a
rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early
1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies
remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975,
grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.

第 91 页
 Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has
been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-
list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both
efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies
remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions （ 预 防 ） aren't taken, grizzlies can become
troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of
food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies
will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses
and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. "Our
hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without
learning bad habits," says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and
around Missoula.
1. How do Americans look at grizzlies?( )
A. They cause mixed feelings in people. B. They should be kept in national parks.
C. They are of high scientific value. D. They are a symbol of American
culture.

2. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population?( )

A. The European settlers' behavior. B. The expansion of bears' range.
C. The protection by law since 1975. D. The support of Native Americans.

3. What has stopped the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies?( )
A. The opposition of conservation groups. B. The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C. The voice of the biologists. D. The local farmers' advocates.

4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?( )

A. Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C. A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.

第 92 页
 题组二
Passage 1 [2023 浙江 1 月，D，10 分]
According to the Solar Energy Industries Association, the number of solar panels
installed （ 安 装 ） has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even
faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and
though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar
panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so
they haven't given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they'll end up
filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is
that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of
the soil.
"Solar projects need to be good neighbors," says Jordan Macknick, the head of
the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the
Environment （ InSPIRE ） project. "They need to be protectors of the land and
contribute to the agricultural economy." InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches
to "low-impact" solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar
farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies
is providing habitat for pollinators（传粉昆虫）.
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in
pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S.
agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat
protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-
friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities — and now there
are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space
under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil
improvement and carbon reduction. "These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a
valuable impact on everything that's going on in the landscape," says Macknick.
1. What do solar developers often ignore?( )
A. The decline in the demand for solar energy.
B. The negative impact of installing solar panels.
C. The rising labor cost of building solar farms.

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D. The most recent advances in solar technology.

2. What does InSPIRE aim to do?( )

A. Improve the productivity of local farms.
B. Invent new methods for controlling weeds.
C. Make solar projects environmentally friendly.
D. Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.

3. What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4?( )

A. To conserve pollinators. B. To restrict solar development.
C. To diversify the economy. D. To ensure the supply of energy.

4. Which of the following is the best title for the text?( )

A. Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B. Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D. Solar Farms: A New Development

Passage 2 [2022 浙江，B，7.5 分]

All around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads,
behind school playgrounds and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land across towns
and cities, tiny forests barely the size of tennis courts are appearing, making a great
place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally have easy access to
nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in
life really do come in small packages.
Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a
Japanese botanist. As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took
off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became
popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
So how does it work? Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in
the UK, explains that the process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest
could have the biggest influence. "We focus on urban areas where access to nature is
often not that easy," says Hartley. "We see it as a chance to try to break the growing
disconnect between people and nature."

第 94 页
 In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted
much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers（肥料）.There are usually
around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species （ 物 种 ） .This variety, coupled
with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means
they attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It's also thought that these places could help
reduce the risk of flooding, remove carbon from the atmosphere and fight climate
change, as well as improving the mental health of those living locally.
1. What do we know about the Tiny Forest movement?( )
A. It has achieved notable success. B. It is led by a number of schools.
C. It began in Europe in the 1970s. D. It will spread to the countryside.

2. What is the purpose of the project led by Hartley in the UK?( )

A. To promote eco-tourism. B. To improve forestry research.
C. To popularise gardening. D. To get people close to nature.

3. What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest?( )

A. They are small in size. B. They are thickly planted.
C. They are foreign species. D. They are heavily fertilised.

题组三
Passage 1 [2021 新高考卷Ⅱ，B，10 分]
I have worked as a keeper at the National Zoo for 11 years. Spot and Stripe are
the first tiger cubs （ 幼 兽 ） that have ever been born here. Globally, a third of
Sumatran cubs in zoos don't make it to adulthood, so I decided to give them round-
the-clock care at home.
I've got two children — the younger one, Kynan, was extremely happy about the
tigers arriving — but all of us really looked forward to being part of their lives and
watching them grow. I wasn't worried about bringing them into my home with my
wife and kids. These were cubs. They weighed about 2.5 kg and were so small that
there was absolutely no risk.
As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the
day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise

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they'd get up to mischief. We'd come down in the morning to find they'd turned the
room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.
Things quickly got very intense due to the huge amount of energy required to
look after them. There were some tough times and I just felt extremely tired. I was
grateful that my family was there to help. We had to have a bit of a production line
going, making up "tiger milk", washing baby bottles, and cleaning the floors.
When Spot and Stripe were four months old, they were learning how to open
doors and jump fences, and we knew it really was time for them to go. It was hard for
us to finally part with them. For the first few days, Kynan was always a bit
disappointed that the cubs weren't there.
I'm not sad about it. I'm hands-on with them every day at the zoo, and I do look
back very fondly on the time that we had them.
1. Why did the author bring the tiger cubs home?( )
A. To ensure their survival. B. To observe their differences.
C. To teach them life skills. D. To let them play with his kids.

2. What do the underlined words "get up to mischief" mean in paragraph 3?( )

A. Behave badly. B. Lose their way. C. Sleep soundly. D. Miss their mom.

3. What did the author think of raising the tiger cubs at home?( )
A. Boring. B. Tiring. C. Costly. D. Risky.

4. Why did the author decide to send Spot and Stripe back to the zoo?( )
A. They frightened the children. B. They became difficult to contain.
C. They annoyed the neighbours. D. They started fighting each other.

Passage 2 [2021 新高考卷Ⅰ，C，10 分]

When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies
and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had

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taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the
explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of
these resources. Millions of waterfowl （水禽） were killed at the hands of market
hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands
were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing
waterfowl habitat（栖息地）.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act（Act）, an
increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory
（迁徙的） waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all
waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a
Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. "Ding"
Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, Iowa, who at that time was appointed
by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey.
Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird
Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the
National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and
available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has
gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the
Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation
programs ever initiated.
1. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?( )
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.

2. What does the underlined word "decimate" mean in the first paragraph?( )
A. Acquire. B. Export. C. Destroy. D. Distribute.

3. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?( )

A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money.

4. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?( )

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A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird
Hunting

题组四
Passage 1 [2021 全国卷乙，C，8 分]
You've heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million
tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really
make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He
builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their
relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called "Strawpocalypse," a
pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws
collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first
appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the
biggest source （ 来 源 ） of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire
because most people don't need them to drink with and, because of their small size
and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of Von Wong's artwork
likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is
gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate （ 说 明 ） a specific
statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this
work, titled "Truckload of Plastic," Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected
more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they'd
been dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce
their plastic footprint.
1. What are Von Wong's artworks intended for?( )
A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products.
C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach.

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2. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?( )
A. To show the difficulty of their recycling. B. To explain why they are useful.
C. To voice his views on modern art. D. To find a substitute for them.

3. What effect would "Truckload of Plastic" have on viewers?( )

A. Calming. B. Disturbing. C. Refreshing. D. Challenging.

4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?( )
A. Artists' Opinions on Plastic Safety
B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures

Passage 2 [2021 全国卷甲，B，8 分]

Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding （ 繁 育 ） programme, has
welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf （犀牛幼崽）. When the tiny creature
arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. And
officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black
rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity（圈养）.
Paul Beer, head of the rhino section at Port Lympne, said: "Obviously we're all
absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy,
strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum
and she is doing a fantastic job. It's still a little too cold for them to go out into the
open, but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be
out and about exploring and playing every day."
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve,
but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to
protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on
January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother,
grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has
dropped as low as 5500, giving the rhinos a "critically endangered" status.
1. Which of the following best describes the breeding programme?( )

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A. Costly. B. Controversial. C. Ambitious. D. Successful.

2. What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino?( )

A. She loves staying with her mother. B. She dislikes outdoor activities.
C. She is in good condition. D. She is sensitive to heat.

3. What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have?( )

A. They had their first born in January. B. They enjoyed exploring new places.
C. They lived with their grandmothers. D. They were brought to the reserve
young.

4. What can be inferred about Port Lympne Reserve?( )

A. The rhino section will be open to the public.
B. It aims to control the number of the animals.
C. It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.
D. Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.

题组五
Passage 1 [2020 新高考卷Ⅱ，D，10 分]
Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and
animals. Can you believe that a single bush （灌木丛） in the Amazon may have
more species of ants than the whole of Britain! About 480 varieties of trees may be
found in just one hectare of rainforest.
Rainforests are the lungs of the planet — storing vast quantities of carbon dioxide
and producing a significant amount of the world's oxygen. Rainforests have their own
perfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall trees make a canopy （树冠
层） of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest
animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds.
Amazingly, the trees grow in such a way that their leaves and branches, although
close together, never actually touch those of another tree. Scientists think this is the
plants' way to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and make life more difficult for
leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. To survive in the forest, animals must climb, jump

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or fly across the gaps. The ground floor of the forest is not all tangled leaves and
bushes, like in films, but is actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn into food
for the trees and other forest life.
They are not called rainforests for nothing! Rainforests can generate 75% of their
own rain. At least 80 inches of rain a year is normal — and in some areas there may
be as much as 430 inches of rain annually. This is real rain — your umbrella may
protect you in a shower, but it won't keep you dry if there is a full rainstorm. In just
two hours, streams can rise ten to twenty feet. The humidity （ 湿 气 ） of large
rainforests contributes to the formation of rainclouds that may travel to other
countries in need of rain.
1. What can we learn about rainforests from the first paragraph?( )
A. They produce oxygen. B. They cover a vast area.
C. They are well managed. D. They are rich in wildlife.

2. Which of the following contributes most to the survival of rainforests?( )

A. Heavy rains. B. Big trees. C. Small plants. D. Forest animals.

3. Why do the leaves and branches of different trees avoid touching each other?( )
A. For more sunlight. B. For more growing space.
C. For self-protection. D. For the detection of insects.

4. What can be a suitable title for the text?( )

A. Life-Giving Rainforests B. The Law of the Jungle
C. Animals in the Amazon D. Weather in Rainforests

Passage 2 [2020 全国卷Ⅱ，C，8 分]

When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your
holiday list, fur probably didn't cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion（时
装） enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria（海狸
鼠）.
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur
made into clothes in different styles. "It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur —

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unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year," says
Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters ＄5 a
tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild.
"The ecosystem down there can't handle this non-native species （ 物 种 ） . It's
destroying the environment. It's them or us," says Michael Massimi, an expert in this
field.
The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria
collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says
it's not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it.
Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton's job these
days is trying to promote fur.
Then there's Righteous Fur and its unusual fashions. Model Paige Morgan says,
"To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing
paint on them — I think that's going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York."
Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion
that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She's trying to come up
with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
1. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?( )
A. To promote guilt-free fur. B. To expand the fashion market.
C. To introduce a new brand. D. To celebrate a winter holiday.

2. Why are scientists concerned about nutria?( )

A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously. B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals. D. Nutria are illegally hunted.

3. What does the underlined word "collapsed" in paragraph 5 probably mean?( )

A. Boomed. B. Became mature. C. Remained stable. D. Crashed.

4. What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?( )

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A. It's formal. B. It's risky. C. It's harmful. D. It's traditional.

题组六
Passage 1 [2020 全国卷Ⅲ，B，8 分]
When "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" was first shown to the public last month, a
group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren't
there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed
in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: "Thanks
for not using real apes（猿）！"
The creative team behind "Apes" used motion-capture （动作捕捉）technology
to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that
records an actor's performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create
a final image（图像）. In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.
Yet "Apes" is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on
live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of
animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this
year. Already, a number of films, including "Water for Elephants," "The Hangover
Part Ⅱ" and "Zookeeper," have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures
acting in them haven't been treated properly.
In some cases, it's not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio
that has activists worried; it's the off-set training and living conditions that are raising
concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which
sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.
1. Why did the animal activists gather on Hollywood Boulevard?( )
A. To see famous film stars. B. To oppose wearing fur coats.
C. To raise money for animal protection. D. To express thanks to some
filmmakers.

2. What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?( )

A. The cost of making "Apes." B. The creation of digitalized apes.
C. The publicity about "Apes." D. The performance of real apes.

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3. What does the underlined phrase "keeping tabs on" in paragraph 3 probably mean?(
)
A. Listing completely. B. Directing professionally.
C. Promoting successfully. D. Watching carefully.

4. What can we infer from the last paragraph about animal actors?( )
A. They may be badly treated. B. They should take further training.
C. They could be traded illegally. D. They would lose popularity.

Passage 2 [2019 浙江，C，10 分]

California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be
published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor （因素）.
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on
more than 46,000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was
spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains
to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big
trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline
was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who
was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing
development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California
forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources（资源）.
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with
another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a
widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from
woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest
water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that
calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they
needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil,
and the timing of snowmelt （融雪）.
Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the
state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air,

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and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry
season.
1. What is the second paragraph mainly about?( )
A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.
B. The increasing variety of California big trees.
C. The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D. The influence of farming on big trees in California.

2. Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees?( )
A. Ecological studies of forests. B. Banning woodcutting.
C. Limiting housing development. D. Fire control measures.

3. What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre?( )

A. Inadequate snowmelt. B. A longer dry season.
C. A warmer climate. D. Dampness of the air.

4. What can be a suitable title for the text?( )

A. California's Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D. Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California

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