专题一 阅读理解

主题 1 人与自我·生活与学习
题组一
Passage 1 [2023 新课标卷Ⅱ，B，10 分]
Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for
middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another
teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools.
The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness,
and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo's students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are
not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. "The kids literally
come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks," she says. "They
come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful." Though
some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try
something new.
Urban Sprouts' classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include
hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of
fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook
the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.
"We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now
they're eating differently," Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program's benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so
interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable
gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo's
special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues." They get
outside," she says, "and they feel successful."
1. What do we know about Abby Jaramillo?( D )
A. She used to be a health worker. B. She grew up in a low-income family.
C. She owns a fast food restaurant. D. She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.
[ 解 析 ] 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 第 一 段 中 的 "says Abby Jaramillo, who with another
teacher started Urban Sprouts"可知，Abby Jaramillo 是 Urban Sprouts 项目的发起
人之一。故 D 项正确。

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2. What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program?( C )
A. The kids' parents distrusted her. B. Students had little time for her classes.
C. Some kids disliked garden work. D. There was no space for school
gardens.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段中的"The kids...come to us thinking vegetables are
awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful" "some are initially...turned off by the dirt" 可知，
这个项目刚开始时面临的一个问题就是一些学生不喜欢干菜园的活儿。故 C 项
正确。
3. Which of the following best describes the impact of the program?( A )
A. Far-reaching. B. Predictable. C. Short-lived. D. Unidentifiable.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，这个学校菜园项目不仅能让学生吃得
更有营养，而且对接受特殊教育的学生有镇静作用。由此可推知，该项目的影
响是深远的。故 A 项正确。
4. What can be a suitable title for the text?( C )
A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life
C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape
[解析]标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了 Abby Jaramillo 发起 Urban
Sprouts 项目，带领学生种植蔬菜的故事，学生们开始对园艺感兴趣，而且获得
了很多好处。因此 C 项"蔬菜种植爱好者"适合作为本文标题。
解读：本文主要介绍了学校菜园项目 Urban Sprouts 的启动背景、目的、内容和
意义。
Passage 2 [2023 全国卷甲，B，8 分]
Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY （ do-it-yourself ） .Skilled at
putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a
job she can do herself.
She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd. From the
age of six, Terri, now 26, accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays. A
day's work was rewarded with ￡ 5 in pocket money. She says: "I'm sure I wasn't
much of a help to start with. But when Derek built our family house about eight years
ago, I was heavily involved （ 参 与 ） , painting the rooms and putting down the
flooring throughout the house. It took weeks and it was backbreaking work, but I
know he was proud of my skills."

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 Terri, who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth, South West London,
says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy（租期） comes to
an end. She adds: "I've moved house many times and I always like to personalise my
room and put up pictures. So, it's been useful to know how to cover up holes and
repaint a room to avoid any charges when I've moved out."
With millions of people likely to take on DIY projects over the coming weeks,
new research shows that more than half of people are planning to make the most of
the long, warm summer days to get jobs done. The average spend per project will be
around ￡823. Two thirds of people aim to improve their comfort while at home. A
fifth wish to increase the value of their houses. Though DIY has traditionally been
seen as a male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading the charge.
1. Which is closest in meaning to "a dab hand" in paragraph 1?( C )
A. An artist. B. A winner. C. A specialist. D. A pioneer.
[ 解 析 ] 词 义 猜 测 题 。 根 据 第 一 段 的 "Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing
together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself" 可知，
Terri Bolton 擅长搭架子和拼装家具，她自己能做的工作从不付钱给别人做。据
此可知，她是 DIY 方面的专家，故画线部分意为"专家"。
2. Why did Terri's grandfather give her ￡5 a day?( B )
A. For a birthday gift. B. As a treat for her work.
C. To support her DIY projects. D. To encourage her to take up a hobby.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段的"A day's work was rewarded with ￡ 5 in pocket
money"可知，一天的工作使她得到五镑零用钱的奖励。据此可知，她外祖父给
她零钱是为了奖励她一天的工作。故 B 项正确。
3. How did Terri avoid losing the deposit on the house she rented?( A )
A. By making it look like before. B. By furnishing it herself.
C. By splitting the rent with a roommate. D. By cancelling the rental agreement.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段 Terri Bolton 所说的话"So, it's been useful to know
how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I've moved
out"可知，知道如何掩盖漏洞和重新粉刷房间是很有用的，这样搬出去的时候
就可以避免任何费用。据此可知，她通过使房子看起来和入住时一样来避免损
失押金。故 A 项正确。
4. What trend in DIY does the research show?( D )
A. It is becoming more costly. B. It is getting more time-consuming.

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C. It is turning into a seasonal industry. D. It is gaining popularity among
females.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段的 "Though DIY has traditionally been seen as a
male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading the charge" 可 知 ， 尽 管
DIY 传统上被认为是男性的爱好，但研究表明，现在是女性主导了这一潮流。
据此可推知，DIY 当前深受女性欢迎。故 D 项正确。
解读：Terri Bolton 是 DIY 的能手，她擅长搭架子和拼装家具，这一能力得益于
小时候她外祖父对她的培养。利用这一技能，她修补房子，减少押金损失。研
究表明，自己动手已经成为暑期的项目，女性成为这一项目的潮流领导者。
【核心词汇】put up 搭建；举起 accompany v.陪伴，陪同；伴随
reward n.奖励，回报；赏格，悬赏金 v.酬谢，奖赏
deposit v.放下，放置；储蓄；存放 n.押金
【熟词新义】credit 常用义：n.信用，信贷；信任，相信
本文义：vt.认为是……的功劳，把……归于

题组二
Passage 1 [2022 全国卷甲，C，8 分]
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of
little Gentoo penguins （ 企 鹅 ） longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely
gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never
forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel.
Throughout her career（职业） as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but
always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons
eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to
travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it
was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to
Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South
American mainland. "I just decided I wanted to go," she says. "I had no idea about
what I'd find there and I wasn't nervous. I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it
alone as I always prefer it that way."
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she'd never met before,
to begin the journey towards Antarctica. "From seeing the wildlife to witnessing

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sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that
no other place has," Ginni says. "I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it
just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at
us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater."
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of
the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
1. Which of the following best explains "take the plunge" underlined in paragraph 2?(
A)
A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据第二段最后一句话 "When she retired from dancing and
her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge"可知，
当 Ginni 退休，儿子们离家独立后，她决定是时候冒险尝试，踏上旅途了。故
选 A。
2. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?( C )
A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discount fare. D. A friend's invitation.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"it was in Chile she discovered she could get
last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica" 和 "I just decided I wanted to
go"可知，发现可以得到打折船票是 Ginni 决定去南极洲的原因。故选 C。
3. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey?( C )
A. It could be a home for her. B. It should be easily accessible.
C. It should be well preserved. D. It needs to be fully introduced.
[解析]推理判断题。根据文章最后一段"The realization that this is a precious land,
to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni" 可知，
Ginni 意识到南极洲是一片净土，应该受到人类的尊重。由此可推知，她认为南
极洲应该被好好保护。故选 C。
4. What is the text mainly about？( B )
A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
[解析]主旨大意题。文章提及 Ginni 喜欢旅行，着重介绍了 Ginni 难忘的南极洲
奇遇。A 项"一个童年梦想"，与全文主题不符；C 项"环游世界"，范畴超过了本
文内容；D 项"遇见南极洲的动物"，以偏概全。故选 B。

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解读：本文讲述了 Ginni Bazlinton 难忘的南极洲之旅。
【核心词汇】kick-start v.使……尽快启动，促使……开始
last-minute adj.紧急关头的，最后一分钟才完成（或决定、安排好）的
take the plunge 决定冒险一试，果断行事
hit home to sb. 使某人深受触动
Passage 2 [2021 浙江，A，7.5 分]
Leslie Nielsen's childhood was a difficult one, but he had one particular shining
star in his life — his uncle, who was a well-known actor. The admiration and respect
his uncle earned inspired Nielsen to make a career （职业） in acting. Even though
he often felt he would be discovered to be a no-talent, he moved forward, gaining a
scholarship to the Neighborhood Playhouse and making his first television appearance
a few years later in 1948. However, becoming a full-time, successful actor would still
be an uphill battle for another eight years until he landed a number of film roles that
finally got him noticed.
But even then, what he had wasn't quite what he wanted. Nielsen always felt he
should be doing comedy but his good looks and distinguished voice kept him busy in
dramatic roles. It wasn't until 1980 — 32 years into his career — that he landed the
role it would seem he was made for in Airplane! That movie led him into the second
half of his career where his comedic presence alone could make a movie a financial
success even when movie reviewers would not rate it highly.
Did Nielsen then feel content in his career? Yes and no. He was thrilled to be
doing the comedy that he always felt he should do, but even during his last few years,
he always had a sense of curiosity, wondering what new role or challenge might be
just around the corner. He never stopped working, never retired.
Leslie Nielsen's devotion to acting is wonderfully inspiring. He built a hugely
successful career with little more than plain old hard work and determination. He
showed us that even a single desire, never given up on, can make for a remarkable
life.
1. Why did Nielsen want to be an actor?( C )
A. He enjoyed watching movies. B. He was eager to earn money.
C. He wanted to be like his uncle. D. He felt he was good at acting.

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[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"The admiration and respect his uncle earned
inspired Nielsen to make a career（职业） in acting"可知，Nielsen 的叔叔是他的
榜样，激励他从事演艺事业，故选 C。
2. What do we know about Nielsen in the second half of his career?( D )
A. He directed some high quality movies. B. He avoided taking on new challenges.
C. He focused on playing dramatic roles. D. He became a successful comedy actor.
[解析]细节理解题。根据题干中的"the second half of his career"可将答题线索定
位 于第二段中的 "That movie led him into the second half of his career where his
comedic presence alone could make a movie...highly"，在 Nielsen 演艺生涯的后半
段，由他饰演喜剧角色的电影即使评价不高，票房也很高。由此可推知，他成
了一名成功的喜剧演员。故选 D。
3. What does Nielsen's career story tell us?( D )
A. Art is long, life is short. B. He who laughs last laughs longest.
C. It's never too late to learn. D. Where there's a will there's a way.
[解析]推理判断题。根据文章最后一段可知，通过自己不懈的努力和坚定的信
念，Nielsen 的演艺事业获得了成功。这正应了那句老话"有志者，事竟成"，故
选 D。A 项表示"人生短暂，艺术长存"；B 项表示"笑到最后的人笑得最好"；C
项表示"活到老，学到老"，都不符合题意。
解读：文章主要讲述了演员 Leslie Nielsen 通过自己不懈的努力和坚定的信念，
成就了自己的演艺事业。
【核心词汇】 uphill adj. 漫长而艰难的，费力的 comedy n. 喜剧
financial adj. 金融的，财务的 around the corner 即将到来

题组三
Passage 1 [2021 浙江 1 月，B，7.5 分]
At the start of the 20th century, an American engineer named John Elfreth
Watkins made predictions about life today. His predictions about slowing population
growth, mobile phones and increasing height were close to the mark. But he was
wrong in one prediction: that everybody would walk 10 miles a day.

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 Today, in Australia, most children on average fall 2,000 steps short of the
physical activity they need to avoid being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 per cent
of children walked to school, while in 2010, it was as low as 15 per cent.
The decline is not because we have all become lazy. Families are pressed for
time, many with both parents working to pay for their house, often working hours not
of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited public
transport.
The other side of the coin is equally a deprivation: for health and well-being, as
well as lost opportunities （ 机 会 ） for children to get to know their local
surroundings. And for parents there are lost opportunities to walk and talk with their
young scholar about their day.
Most parents will have eagerly asked their child about their day, only to meet
with a "good", quickly followed by "I'm hungry". This is also my experience as a
mother. But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son's day comes out. I
hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare
parental opportunity to hear more.
Many primary schools support walking school-bus routes（路线）, with days of
regular, parent-accompanied walks. Doing just one of these a few times a week is
better than nothing. It can be tough to begin and takes a little planning — running
shoes by the front door, lunches made the night before, umbrellas on rainy days and
hats on hot ones — but it's certainly worth trying.
1. Why does the author mention Watkins' predictions in the first paragraph?( B )
A. To make comparisons. B. To introduce the topic.
C. To support her argument. D. To provide examples.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段中的 "But he was wrong in one prediction: that
everybody would walk 10 miles a day"以及下文对孩子们行走步数大幅下降及其
影响的介绍可知，作者提到 Watkins 的预测是为了引出话题。
2. What has caused the decrease in Australian children's physical activity?( C )
A. Plain laziness. B. Health problems. C. Lack of time. D. Security
concerns.
[ 解 析 ] 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 第 三 段 中 的 "The decline is not because we have all
become lazy. Families are pressed for time"可知，在澳大利亚，孩子们的体育活动
变少是因为时间不足。

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3. Why does the author find walking with her son worthwhile?( D )
A. She can get relaxed after work. B. She can keep physically fit.
C. She can help with her son's study. D. She can know her son better.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第五段中的"But somewhere over the daily walk...to hear
more"可知，作者在与儿子一起散步时，儿子会跟她分享自己的想法，从而使作
者能够更好地了解儿子，因此作者认为与儿子一起散步是值得的。
解读：由于生活节奏快、时间不足，澳大利亚的很多孩子行走步数大大减少，
这对孩子的身心健康不利。文中作者通过自己的经历证明了和孩子一起步行的
好处，并建议人们尽可能多步行。
Passage 2 [2020 全国卷Ⅰ，B，8 分]
Returning to a book you've read many times can feel like drinks with an old
friend. There's a welcome familiarity — but also sometimes a slight suspicion that
time has changed you both ， and thus the relationship. But books don't change ，
people do. And that's what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on
our present mental register. It's true ， the older I get ， the more I feel time has
wings. But with reading， it's all about the present. It's about the now and what one
contributes to the now ， because reading is a give and take between author and
reader. Each has to pull their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every
spring ， is Ernest Hemingway's A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964 ， it's his
classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating （令人陶醉的），
an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie
Dillard's Holy the Firm ， her poetic 1975 ramble （随笔） about everything and
nothing. The third book is Julio Cortázar's Save Twilight：Selected Poems， because
poetry. And because Cortázar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books ， these three were given to me as gifts ，
which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that ， while money
is indeed wonderful and necessary ， rereading an author's work is the highest
currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time
passes. But remember ， it's you that has to grow and read and reread in order to
better understand your friends.
1. Why does the author like rereading?( D )

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A. It evaluates the writer-reader relationship. B. It's a window to a whole new
world.
C. It's a substitute for drinking with a friend.D. It extends the understanding of
oneself.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段及第二段内容，尤其是第一段的倒数第二句
（但是书籍未变，而人变了），以及第二段的首句（重读的美妙之处在于我们
与作品的联系基于我们目前的精神状态）可推知，重读书籍可以让一个人更好
地审视自己、了解自己。
【干扰项分析】 A 项无中生有，原文并没有提到重读可以评估作者与读者的关
系。B 项是常理项，但是原文中没有信息支撑这个选项。C 项（它可替代和朋
友喝酒）与原文首句中的"感觉就像和老朋友一起喝酒一样"不符。
2. What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast?( B )
A. It's a brief account of a trip.
B. It's about Hemingway's life as a young man.
C. It's a record of a historic event.
D. It's about Hemingway's friends in Paris.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"Published in 1964, it's his classic memoir of
1920s Paris...an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time"可知，A
Moveable Feast 讲述的是海明威回忆年轻时在巴黎度过的日子，故选 B。
3. What does the underlined word "currency" in paragraph 4 refer to?( B )
A. Debt. B. Reward. C. Allowance. D. Face value.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句可知，虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的，
但重读作家的作品就是读者给予作家的最高"回报"（reward）。
4. What can we infer about the author from the text?( A )
A. He loves poetry. B. He's an editor.
C. He's very ambitious. D. He teaches reading.
[ 解 析 ] 推 理 判 断 题 。 根 据 第 三 段 倒 数 第 三 句 中 的 "poetic" 及 倒 数 第 二 句 中
的"because poetry"可推知，作者喜爱诗歌。
解读：重读一本读过很多次的书，感觉就像和老朋友一起喝酒一样。重读的美
妙之处在于，我们与作品的联系是建立在我们当前的精神状态之上的， 重读能
让我们重新认识自我。

题组四
Passage 1 [2020 全国卷Ⅱ，D，8 分]

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 I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can
remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a
day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to
parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old. It was a
dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for
story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an
added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source
（来源） of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local
library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read
to them.
I always read, using different voices, as though I were acting out the stories with
my voice and they loved it! It was a special time to bond with my children and it
filled them with the wonderment of books.
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love it that the
excitement of going to the library lives on from generation to generation.
As a novelist, I've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to
go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a
safe haven （避 风港 ） for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a
reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy （盗版行为）
and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can.
Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social
media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
1. Which word best describes the author's relationship with books as a child?( C )
A. Cooperative. B. Uneasy. C. Inseparable. D. Casual.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段中的"Stories were like air to me"（对我来说，故
事就像空气一样重要）可推知，作者小时候与书形影不离。故选 C。
2. What does the underlined phrase "an added meaning" in paragraph 3 refer to？( B )
A. Pleasure from working in the library.
B. Joy of reading passed on in the family.
C. Wonderment from acting out the stories.
D. A closer bond developed with the readers.

第 11 页
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词组所在段可知，作者当时已是几个孩子的母亲，
图书馆对作者来说多了一项新的意义。第三、四、五段讲述了作者有了孩子之
后，图书馆给她及孩子们带来的新的变化。再结合第五段中的 "the excitement of
going to the library lives on from generation to generation"可知，此处指"家庭中传
承的阅读的快乐"。
3. What does the author call on other writers to do?( C )
A. Sponsor book fairs. B. Write for social media.
C. Support libraries. D. Purchase her novels.
[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"I think all writers should support libraries
in a significant way when they can"可知，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆。故选
C。
4. Which can be a suitable title for the text?( D )
A. Reading: A Source of Knowledge B. My Idea about Writing
C. Library: A Haven for the Young D. My Love of the Library
[解析]标题判断题。阅读全文可知，"library"是本文的线索，文章描述了作者从
孩提时代到青少年时期，再到为人母、祖母时期，都有图书馆相伴，并且从图
书馆中获得了无尽的快乐，由此可推知作者对图书馆充满了热爱。故 D 项作为
标题最为合适。
解读：本文叙述了作者在不同的人生阶段作为不同的角色与图书馆的不解之缘。
在图书馆看书使作者和她的家人获得了快乐，而这项传统也在她的家族中代代
相传。

译文：对我们来说，装上东西去当地的图书馆是件大事，在那里我的孩子们可
以挑选书来读，或者挑选他们想让我读给他们听的书。

Passage 2 [2020 新高考卷Ⅰ，B，10 分]

Jennifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student to
pursue her goal of earning a nursing degree. That willpower bore fruit when Jennifer
graduated from University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large
family to earn a bachelor's degree.

第 12 页
 Mauer, of Edgar, Wisconsin, grew up on a farm in a family of 10 children. Her
dad worked at a job away from the farm, and her mother ran the farm with the kids.
After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her
tuition（学费）, because there was no extra money set aside for a college education.
After graduation, she worked to help her sisters and brothers pay for their schooling.
Jennifer now is married and has three children of her own. She decided to go
back to college to advance her career and to be able to better support her family while
doing something she loves ： nursing. She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at
Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her
four-year degree close to home. She could drive to class and be home in the evening
to help with her kids. Jennifer received great support from her family as she worked
to earn her degree ： Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills, and her 68-
year-old mother helped take care of the children at times.
Through it all, she remained in good academic standing and graduated with
honors. Jennifer sacrificed（牺牲） to achieve her goal, giving up many nights with
her kids and missing important events to study. "Some nights my heart was breaking
to have to pick between my kids and studying for exams or papers," she says.
However, her children have learned an important lesson witnessing their mother earn
her degree. Jennifer is a first-generation graduate and an inspiration to her family —
and that's pretty powerful.
1. What did Jennifer do after high school?( C )
A. She helped her dad with his work.
B. She ran the family farm on her own.
C. She supported herself through college.
D. She taught her sisters and brothers at home.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段第三句中的"After high school, Jennifer attended a
local technical college, working to pay her tuition（学费）"可知，Jennifer 在高中
毕业之后上了一所当地的技术学院，自己打工挣学费。
2. Why did Jennifer choose the program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in
Marshfield?( A )
A. To take care of her kids easily. B. To learn from the best nurses.
C. To save money for her parents. D. To find a well-paid job there.

第 13 页
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的 "She chose...because she was able to pursue
her four-year degree close to home...help with her kids"可知，Jennifer 选择了离家
近的"UW-Eau Claire"项目，是为了能在学习的同时照顾孩子，故选 A。
【干扰项分析】 有的考生选择 D 项，是对第三段第二句中的"better support her
family"的曲解，她深造后很有可能会获得更好的工作，从而让家里的经济情况
得到改善，但并不是说在学习之地找工作，所以 D 项中的"there"是明显的错误。
3. What did Jennifer sacrifice to achieve her goal?( B )
A. Her health. B. Her time with family.
C. Her reputation. D. Her chance of promotion.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段第二句中的"giving up many nights with her kids
and missing important events to study"可知，Jennifer 为了达成目标牺牲了很多，
为了学习，在很多个晚上没有办法陪伴孩子，还错过了许多重要活动，故选
B。
4. What can we learn from Jennifer's story?( C )
A. Time is money. B. Love breaks down barriers.
C. Hard work pays off. D. Education is the key to success.
[解析]推理判断题。文章介绍了 Jennifer 在经济困难的情况下依靠自己完成了学
业，婚后她既要照顾家庭又想深造,在这种情况下，她凭借顽强的意志坚持学习，
最终获得了护理学学士学位。她的经历表明一个人的努力付出是会有回报的，
故 C 项"努力终有回报/天道酬勤"符合题意。
解读：本文介绍了 Jennifer Mauer 不管身处哪个年龄阶段都克服困难坚持学习的
事迹。她的经历告诉我们，一个人的努力付出是会有回报的。
【核心词汇】 bear fruit 取得成果，成功
set aside 省出，留出（钱或时间） advance v. 促进，推动
standing n. 地位，名声 witness v. 见证 pay off 成功，奏效

译文：高中毕业之后，Jennifer 上了一所当地的技术学院，自己打工以支付学费，
因为家里没有余钱供她上大学。

题组五
Passage 1 [2020 新高考卷Ⅱ，B，10 分]

第 14 页
 The end of the school year was in sight and spirits were high. I was back teaching
after an absence of 15 years, dealing with the various kinds of "forbidden fruit" that
come out of book bags. Now was the spring of the water pistol （手枪）.
I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit.
"Please bring that pistol to me," I said. "I'm going to put it in my Grandma's
Box."
"What's that?" they asked.
"It's a large wooden chest full of toys for my grandchildren," I replied.
"You don't have grandchildren," someone said.
"I don't now," I replied. "But someday I will. When I do, my box will be full of
wonderful things for them."
My imaginary Grandma's Box worked like magic that spring, and later.
Sometimes students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it. Then I would
try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away — since I
seldom actually kept them. Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day,
and I would return the belonging.
The years went by, and my first grandchild Gordon was born. I shared my joy
with that year's class. Then someone said, "Now you can use your Grandma's Box."
From then on, instead of coming to ask their possessions back, the students would
say, "That's okay. Put it in your Grandma's Box for Gordon."
I loved talking about the imaginary box, not only with my students but also with
my own children. They enjoyed hearing about all the forbidden fruit I had collected.
Then one Christmas I received a surprise gift — a large, beautifully made wooden
chest. My son Bruce had made my Grandma's Box a reality.
1. What was the author's purpose in having the conversation with the students?( A )
A. To collect the water pistol. B. To talk about her grandchildren.
C. To recommend some toys. D. To explain her teaching method.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"dealing with the various kinds of ‘forbidden
fruit’ that come out of book bags. Now was the spring of the water pistol （ 手
枪）"以及第三段中的"Please bring that pistol to me"可知,作者与学生对话的目的
是将水枪收上来，故 A 项正确。
2. What do the underlined words "the offender" in paragraph 8 refer to?( D )
A. The student's parent. B. The maker of the Grandma's Box.

第 15 页
C. The author's grandchild. D. The owner of the forbidden fruit.
[解析]推理判断题。根据画线词后的"I would return the belonging"并结合画线词
所在句可知，通常违反纪律的学生会在一天结束的时候出现，然后作者就会归
还物品。据此可知，画线词指的是"违禁品的拥有者"，故 D 项正确。
3. What did the students do after they learned about the birth of Gordon?( D )
A. They went to play with the baby. B. They asked to see the Grandma's Box.
C. They made a present for Gordon. D. They stopped asking their toys back.
[解析]细节理解题。根据倒数第二段尾句可知，在得知作者的孙子出生以后，
他们不再向作者要回玩具了，故 D 项正确。
4. What can we infer about the author?( B )
A. She enjoys telling jokes. B. She is a strict and smart teacher.
C. She loves doing woodwork. D. She is a responsible grandmother.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段到第七段的描述可知，针对学生携带"违禁品"的
问题，作者严格处理，要求他们上交"违禁品"，据此可以推知，作者是一位严
格的老师；根据第八、九段的描述可知，作者虚拟出的"奶奶的大木箱"非常有
用，据此可以推知，作者是一位聪明的老师。故 B 项正确。
解读：每次没收学生的"违禁品"（玩具）时，"我"都告诉他们，"我"会将它们放
进"奶奶的大木箱"里，送给"我"的孙子玩。学生们也乐意将他们的玩具放进"奶
奶的大木箱"里。这些都成了温馨的记忆……
Passage 2 [2019 全国卷Ⅰ，B，8 分]
For Canaan Elementary's second grade in Patchogue, N.Y., today is speech day,
and right now it's Chris Palaez's turn. The 8-year-old is the joker of the class. With
shining dark eyes, he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.
But he's nervous. "I'm here to tell you today why you should...should..." Chris
trips on the "-ld," a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers.
His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. "...Vote for...me..."
Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech
to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
A son of immigrants, Chris started learning English a little over three years ago.
Whaley recalls（回想起） how at the beginning of the year, when called upon to
read, Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.
Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience. What you
need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. "It takes a lot for any student,"

第 16 页
Whaley explains, "especially for a student who is learning English as their new
language, to feel confident enough to say,‘I don't know, but I want to know.’"
Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he
asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a
president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just
learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast （夸耀）
about themselves.
"Boasting about yourself, and your best qualities," Whaley says, "is very difficult
for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident."
1. What made Chris nervous?( B )
A. Telling a story. B. Making a speech.
C. Taking a test. D. Answering a question.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"today is speech day...Chris Palaez's turn"和第
二段中的"But he's nervous"可知，Chris 在进行演说，这让他感到紧张。
2. What does the underlined word "stumbles" in paragraph 2 refer to?( A )
A. Improper pauses. B. Bad manners. C. Spelling mistakes. D. Silly jokes.
[ 解 析 ] 词 义 猜 测 题 。 根 据 第 二 段 中 的 "I'm here to tell you today why you
should...should..."和"...Vote for...me..."，尤其是其中的省略号可知，Chris 因为紧
张，演说时结结巴巴，有些不恰当的停顿，因此选 A。
3. We can infer that the purpose of Whaley's project is to A
A. help students see their own strengths B. assess students' public speaking skills
C. prepare students for their future jobs D. inspire students' love for politics
[解析]推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的 "Whaley says the project is about more
than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast
（夸耀）about themselves"和最后一段的内容可推知，老师让学生参加竞选演说
不仅仅是让学生们学会在公开场合演说，更重要的是让他们学会夸自己，发现
自己的长处，从而树立自信。
4. Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher?( C )
A. Humorous. B. Ambitious. C. Caring. D. Demanding.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段可知，当 Chris 发表竞选演说遇到问题时，老师
小声鼓励他，并且文章最后两段解释了老师举办这项活动的初衷，由此我们可
以判断这个老师是关心他人的人，因此选 C。

第 17 页
解读：本文由学生 Chris 发表竞选演说的经历引出老师 Thomas Whaley 利用竞选
演说鼓励同学们学会赞美自己，提升自信。
【核心词汇】 trip v. 绊倒。本文中引申为"结巴"。
bring sth. to a conclusion 结束某事 excuse oneself 请求准予离开

主题 2 人与自我·做人与做事
题组一
Passage 1 [2023 全国卷乙，B，8 分]
Living in Iowa and trying to become a photographer specializing in landscape
（风景） can be quite a challenge, mainly because the corn state lacks geographical
variation.
Although landscapes in the Midwest tend to be quite similar, either farm fields or
highways, sometimes I find distinctive character in the hills or lakes. To make some
of my landscape shots, I have traveled up to four hours away to shoot within a 10-
minute time frame. I tend to travel with a few of my friends to state parks or to the
countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way.
Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography. I
often leave early to seek the right destinations so I can set up early to avoid missing
the moment I am attempting to photograph. I have missed plenty of beautiful
sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before the best moment.
One time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil's Lake, Wisconsin, to climb
the purple quartz （ 石 英 ） rock around the lake. After we found a crazy-looking
road that hung over a bunch of rocks, we decided to photograph the scene at sunset.
The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background. We
managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset.
However, we did not mark the route （路线） so we ended up almost missing the
sunset entirely. Once we found the place, it was stressful getting lights and cameras
set up in the limited time. Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best
shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and
managed my time wisely.
1. How does the author deal with the challenge as a landscape photographer in the
Midwest?( B )
A. By teaming up with other photographers.
B. By shooting in the countryside or state parks.

第 18 页
C. By studying the geographical conditions.
D. By creating settings in the corn fields.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段中的 "To make some of my landscape shots...to
state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the
way"可知，作者和他的朋友们到州公园或农村去拍照，以此来应对中西部缺少
地理多样性的挑战。故 B 项正确。
2. What is the key to successful landscape photography according to the author?( A )
A. Proper time management. B. Good shooting techniques.
C. Adventurous spirit. D. Distinctive styles.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知，恰当的地点和恰当的时间对于拍
摄任何风格的照片都起着决定性的作用。第三段的最后一句进一步验证了作者
所说。故 A 项正确。
3. What can we infer from the author's trip with friends to Devil's Lake?( C )
A. They went crazy with the purple quartz rock.
B. They felt stressed while waiting for the sunset.
C. They reached the shooting spot later than expected.
D. They had problems with their equipment.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段中的 "However, we did not mark the route （路
线）...it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time"可知，文
中描述的是几乎彻底错过了日落，之后安置拍摄设备的时间就非常有限了，也
就是说他们比预想的到达得晚。故 C 项正确。
4. How does the author find his photos taken at Devil's Lake?( B )
A. Amusing. B. Satisfying. C. Encouraging. D. Comforting.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段中的"Still, looking back on the photos...if I would
have been prepared and managed my time wisely"可知，虽然有准备不充分和时间
管理不明智等方面的遗憾，作者依然将这些照片归属到自己拍的最好的照片中。
故 B 项正确。
解读：本文叙述了美国爱荷华州的一位摄影师的拍摄日常，为了拍出优秀的风
景照，摄影师付出了很多，其中不乏艰辛，当然有收获也有遗憾。
【核心词汇】 specialize in 专攻，专门研究 distinctive adj.独特的
on the spot 在现场 a bunch of 一串,一束;大量
Passage 2 [2022 浙江，C，10 分]

第 19 页
 Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but
research has found that moderation （适度）also gets results on the job.
In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to
translate sentences into a new made-up language. Subjects who practiced the
language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced
extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to
traditional ways of viewing problems across fields — the arts, sciences, and politics.
High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance, especially in simple jobs
where it doesn't pay to be a perfectionist.
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful
examination in many workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is
probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed
conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. "People from cultures
that value relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating
alone in front of a computer," says Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the
University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift mood （ 情
绪）and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve
any post-lunch effort.
Markman also promotes off-task time. "Part of being a good thinker is
experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated to what you are working on at the
moment but give you fresh ideas about your work," he says. "Also, there is a lot of
research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and
creativity. So, when people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make
themselves more effective at work."
1. What does Ellen Langer's study show?( D )
A. It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist. B. Translation makes people
knowledgeable.
C. Simpler jobs require greater caution. D. Moderate effort produces the best
result.
[ 解 析 ] 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 第 一 段 中 的 "research has found that moderation （ 适
度）also gets results on the job"和第二段中的研究结果"Subjects who practiced the
language moderately beforehand made fewer errors...not at all"可知，适当的努力可
以带来最好的结果，故 D 项正确。

第 20 页
2. The underlined word "go-getter" in paragraph 3 refers to someone who B
A. is good at handling pressure B. works hard to become successful
C. has a natural talent for his job D. gets on well with his co-workers
[解析]词义猜测题。由画线词后的"while"可知，画线词所在分句与后一分句形
成了对比。根据后一分句中的"his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-
room meal get dirty looks from the corner office" 可 以 推 测 ， "eats lunch at his
desk"的"young banker"会被看作一个努力工作、想要实现成功的好员工，故 B
项正确。go-getter"（尤指商业上的）实干家，志在必得的人"。
【熟词新义】 dirty 在此表示"令人厌恶的；卑鄙的；不诚实的"。give sb. a dirty
look 厌恶地瞪某人一眼，给某人一个白眼。
3. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?( C )
A. A good thinker is able to inspire other people.
B. Experience unrelated to your job is useless.
C. A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind.
D. Focusing on what you do raises productivity.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段中的 "a positive mood leads to higher levels of
productivity and creativity"可知，积极的心态会让一个人更有效率和创造力，故
C 项正确。
4. What does the text seem to advocate?( A )
A. Middle-of-the-road work habits. B. Balance between work and family.
C. Long-standing cultural traditions. D. Harmony in the work environment.
[解析]推理判断题。结合首段中的研究结果"moderation（适度）also gets results
on the job"和下文的描述,尤其是最后一段中的"Markman also promotes off-task
time"可以推断，本文旨在说明适度的努力和良好的心情有助于提升工作效率和
效果，故本文似乎在提倡适中的工作习惯。middle-of-the-road"不极端的；多数
人能接受的"。
解读：研究发现,适当的努力和积极的情绪有助于提升工作效率。

题组二
Passage 1 [2022 北京，B，8 分]
My name is Alice. Early last year, I was troubled by an anxiety that crippled
（ 削 弱 ） my ability to do anything. I felt like a storm cloud hung over me. For
almost a year I struggled on, constantly staring at this wall that faced me. My

第 21 页
perfectionist tendencies were the main root of this: I wanted to be perfect at whatever
I did, which obviously in life is not possible, but it consumed me.
One day, I attended a presentation by wildlife conservationist Grant Brown at my
high school. His presentation not only awed and inspired me, but also helped emerge
an inner desire to make a difference in the world. I joined a pre-presentation dinner
with him and that smaller setting allowed me to slowly build up my courage to speak
one-on-one with him — an idea that had seemed completely impossible. This first
contact was where my story began.
A month later, Brown invited me to attend the World Youth Wildlife Conference.
Looking back, I now see that this would be the first in a series of timely opportunities
that my old self would have let pass, but that this new and more confident Alice
enthusiastically seized. Shortly after I received his invitation, applications to join the
Youth for Nature and the Youth for Planet groups were sent around through my high
school. I decided to commit to completing the applications, and soon I was a part of a
growing global team of young people working to protect nature. Each of these new
steps continued to grow my confidence.
I am writing this just six months since my journey began and I've realised that
my biggest obstacle （障碍） this whole time was myself. It was that voice in the
back of my head telling me that one phrase that has stopped so many people from
reaching their potential: I can't. They say good things come to those who wait; I say:
grab every opportunity with everything you have and be impatient. After all, nature
does not require our patience, but our action.
1. What was the main cause for Alice's anxiety?( C )
A. Her inability to act her age. B. Her habit of consumption.
C. Her desire to be perfect. D. Her lack of inspiration.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"My perfectionist tendencies were the main
root of this: I wanted to be perfect at whatever I did"可知，Alice 焦虑的主要原因是
她渴望完美。
【解题线索】 题干中的 the main cause 与文中的 the main root 含义一致。root 表
示"根源，起因"。
2. How did Grant Brown's presentation influence Alice?( A )
A. She decided to do something for nature. B. She tasted the sweetness of friendship.
C. She learned about the harm of desire. D. She built up her courage to speak up.

第 22 页
[ 解析 ] 细节理解题。根据第二段中的 "His presentation not...in the world" 可知 ，
Grant Brown 的讲座不仅让 Alice 肃然起敬，鼓舞了她，也让她萌生了改变世界
的想法。由此可知，受 Grant Brown 讲座的影响，Alice 希望能为大自然做点事
情。
【干扰项分析】 考生易错选 D 项。根据第二段中的"I joined a pre-presentation
dinner with him and that smaller setting allowed me to slowly build up my courage to
speak one-on-one with him"可知，是演讲前的晚宴使 Alice 鼓起勇气交谈。
3. The activities Alice joined in helped her to become more B
A. intelligent B. confident C. innovative D. critical
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"but that this new and more confident Alice
enthusiastically seized""Each of these new steps continued to grow my confidence"可
知，Alice 参加的这些活动帮助她变得更加自信。
4. What can we learn from this passage?( C )
A. Practice makes perfect. B. Patience is a cure of anxiety.
C. Action is worry's worst enemy. D. Everything comes to those who wait.
[解析]推理判断题。通读全文可知，完美主义者 Alice 非常焦虑，受野生动物保
护主义者 Grant Brown 的影响，她决定为保护自然做贡献，通过参加活动她变
得更加自信，也克服了焦虑。由此可推知，行动是克服焦虑的好办法，故 C 项
正确。
解读：Alice 曾经是一个完美主义者，凡事都追求完美，这导致她很焦虑。受野
生动物保护主义者 Grant Brown 的启发，她决定为保护自然做贡献。通过参加
活动她变得更加自信，最终也克服了焦虑。
【核心词汇】 perfectionist n.完美主义者
emerge v.（从隐蔽处或暗处）出现，浮现；显露
potential n.潜力;可能性 adj.潜在的；可能的
【词缀变形】enthusiastically adv.热心地，满腔热情地→enthusiastic adj.热心的；
热情的→enthusiasm n. 热情
impatient adj.不耐烦的；没有耐心的；急于；热切期待→impatience n.不耐烦，
无耐心→patient adj.能忍耐的；有耐心的
Passage 2 [2022 浙江 1 月，A，7.5 分]
For nearly a decade now, Merebeth has been a self-employed pet transport
specialist. Her pet transport job was born of the financial crisis （危机） in the late
2000s. The downturn hit the real estate（房地产） firm where she had worked for

第 23 页
ten years as an office manager. The firm went broke and left her looking for a new
job. One day, while driving near her home, she saw a dog wandering on the road,
clearly lost. She took it home, and her sister in Denver agreed to take it. This was a
loving home for sure, but 1,600 miles away. It didn't take long for Merebeth to decide
to drive the dog there herself. It was her first road trip to her new job.
Merebeth's pet delivery service satisfies her wanderlust. It has taken her to every
state in the US except Montana, Washington and Oregon, she says proudly. If she
wants to visit a new place, she will simply find a pet with transport needs there. She
travels in all weathers. She has driven through 55 mph winds in Wyoming, heavy
flooding and storms in Alabama and total whiteout conditions in Kansas.
This wanderlust is inherited from her father, she says. He moved their family
from Canada to California when she was one year old, because he wanted them to
explore a new place together. As soon as she graduated from high school she left
home to live on Catalina Island off the California coast, away from her parents, where
she enjoyed a life of sailing and off-road biking.
It turns out that pet transporting pays quite well at about $30,000 per year
before tax. She doesn't work in summer, as it would be unpleasantly hot for the
animals in the car, even with air conditioning. As autumn comes, she gets restless —
the same old wanderlust returning. It's a call she must handle alone, though. Merebeth
says, "When I'm on the road I'm just in my own world. I've always been independent-
spirited and I just feel strongly that I must help animals."
1. Why did Merebeth change her job?( D )
A. She wanted to work near her home.
B. She was tired of working in the office.
C. Her sister asked her to move to Denver.
D. Her former employer was out of business.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"The firm went broke and left her looking for a
new job"可知，Merebeth 换工作是因为她原来工作的公司倒闭了，故选 D。
2. The word "wanderlust" in paragraph 2 means a desire to D
A. make money B. try various jobs
C. be close to nature D. travel to different places

第 24 页
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词前的"pet delivery service satisfies her"及画线词后
的"taken her to every state in the US...Oregon"可以推知，画线词的含义与去不同
地方旅游的欲望有关，故选 D。
3. What can we learn about Merebeth in her new job?( C )
A. She has chances to see rare animals. B. She works hard throughout the year.
C. She relies on herself the whole time. D. She earns a basic and tax-free salary.
[解析]细节理解题。各选项分析如下：
A 无中生有——文中仅提到 Merebeth 的新工作是"pet delivery service",并未 ×
提及她有机会见到珍稀动物。
B 曲 解 原 文 — — 根 据 最 后 一 段 中 的 "She doesn't work in summer" 可 ×
知，Merebeth 在夏天是不工作的，而非 B 项所说的全年都在努力工作。
C 根 据 最 后 一 段 中 的 "It's a call she must handle alone" 及 "I've always been √
independent-spirited"可知，Merebeth 一直都是靠自己。
D 曲解原文——根据最后一段中的"It turns out that ... pays quite well at about ×
$30,000 per year before tax" 可知，在新工作中，Merebeth 每年的税前收
入非常可观，而非只是挣得无需缴税的基本收入。
解读：Merebeth 的新工作——宠物递送服务不仅满足了她想要四处旅游的愿望，
还为她带来了可观的收入。

题组三
Passage 1 [2021 新高考卷Ⅰ，B，10 分]
By day, Robert Titterman is a lawyer. In his spare time though he goes on stage
beside pianist Maria Raspopova — not as a musician but as her page turner. "I'm not a
trained musician, but I've learnt to read music so I can help Maria in her
performance."
Mr Titterman is chairman of the Omega Ensemble but has been the group's
official page turner for the past four years. His job is to sit beside the pianist and turn
the pages of the score so the musician doesn't have to break the flow of sound by
doing it themselves. He said he became just as nervous as those playing instruments
on stage.
"A lot of skills are needed for the job. You have to make sure you don't turn two
pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go
back to the right spot," Mr Titterman explained.

第 25 页
 Being a page turner requires plenty of practice. Some pieces of music can go for
40 minutes and require up to 50 page turns, including back turns for repeat passages.
Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of
"nodding" to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.
But like all performances, there are moments when things go wrong. "I was
turning the page to get ready for the next page, but the draft wind from the turn
caused the spare pages to fall off the stand," Mr Titterman said. "Luckily I was able to
catch them and put them back."
Most page turners are piano students or up-and-coming concert pianists, although
Ms Raspopova has once asked her husband to help her out on stage.
"My husband is the worst page turner," she laughed. "He's absorbed in the music,
feeling every note, and I have to say:‘Turn, turn!’ Robert is the best page turner I've
had in my entire life."
1. What should Titterman be able to do to be a page turner?( A )
A. Read music. B. Play the piano.
C. Sing songs. D. Fix the instruments.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"I'm not a trained musician, but I've learnt to
read music so I can help Maria in her performance"可知，Robert Titterman 作为翻
谱员，要会识乐谱，故 A 项正确。
2. Which of the following best describes Titterman's job on stage?( C )
A. Boring. B. Well-paid. C. Demanding. D. Dangerous.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段中的"A lot of skills are needed for the job"和第四
段中的"Being a page turner requires plenty of practice"以及文中对翻乐谱工作的具
体描述可以推断，Titterman 在舞台上的工作要求颇高。demanding 意为"要求高
的，需要高技能的"，故 C 项正确。
3. What does Titterman need to practise?( B )
A. Counting the pages. B. Recognizing the "nodding".
C. Catching falling objects. D. Performing in his own style.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段中的 "Silent onstage communication is key, and
each pianist has their own style of ‘nodding’ to indicate a page turn which they need
to practise with their page turner"可知，钢琴家和翻谱员在舞台上的无声交流很重
要，Titterman 需要在领会钢琴师的"点头示意"上多加练习，故 B 项正确。
4. Why is Ms Raspopova's husband "the worst page turner"?( D )

第 26 页
A. He has very poor eyesight. B. He ignores the audience.
C. He has no interest in music. D. He forgets to do his job.
[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"He's absorbed in the music, feeling every
note, and I have to say: ‘Turn, turn!’"可知，Raspopova 女士的丈夫沉浸在音乐中
以至于忘了自己要翻乐谱的事情，所以 Raspopova 女士称其为"最糟糕的翻乐谱
工作者"，故 D 项正确。
解读：本文主要讲述了律师 Robert Titterman 利用自己的业余时间去帮钢琴师翻
乐谱的故事。翻乐谱看似是一份简单的工作，但是也需要进行很多练习，尤其
要与每位钢琴师默契配合。
【核心词汇】 by day 在白天，日间 indicate v.表明，暗示，示意
up-and-coming adj. 积极进取的，有前途的
be absorbed in 专心致志于，全神贯注于
【熟词新义】 score 常用义：n.得分，分数 v.得分
本文义：n.总谱，曲谱
Passage 2 [2019 北京，B，8 分]
Alice Moore is a teenager entrepreneur（创业者）, who in May 2015 set up her
business AilieCandy. By the time she was 13, her company was worth millions of
dollars with the invention of a super-sweet treat that could save kids' teeth, instead of
destroying them.

It all began when Moore visited a bank with her dad. On the outing, she was
offered a candy bar. However, her dad reminded her that sugary treats were bad for
her teeth. But Moore was sick of missing out on candies. So she desired to get round
the warning. "Why can't I make a healthy candy that's good for my teeth so that my
parents can't say no to it?"With that in mind, Moore asked her dad if she could start
her own candy company. He recommended that she do some research and talk to
dentists about what a healthier candy would contain.
With her dad's permission, she spent the next two years researching online and
conducting trials to get a recipe that was both tasty and tooth-friendly. She also

第 27 页
approached dentists to learn more about teeth cleaning. Consequently, she succeeded
in making a kind of candy only using natural sweeteners, which can reduce oral
bacteria.
Moore then used her savings to get her business off the ground. Afterwards, she
and her father secured their first business meeting with a supermarket owner, who
finally agreed to sell Moore's product — CanCandy.
As CanCandy's success grows, so does Moore's credibility as a young
entrepreneur. Moore is enthusiastic about the candy she created, and she's also
positive about what the future might bring. She hopes that every kid can have a clean
mouth and a broad smile.
Meanwhile, with her parents' help, Moore is generally able to live a normal
teenage life. Although she founded her company early on in life, she wasn't driven
primarily by profit. Moore wants to use her unique talent to help others find their
smiles. She donates 10% of AilieCandy's profits to Big Smiles. With her talent and
determination, it appears that the sky could be the limit for Alice Moore.
1. How did Moore react to her dad's warning?( B )
A. She argued with him. B. She tried to find a way out.
C. She paid no attention. D. She chose to consult dentists.
[解析]细节理解题。根据题干可把答案定位到第二段。根据该段内容可知 ，
Moore 听到爸爸的提醒之后就想："为什么我不能制作出一种对我的牙齿有益的
健康糖果以使我的父母不会对它说不呢？"由此可知，她想找一个方法解决这个
问题。
2. What is special about CanCandy?( A )
A. It is beneficial to dental health. B. It is free of sweeteners.
C. It is sweeter than other candies. D. It is produced to a dentists' recipe.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段的内容可知，Moore 用两年时间在线研究、做试
验、咨询牙医，终于成功地生产出一种只使用天然的甜味剂，且能够减少口腔
细菌的糖果，这与 A 项"它对牙齿健康有益"吻合。
【干扰项分析】 文章中说 CanCandy 使用天然的甜味剂，故 B 项错误；C 项文
中未提及；文章提到她进行研究、做试验以制作配方的过程，由此可知 D 项错
误。
3. What does Moore expect from her business?( B )
A. To earn more money. B. To help others find smiles.

第 28 页
C. To make herself stand out. D. To beat other candy companies.
[解析]细节理解题。根据题干中的"expect from her business"可把答案定位到最后
一段，该段谈到 Moore 想用自己独特的天赋帮助别人找到微笑（to help others
find their smiles），因此选 B。
4. What can we learn from Alice Moore's story?( C )
A. Fame is a great thirst of the young.
B. A youth is to be regarded with respect.
C. Positive thinking and action result in success.
D. Success means getting personal desires satisfied.
[解析]推理判断题。通读全文可知，Moore 在父亲提醒她吃甜食对牙齿不好后，
就积极地思考并行动，成功地制作出了一种对牙齿有益的糖，由此可推知 C 项
正确。
解读：少女 Alice Moore 因为父亲提醒她吃甜食对牙齿不好，想到发明一种健康
的糖。之后，通过努力，她成功地开办了自己的糖果公司，并将获得的部分利
润用来推动牙齿健康项目的发展。

主题 3 人与社会·社会服务与人际沟通
题组一
Passage 1 [2022 新高考卷Ⅰ，C，10 分]
The elderly residents（居民） in care homes in London are being given hens to
look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity （ 慈 善 组 织 ） to reduce
loneliness and improve elderly people's wellbeing. It is also being used to help
patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have
reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said:" I
used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each
morning before I went to school.
"I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting
the hens out and down there again at night to see they've gone to bed.
"It's good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to
see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I'm enjoying the
creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful."

第 29 页
 There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the
North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to
embark on the project, said:"Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the
creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring
to people here."
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said:"We are happy to be taking
part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest
and creative activities."
1. What is the purpose of the project?( D )
A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people's
welfare.
[ 解 析 ] 推 理 判 断 题 。 根 据 第 二 段 中 的 "The project was dreamed up by a local
charity （ 慈 善 组 织 ） to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people's
wellbeing"可知，这个项目的目的是减少老年人的孤独感，改善老年人的健康。
故选 D。
2. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?( B )
A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of
achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong
personality.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第五段中 Ruth 的话"it feels great to have done something
useful"可知，做了一些有用的事情，Ruth 感觉很棒，由此可知，Ruth 很有成就
感。故选 B。
3. What do the underlined words "embark on" mean in paragraph 7?( C )
A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate.
[解析]词义猜测题。由 Wendy Wilson 的管理人身份，画线词前的 one of the first
和她的话可知，她是首批"启动"这个项目的人之一。故选 C。
4. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?( A )
A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results.

第 30 页
[解析]推理判断题。根据题干我们可以定位到文章的最后两段，最后两段讲述
了一些组织参与到这个项目的感受。根据 Wendy Wilson 和 Lynn Lewis 两位负
责人说的话可知，这个项目得到了好评。故选 A 项。
解读：养老院通过让老人养鸡来使他们减少孤独感，改善健康状况。
【核心词汇】 financial adj. 财务的 dream up 创造，设计
in use 使用中
Passage 2 [2022 全国卷乙，B，8 分]
In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N.Y. —
Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood — traveled to a settlement in the
Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith
College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to
instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their
stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted ： The Unexpected Education of
Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and
Dorothy Woodruff's granddaughter.
Why did they go then? Well ， they wanted to do something useful. Soon ，
however， they realized what they had undertaken.
They moved in with a local family， the Harrisons， and， like them， had
little privacy， rare baths， and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up
in the morning. Some mornings ， Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the
schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring ， the snow was
replaced by mud over ice.
In Wickenden's book ， she expanded on the history of the West and also on
feminism ， which of course influenced the girls' decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-
raising section concerns the building of the railroads ， which entailed （ 牵 涉 ）
drilling through the Rockies ， often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with
Rosamond and Dorothy's return to Auburn.
Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism
（ 坚 忍 ） of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of
Dorothy Woodruff， on her horse， looking down from a hill top："When the sun
slipped behind the mountains ， it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full
moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals ： foxes ， coyotes ，
mice， and varying hares， which turned white in the winter."

第 31 页
1. Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains?( A )
A. To teach in a school. B. To study American history.
C. To write a book. D. To do sightseeing.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段的"In 1916, two girls of wealthy families...traveled
to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse" 可 知 ，
Dorothy 和 Rosamond 去落基山脉是为了到一所学校教学。
2. What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3?( D )
A. They enjoyed much respect. B. They had a room with a bathtub.
C. They lived with the local kids. D. They suffered severe hardships.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知，她们和当地的一户人家一起生活，
和他们一样，几乎没有隐私，很少洗澡，早上醒来的时候，被子上都是雪。有
时候她们早上到学校后，发现孩子们冻得直哭。春天，雪被泥取代。由此可推
知，她们在那里受了很多苦。
3. Which part of Wickenden's writing is hair-raising?( C )
A. The extreme climate of Auburn. B. The living conditions in Elkhead.
C. The railroad building in the Rockies. D. The natural beauty of the West.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段的"A hair-raising section concerns the building of
the railroads, which entailed（牵涉）drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding
snowstorms"可知，书中描述的惊险的部分应是在落基山脉修建铁路的过程。
4. What is the text?( B )
A. A news report. B. A book review. C. A children's story. D. A diary entry.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段中的"In Wickenden's book, she expanded"和"The
book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy's return to Auburn" 以 及 最 后 一 段
的 "Wickenden is a very good storyteller" 可 知 ， 本 文 是 一 篇 书 评 ， 介 绍 名 为
Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West 的一
本书。
解读：本文介绍了 Dorothy Wickenden 写的一部书的主要内容：两个富裕家庭
长大的女孩子去落基山脉的一个村落当老师，她们住在当地人的家里，和他们
一样过着艰辛的生活。

题组二
Passage 1 [2021 新高考卷Ⅱ，C，10 分]
A British woman who won a $1 million prize after she was named the World's
Best Teacher will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.

第 32 页
 Andria Zafirakou, a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to
bring about a classroom revolution （变革）. "We are going to make a change," she
said. "I've started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools."
The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of
any sort — whether an up-and-coming local musician or a major movie star — into
schools to work with and inspire children.
Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School, her place of work
for the past twelve years."I've seen those magic moments when children are talking to
someone they are inspired by — their eyes are shining and their faces light up,"she
said. "We need artists more than ever in our schools."
Artist Michael Craig-Martin said ： "Andria's brilliant project to bring artists
from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when
the arts are being downgraded in schools." It was a mistake to see the arts as
unnecessary, he added.
Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts
education in schools was not just an add-on. "It is absolutely necessary. The future
depends on creativity and creativity depends on the young. What will remain of us
when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our creative
spirit, our visionary sense of freshness, that has been our strength for centuries."
1. What will Zafirakou do with her prize money?( C )
A. Make a movie. B. Build new schools.
C. Run a project. D. Help local musicians.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"use the cash to bring inspirational figures into
UK schools"和第二段中的"I've started a project to promote the teaching of the arts
in our schools"可知，Zafirakou 用她的奖金开展了一个把艺术人士引进校园的项
目。故 C 项正确。
2. What does Craig-Martin think of the teaching of the arts in UK schools?( D )
A. It is particularly difficult. B. It increases artists' income.
C. It opens children's mind. D. It deserves greater attention.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第五段尾句可知，Craig-Martin 认为，把艺术当作不必
要的课程是错误的,也就是说他认为艺术教育应该得到更多的关注。故 D 项正确。
3. What should be stressed in school education according to Schama?( C )
A. Moral principles. B. Interpersonal skills.

第 33 页
C. Creative abilities. D. Positive worldviews.
[ 解 析 ] 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 第 六 段 中 的 "The future depends on creativity...for
centuries"可知，他认为学校教育应该强调创造力。故 C 项正确。
4. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?( A )
A. Bring Artists to Schools B. When Historians Meet Artists
C. Arts Education in Britain D. The World's Best Arts Teacher
[解析]主旨大意题。本文主要讲述一位英国女教师把获得的奖金用于开展把艺
术人士引进校园的项目，以推动学校艺术教育发展。故 A 项正确。
解读：一位英国女教师用自己的奖金开展了一个项目。该项目旨在将艺术人士
引进校园，以推动学校的艺术教育发展。

译文：当人工智能接管时，留给我们的将是我们的创造力。我们的创造精神，
我们对新鲜事物的远见，数百年来一直是我们的优势。
Passage 2 [2021 北京，B，8 分]
I remember the day during our first week of class when we were informed about
our semester （学期） project of volunteering at a non-profit organization. When the
teacher introduced us to the different organizations that needed our help, my last
choice was Operation Iraqi Children （ OIC ） . My first impression of the
organization was that it was not going to make enough of a difference with the plans I
had in mind.
Then, an OIC representative gave us some details, which somewhat interested
me. After doing some research, I believed that we could really do something for those
kids. When I went online to the OIC website, I saw pictures of the Iraqi children.
Their faces were so powerful in sending a message of their despair （绝望） and
need that I joined this project without hesitation. We decided to collect as many
school supplies as possible, and make them into kits — one kit, one child.
The most rewarding day for our group was project day, when all the efforts we
put into collecting the items finally came together. When I saw the various supplies
we had collected, it hit me that every kit we were to build that day would eventually
be in the hands of an Iraqi child. Over the past four months, I had never imagined how
I would feel once our project was completed. While making the kits, I realized that I

第 34 页
had lost sight of the true meaning behind it. I had only focused on the fact that it was
another school project and one I wanted to get a good grade on. When the kits were
completed, and ready to be sent overseas, the warm feeling I had was one I would
never forget.
In the beginning, I dared myself to make a difference in the life of another
person. Now that our project is over, I realize that I have affected not only one life,
but ten. With our efforts, ten young boys and girls will now be able to further their
education.
1. How did the author feel about joining the OIC project in the beginning?( D )
A. It would affect his/her initial plans.
B. It would involve traveling overseas.
C. It would not bring him/her a good grade.
D. It would not live up to his/her expectations.
[ 解 析 ] 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 第 一 段 中 的 "my last choice was Operation Iraqi
Children（OIC）"和本段尾句"My first impression...I had in mind"可知，作者一开
始认为该组织与心中的期望不符，故 D 项正确。
2. What mainly helped the author change his/her attitude toward the project?( A )
A. Images of Iraqi children. B. Research by his/her classmates.
C. A teacher's introduction. D. A representative's comments.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段第四句"Their faces were so...without hesitation"可
知，伊拉克儿童的面孔有力地传达了他们的绝望和需要，所以作者毫不犹豫地
加入了这个项目。据此可知，伊拉克儿童的形象改变了作者对这一项目的态度，
故 A 项正确。
3. The author's OIC project group would help ten Iraqi children to B.
A. become OIC volunteers B. further their education
C. study in foreign countries D. influence other children
[解析]细节理解题。根据本文尾句"With our efforts...further their education"可知，
在作者和其他志愿者的努力下，十名伊拉克儿童得以继续接受教育，故 B 项正
确。
4. What can we conclude from this passage?( B )
A. One's potential cannot always be underrated.
B. First impression cannot always be trusted.
C. Actions speak louder than words.

第 35 页
D. He who hesitates is lost.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段尾句"My first impression...in mind"可知，作者对
伊拉克儿童行动组织的第一印象并不好，认为该组织与自己的期望不符；根据
第二段第四句"Their faces were...without hesitation"可知，当看到伊拉克儿童有力
地传达了绝望和需要的面孔时，作者决定加入这一组织；再根据尾段可知，通
过加入这一组织，作者影响了十名伊拉克儿童。据此可以推知，第一印象并不
可信。故 B 项正确。
解读：在网站上看到伊拉克儿童的面孔后作者感受到了他们的绝望和需求。于
是，作者和其他志愿者决定为伊拉克儿童尽可能多地收集学习用品，这使得十
名伊拉克儿童得以继续接受教育。

译文：当我看到我们收集的各种物资时，我突然想到，我们那天要做的每一套
用具最终都将送到伊拉克儿童的手中。

题组三
Passage 1 [2019 全国卷Ⅰ，D，8 分]
During the rosy years of elementary school（小学）, I enjoyed sharing my dolls
and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the
playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose
in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and
playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a
professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and
the status seekers. The likables' plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard
friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever
after in life and work. Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence:
status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein's studies show
unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as
those least liked in elementary school, are "most likely to engage （ 从 事 ） in
dangerous and risky behavior."

第 36 页
 In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235
adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on
student surveys（调查研究）. "We found that the least well-liked teens had become
more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in
status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high
status has just the opposite effect on us."
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you
on a play date — sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make
you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion:
Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for
those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds
of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage," he said.
1. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?( C )
A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段的第一句"During the rosy years of elementary
school（小学）, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my
high social status"可知，作者在小学时乐于分享。unkind"不友好的"，lonely"孤
独的"，generous"慷慨的，大方的"，cool"酷的"，故选 C。
2. What is the second paragraph mainly about?( A )
A. The classification of the popular. B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal skills. D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.
[解析]段落大意题。根据第二段的第二句"Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical
psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers"可
知，受欢迎的人被分为两类——受人喜爱的人和追求地位的人，接着第三、四
句分别描述了两类受欢迎的人的特征，故 A 项最能概括本段主要内容。
【干扰项分析】 B 项意为"青少年的特征"，可排除；第二段没有提到人际交往
能力的重要性和不光彩行为的原因，故可排除 C、D。
3. What did Dr. Prinstein's study find about the most liked kids?( B )
A. They appeared to be aggressive. B. They tended to be more adaptable.
C. They enjoyed the highest status. D. They performed well academically.

第 37 页
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段的最后一句"It clearly showed that while likability
can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us" 可知，
受人喜爱会带来良好的适应力，故选 B。
【干扰项分析】 根据第四段的第二句可知，最不受欢迎的青少年变得越来越好
斗，故可排除 A；原文没有信息支撑 C、D 两项，可排除。
4. What is the best title for the text?( A )
A. Be Nice — You Won't Finish Last B. The Higher the Status, the Better
C. Be the Best — You Can Make It D. More Self-Control, Less
Aggressiveness
[解析]标题判断题。根据全文内容尤其是最后一段的第一句"In analyzing his and
other research ， Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability
related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too" 可
知，受人喜爱与积极的人生结果相关，是这些结果的成因。因此，对人友好，
你的人生不会太差，故选 A。
解读：本文主要探讨了青少年小学与中学阶段的受欢迎类型及其影响。

【长难句解读】 Dr. Prinstein's studies show

unpleasant consequences.
译文：尽管那些酷酷的孩子可能看起来让人羡慕，但 Prinstein 博士的研究显示
了令人不快的结果。
Passage 2 [2019 全国卷Ⅱ，B，8 分]
"You can use me as a last resort（选择）, and if nobody else volunteers, then I
will do it." This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for
volunteers for my kids 'lacrosse（长曲棍球） club.
I guess that there's probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety
around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little
persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with
four kids running the show and Italk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren't
even on... At this point the unwilling parent speaks up," Alright. Yes, I'll do it."
I'm secretly relieved because I know there's real power in sharing volunteer
responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule,
sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the
way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach
is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for

第 38 页
another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as
watching your own kid score a goal.
Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a
close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep
coming back for more: Connecting to the community （社区） as you freely give
your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so
good.
In that sense, I'm pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I'd freely
like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too,
does it really matter where my motivation lies?
1. What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph 1?( C )
A. She knows little about the club. B. She isn't good at sports.
C. She just doesn't want to volunteer. D. She's unable to meet her schedule.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段第一句"You can use me as a last resort（选择）,
and if nobody else volunteers ， then I will do it" 和 第 二 段 中 的 "the unwilling
parent"可推断，这位家长不想做志愿者工作。故选 C。
2. What does the underlined phrase "tug at the heartstrings" in paragraph 2 mean?( B )
A. Encourage teamwork. B. Appeal to feelings.
C. Promote good deeds. D. Provide advice.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据前一句"She may just need a little persuading"以及后文作
者在劝这位家长时所列举的感人事迹可知，tug at the heartstrings 的意思是"打动
（她）"。
3. What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3?( D )
A. She gets interested in lacrosse. B. She is proud of her kids.
C. She'll work for another season. D. She becomes a good helper.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段第三句中的"the same parent ends up becoming an
invaluable member of the team"可知，这位家长最后成了一个好帮手。
4. Why does the author like doing volunteer work?( B )
A. It gives her a sense of duty. B. It makes her very happy.
C. It enables her to work hard. D. It brings her material rewards.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段中的"Connecting to the community（社区）as you
freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just
feels so good"可知，作者觉得做志愿者工作很快乐。所以选 B。

第 39 页
解读：本文介绍作者自己参与并鼓励他人参与志愿者工作的经历，论述了志愿
者工作的独特意义。
【熟词新义】close 常用义：v.关闭 adj.亲密的 adv.靠近
本文义：n. 结束，终结

译文：然而，如果别人在这个过程中受益，而且我也得到了一些回报，那么我
的动机是什么真的重要吗？

主题 4 人与社会·文学、艺术与体育
题组一
Passage 1 [2023 新课标卷Ⅰ，C，10 分]
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a
detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to
adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the
philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the
forces that are making so many people's digital lives increasingly intolerable, before
moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this
philosophy ： the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from
optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then
add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will
provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I'll guide you through carrying out your own
digital declutter. In doing so, I'll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over
1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You'll hear these participants'
stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they
encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you
cultivate （ 培 养 ） a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I
examine issues such as the importance of solitude （ 独 处 ） and the necessity of

第 40 页
cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device
use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help
you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox
meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular
circumstances.
1. What is the book aimed at?( B )
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段中的"The goal of this book is to make the case for
digital minimalism"可知，本书旨在倡导一种简单的数字生活方式。故选 B 项。
make the case for... 为……阐明理由。
2. What does the underlined word "declutter" in paragraph 3 mean?( A )
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词后面的"step away from"可知，画线词表示"清除，
清理"，A 项含义与画线词含义相近。
3. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?( C )
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
[解析]细节理解题。根据题干中的"In the final chapter of part one"可定位第四段。
通读第四段可知，作者在第一部分的最后一章会利用 2018 年做的一次实验，实
验中有 1 600 人进行了数字简化（生活）。根据 "You'll hear these participants'
stories"可知，第一部分的最后一章提供了真实的例子。
4. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?( A )
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"You can view these practices as a toolbox
meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular
circumstances"可知，作者建议读者把这些方法当成帮助自己实现极简生活的工
具，即在需要的时候使用这些方法。故选 A 项。
解读：本文向读者介绍了一本书，该书解释了何为数字极简主义并提供了实现
数字极简生活的方法。
Passage 2 [2023 新课标卷Ⅱ，C，10 分]

第 41 页
 Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the
book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the
world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before
books as we now know them came into being. In artists' representations of books and
reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this " book of books," artworks are selected and arranged in a way that
emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of
children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations
between the generations. Adults are portrayed （描绘） alone in many settings and
poses — absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These
scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we
can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the
intellect（才智）, wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing
press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More
recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used
them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete
volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to
make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book
is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To
serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages
parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And
in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is
monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, "off-
line" activity.
1. Where is the text most probably taken from?( A )
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
[解析]出处判断题。根据全文内容尤其是第一段第一句"Reading Art: Art for Book
Lovers is a celebration...three hundred artworks from museums around the world" 可
知，《阅读艺术:书籍爱好者的艺术》这本书里展示了来自世界各地博物馆的近

第 42 页
300 件艺术品，本文主要是对该书内容的介绍。故可以推知，本文最有可能摘
自一本书的序言。
2. What are the selected artworks about?( C )
A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句中的"In artists' representations of books
and reading"可知，被选中的艺术品强调的是图书和阅读，故 C 项正确。
3. What do the underlined words "relate to" in paragraph 2 mean?( A )
A. Understand. B. Paint. C. Seize. D. Transform.
[ 解 析 ] 词 义 猜 测 题 。 根 据 第 二 段 尾 句 "These scenes may have been painted
hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to"中的 but 表达的
语境可知，这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了我们都能理解的时
刻。故画线词意为"理解"，A 项正确。
4. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?( A )
A. The printed book is not totally out of date.
B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.
D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
[解析]推理判断题。根据本文尾句"And in contrast to our increasingly networked
lives...offers the chance of a wholly private, ‘off-line’ activity"可知，在我们日益网
络化的生活中，我们所消费的信息被监控和跟踪，与之相反，印刷书仍然提供
了一个完全私人的、"离线"活动的机会。该句强调了印刷书的价值，据此可知，
作者提及电子书旨在说明印刷书并未完全过时，故 A 项正确。
解读：《阅读艺术:书籍爱好者的艺术》让我们看到了超越文化与时间的共同人
性。网络化的生活中，电子书的推广并不能取代印刷书的使用，阅读印刷书仍
然是完全私人的活动。
【核心词汇】celebration n.庆典，庆祝活动,庆祝
come into being 形成 emphasize v.强调，着重
deep in thought 陷入沉思 demonstrate v.证明；示范，演示

题组二
Passage 1 [2023 全国卷甲，C，8 分]
I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder's Sophie's
World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head

第 43 页
in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy
（哲学）.
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for
philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or
Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.
Eric Weiner's The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead
Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an
invitation to think and experience philosophy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then
frames each philosopher's work in the context（背景） of one thing they can help us
do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like
Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more
than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use
philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality
of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into
conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he
becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding（解读） their messages and
adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent
simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and
aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit
down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It's worth your time, even if
time is something we don't have a lot of.
1. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author?( C )
A. Foucault. B. Eric Weiner. C. Jostein Gaarder. D. A college
teacher.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder's
Sophie's World" 和"It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy （哲
学）"可知，Jostein Gaarder 的《苏菲的世界》把作者带进了一个哲学的世界。
故 Jostein Gaarder 为作者打开了哲学大门。
2. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4?( D )
A. To compare Weiner with them.

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B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praise their writing skills.
D. To help readers understand Weiner's book.
[解析]推理判断题。通读第四段，特别是该段尾句"This, more than a book about
understanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a
life"可知，在列举了几位伟大的哲学家后，作者指出，这不仅仅是一本关于理
解哲学的书，更是一本关于学习如何运用哲学来改善生活的书。据此可以推知，
作者列举几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者更好地理解 Weiner 的这本书。
3. What does the author like about The Socrates Express?( B )
A. Its views on history are well-presented. B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.
C. It includes comments from readers. D. It leaves an open ending.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第五段的"He makes philosophical thought an appealing
exercise that improves the quality of our experiences"可知，在《苏格拉底快车》这
本书中，作者使哲学思考成为一种吸引人的体验，可以提高我们的（人生）经
历的质量。结合常识可以推知，《苏格拉底快车》的思想可以用于日常生活中，
故 B 项正确。
4. What does the author think of Weiner's book?( D )
A. Objective and plain. B. Daring and ambitious.
C. Serious and hard to follow. D. Humorous and straightforward.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第五段的"he does so with plenty of humor"可知，该书
使用了大量幽默的语言；根据尾段第一句"The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp
book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in
deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging" 可知，《苏格拉底快车》因显而
易见的简单而吸引读者，并逐渐将他们带入对欲望、孤独和衰老的更深层次的
思考。据此可以推知，Weiner 的书幽默且易懂，故 D 项正确。
解读：本文重点介绍了哲学著作《苏格拉底快车》，该书语言幽默，陈述直白，
却能让读者深刻思考日常生活中的欲望、孤独等哲学问题。
【核心词汇】 reawaken vt.勾起，唤起；再次引发（感情、回忆等）
conversation n.（非正式的）谈话，交谈
process n.过程，进程；步骤，程序
apparent adj.显而易见的，易懂的；貌似的，表面上的
pick up 拿起；学会；接人
Passage 2 [2022 新高考卷Ⅱ，D，10 分]

第 45 页
 As we age, even if we're healthy, the heart just isn't as efficient in processing
oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early
60s. And among people who don't exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
"Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for
20 years and it will become dry and easily broken," says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart
specialist at the University of Texas. That's what happens to the heart. Fortunately for
those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven't been an enthusiastic
exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who
did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly
divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic （无
氧 ） exercise — balance training and weight training — three times a week. The
second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for
four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable
improvements in heart health.
"We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30- or 35-year-
old hearts," says Levine. "And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was
that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump （ 泵 送 ） a lot more blood
during exercise." But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise
didn't change, he says.
"The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven't already, is in late middle
age when the heart still has flexibility," Levine says. "We put healthy 70-year-olds
through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all."
Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says
Levine's findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated
with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise
routine make the biggest difference.
1. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?( D )
A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack.
C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段 Dr. Ben Levine 的话"Think of a rubber band... it
will become dry and easily broken" 以 及 "That's what happens to the heart" 可 知 ，
Levine 想通过橡皮筋来解释心脏的衰老过程，故选 D 项。

第 46 页
2. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?( C )
A. Diet plan. B. Professional background.
C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"The first group... more days a week"可知，
第一组每周参加三次无氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练，第二组在教练的指导
下每周进行 4 天或更多天的高强度有氧运动。由此可知，两组在研究设计上的
差异是运动类型不同，故选 C 项。
3. What does Levine's research find?( A )
A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.
B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.
C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.
D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"The second group ... in heart health"可知，
第二组在教练的指导下每周进行 4 天或更多天的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第
二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。再根据第四段中的 "We took these...35-year-
old hearts" 可 知 ， 这 些 50 岁 的 心 脏 回 到 了 30 或 35 岁 时 的 状 态 。 由 此 可 知 ，
Levine 的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选 A 项。
4. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest?( C )
A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants.
C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"But the study ... the biggest difference"可
知，这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的
哪些方面会产生最大的影响。由此可知，Nieca Goldberg 博士建议进行进一步的
研究。故选 C 项。
解读：研究发现，锻炼对心脏有好处。
【核心词汇】efficient adj. 有能力的，效率高的
enthusiastic adj.热情的；热烈的；满腔热忱的
randomly adv.随意地 participate v.参与；参加
remarkable adj.显著的；引人注目的；非凡的
flexibility n.灵活性 aspect n.方面
【熟词新义】age 常用义：n. 年龄 本文义：v. 变老

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译文：幸运的是，对于那些中年人来说，Levine 发现，即使你不热衷锻炼，现
在锻炼身体也可能有助于改善你衰老的心脏。

题组三
Passage 1 [2022 全国卷甲，A，6 分]
Theatres and Entertainment
St David's Hall
St David's Hall is the award-winning National Concert Hall of Wales standing at
the very heart of Cardiff's entertainment centre. With an impressive 2,000-seat concert
hall, St David's Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff. It presents live
entertainment, including pop, rock, folk, jazz, musicals, dance, world music, films and
classical music.
The Hayes, Cardiff CF10 1AH
www.stdavidshallcardiff.co.uk
The Glee Club
Every weekend this is "Wales" premier comedy club where having a great time is
the order for both audiences and comedy stars alike. It is hard to name a comedy star
who hasn't been on the stage here. If you are looking for the best comedies on tour
and brilliant live music, you should start here.
Mermaid Quay, Cardiff Bay, Cardiff CF10 5BZ
www.glee.co.uk/cardiff
Sherman Cymru
Sherman Cymru's theatre in the Cathays area of Cardiff reopened in February
2012. This special building is a place in which theatre is made and where children,
artists, writers and anyone else have the opportunity （机会） to do creative things.
Sherman Cymru is excited to present a packed programme of the very best theatre,
dance, family shows and music from Wales and the rest of the world.
Senghennydd Road, Cardiff CF24 4YE
www.shermancymru.co.uk
New Theatre

第 48 页
 The New Theatre has been the home of quality drama, musicals, dance and
children's shows for more than 100 years. Presenting the best of the West End along
with the pick of the UK's touring shows, the New Theatre is Cardiff's oldest surviving
traditional theatre. Be sure to pay a visit as part of your stay in the city.
Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3LN
www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk
1. Where is the Welsh Proms Cardiff hosted?( D )
A. At the New Theatre. B. At the Glee Club.
C. At Sherman Cymru. D. At St David's Hall.
[解析]细节理解题。根据 St David's Hall 部分中的"With an impressive 2,000-seat
concert hall, St David's Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff"可知答案，
故选 D 项。
2. What can people do at the Glee Club?( B )
A. Watch musicals. B. Enjoy comedies. C. See family shows. D. Do creative
things.
[ 解 析 ] 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 The Glee Club 部 分 中 的 "comedy club" "If you are
looking for the best comedies"可知，人们在这里可以欣赏到喜剧。故选 B 项。
【干扰项分析】 A 属"偷梁换柱"，文中提到的是"live music"；C 和 D 属"张冠
李戴"，将 Sherman Cymru 中的信息错误匹配到 The Glee Club 中。
3. Which website can you visit to learn about Cardiff's oldest surviving theatre?( A )
A. www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk B. www.shermancymru.co.uk
C. www.glee.co.uk/cardiff D. www.stdavidshallcardiff.co.uk
[ 解 析 ] 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 New Theatre 部 分 中 的 "the New Theatre is Cardiff's
oldest surviving traditional theatre"可知,New Theatre 是加的夫现存最古老的剧院
所以人们可以从网站 www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk 上了解它的相关信息。故选 A
项。
解读：本文是对英国加的夫市四家艺术剧院的介绍。
Passage 2 [2021 全国卷乙，A，6 分]
The Biggest Stadiums in the World
People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece. In
around 80 A.D., the Romans built the Colosseum, which remains the world's best
known stadium and continues to inform contemporary design. Rome's Colosseum was
157 feet tall and had 80 entrances, seating 50,000 people. However, that was small fry

第 49 页
compared with the city's Circus Maximus, which accommodated around 250,000
people.
These days, safety regulations — not to mention the modern sports fan's desire
for a good view and a comfortable seat — tend to keep stadium capacities （ 容
量）slightly lower. Even soccer fans tend to have a seat each; gone are the days of
thousands standing to watch the match.
For the biggest stadiums in the world, we have used data supplied by the World
Atlas list so far, which ranks them by their stated permanent capacity, as well as
updated information from official stadium websites.
All these stadiums are still functional, still open and still hosting the biggest
events in world sport.
·Rungrado 1st of May Stadium, Pyongyang, D.P.R.Korea. Capacity: 150,000.
Opened： May 1,1989.
·Michigan Stadium, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S. Capacity: 107,601. Opened:
October 1, 1927.
·Beaver Stadium, State College, Pennsylvania, U.S. Capacity: 106,572. Opened:
September 17,1960.
·Ohio Stadium, Columbus, Ohio, U.S. Capacity: 104,944. Opened: October 7,
1922.
·Kyle Field, College Station, Texas, U.S. Capacity: 102,512. Opened: September
24，1927.
1. How many people could the Circus Maximus hold?( D )
A. 104，944. B. 107,601. C. About 150,000. D. About 250,000.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句"However, that was small fry compared
with the city's Circus Maximus, which accommodated around 250，000 people"可知，
Circus Maximus 能容纳大约 250 000 人，故 D 项正确。
【解题指导】 题干问 Circus Maximus 能够容纳多少人，可将答案定位在文中出
现 Circus Maximus 的 位 置 ： 第 一 段 最 后 一 句 中 的 "the city's Circus Maximus,
which accommodated around 250,000 people"。由此本题答案显而易见。
2. Of the following stadiums, which is the oldest?( C )
A. Michigan Stadium. B. Beaver Stadium. C. Ohio Stadium.
D. Kyle Field.

第 50 页
[解析]细节理解题。本题问哪个体育场最古老。根据文章最后一部分列举的五
大 体 育 场 信 息 中 的 "Ohio Stadium ， Columbus ， Ohio ， U.S. Capacity ：
104，944. Opened：October 7，1922"可知，Ohio Stadium 于 1922 年开放；据文
中信息可知，A、B、D 项的体育场分别于 1927 年、1960 年和 1927 年开放。故
C 项正确。
【解题指导】 题干问以下哪个体育场最古老，可将答案定位在文章最后列举的
这几个体育场的"开放时间"信息上：A 对应的是 October 1, 1927；B 对应的是
September 17,1960 ； C 对 应 的 是 October 7, 1922 ； D 对 应 的 是 September
24，1927。很显然，最早的是 1922 年，故 Ohio Stadium 是这几个体育场中最古
老的。
3. What do the listed stadiums have in common?( A )
A. They host big games. B. They have become tourist attractions.
C. They were built by Americans. D. They are favored by architects.
[解析]细节理解题。题干问文中所提到的几个体育场的共同之处是什么。根据
第 四 段 的 "All these stadiums are still functional, still open and still hosting the
biggest events in world sport"可知，这些体育场现今还举办世界上的大型体育赛
事。故 A 项正确。
【干扰项分析】 文中没有提到这些体育场成了旅游胜地，所以排除 B 项；文中
只提到了所列体育场的位置、容量及开放年份等信息，C、D 项无信息支撑，
可排除。
解读：本文从著名的罗马斗兽场谈起，为读者介绍了世界上最大的几个体育场
及其相关信息。
【核心词汇】 accommodate v.容纳，为……提供住宿，为……提供空间
functional adj. 实用的，工作的，运转的，（能）起作用的

译文：现在，安全规章通常会使得体育场容量稍微降低，且不说现代的体育爱
好者想要好的视野和舒适的座椅。

第 51 页
译文：甚至足球迷往往每个人都有座位；上千人站着看比赛的时代已经一去不
复返了。

题组四
Passage 1 [2021 全国卷甲，C，8 分]
When I was 9, we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow,
London on a gray January morning. Everyone in the family settled quickly into the
city except me. Without my beloved beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a loss
and out of place. Until I made a discovery.
Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British
skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I
loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And
my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it.
Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam （ 横 杆 ） , I fell onto the stones,
damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe.
A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud,
shouting: "Safe! Safe! Safe!" And that's what mattered — landing tricks, being a good
skater.
When I was 15, my family moved to Washington. I tried skateboarding there, but
the locals were far less welcoming. Within a couple of years, I'd given it up.
When I returned to London in 2004, I found myself wandering down to
Southbank, spending hours there. I've traveled back several times since, most recently
this past spring. The day was cold but clear ； tourists and Londoners stopped to
watch the skaters. Weaving（穿梭）among the kids who rushed by on their boards, I
found my way to the beam. Then a rail-thin teenager, in a baggy white T-shirt,
skidded（滑）up to the beam. He sat next to me. He seemed not to notice the man
next to him. But soon I caught a few of his glances. "I was a local here 20 years ago,"
I told him. Then, slowly, he began to nod his head. "Safe, man. Safe."
"Yeah，" I said. "Safe."
1. What can we learn about the author soon after he moved to London?( A )
A. He felt disappointed. B. He gave up his hobby.
C. He liked the weather there. D. He had disagreements with his family.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的 "Without my beloved beaches and endless
blue-sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place"可知，作者搬到伦敦后，因那里没有

第 52 页
自己钟爱的海滩和蔚蓝的天空而感到不知所措和格格不入，所以，作者是失望
的，故 A 项正确。
2. What do the underlined words "Safe! Safe! Safe!" probably mean?( B )
A. Be careful! B. Well done! C. No way! D. Don't worry!
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词后的 "And that's what mattered — landing tricks,
being a good skater"可知，这是成为一名优秀滑冰运动员重要的着陆技巧。再结
合画线词前的"when I landed the trick,my friends...shouting"可知，作者成功做了
那个动作后，朋友们大声敲打自己的滑板，并大喊"Safe! Safe! Safe!"，故画线
词应该是在夸赞作者表现好，故 B 项能解释画线词的意义。
3. Why did the author like to spend time in Southbank when he returned to London?(
D)
A. To join the skateboarding. B. To make new friends.
C. To learn more tricks. D. To relive his childhood days.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段和第四段可知，作者 15 岁的时候搬到了华盛顿，
那里没有玩滑板的氛围，于是，作者放弃了滑板运动。后来他回伦敦时总会去
南岸看孩子们玩滑板，重温儿时玩滑板的快乐时光，故 D 项正确。
4. What message does the author seem to convey in the text?( C )
A. Children should learn a second language. B. Sport is necessary for children's
health.
C. Children need a sense of belonging. D. Seeing the world is a must for
children.
[解析]推理判断题。综观全文可知，作者 9 岁那年搬家之后，滑板让作者找到了
归属感。15 岁时，作者搬到了华盛顿，由于当地没有玩滑板的氛围，作者放弃
了这一爱好，但是每次回到伦敦，滑板还是可以让作者找回儿时的记忆和美好，
找到归属感，所以整篇文章作者想传递的信息就是儿童需要有归属感，故 C 项
正确。
解读：本文主要讲作者儿时随家人搬到伦敦以后，倍感失落，后来他在泰晤士
河南岸结识了玩滑板的新朋友，找到了归属感。作者 15 岁时搬到了华盛顿，那
里没有玩滑板的氛围，于是作者放弃了滑板运动。之后，作者又回了几次伦敦，
并去了南岸，看着孩子们滑滑板，听着熟悉的语言，他又找回了归属感。
【核心词汇】 pack up 打点（行装） at a loss 不知所措
out of place 不合时宜，格格不入 continuous adj.连续的，持续的
come over 过来；顺便来访

第 53 页
Passage 2 [2021 浙江，B，10 分]
We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes'
walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my
children want to do after school is pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for
hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours
a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have
begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago，film-maker
David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to
screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son's
ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and,
being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He
documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to
young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the
Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out
into nature.
"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference," David Bond says.
"There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if
children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for
life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now:"We just send
them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our
children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
1. What is the problem with the author's children?( D )
A. They often annoy the neighbours.
B. They are tired of doing their homework.
C. They have no friends to play with.
D. They stay in front of screens for too long.
[解析]细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的"However, what my children...pick up a
screen — any screen — and stare at it for hours"可知，作者的孩子长时间看电子产
品（屏幕），故选 D 项。
2. How did David Bond advocate his idea?( A )
A. By making a documentary film. B. By organizing outdoor activities.

第 54 页
C. By advertising in London media. D. By creating a network of friends.
[解析]细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的 "He realised that something needed to
change...He documented his journey ...The result was Project Wild Thing"可知，为
了改变孩子们长时间看电子产品的现状，David Bond 利用自身的职业优势，制
作了纪录片 Project Wild Thing，故选 A 项。
【解题线索】 此处 document 用作动词，表 示"记录，记载"；与 A 项中的
documentary 相对应。
3. Which of the following can replace the underlined word "charts" in paragraph 2?(
A)
A. records B. predicts C. delays D. confirms
[解析]词义猜测题。根据文章第二段中画线词前的"a film"及画线词后的"the
birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations" 可推知，这部纪录片记录了
Wild Network 的诞生，chart 此处意思同 record，故选 A 项。
【解题指导】 chart 的常见含义是"图表"，是名词，很显然，此处的 charts 并不
是此意。文中的 charts 在定语从句（which charts the birth of the Wild Network）
中作谓语，所以 chart 在此是动词，结合 charts 的前后信息（a film 和 the birth of
the Wild Network）可知，chart 在此意为"记录，跟踪（进展或发展）"。
4. What can be a suitable title for the text?( C )
A. Let Children Have Fun B. Young Children Need More Free
Time
C. Market Nature to Children D. David Bond: A Role Model for
Children
[解析]标题判断题。根据全文内容可知，本文主要提倡让孩子们走出家门，摆
脱电子产品的诱惑，走向大自然，故 C 项能较好地概括全文，适合作文章标题。
解读：文章讲述了电影制作人 David Bond 看到自己的孩子沉迷于电子产品，于
是他通过纪录片，鼓励孩子们走进大自然。

题组五
Passage 1 [2020 新高考卷Ⅰ，C，10 分]
In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He
left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later,
still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the
disappearance of the Aral Sea.

第 55 页
 His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book,
Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about
a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been
destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to
a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way ： Rustam, his translator, a
lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and
Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but
also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural
wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when
suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral （ 葬 礼 ）
followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the
dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making
his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment
and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author
explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage.
Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian
traditions.
1. What made Mr Bissell return to Uzbekistan?( B )
A. His friends' invitation. B. His interest in the country.
C. His love for teaching. D. His desire to regain health.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的 "still attracted to the country, he returned to
Uzbekistan"可知，出于对乌兹别克斯坦这个国家的兴趣，他回到了这里，故 B
项符合题意。
2. What does the underlined word "that" in paragraph 2 refer to?( D )
A. Developing a serious mental disease. B. Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C. Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. D. Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
[解析]代词指代题。由第一段最后一句可知，他回乌兹别克斯坦是为了写一篇
咸海消失的文章。由第二段首句可知，然而他的访问最终涉及的远不止那件事。
由此可推知，那件事就是指"写一篇关于咸海的文章"。
3. Which of the following best describes Mr Bissell's road trip in Uzbekistan?( B )
A. Romantic. B. Eventful. C. Pleasant. D. Dangerous.

第 56 页
[解析]推理判断题。第三段中描述了 Mr Bissell 领略了 Samarkand 的建筑奇迹，
在去往 Bukhara 的路上被警察怀疑贩毒，在 Ferghana 参加了一场葬礼随之而来
的是一个奇怪的酒会，在 Karakalpakstan 遭遇沙尘暴、疾病等经历，由此可知，
在此途中他经历了很多事情，故 B 项"充满事件的，多事的"可以表达此意。
4. What is the purpose of this text?( A )
A. To introduce a book. B. To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C. To remember a writer. D. To recommend a travel destination.
[解析]写作意图题。文章开头引出 Tom Bissell 写书的背景，后面三段介绍了这
本书的概要、主要内容和对这本书的评价。尤其是文章最后两句提到：这不是
一本游记，也不是一本历史书。不管它是什么，它都形象地描述了中亚地区的
传统。全文围绕这本书展开，目的就是向读者介绍这本书，故选 A。
解读：曾在乌兹别克斯坦做志愿者的 Tom Bissell 出于对这个国家的兴趣几年后
再次回到这里，并写了一本书叙述其在该国旅行中的见闻。本文对这本书进行
了简要介绍。
Passage 2 [2020 全国卷Ⅰ，C，8 分]
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running ， research shows ，
while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own
problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the
Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer
than the marathon. But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight
through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact （ 接 触 ） with the
ground at all times. It's this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive
activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at
Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says. According to most
calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about
800 calories （ 卡 路 里 ） per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they
would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about
1,000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr.
Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four

第 57 页
times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground,
create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as
runner's knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport's strange form does
place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such
injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try
race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn
proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
1. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?( C )
A. They must run long distances. B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules. D. They are good at swinging their legs.
[解析]细节理解题。由题干中的关键词 conditioned athletes 可将解题信息定位至
第二段，根据该段中的"But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay
straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact （接触） with
the ground at all times"可知，竞走运动的规则要求竞走者的膝关节在腿摆动的大
部分时间里伸直，同时一只脚始终保持与地面接触。据此可知，竞走者必须遵
循一些特殊的运动规则，故 C 项正确。
2. What advantage does race walking have over running?( D )
A. It's more popular at the Olympics. B. It's less challenging physically.
C. It's more effective in body building. D. It's less likely to cause knee injuries.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第五段中的"some of the injuries associated with running,
such as runner's knee, are uncommon among race walkers"可知，一些与跑步有关
的损伤，如跑步者的膝盖（受伤），在竞走者中并不常见。据此可知，竞走不
太可能导致膝盖受伤，故 D 项正确。
3. What is Dr. Norberg's suggestion for someone trying race walking?( A )
A. Getting experts' opinions. B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced coach. D. Doing regular exercises.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第五段中的 "anyone wishing to try race walking should
probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique" 可知 ,
Norberg 博士建议任何希望尝试竞走的人或许应该首先咨询下教练或有经验的竞
走者，以学习正确的技巧，故 A 项正确。
4. Which word best describes the author's attitude to race walking?( B )
A. Skeptical. B. Objective. C. Tolerant. D. Conservative.

第 58 页
[解析]观点态度题。根据全文内容可知，作者提到了竞走这项运动的好处，同
时也指出了它的一些危害，故作者对竞走的态度是客观的（Objective），B 项
正确。 skeptical 怀疑的；tolerant 宽容的；conservative 保守的。
解读：本文介绍了竞走运动的特点及其利弊。
【核心词汇】 fitness n. 健康
demanding adj. （工作）要求高的，费力的，（人）苛求的
calculation n. 计算，估计 approximately adv. 大约
considerable adj. 相当大的，相当多的

译文： 根据大多数计算,以每小时六英里的速度移动的竞走者每小时会消耗大
约 800 卡路里,这大约是他们走路燃烧的卡路里的两倍,虽然它比跑步消耗的卡路
里少,跑步可能每小时消耗大约 1 000 卡路里或更多。

主题 5 人与社会·历史、社会与文化
题组一
Passage 1 [2023 全国卷乙，C，8 分]
What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and
chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so
uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine,
it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens
and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It's thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons
are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more
adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those
sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain's consumers
would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in
the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It
seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching
cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one

第 59 页
third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients（配料） than they used to, and
just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four
adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their
cookery knowledge and skills, and youngpeople are also getting more interested in
cooking. The UK's obsession （ 痴 迷 ） with food is reflected through television
scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often
than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it's no longer "uncool"
for boys to like cooking.
1. What do people usually think of British food?( A )
A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition.
C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段中的 "But is British food really so uninteresting?
Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine" 可知，人们通
常认为英国的食物简单、不吸引人。故选 A。
2. Which best describes cookery programmes on British TV?( D )
A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential.
[ 解析 ] 推理判断题。根据第二段最后一 句 "It seems that TV programmes have
helped change what people think about cooking"可知，英国的烹饪类电视节目对观
众影响很大，改变了他们对烹饪的看法。故选 D。authoritative"权威性的"；
creative"富有创意的"；profitable"有利可图的"；influential"有很大影响的"。
3. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?( D )
A. 20%. B. 24%. C. 25%. D. 33%.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段第二句"Almost one third say they now use a wider
variety of ingredients（配料） than they used to"可知，近三分之一的人表示他们
现在使用的配料比以前更丰富了，故选 D。
4. What might the author continue talking about?( B )
A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句"With an increasing number of male chefs
on TV, it's no longer ‘uncool’ for boys to like cooking"可知，随着越来越多的男厨
师出现在电视上，男孩喜欢烹饪不再是"不酷"的事了。因此可推断，接下来作
者可能会介绍一些电视节目中的男厨师。故选 B。
解读：英国的一些烹饪类电视节目使更多的英国人改变饮食习惯并爱上烹饪。

第 60 页
【核心词汇】 have a reputation for 以……著称
cuisine n.烹饪；菜肴 turn away from sth. 停止使用某物;拒绝
【长难句解读】It's thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign
that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and
becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits.
分析：本句是一个强调句，被强调部分是"thanks to these TV chefs rather than any
advertising campaign"。
译文：多亏了这些电视节目的厨师们，而不是任何广告宣传活动，英国人正在
对一荤两素和现成的饭菜失去兴趣，且在烹饪习惯上变得更有冒险精神。
Passage 2 [2023 全国卷乙，D，8 分]
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege
one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the
world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.
Writing is one of humanity's later achievements, and until fairly recently even many
literate （ 有 文 字 的 ） societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in
things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this
book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can't. The clearest example
of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany
Bay, between Captain Cook's voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the
English side, we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day.
From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield（盾） dropped by a man in
flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually
going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly
as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are
victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know
how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell
their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of
Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their
past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told
through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact（联系） between
literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are

第 61 页
necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that
conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?( A )
A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.
[解析]段落大意题。根据文章首段可知，如果你想讲述一段不偏袒人类历史上
任何一方的世界历史，你就不能仅依靠文字。文字是人类的后期成果之一，直
到最近甚至许多有文字的社会不仅用文字，还用实物来记载他们的重要的事情。
所以此段是说过去的历史事件应结合文字和实物来呈现，不能仅靠文字，故 A
项正确。
2. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?( D )
A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段的第三、四句 "From the English side, we have
scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day. From the Australian
side, we have only a wooden shield（盾） dropped by a man in flight after his first
experience of gunshot"可知，从英国和澳大利亚两方，我们看到的是不同的信息
也就是说，库克船长的记录是片面的。故 D 项正确。
3. What does the underlined word "conversation" in paragraph 3 refer to?( B )
A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.
[解析]词义猜测题。题干问的是画线词 conversation 在文中的意思。根据第三段
中的"a history told through things gives them back a voice" （实物能还原历史事
实 ） 和 "all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a
dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just
the texts, but the objects"（我们所有的第一手描述无法避免地会被歪曲，它只是
对话的一半。如果我们想找到另一半，就必不能只解读文字，还要解读实物）
可知，conversation 指的是历史，故 B 项正确。
4. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?( C )
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories
[解析]主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文讲述的重点是强调历史实物考证的重
要性，故 C 项"《100 件实物中的世界历史》"正确。

第 62 页
【干扰项分析】 A 项《地图如何讲述世界的故事》和 D 项《艺术作品如何讲述
故事》和文章内容不符；B 项《澳大利亚简史》以偏概全，漏失信息。故 C 项
正确。
解读：对于历史事件的考证不能仅凭文字记录，要注重文字记录和实物相互印
证，以重现真实的历史。
【核心词汇】 from one's side 从某人的观点或角度来看
twist v.曲解，歪曲; 转动，旋转；盘绕; 扭伤
account n. 报告，描述; 账户
【长难句解读】 If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that
does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because
only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the
time, has not.
分析：这是一个复合句，If 引导条件状语从句，同位语 a history 后面是一个定
语从句。because 引导原因状语从句，其中 while 表示前后两种情况的对比。
译文：如果你想讲述世界历史，一段不偏袒人类历史上任何一方的历史，你不
能仅仅依靠文本记录，因为世界上只有一些地方有文字记载，然而世界上的多
数地方绝大部分时候没有文字记载。

题组二
Passage 1 [2023 浙江 1 月，B，10 分]
Live with roommates? Have friends and family around you? Chances are that if
you're looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be
ready to jump on that bandwagon.
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years
ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my
husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I've learned a few things along
the way though, which I hope you'll find encouraging if you're doing your best to
figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember
showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be
to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with
my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for
me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging.

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 Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within
my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn't need.
Since I had my own toiletries （ 洗 漱 用 品 ） , I was able to start personalising my
routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned
out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household
won't entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own
personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up
for yourself if others comment on what you're doing, which can turn itself into a
whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words
probably won't do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice: Lead by action.
1. What do the underlined words "jump on that bandwagon" mean in the first
paragraph?( B )
A. Share an apartment with you. B. Join you in what you're doing.
C. Transform your way of living. D. Help you to make the decision.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线部分前的"Live with roommates？""Have friends and
family around you?"及"looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle"提及的对生活方
式的渴望，再根据下文描述的作者在生活方式的选择上与家人不同时的经历可
推断，此处表示当你想选择更加可持续的生活方式时，不是身边的所有人都会
加入其中，故 B 项与画线词组的意思最为接近。
2. What was the attitude of the author's father toward buying groceries with jars?( A )
A. He disapproved of it. B. He was sympathetic to it.
C. He was tolerant of it. D. He didn't care about it.
[解析]观点态度题。根据第三段中的"my dad commented on how silly it was for
me to carry jars everywhere"可知，父亲不赞同作者买带罐子的杂货，故 A 项正
确。
【解题线索】 silly 带有贬义色彩，由此可知作者的父亲并不认可作者的做法。
3. What can we infer about the author?( D )
A. She is quite good at cooking. B. She respects others' privacy.
C. She enjoys being a housewife. D. She is a determined person.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段中的"how silly it was""a bit discouraging"可知，
家人并不认可作者的生活方式。根据第四段中的 "Yet as the months of reducing

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waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach" 可知,作者仍然坚
持自己的生活方式。由此可知，作者是一个意志坚定的人，故 D 项正确。
4. What is the text mainly about?( C )
A. How to get on well with other family members.
B. How to have one's own personal space at home.
C. How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.
D. How to control the budget when buying groceries.
[解析]主旨大意题。文章第一、二段讲述了在家庭生活中实行"零浪费"生活方式
可能遭遇反对，第三、四段讲述了作者自身如何通过行动在家庭中改变生活方
式，第五段讲述了当你改变生活方式时你可能遭遇的情况，第六段讲述了作者
给读者的建议;再根据第二段尾句中的 "how you can make the change in a not-
always-supportive household"可知，文章主要内容与如何在家庭生活中实现"零浪
费"生活方式有关，故 C 项正确。
解读：作者在最开始尝试"零浪费"生活方式时，家人并不理解她的做法，但她
仍然坚持并建议读者用行动引领生活方式的转变。
【核心词汇】 radical adj. 全新的；彻底的；激进的
comment on 作出评论 portion sth. out 把……分成若干份
speak up for 明确表态；为……说好话，辩护 on board 支持

译文：然而，在这一过程中，我也学到了一些东西。如果你正尽最大努力想出
如何在一个不总是赞同你的家庭中做出改变的话，希望这些能令你感到鼓舞。
Passage 2 [2022 新高考卷Ⅰ，B，10 分]
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula （芝
麻菜） was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I
ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the
chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had
unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw
out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, "food waste goes
against the moral grain," as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month's cover story. It's
jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from "ugly" （but

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quite eatable ） vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes
thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used
to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes,
"if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse
gases in the world."
If that's hard to understand, let's keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my
refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more
like 12 boxes of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC
Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy
meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations
and collecting blemished（有瑕疵的） produce that otherwise would have rotted in
fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use
in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don't think. "Everyone can play
a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your
weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won't eat,"
Curtin says.
1. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?( B )
A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at
times.
C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting
food.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段的故事可知，作者不假思索地买了太多芝麻菜;
作者本可以用扔掉的芝麻菜做六份沙拉。由此可知，我们有时会无意中浪费食
物。故选 B 项。
2. What is a consequence of food waste according to the text?( B )
A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.
C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的 "That makes food waste an environmental
problem"可知，食物浪费的后果是环境问题，故选 B。
3. What does Curtin's company do?( D )
A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.

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C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段中的"Curtin is CEO...turns it into healthy meals"可
知，该公司回收食物并将其转变为健康食品。由此可推知，Curtin 的公司把一
些人们不想要的东西变成可以吃的健康食物。故选 D 项。
4. What does Curtin suggest people do?( A )
A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.
C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段中 Curtin 说的话可推知，Curtin 建议人们减少
食物浪费。故选 A 项。
解读：在每年有近 8 亿人挨饿的世界上，"食物浪费违背了道德准则"。令人瞠
目结舌的是，很多食物被扔掉了——从"丑陋"（但还可以吃）的蔬菜被杂货店
拒绝，到大量没吃完的菜被扔进餐馆的垃圾桶。作者用种种事例呼吁人们不要
浪费食物。
【核心词汇】mindful adj. 留心的；记住的；警觉的 reject v.拒绝
rot v. 腐烂 round out 完成 end up doing sth. 以……而告终 throw out 扔掉
turn sth. into sth.将某物转变为某物

题组三
Passage 1 [2022 新高考卷Ⅰ，D，10 分]
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common "m"
and "a" to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain
sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that
diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in
half the world's languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds
called labiodentals, such as "f" and "v", were more common in the languages of
societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the
University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults
were aligned（对齐）， making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed
by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite
structure（结构）， making it easier to produce such sounds.

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 The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of
agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The
jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in
the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of "f" and "v"
increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not
found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were
present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. "The set of speech
sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human
beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product
of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution," said
Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
1. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi's research focus on?(
D)
A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its
development.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段中的"Now a team of researchers led by Damián
Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend
arose"可知，Damián Blasi 的研究发现了发音趋势发生的过程和原因，由此可知，
他的研究集中在语音的发展上。
2. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?( C )
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的 "They discovered that the upper and lower
front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned （ 对 齐 ） ， making it hard to
produce labiodentals"可知，古人的上下门牙是对齐的，很难发出唇齿音，也就
是下巴构造导致的，故 C 项正确。
3. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?( A )
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.

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C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
[解析]段落大意题。由第五段内容可知，对语言数据库的分析也证实，新石器
时代之后，国际语言的发音发生了全球性的变化。第五段主要列出一些可以使
研究结果更令人信服的证据。故选 A 项。
4. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?( C )
A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural
diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human
beings.
[解析]推理判断题。根据文章的最后一段可知，Steven Moran 认为：自人类出现
以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，今天我们发现的各种语音都是像生物
变化和文化进化这样的事物相互作用的产物。由此可推知，他认为人类语音是
一个复杂的动态系统。故选 C 项。
解读：本文介绍了人类语音的演变与人类的饮食变化之间的关联研究。
Passage 2 [2022 全国卷乙，D，8 分]
The Government's sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as
Ministers first predicted it would generate ， the first official data on the policy has
shown.
First announced in April ， 2016 ， the tax which applies to soft drinks
containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood
obesity （ 肥 胖 ） .It is believed that today's children and teenagers are consuming
three times the recommended level of sugar ， putting them at a higher risk of the
disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make ￡ 520m a year for the Treasury.
However ， data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this
amount. At present it is expected to generate ￡ 240m for the year ending in April
2019， which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar
levels cut by manufacturers （ 制 造 商 ） so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks
now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers' efforts to
avoid the charge， according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have

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been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce
or import， depending on the sugar content.
However， some high sugar brands， like Classic Coca Cola， have accepted
the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit
juices ， milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax ， as are
small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today's figures ， according to one government official ， show the positive
influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities
（ 设 施 ） and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a
healthy and active childhood is of great importance， and the industry is playing its
part.
1. Why was the sugar tax introduced?( C )
A. To collect money for schools. B. To improve the quality of drinks.
C. To protect children's health. D. To encourage research in education.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段中的"First announced in April, 2016, the tax which
applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml，was introduced to
help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）"可知，征收糖税是为了降低孩子的肥胖率，
即为了保护孩子的健康。
2. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?( D )
A. They turned to overseas markets.
B. They raised the prices of their products.
C. They cut down on their production.
D. They reduced their products' sugar content.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段中的 "It comes after more than half of soft drinks
sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）so they can
avoid paying the tax"可知，一些饮料制造商为避税，降低了所生产饮料的含糖量。
3. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?( D )
A. Most alcoholic drinks. B. Milk-based drinks.
C. Fruit juices. D. Classic Coke.
[ 解 析 ] 推 理 判 断 题 。 根 据 第 五 段 中 的 "However, some high sugar brands, like
Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax"可知，可口可乐公司是需要缴税的。
4. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?( B )
A. It is a short-sighted decision. B. It is a success story.

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C. It benefits manufacturers. D. It upsets customers.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段首句可以推测出,糖税的征收是一个成功的案
例。
解读：英国政府通过对部分软饮料征收糖税来降低儿童肥胖率，并直接将税收
用于改进学校体育设施和保证更健康的饮食。
【段意梳理】
第一段：从官方的数据来看，糖税带来的收入比预期的数目少一半。
第二段：介绍了该税收征收的背景。
第三段：财政部预期的年征税额为五亿二千万英镑，而从前 6 个月的税收数据
来看，预期税收收入将不及半数，预计到 2019 年 4 月税收收入仅有两亿四千万
英镑。
第四段：阐述了税收不达预期的原因。
第五段：像可口可乐这样生产高含糖量饮料的大公司不在乎这些糖税，且不改
变它们的配方。此外，果汁饮料、奶制品饮料、大部分含酒精饮料免征糖税。
第六段：一位政府官员表示此项征税已经显示了它的积极意义。
【核心词汇】 consume v. 消耗；吃；喝 initially adv. 开始; 最初
bring in 赚得 for fear of 唯恐，以免

题组四
Passage 1 [2022 全国卷甲，D，8 分]
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia.
The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of
things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally
diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s， pilots Sydney ferryboats
for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor.
After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways —
he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
"I'll miss these old boats," he said as we parted.
"How do you mean?" I asked.
"Oh, they're replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they're
not so elegant, and they're not fun to pilot. But that's progress, I guess."
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords （口
号 ） , and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city's official

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historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much
of its past, including many of its finest buildings. "Sydney is confused about itself,"
she said."We can't seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a
traditional one. It's a conflict that we aren't getting any better at resolving （解决）."
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I
considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. "Many
people say that we lack culture in this country," he told me. "What people forget is
that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the
Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We've got a foundation built on
ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It's a pretty hard
combination to beat."
He is right, but I can't help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?( C )
A. Sydney's striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C. The key to Sydney's development. D. Sydney's tourist attractions in the
1960s.
[解析]段落大意题。根据第一段中的"a significant thing happened in Sydney...But
it is the harbor that makes the city"可知，本段主要讲述了悉尼发展过程中的关键，
故 C 项正确。
2. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?( D )
A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life.
C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries.
[ 解析 ] 推理判断题。根据第三段中的 "I'll miss these old boats" 可知， Andrew
Reynolds 会怀念这些旧渡船，由此可推知，他很喜欢这些旧渡船，故 D 项正确。
3. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?( A )
A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress.
C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international.
[ 解 析 ] 推 理 判 断 题 。 根 据 第 六 段 中 的 "Sydney swept aside much of its past,
including many of its finest buildings"可以看出，Shirley Fitzgerald 觉得悉尼在发
展过程中丢弃了太多过去的事情，故 A 项正确。
4. Which statement will the author probably agree with?( A )
A. A city can be young and old at the same time.
B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.

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C. Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后两段中的"being young and old at the same time has
its attractions"及"I can't help wishing they would keep those old ferries"可知，作者
认为新旧交融自有其魅力，希望悉尼能够保留那些旧渡船，故作者很可能认同
A 项"一个城市可以新旧交融在一起"。
解读：澳大利亚城市悉尼在发展过程中丢弃了很多传统，但作者认为城市发展
不应丢弃传统，新旧交融自有其魅力。
Passage 2 [2022 浙江，A，7.5 分]
Pasta and pizza were on everyone's lunch menu in my native land of Italy.
Everyone who had such a lunch was fair-skinned and spoke Italian. A few years later,
as I stood in the lunch line with my kindergarten class in a school in Brooklyn, I
realized things were no longer that simple. My classmates ranged from those kids
with pale skin and large blue eyes to those with rich brown skin and dark hair. The
food choices were almost as diverse as the students. In front of me was an array of
foods I couldn't even name in my native language. Fearing that I would pick out
something awful, I desperately tried to ask the boy ahead of me for a
recommendation. Unfortunately, between us stood the barrier of language.
Although my kindergarten experience feels like a century ago, the lessons I
learned will stick in my mind forever. For the past three summers, I have worked in a
government agency in New York. New immigrants much like the little girl in the
lunch line flooded our office seeking help. I often had to be an interpreter for the
Italian-speaking ones. As I served the role of vital communication link, I was
reminded of my desperate struggle to converse before I learned English. I watched
with great sympathy as elderly Italians tried to hold a conversation in Italian with
people who did not speak the language. It suddenly became very clear to me how
lucky I was to be fluent in two languages.
In New York, a multicultural city, students like me are blessed with a chance to
work with a diverse population. In my English to Italian translations, I've learned
about social programs that I didn't know existed. This work expanded my mind in
ways that are impossible inside the four walls of a classroom. Walking through the
streets of Brooklyn today, I am no longer confused by this city's sounds and smells.
Instead, I enjoy its diversity.

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1. What did the author realize after entering school in Brooklyn?( D )
A. Time passed quickly. B. English was hard to learn.
C. The food was terrible. D. People were very different.
[ 解 析 ] 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 第 一 段 中 的 "I realized things were no longer that
simple"以及后面两句中不同肤色和食物可知，作者在布鲁克林上学后意识到人
是非常不同的，故 D 项正确。
2. Who does "the little girl" in paragraph 2 refer to?( C )
A. An Italian teacher. B. A government official.
C. The author herself. D. The author's classmate.
[解析]推理判断题。"the little girl in the lunch line"意为"排队打午饭的小女孩"，
结合第一段中讲到的"I stood in the lunch line with my kindergarten class in a school
in Brooklyn"可知，排队打午饭的小女孩指的正是作者本人，故 C 项正确。
3. How did the summer job benefit the author?( C )
A. It strengthened her love for school. B. It helped sharpen her sense of
direction.
C. It opened her eyes to the real world. D. It made her childhood dream come
true.
[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"This work expanded my mind in ways that
are impossible inside the four walls of a classroom"可知，在纽约政府机构的夏季
工作拓展了作者的思维，让作者认识了现实世界，故 C 项正确。
【解题线索】 expand one's mind 与 open ones' eyes 意义相近，可直接得出答案。
解读：作者作为一个意大利人在纽约布鲁克林求学和工作的时候，逐渐意识到
社会是多元化的，她也喜欢上了这种多样性。
【核心词汇】 barrier n. 障碍；屏障；隔阂；分界线
converse v. 交谈 pick out 挑选

题组五
Passage 1 [2022 浙江 1 月，B，7.5 分]
The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology, and the
lifeblood of that technology has long been electricity. By providing long-distance
communication and energy, electricity created the modern world. Yet properly
understood, the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam,
which began a century earlier.

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 "It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric
revolutions," writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers: Steam, Electricity,
and the Men Who Invented Modern America. Klein, a noted historian of technology,
spins a narrative（叙述） so lively that at times it reads like a novel.
The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland, where Watt
perfected "the machine that changed the world." Klein writes, "America did not
invent the steam engine, but once they grasped its possibilities they put it to more uses
than anyone else."
Meanwhile, over the course of the 19th century, electricity went from mere
curiosity to a basic necessity. Morse invented a code for sending messages over an
electromagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a voice. Edison perfected an
incandescent bulb（白炽灯泡） that brought electric light into the American home.
Most importantly, Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification,
which he showed in New York City. With help from Tesla, Westinghouse's firm
developed a system using alternating current （ 交 流 电 ） , which soon became the
major form of power delivery.
To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the
progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one
man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.
1. What is Klein's understanding of the age of electricity?( A )
A. It is closely linked to the steam age. B. It began earlier than people thought.
C. It is a little-studied period of history. D. It will come to an end sooner or later.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段中 Klein 的话"It is curious that no one has put
together...revolutions"可知，Klein 认为没有人把蒸汽革命和电力革命的历史放在
一起是很奇怪的，由此可知，他认为电气时代和蒸汽时代是密切相关的，故选
A。
2. What can be inferred about Ned?( D )
A. He was born in New York City. B. He wrote many interesting stories.
C. He created an electricity company. D. He lived mainly in the 19th century.
[解析]推理判断题。根据题干中的 Ned 可将解题信息定位至最后一段。根
据 "Klein creates the character of Ned...electric revolutions in America during one
man's lifetime"可知，Ned 在他的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进

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步。再结合第三段和第四段的内容可知，Klein 在书中描绘了 18 世纪末期和 19
世纪蒸汽和电力的发展。由此可推知，Ned 主要生活在 19 世纪。
3. What is the text?( B )
A. A biography. B. A book review. C. A short story. D. A science
report.
[解析]文章类型题。文章首段通过电力和蒸汽引出 Maury Klein 的书，接下来对
该书内容进行了介绍，最后一段提到为了构建他的故事，Klein 创造了 Ned 这个
虚构的角色。由此可推知，本文是一篇书评。
解读：通过提供远程通信和能源，电力创造了现代世界。电气时代仅仅是一个
世纪前开始的蒸汽时代的第二个阶段。Maury Klein 在他的书中描述了有关电气
和蒸汽的变革。
【核心词汇】 lifeblood n. 命脉 revolution n. 革命，重大变革
【熟词新义】 perfect 常用义： adj. 完美的
本文义： v. 使完美，使完善
Passage 2 [2021 新高考卷Ⅰ，D，10 分]
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional（情
感 的 ） intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as
almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ
test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people
skills." Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these
qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be
used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others
are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a
cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does
not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what
research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more
beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and
much needed emphasis （ 重 视 ） on emotion by employers, educators and others
interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional
intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of
emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.

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 Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we
hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly
study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer
new perspectives （ 视 角 ） from which to study how people manage their lives.
Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in
the right direction.
1. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?( D )
A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person's mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person's positive
qualities.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Many people now misunderstand emotional
intelligence as almost everything desirable ...‘people skills’"可知，许多人误认为情
商是一个人身上无法通过智商测试衡量的几乎所有的良好品质，故 D 项正确。
【解题指导】 如上题,根据题干中的"misunderstanding"可迅速将答案定位在文
章首段中单词 misunderstand 所在的句子，其中 desirable（可取的）对应 D 项中
的 positive（良好的，正面的），such as 后的 "character, motivation, confidence,
mental stability, optimism and ‘people skills.’"是 positive qualities 的一些具体内容。
2. Why does the author mention "doctor" and "cheater" in paragraph 2?( B )
A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept.
C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段首句"We prefer to describe emotional intelligence
as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes"可知，作者
首先介绍了情商这一概念，我们更喜欢将情商描述为一系列既可用于好的目的
也可用于坏的目的的特定技能，然后作者通过医生和骗子这一好一坏两个例子
来阐明（clarify）这一概念，故 B 项正确。
3. What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?( A )
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段中的"the overall effects of the publicity have been
more beneficial than harmful...has helped both the public and researchers... in
everyday life"可知，情商的普及利大于弊，第四段首句作者希望对情商的关注
能引发人们对情商研究的兴趣，由此可推知，作者对情商普及化的态度是支持
的，故 A 项正确。favorable "肯定的，赞同的，支持的"；intolerant"不容忍的"；
doubtful"怀疑的"；unclear"不确定的，不清楚的"。

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4. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?(
B)
A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives.
[解析]段落大意题。根据最后一段的内容，尤其是"we hope... study of emotion. It
is our hope that... point us in the right direction"可知，情商的普及利大于弊，第四
段首句作者希望对情商的关注能引发人们对情商研究的兴趣，由此可推知本段
主要讲述了作者对未来有关情商的研究的期待，故 B 项正确。
解读：在某些情况下，情商的普及改变了其原来的含义。情感技巧可以促成我
们身上一些良好品质的形成，情商的普及总体上利大于弊，同时作者也希望未
来对情感的研究可以更科学、更学术一些，希望科学的进步能为此类研究提供
新的视角。
【熟词新义】1.makeup 常用义：n.化妆品 本文义：n.性格，气质
2.excite 常用义：v.使激动，使兴奋 本文义：v.激发，引发，引起
【长难句解读】

译文：我们希望在未来的几十年，科学的进步会为我们研究人们如何经营生活
提供新的视角。

题组六
Passage 1 [2021 全国卷乙，B，8 分]
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian
homes still paying for a landline（座机）？
These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15
who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their
pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over
a quarter （29%） rely only on their smartphones, according to a survey（调查）.
Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it's not really
necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use

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it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into
that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home
phone. Age is naturally a factor（因素） — only 58 percent of Generation Ys still
use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps
had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn't the only factor; I'd say it's also to
do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it
convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every
family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home
phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess
who is calling before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out
of it）.
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas
street lamps and morning milk deliveries?
1. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?( B )
A. Their target users. B. Their wide popularity.
C. Their major functions. D. Their complex design.
[ 解 析 ] 段 落 大 意 题 。 根 据 第 二 段 中 的 关 键 信 息 "you'd be hard pressed to find
anyone...who doesn't own a mobile phone" "plenty of younger kids have
one"和"everyone can make and receive calls"可知，手机在澳大利亚非常普遍，故
B 项正确。A 项（手机的目标用户）、C 项（手机的主要功能）和 D 项（手机
的复杂设计）在第二段都没有涉及。
2. What does the underlined word "concede" in paragraph 3 mean?( A )
A. Admit. B. Argue. C. Remember. D. Remark.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词后的"it's not really necessary and they're keeping it
as a security blanket... in case of emergencies"可知，调查显示，在仍然使用座机
的澳大利亚人中，有三分之一的人认为座机并不是真的有必要，他们只是把座
机看作一种安全保障。由此可推断，画线词 concede 的含义与 admit 相近，表
示"承认"，故 A 项正确。
【技巧点拨】常用的解答词义猜测题的方法有：①利用句间逻辑关系（如同义
逻辑关系、反义逻辑关系、因果逻辑关系等）猜测词义；②利用语法关系（如

第 79 页
下定义、同位语、举例、定语从句和标点符号等）猜测词义；③利用构词法则
（合成法、派生法和转化法等）猜测词义。
3. What can we say about Baby Boomers?( C )
A. They like smartphone games B. They enjoy guessing callers' identity.
C. They keep using landline phones. D. They are attached to their family.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段的关键信息"84 percent of Baby Boomers who've
perhaps had the same home number for 50 years"可推知 Baby Boomers 坚持用座机
的时间已经很长了；第五段的"the only people who ever ring our home phone are
our Baby Boomers parents"可进一步证实，Baby Boomers 一直在使用座机，故 C
项正确。
4. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?( B )
A. It remains a family necessity. B. It will fall out of use some day.
C. It may increase daily expenses. D. It is as important as the gas light.
[解析]推理判断题。根据文章最后一句"How long until they go the way of gas
street lamps and morning milk deliveries?"可知，座机迟早会像煤气路灯和晨间牛
奶递送服务一样退出我们的生活。故 B 项正确。
【 解 题 指 导 】 本 段 提 到 了 "go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk
deliveries" ， 我 们 首 先 要 了 解 "gas street lamps" 已 不 复 存 在 ， "morning milk
deliveries"也已消失。作者以问句的形式将座机与两者相比较，暗示了座机的未
来，由此可推知座机有一天也会像它们一样不再被使用。
解读：现在，几乎每个人都有一部手机，但超过半数的澳大利亚家庭仍然使用
座机。
【核心词汇】 be hard pressed to do sth.做某事有困难
category n.类别，种类 stick with 继续使用,不放弃
that said（用以缓和语气）话虽如此
attached adj.依恋，爱慕，附属于
【高级句式】

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Passage 2 [2021 全国卷乙，D，8 分]
During an interview for one of my books， my interviewer said something I still
think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction（干扰） in his open office，
he said， "That's why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street
— so I can focus." His comment struck me as strange. After all ， coworking spaces
also typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came across a study
that shows why his approach works.
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they
completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups
and exposed to various noise levels in the background ， from total silence to 50
decibels（分贝）， 70 decibels， and 85 decibels. The differences between most
of the groups were statistically insignificant； however， the participants in the 70
decibels group — those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a
coffee shop — significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were
small ， this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in
response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant ， the study also suggests
that the right level of background noise — not too loud and not total silence — may
actually improve one's creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise
may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to
wander ， without making it impossible to focus. This kind of "distracted focus"
appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that ， in
our offices， we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others' conversations
while we're trying to focus. Indeed ， the researchers found that face-to-face
interactions and conversations affect the creative process ， and yet a coworking
space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom
from interruptions.
1. Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?( A )
A. It helps him concentrate. B. It blocks out background noise.
C. It has a pleasant atmosphere. D. It encourages face-to-face
interactions.

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[解析]细节理解题。由题干中的"coworking space"可把解题信息定位在第一段中
的"That's why I ...at the coworking space...so I can focus",由此可知采访者之所以喜
欢共享办公区域是因为他能集中注意力。
2. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?( C )
A. Total silence. B. 50 decibels. C. 70 decibels. D. 85 decibels.
[解析]细节理解题。由题干中的"promote creative thinking ability"可把解题信息
定位在第三段首句"But since the results at 70 decibels were significant...the right
level of background noise...may actually improve one's creative thinking ability"，再
结 合 第 二 段 的 "50 decibels （ 分 贝 ） ， 70 decibels ， and 85 decibels...the
participants in the 70 decibels group...significantly outperformed the other groups"可
知，在 70 分贝的噪声背景环境中，人们的创造性思维可能会得到更好的发挥。
3. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?( D )
A. Personal privacy unprotected. B. Limited working space.
C. Restrictions on group discussion. D. Constant interruptions.
[解析]细节理解题。题干内容与第四段首句信息一致。根据第四段中的 "The
problem...we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others' conversations while
we're trying to focus" 以及"a coworking space or a coffee shop...providing freedom
from interruptions"可知，在开放办公室办公，人们易受打扰。
4. What can we infer about the author from the text?( D )
A. He's a news reporter. B. He's an office manager.
C. He's a professional designer. D. He's a published writer.
[解析]推理判断题。根据文章首句"During an interview for one of my books, my
interviewer...often"可以推测出作者的身份是一位出版作家。
解读：本文讲述了作者对人们放弃使用自己的开放办公室，而选择在共享办公
区域办公的思考。
【核心词汇】 randomly adv.随意地 chatter n. 喋喋不休，唠叨的话
outperform v. 做得比……好，胜过
distracted adj. 思想不集中的，心烦意乱的
get drawn into 使卷入，使参与

题组七
Passage 1 [2021 全国卷甲，D，8 分]
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.

第 82 页
 Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international
symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of
genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than
the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of
European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the
victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When
contributions were made by geniuses outside the club — women, or people of a
different color or belief — they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are
less likely than boys to say that members of their gender （性别）are "really, really
smart." Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they
start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really smart." Can our
planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't
take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication,
we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we
look, the more we will see that social factors（因素）like gender, race, and class do
not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from
those with "intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune,
who are able to change the world."
1. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?( A )
A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative.
C. They're objective. D. They're strict.
[解析]推理判断题。题干中的"victors' standards for joining the genius club"与第三
段中的"those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club"信息一致，
可将解题信息定位在该段中，由该段首句中的"...geniuses were most often white
men, of European origin"及尾句中的"women, or people of a different color or belief
— they were unacknowledged and rejected by others"可知，历史是由胜利者书写
的，被认定为天才的大多是有欧洲血统的白人男性，而做出贡献的女人或其他
肤色的人则不被认可，因此作者认为这样的标准并不公平，故 A 项正确。
conservative"保守的"；objective"客观的"。
2. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?( D )

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A. They think themselves smart.
B. They look up to great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.
[解析]推理判断题。题干中的"the study in Science"与第四段中的"A study recently
published by Science "信息一致。由该段内容尤其是"Even worse, the study found
that girls act on that belief... smart.’"可推知，女孩很可能是受到社会观念的影响，
故 D 项正确。look up to"仰慕"。
3. Why are more geniuses known to the public?( A )
A. Improved global communication. B. Less discrimination against women.
C. Acceptance of victors' concepts. D. Changes in people's social positions.
[ 解 析 ] 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 最 后 一 段 中 的 "In a wired world with constant global
communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear"可
知，现代社会的全球通信使得越来越多的天才能够为人所知，故 A 项正确。
discrimination"歧视"。
4. What is the best title for the text?( B )
A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms
C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck
[解析]标题判断题。本文在第一段提出了数百年来人们一直关注的问题：什么
样的人是天才。接着作者讲述了过去人们对天才的认定以及社会观念对天才的
影响，最后作者讲到随着时代的发展、全球通信的加强，天才可以是各行各业
任意一个能够改变世界的人，故 B 项适合作本文的标题。
解读：本文讲述了过去人们对天才的认定以及社会观念对天才的影响，但是，
随着时代的发展、全球交流的加强，天才可以是各行各业任意一个能够改变世
界的人。
【核心词汇】 be praised as 被誉为
act on 根据……行事，对……起作用
wired adj.（与计算机系统）联网的，连线的

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译文：最近发表在《科学》上的一项研究发现，早在六岁，比起男孩来，女孩
就不太可能说其他女孩"非常非常聪明"。
Passage 2 [2020 新高考卷Ⅰ，D，10 分]
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size
and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And
contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people
who order large portions（份）, it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need
to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted
two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into
a lab to ostensibly（表面上） participate in a study about movie viewership. Before
the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by
the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105
pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased
her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The
participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have.
However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the
snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first
test：the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin
actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're
making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the
"I'll have what she's having" effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an
overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the
results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat
much and keep slim, why can't I?
1. What is the recent study mainly about?( D )
A. Food safety. B. Movie viewership.
C. Consumer demand. D. Eating behavior.

第 85 页
[解析]主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章第一段为全文的主题段。我们同伴的
体型和饮食习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量，而且我们要避免同食量大的瘦人
一起用餐。结合全文内容可知，本文主要介绍了饮食行为，故 D 项正确。
2. What does the underlined word "beanpoles" in paragraph 1 refer to?( D )
A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons.
C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据第一段第二句可知，现有的研究表明你应该避免和食
量大的胖人一起吃饭。又根据前面的提示内容"contrary to existing research"可知，
后面提到的内容恰好与前面的相反，由此可推知，真正需要避免一起用餐的是
那些胃口大的瘦高个。beanpoles 的词义与 heavier people 相对，故 D 项（瘦高个
的人）切题。A:大胃王；B:超重的人；C:吃饭挑剔的人。
3. Why did the researchers hire the actor?( A )
A. To see how she would affect the participants.
B. To test if the participants could recognize her.
C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D. To study why she could keep her weight down.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段首句"To test the effect of social influence on eating
habits, the researchers conducted two experiments"可知，为了验证社交影响对饮食
习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验；再结合下文介绍的两个实验可知，雇
用演员参与是为了看看她是如何影响参与者的饮食习惯的，故 A 项正确。
4. On what basis do we "adjust the influence" according to the last paragraph?( C )
A. How hungry we are. B. How slim we want to be.
C. How we perceive others. D. How we feel about the food.
[解析]推理判断题。根据尾段中的"If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so
will I...because I see the results of his eating habits"可知，如果这个同伴打算吃更
多，我也会吃更多；但是，我们将调整这种影响。如果一个超重的人在吃很多，
我会稍微保留一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。据此可以推知，我们对
自己饮食的调整是以分析他人的饮食习惯和结果（即如何看待他人）为基础的，
故 C 项正确。
解读：研究表明，与你一同用餐的同伴会影响你的饮食习惯，想要减肥的人应
当避免同食量大的瘦人一起用餐。
【核心词汇】 consumption n. 吃，喝，（能量、食物或材料的）消耗，消耗量

题组八

第 86 页
Passage 1 [2020 新高考卷Ⅱ，C，10 分]
In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was
closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected
perhaps 50,000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800,000 crowded the roads to
the bridge. By the time 250,000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something
terrible: the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it
had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway （ 晃 动 ） . The
authorities closed access to the bridge and tens of thousands of people made their way
back to land. A disaster was avoided.
The story is one of stories in To Forgive Design: Understanding Failure, a book
that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean （赞歌） to its breakdowns.
Its author, Dr. Henry Petroski, has long been writing about disasters. In this book, he
includes the loss of the space shuttles （航天飞机）Challenger and Columbia, and
the sinking of the Titanic.
Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who
thought them up or engineered them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr.
Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context in which such failures occur.
Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed with low quality
materials incompetently applied. Or perhaps a design works so well that it is adopted
elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless improvements, until, suddenly, it
does not work at all anymore.
Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new
stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and
the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them.
"Success is success but that is all that it is," Dr. Petroski writes. It is failure that
brings improvement.
1. What happened to the Golden Gate Bridge on its 50th birthday?( A )
A. It carried more weight than it could. B. It swayed violently in a strong wind.
C. Its roadway was damaged by vehicles. D. Its access was blocked by many
people.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段第五句"By the time 250,000 were on the bridge,
engineers noticed something terrible: the roadway was flattening under what turned
out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry"可知，当 25 万人在大桥

第 87 页
上时，由于承载过重，桥面开始变平。据此可知，在金门大桥五十岁生日时，
它承载的重量超过了它能承受的重量。
【干扰项分析】 根据第一段第六句"Worse, it was beginning to sway（晃动）"可
知，大桥的晃动不是因为大风，故 B 项错误；根据第五句中的"By the time
250,000 were on the bridge"可知，是 25 万人在大桥上，而不是车辆，故 C 项错
误；D 项文中没有提及。
2. Which of the following is Dr. Petroski's idea according to paragraph 3?( C )
A. No design is well received everywhere.
B. Construction is more important than design.
C. Not all disasters are caused by engineering design.
D. Improvements on engineering works are necessary.
[解析]细节理解题。通读第三段可知，Dr. Petroski 考虑到了工程事故背后更多
的原因，比如使用劣质材料；据此可知，并不是所有的灾难都是由工程设计引
起的，故 C 项正确。
3. What does the last paragraph suggest?( A )
A. Failure can lead to progress. B. Success results in overconfidence.
C. Failure should be avoided. D. Success comes from joint efforts.
[解析]推理判断题。根据尾段中的"It is failure that brings improvement"可知，失
败带来了进步。据此可以推知，A 项正确。
4. What is the text?( C )
A. A news report. B. A short story. C. A book review. D. A research
article.
[解析]推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章先以金门大桥的事故为例，引出 To
Forgive Design: Understanding Failure 这本书；接着介绍了作者在该书中表述的
对工程事故背后的原因的看法及读者从这本书中能获取的内容。文章第二段首
句"The story is one of stories in To Forgive Design: Understanding Failure, a book
that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean（赞歌） to its breakdowns"为
全文的主题句，是对这本书的评价。据此可知，本文属于书评，故 C 项正确。
解读：Henry Petroski 所著的 To Forgive Design: Understanding Failure 列举了许
多工程失败的案例，包括挑战者号和哥伦比亚号航天飞机的失事、泰坦尼克号
的沉没、金门大桥的事故等。书中他分析了工程失败的原因，并指出失败的价
值：失败带来了进步。
【长难句解读】

第 88 页
译文：尽管他承认，工程项目会失败是因为想出或设计它们的人只不过犯了错
误，但在这本书中，Dr. Petroski 延伸了他的观点，考虑了此类失败发生的更广
泛的背景。
Passage 2 [2020 全国卷Ⅲ，C，8 分]
With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation
（孤独）， more families are choosing to live together.
The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his
mother-in-law: she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and
their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol —
one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together
under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita
Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground
floor.
"We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house,"says Kathryn Whitehead.
Rita cuts in:"We spoke more with Nick because I think it's a big thing for Nick to live
with his mother-in-law."
And what does Nick think? "From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well.
Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would."
It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates
that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the
number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000
in 2001 to 419,000 in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live
with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home,
if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents,

第 89 页
compared with 16% in 1991. The total number of all multigenerational households in
Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational
living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are
expected to move in with their husband's family when they get married.
1. Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol?( B )
A. Nick. B. Rita. C. Kathryn. D. The daughters.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段可知，Nick 的岳母住在 the ground floor，他和妻
女一起住在楼上。第四段提到了 Nick 岳母的名字是 Rita，且再根据第三段最后
一 句 中 的 "but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living
room on the ground floor"可知，一楼主要由 Rita 使用，故选 B。
2. What is Nick's attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in-law?( A )
A. Positive. B. Carefree. C. Tolerant. D. Unwilling.
[解析]观点态度题。根据第五段中的"From my standpoint, it all seems to work very
well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would"可以判断，Nick 对于与岳母住在
一 起 持 积 极 的 （ positive ） 态 度 。 carefree 无 忧 无 虑 的 ； tolerant 宽 容 的 ；
unwilling 不情愿的。
3. What is the author's statement about multigenerational family based on?( C )
A. Family traditions. B. Financial reports. C. Published statistics. D. Public
opinions.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第六段中的 "Official reports suggest that the number of
households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001 to
419,000 in 2013"和第七段中的"It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds...about
1.8 million"可推知，作者在阐述多代同住家庭的情况时依据的是"已发布的数
据"。
4. What is the text mainly about?( D )
A. Lifestyles in different countries. B. Conflicts between generations.
C. A housing problem in Britain. D. A rising trend of living in the UK.
[解析]主旨大意题。本文以 Rita 三代人同住一起为例，介绍了英国多代人同住
的这一社会现象，根据研究报告可知这种现象呈上升趋势，尤其是文章首段也
提及了这种上升趋势。故 D 项切题。
解读：文章通过讲述 Nick 一家与岳母共同生活的事例，说明了英国有更多的家
庭在选择多代同住的生活方式。

第 90 页
【熟词新义】 float 常用义：v. 漂浮 本文义：v. 提出

题组九
Passage 1 [2020 全国卷Ⅲ，D，8 分]
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of
years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes （ 基 因 ） ， they are finding
examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian
highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle-raising people in East Africa
and northern Europe have gained a mutation（突变） that helps them digest milk as
adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new
kind of adaptation — not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling
people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people
are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the
Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also
built houses on stilts （ 支 柱 ） in coastal waters."They are simply a stranger to the
land," said Rodney C.Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the
Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the
Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. "We
were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,"
Dr. Jubilado said. "I could see them actually walking under the sea."
In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of
Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have
led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. "It
seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population," said Dr.
Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau
dive.
1. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?( B )
A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.
B. New knowledge of human evolution.
C. Recent findings of human origin.
D. Significance of food selection.

第 91 页
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段的前两句可知，人类的进化不只发生在数十亿
年前，在过去几千年里也一直在进化，下面举的例子就在说明这一点，即人类
进化的新知识。
2. Where do the Bajau build their houses?( D )
A. In valleys. B. Near rivers. C. On the beach. D. Off the coast.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段中的"They have traditionally lived on houseboats;
in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts （支柱） in coastal waters"可知，
巴瑶族人主要居住在沿海地区，故 D 项正确。
3. Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?( C )
A. They could walk on stilts all day. B. They had a superb way of fishing.
C. They could stay long underwater. D. They lived on both land and water.
[ 解析 ] 细节理解题。根据第三段中的 "We were so amazed that they could stay
underwater much longer than us local islanders"可知，令 Jubilado 惊讶不已的是巴
瑶族人可以在水下待更久，故选 C。题干中的 astonished 与本段中的 amazed 意
思相近。
4. What can be a suitable title for the text?( A )
A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea B. Highlanders' Survival Skills
C. Basic Methods of Genetic Research D. The World's Best Divers
[解析]标题判断题。本文是一篇研究报道，根据第二段的研究结果"a team of
researchers reported a new kind of adaptation — not to air or to food, but to the
ocean"可知，本文主要讲述了巴瑶族人为了更好地适应海上的生活，他们的身
体结构发生了变化，所以 A 项适合作本文的标题。
解读：研究发现居住在东南亚的巴瑶族人为了更好地生存，进化成了更好的潜
水者。
Passage 2 [2019 全国卷Ⅱ，C，8 分]
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly
reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your
business! Lunch is Bechtel's "me" time. And like more Americans, she's not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than
half （53percent）have breakfast alone and nearly half （46 percent） have lunch
by themselves. Only at dinner time are we eating together anymore, 74 percent,
according to statistics from the report.

第 92 页
 "I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know?" Bechtel said,
looking up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has
lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch
at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the
shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. "Today, I just wanted some time to
myself, "she said.
Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his
lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the
barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little
interaction（交流）. "I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the
week," he said. "It's a chance for self-reflection. You return to work recharged and
with a plan."
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a
time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those
days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. "It
doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology," said Laurie
Demeritt, whose company provided the statistics for the report.
1. What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about?( B )
A. Food variety. B. Eating habits. C. Table manners. D. Restaurant
service.
[解析]推理判断题。第二段内容中提到，一份新的报告发现，46%的情况下美国
人都是独自用餐的。超过半数（53%）的人独自吃早餐，近一半（46%）的人
独自吃午餐。有 74%的人只在晚餐时间才一起吃饭。由此可见，第二段的统计
数据是关于美国人的用餐习惯的。故选 B。
2. Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?( C )
A. To meet with her coworkers. B. To catch up with her work.
C. To have some time on her own. D. To collect data for her report.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段内容， 尤其是最后一句中的 "Today，I just
wanted some time to myself"可知，Bechtel 喜欢独自外出吃饭是因为她想拥有属
于自己的时间。故选 C。
3. What do we know about Mazoleny？( D )
A. He makes videos for the bar. B. He's fond of the food at the bar.
C. He interviews customers at the bar. D. He's familiar with the barkeeper.

第 93 页
[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段中的 "chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a
first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction（交流）"可知，Mazoleny 与
barkeeper 交流时可以直呼其名，由此可见他们之间是熟悉的。
4. What is the text mainly about?( A )
A. The trend of having meals alone. B. The importance of self-reflection.
C. The stress from working overtime. D. The advantage of wireless technology.
[解析]主旨大意题。通读全文可知，在美国，随着科学技术的发展，人们用餐
时有了选择的自由，更多人喜欢独自一个人吃饭，单独用餐逐渐成为一种趋势。
A 项切题。由于受到文中的 smartphones，the advances in technology 等信息的干
扰，部分考生易误选 D 项。注意文章中提到的两个人愿意独自用餐的例子是为
了说明单独用餐是一种趋势，并非侧重讲科技发展，因此排除 D 项。
解读：随着技术的进步，单独用餐在美国变得流行起来。

题组十
Passage 1 [2019 全国卷Ⅲ，B，8 分]
For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration
for Western creative.
"It's no secret that China has always been a source （来源） of inspiration for
designers," says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media
company and home to some of the biggest fashion（时尚） shows.
Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York
exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works
of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics （ 美 学 ） on
Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries.
The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese
influences.
"China is impossible to overlook," says Hill. "Chinese models are the faces of
beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which
means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its
movement." Of course, not only are today's top Western designers being influenced
by China — some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves
Chinese. "Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Albaz,
Marc Jacobs — and beating them hands down in design and sales, " adds Hill.

第 94 页
 For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when
discussing fashion. "The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and
so are the consumers," she says. "China is no longer just another market; in many
senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about
China — its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young
designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways."
1. What can we learn about the exhibition in New York?( B )
A. It promoted the sales of artworks. B. It attracted a large number of visitors.
C. It showed ancient Chinese clothes. D. It aimed to introduce Chinese models.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句 "The exhibition had record attendance,
showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences"可知，这次在纽约的展览
拥有破纪录的出席人数，故选 B。
2. What does Hill say about Chinese women?( A )
A. They are setting the fashion. B. They start many fashion campaigns.
C. They admire super models. D. They do business all over the world.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段中的"Chinese models are the faces of beauty and
fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means
Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its
movement"可知，中国女性不仅是时尚的消费者，她们还是时尚发展的核心。
据此可知答案为 A。
3. What do the underlined words "taking on" in paragraph 4 mean?( D )
A. learning from B. looking down on C. working with D. competing
against
[解析 ]词义猜测题。根据第四段最后一 句中的 "Vera Wang, Alexander Wang,
Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs — and beating them hands
down in design and sales"可知，三位中国的时装设计者在设计和销量方面击败了
三位顶尖西方设计师，据此可推知 take on 在该句中表示 "与……较量"，故选
D。
4. What can be a suitable title for the text?( D )
A. Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B. A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C. Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D. Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends

第 95 页
[解析]标题判断题。本文主要介绍了中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚的影响，
展现了中国对国际时尚和设计发展的引领作用。故选 D。A 项（向世界推销梦
想的年轻模特）与文章内容不符；B 项（在纽约举办的一次中国艺术展）以偏
概全；C 项（东西方美学的差异）范畴过大。
解读：本文以国外视角介绍中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚的影响，展现了中
国对国际时尚和设计发展的引领作用。
【熟词新义】 record 常用义：n.& v.记录，记载
本文义：adj.创纪录的
Passage 2 [2019 全国卷Ⅲ，C，8 分]
Before the 1830s, most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in
America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount
of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens.
Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the
trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass
audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking
place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper" — a term referring to papers made
widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more
importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible （ but not
easy） to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830, but this usually meant the
reader had to go down to the printer's office to purchase a copy. Street sales were
almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be
commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny
— usually two or three cents was charged — and some of the older well-known
papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase "penny paper" caught the public's
fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well.
Some of the early ventures（企业） were immediate failures. Publishers already in
business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the
tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
1. Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?( B
)

第 96 页
A. Academic. B. Unattractive. C. Inexpensive. D. Confidential.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的 "In addition, most newspapers had little in
them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually
forbidding"可知，在 19 世纪 30 年代前，大多数报纸对广大读者缺乏吸引力。故
选 B。academic"学业的"；unattractive"不吸引人的"；inexpensive"不昂贵的"；
confidential"机密的"。
2. What did street sales mean to newspapers?( C )
A. They would be priced higher. B. They would disappear from cities.
C. They could have more readers. D. They could regain public trust.
[解析 ]推理判断题。根据第二段 首句 "The trend, then, was toward the ‘penny
paper’ — a term referring to papers made widely available to the public"以及第三段
中 的 "However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be
commonplace in eastern cities"可知，"便士报"指的是公众可广泛购得的报纸，便
士报有更多的读者，而正是街头销售使其变得随处可见。
3. Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?( B )
A. Local politicians. B. Common people. C. Young publishers. D. Rich
businessmen.
[解析]细节理解题。第四段首句 "This new trend of newspapers for ‘the man on the
street’ did not begin well"中的 "the man on the street"指普通人。故选 B。
4. What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?( A )
A. It was a difficult process. B. It was a temporary success.
C. It was a robbery of the poor. D. It was a disaster for printers.
[ 解 析 ] 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 第 三 段 中 的 "This development did not take place
overnight. It had been possible （but not easy） to buy single copies of newspapers
before 1830, but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer's office to
purchase a copy"及第四段的内容可知，便士报的发展变化绝非发生在一夜之间 ，
而是经历了一个艰难的过程。故选 A。文章只是描述了便士报当时的状况，并
未对其作出成功与否的评价，故 B 项错误；C 和 D 选项均曲解了文意。
解读：本文讲述了 19 世纪上半叶美国报业的发展变化。

主题 6 人与社会·科学与技术
题组一
Passage 1 [2023 浙江 1 月，C，10 分]

第 97 页
 A machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in
debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called
Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel's former
national debating champion.
Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences
from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This
can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be
ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond,
professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University,
put it: "There's never a stage at which the system knows what it's talking about."
What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central
to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of
machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to
transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those
symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking,
talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols. But for humans, meaning is
everything. When we communicate, we communicate meaning. What matters is not
just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just how they are
arranged but what they mean.
Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation,
interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign
meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory,
social conventions and social relations. It is this that distinguishes humans from
machines. And that's why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the
tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial
intelligence.
1. Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph?( B )
A. To explain the use of a software program.
B. To show the cleverness of Project Debater.
C. To introduce the designer of Project Debater.
D. To emphasize the fairness of the competition.

第 98 页
[解析]写作手法题。通读第一段内容可知，文章第一段提到以色列前国家辩论
冠军 Noa Ovadia 是为了说明 Project Debater 在辩论方面比人出色，故 B 项"为了
展示 Project Debater 的聪明"正确。
2. What does the underlined word "wrinkles" in paragraph 2 refer to?( C )
A. Arguments. B. Doubts. C. Errors. D. Differences.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词的前一句"This can lead to the kinds of errors no
human would make"可知，wrinkles 指代 errors, 故 C 项正确。
3. What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond?( B )
A. Create rules. B. Comprehend meaning.
C. Talk fluently. D. Identify difficult words.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段段尾的"There's never a stage at which the system
knows what it's talking about"以及第三段段首的"What Hammond is referring to is
the question of meaning"可知，根据 Hammond 的说法，机器做不到的是理解意
义，故 B 项"理解意义"正确。
4. What can we learn from the last paragraph?( A )
A. Social interaction is key to understanding symbols.
B. The human brain has potential yet to be developed.
C. Ancient philosophers set good examples for debaters.
D. Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.
[解析]细节理解题。最后一段聚焦"意义的产生"，指出意义是通过社会互动生成
的，而非计算。分配意义的规则不仅存在于我们的头脑中，而且也存在于头脑
外部，即存在于社会、社会记忆、社会习俗和社会关系中。这也将人类和机器
区分开来。无论 Project Debater 看起来多么令人震惊，从苏格拉底和孔子开始
的传统不会因为人工智能而结束。故 A 项"社会互动是理解符号的关键"正确。
解 读 ： 本 文 通 过 介 绍 一 个 击 败 以 色 列 前 国 家 辩 论 冠 军 的 软 件 程 序 Project
Debater 以及它的缺陷——无法理解意义，说明了社会互动才是理解意义的关键
所在。
【核心词汇】outperform v. 超过，胜过
fundamental adj. 十分重大的，根本的；基础的
distinguish v. 区分，辨别；使有别于 specify v. 具体说明；明确规定
string sth. together 把（单词或短语）连成句子
iron out 熨平（衣服等的）皱褶；解决影响……的问题（或困难）
【词缀变形】irrelevant adj. 不相关的→relevant adj. 切题的；紧密相关的

第 99 页
Passage 2 [2022 新高考卷Ⅱ，B，10 分]
We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools.
Many young people don't even realize it's new. For them, it's just normal.
This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over
the Spring Festival holiday. I had brought a children's book to read. It had simple
words and colorful pictures — a perfect match for his age.
Picture this: my grandson sits on my lap as I hold the book in front so he can see
the pictures. As I read, he reaches out and pokes （戳） the page with his finger.
What's up with that? He just likes the pictures, I thought. Then I turned the page
and continued. He poked the page even harder. I nearly dropped the book. I was
confused: Is there something wrong with this kid?
Then I realized what was happening. He was actually a stranger to books. His
father frequently amused the boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with
colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He thought my storybook was
like that.
Sorry, kid. This book is not part of your high-tech world. It's an outdated, lifeless
thing. An antique, like your grandfather. Well, I may be old, but I'm not hopelessly
challenged, digitally speaking. I edit video and produce audio. I use mobile payment.
I've even built websites.
There's one notable gap in my new-media experience, however: I've spent little
time in front of a camera, since I have a face made for radio. But that didn't stop
China Daily from asking me last week to share a personal story for a video project
about the integration of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei province.
Anyway, grandpa is now an Internet star — two minutes of fame! I promise not
to let it go to my head. But I will make sure my 2-year-old grandson sees it on his
tablet.
1. What do the underlined words "hit home for me" mean in paragraph 2?( B )
A. Provided shelter for me. B. Became very clear to me.
C. Took the pressure off me. D. Worked quite well on me.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据第一段的内容以及第二段画线词后的"as I was sitting...
the Spring Festival holiday"可知，对许多年轻人来说，新的多媒体工具是正常的。
而在春节假期期间，作者和两岁的孙子坐在沙发上，尤其清楚地认识到了这一
点。故选 B 项。

第 100 页
2. Why did the kid poke the storybook?( A )
A. He took it for a tablet computer. B. He disliked the colorful pictures.
C. He was angry with his grandpa. D. He wanted to read it by himself.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第五段中的"His father frequently amused the boy with a
tablet computer ... He thought my storybook was like that"可知，他的父亲经常用一
台装有彩色图片的平板电脑逗他开心，他认为故事书就是那样的，由此可推知
孩子戳故事书是因为他把它当成了平板电脑。
3. What does the author think of himself?( D )
A. Socially ambitious. B. Physically attractive.
C. Financially independent. D. Digitally competent.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第六段中的"Well, I may be old... even built websites"可
知，作者认为自己可能老了，但从使用数字技术角度来说，作者还没有无可救
药，他编辑视频、制作音频、使用移动支付，甚至建立了网站。由此可知，作
者认为自己能够使用数码科技。故选 D 项。
4. What can we learn about the author as a journalist?( B )
A. He lacks experience in his job. B. He seldom appears on television.
C. He manages a video department. D. He often interviews Internet stars.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第七段的"I've spent little time in front of a camera, since I
have a face made for radio"可知，作者很少在镜头前露面，并将其归因于他的脸
是为无线电广播节目而生的。故选 B 项。
解读：作者是一名记者。在春节期间，作者给孙子拿了一本儿童读物，孙子却
误以为它是平板电脑，不停地戳它。
【核心词汇】frequently adv. 频繁地
amuse v. 逗笑；逗乐；（提供）消遣；（使）娱乐
outdated adj. 过时的；陈旧的

译文：他的父亲经常用一台装有彩色图片的平板电脑逗他开心，当你戳它们的
时候，这些图片就会变得栩栩如生。

题组二
Passage 1 [2022 新高考卷Ⅱ，C，10 分]

第 101 页
 Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public
service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down
their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse.
Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking
photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of
the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving
was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas," he said in a speech last month, referring broadly
to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior,
lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want
to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device
called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a
crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the
operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver
had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's
hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior," said Félix
W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the
Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their
hands on the cell phone."
1. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US?( A )
A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary. C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止
司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了多种方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。
再 根 据 第 二 段 第 一 句 "Yet the problem...to be getting worse" 和 "Road accidents,
which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply"可知，虽然几乎使用了各种各样
的方法，但是情况却似乎越来越糟糕了,所以这些方法是无效的。故选 A 项。
2. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?( B )
A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.

第 102 页
[ 解 析 ] 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 第 五 段 最 后 一 句 "The technology could... hands-free
driving laws"可知，这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了
纽约驾驶法不允许的其他事情。由此可知，Textalyzer 能够帮警官确定司机是否
使用了手机。故选 B 项。
【技巧点拨】
归纳总结答案信息
有时文中没有直接说明信息，而是举例说明，学生要自己归纳总结。如本
题中，发短信、发邮件都是使用手机的行为。
3. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to?( D )
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
[解析]代词指代题。根据最后一段的最后一句可知，如果 Textalyzer 法案成为法
律，人们将更害怕从而不敢在开车时使用手机，即人们将改变自己的行为。由
此可推知，something 在此处指代的是法律。故选 D 项。
4. What is a suitable title for the text?( B )
A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer
[解析]标题归纳题。综观全文内容可知，本文主要讲了为解决司机在开车时使
用手机造成分心从而引发交通事故的问题，纽约的立法者提出使用 Textalyzer
这一设备来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。故 B 项最适合作本文标题。
解读：为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成分心从而引发交通事故的问题，纽约
的立法者提出使用 Textalyzer 这一设备来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手
机。
【核心词汇】ban v. 明令禁止；取缔 distinctly adv. 清楚地，明显地
refer to 提到，谈及，说起 push for 反复要求，施压争取
Passage 2 [2022 全国卷乙，C，8 分]
Can a small group of drones（无人机） guarantee the safety and reliability of
railways and， at the same time， help railway operators save billions of euros each
year? That is the very likely future of applying today's "eyes in the sky" technology to
making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure （基础设
施） worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.

第 103 页
 Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They
could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of
rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.
The more regularly they can be inspected， the more railway safety， reliability and
on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be
more efficient（高效） across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway
personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately
20 billion euros a year on maintenance ， including sending maintenance staff ，
often at night ， to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous
work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
By using the latest technologies， drones could also start providing higher-value
services for railways ， detecting faults in the rail or switches ， before they can
cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks， drones for rail don't need to be
flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept：the rail drones of the
future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train， and programmed to run
autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead
of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead ， they could
signal any problem， so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
1. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?( A )
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B. Drones' ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D. Drones' reliable performance in remote areas.
[ 解 析 ] 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 文 章 第 二 段 中 的 "Drones are already being used to
examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to
inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure"可知，无人机现在
已经用来检测高压电力线路，它们可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路以及铁路
基础设施的其他重要方面。故 A 项正确。
【干扰项分析】 B、C、D 项都属于"无中生有"，文中没有提到无人机在高海拔
地区工作，也没有提及无人机在偏远地区的可靠性能，故 B 和 D 项都可排除；
C 项无人机设计成本降低，文中无相关信息。
2. What does "maintenance" underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?( C )

第 104 页
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词出现的语境"节省 费用"以及该词在下文
中的语境，即第三段第二句 "It is calculated that European railways alone spend
approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance
staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure"（据计算，单是欧洲
铁路一年就要在维护上面花费约 200 亿欧元，其中包括常常在夜里派遣维护员
工去检查和修复铁路基础设施）可知，铁路"maintenance"包括检查和修复铁路
基础设施。故 C 项正确。
3. What function is expected of the rail drones?( A )
A. To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation.
[解析]细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句"With their ability to see ahead,
they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in
time"（因为能提前看到，无人机可以感知到任何问题，这样快速前进的列车就
可以及时作出反应）可知，期待铁路无人机具有的功能是提前发现问题，并给
列车发出警告。故 A 项正确。
【干扰项分析】 B 项"使火车自动运行"是偷换概念，原文最后一段中
的"programmed to run autonomously"指的是无人机可以自动运行，而不是火车；
C 项"为机组人员挣得利润"和 D 项"加快交通运输"是无中生有，文章没有提及。
4. Which is the most suitable title for the text?( D )
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
[解析]标题归纳题。第一段是导入，综述无人机在铁路运营方面的应用前景；
第二段主要讲述无人机在铁路运营中的部分功能和作用；第三段主要讲了无人
机在降低铁路维护成本和维护铁路职员人身安全方面的作用；第四段讲无人机
还能为铁路运营做的事情。由此可知本篇文章主要讲的是无人机将如何改变铁
路的未来。故 D 项正确。
解读：无人机在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，还能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十
亿欧元。
【词缀变形】reliability n.可靠性→reliable adj. 可信赖的，可依靠的

第 105 页
maintenance n. 维护，保养→maintain v. 维持；维修；保养

题组三
Passage 1 [2022 全国卷甲，B，8 分]
Goffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown
to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not
known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in
the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut
inside it. The clear front of the box had a "keyhole" in a geometric shape, and the
birds were given five differently shaped "keys" to choose from. Inserting the correct
"key" would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of
age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less
symmetrical（对称的）shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be
turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an "allocentric frame of
reference". In the experiment, Goffin's cockatoos were able to select the right tool for
the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used,
the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin's
cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in
space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the
cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues （ 线 索 ） , or also use a sense of touch in
making their shape selections.
1. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?( B )
A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Though not known to use tools in the wild,
the birds have proved skilful at tool use"可知，实验中凤头鹦鹉通过使用工具拿到
了盒子里的果仁，故选 B 项。
2. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?(
C)
A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.

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[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段首句"In humans, babies can put a round shape in a
round hole from around one year of age"可知，在大约一岁时，婴儿就能将圆形物
体放入圆孔中，由此可推知 C 项正确。
3. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?( D )
A. How far they are able to see.
B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段信息可知，研究人员下一步将查明凤头鹦鹉
是完全依靠视觉线索还是也需要使用触觉来对物体的形状作出选择。
【解题线索】题干中的 follow-up 意为"进一步的"，与最后一段中的 next 吻合。
4. Which can be a suitable title for the text?( D )
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
[解析]标题归纳题。综观全文，尤其是根据文章首句"Goffin's cockatoos, a kind
of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-
recognition abilities to a human two-year-old"可知，文章主要讲述凤头鹦鹉出色的
形状识别能力。 故 D 项作文章标题最佳。
解读：实验表明，一种生长于澳大拉西亚的凤头鹦鹉擅长识别物体的形状。
Passage 2 [2022 北京，D，8 分]
Quantum （量子） computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has
been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the
biggest challenges we face as humans. I've also had exchanges with two quantum-
computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone
who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity.
Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller
ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us "cure cancer,
and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction." This is the sort
of hype （ 炒 作 ） that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making
promises they can't keep. "What's new," Johnson wrote, "is that millions of dollars are
now potentially available to quantum computing researchers."

第 107 页
 As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may
mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their
work's potential. If researchers can't keep their promises, excitement might give way
to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have
gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it
especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because "‘quantum’ stands for
something cool you shouldn't be able to understand." And that brings me back to
Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum
After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also
answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor
shares Johnson's concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to
PyQuantum.
The company, he says, is closer than any other firm "by a very large margin （幅
度 ） " to building a "useful" quantum computer, one that "solves an impactful
problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise." He adds, "People will
naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively
comparing what we are doing with others."
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition "by a wide margin", as
Taylor claims? I don't know. I'm certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone
else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.
1. Regarding Johnson's concerns, the author feels A
A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited
[ 解 析 ] 观 点 态 度 题 。 根 据 第 四 段 中 的 "Taylor shares Johnson's concerns about
hype"和最后一段中的"But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson"可知，Taylor 赞同
Johnson 的担忧，而作者相信他们两个，也就是说，作者也赞同 Johnson 的担忧，
故 A 项正确。sympathetic"赞同的；支持的"。
2. What leads to Taylor's optimism about quantum computing?( C )
A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field.
C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句和第五段内容可推知，Taylor 对自己与
他人共同创立的 PyQuantum 公司的信心使得他对量子计算持乐观态度，故 C 项
正确。
3. What does the underlined word "prone" in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?( A )

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A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词后的 "‘quantum’ stands for something cool you
shouldn't be able to understand"并结合常识可知，一些炫酷且你不能够理解的事
物是很容易被人炒作的，故 A 项和画线词的意义最为接近。open"易受损害；脆
弱"。
4. Which would be the best title for the passage?( D )
A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor?
B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology?
C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being?
D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype?
[解析]标题归纳题。本文第一段引入话题，讲述了作者对量子计算机的兴趣；
第二段提出了有关量子计算机的炒作以及 Johnson 的担忧；第三段讲到了该炒
作的影响和根源；第四段和第五段讲到了 Taylor 对量子计算机的信心；最后一
段表明了作者的态度，故 D 项最适合作本文标题。
解读：作者通过与两位朋友的交流，勾勒出了量子计算机的发展和前景，并给
出了自己对量子计算机的态度和建议。
【核心词汇】give way to 被取代
【词缀变形】impactful adj. 有重大影响（或效果）的→impact v.& n. 影响
quantitatively adv.数量上；分量上→quantitative adj. 数量的；量化的→quantity n.
数量

题组四
Passage 1 [2021 新高考卷Ⅱ，D，10 分]
An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing
cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely
on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as
necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that
will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the
animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is
sick. Radio tags （ 标 签 ） on the animals will measure temperature changes. The
quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture （质
地） of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle
to another field for nutrition purposes.

第 109 页
 Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as
corn and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.
For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers
interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job.
Years of experience in the industry — and failed attempts to use technology — have
convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who
bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or
400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey, vice president of
the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given
rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their
value has risen, making them appealing targets.
1. What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?( B )
A. Soil pollution. B. Lack of workers. C. Aging machines. D. Low
profitability.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，养牛业数十年来依靠低端科技，但
是现在却面临劳动力短缺的问题。故 B 项正确。
2. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do?( A )
A. Monitor the quality of grass. B. Cure the diseased cattle.
C. Move cattle to another field. D. Predict weather changes.
[解析]细节理解题。由题干中的"Sukkarieh's"可把解题信息定位在第二段。根据
该段中的"The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and
texture （质地） of grass"可知，通过监测草的形状、颜色和质地可以跟踪草场
质量。故机器人能够监测草的质量。故 A 项正确。
3. Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle?( B )
A. He wants to help them earn a living. B. He thinks men can do the job better.
C. He is inexperienced in using robots. D. He enjoys the traditional way of life.
[解析]细节理解题。由题干中的"Pete Bonds"可把解题信息定位在第四段。根据
该段中的"But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job...that the best way to
check cattle is with a man on a horse"可知，他认为机器人不适合做这份工作，最
好的方法仍然是通过人力来完成。故 B 项正确。
4. How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?( D )
A. Increase the value of cattle. B. Bring down the cost of labor.

第 110 页
C. Make the job more appealing. D. Keep cattle from being stolen.
[解析]细节理解题。由题干中的"Michael Kelsey"可把解题信息定位在最后一段。
根据该段中的"a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle
theft"可知，机器人在防止牛被盗方面非常有用。故 D 项正确。

解读：养牛业现在面临着劳动力短缺的问题。澳大利亚一位教授正在研发一款
用于监测牛群健康的机器人。但是不同的牧畜主对这种机器人有着不同的看法。
【核心词汇】 monitor v. 监视，检查，跟踪调查
shortage n. 缺少，不足，短缺 given prep.考虑到，鉴于
【熟词新义】 promise 常用义：v.发誓，承诺 本文义：n.希望

译文：一位澳大利亚教授正在研发一款监测牛群健康的机器人。这一研发可能
给数十年来在很大程度上依靠低端科技，但现在正面临劳动力短缺问题的行业
带来很大的变化。
Passage 2 [2021 浙江 1 月，C，10 分]
Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild
chimpanzees（黑猩猩） use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate
19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of 66 gestures. The scientists
discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining
more than 5,000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of
intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and
chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a
message to another group member.
"That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures," she said. "They're the only
thing that looks like human language in that respect."
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand
complex information from another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their
voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference
between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.

第 111 页
 Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they
wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby,
signalling: "Climb on me." The youngster immediately jumps on to its mother's back
and they travel off together. "The big message from this study is that there is another
species （ 物 种 ） out there that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not
unique to humans," said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester,
said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution
of human language. But, she added, the results were "a little disappointing".
"The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have
little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in
their gestures and actions," she said. "Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond
what other animals convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf
remains."
1. What do chimps and humans have in common according to Dr Hobaiter?( D )
A. Memorizing specific words. B. Understanding complex information.
C. Using voices to communicate. D. Communicating messages on purpose.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段第二句"Only humans and chimps, she said, had a
system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group
member"可知，Hobaiter 博士说，只有人类和黑猩猩有这样一个交流系统，在这
个系统中人类和黑猩猩有意向其他成员发送信息，故选 D。
2. What did Dr Shultz think of the study?( B )
A. It was well designed but poorly conducted.
B. It was a good try but the findings were limited.
C. It was inspiring but the evidence was unreliable.
D. It was a failure but the methods deserved praise.
[解析]细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的"the study was praiseworthy...the results
were ‘a little disappointing’"可知，Shultz 博士认为这项研究是值得称赞的，但同
时她也说研究的结果"有点令人失望"，故选 B。
3. What does the underlined word "gulf" in the last paragraph mean?( A )
A. Difference. B. Conflict. C. Balance. D. Connection.

第 112 页
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词前的内容可知，Shultz 博士认为，黑猩猩姿势的
含义具有模糊性，而且这些姿势的含义似乎并不能超越其他动物通过非语言交
流所传达的信息，所以分歧是依然存在的，故画线词的含义与 A 项最为接近。
4. Which of the following is the best title for the text?( D )
A. Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough
B. Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills
C. Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom
D. Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated
[解析]标题判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的"have translated the meaning of
gestures that wild chimpanzees（黑猩猩） use to communicate"可知，本文主要介
绍了一项研究，该研究解读了野生黑猩猩用来交流的姿势的含义，故 D 项作本
文标题最佳。
解读：研究者称他们已经解读了野生黑猩猩用来交流的姿势的含义，他们说野
生黑猩猩用 66 种姿势的"词汇"来传递 19 种特定信息。

题组五
Passage 1 [2020 全国卷Ⅰ，D，8 分]
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific
research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in
Youngstown ， Ohio ， for example ， discovered that greener areas of the city
experienced less crime. In another ， employees were shown to be 15%more
productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT） have taken
it a step further — changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to
perform diverse ， even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors
printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can
detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. "We're thinking about how we can engineer
plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day ，" explained Michael
Strano， a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow（发光） in experiments
using some common vegetables. Strano's team found that they could create a faint
light for three-and-a-half hours. The light ， about one-thousandth of the amount
needed to read by， is just a start. The technology， Strano said， could one day
be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.

第 113 页
 In the future， the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be
sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant's lifetime.
The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off "switch" where the glow would
fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since
lighting is often far removed from the power source （ 电 源 ） — such as the
distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway — a lot of energy is
lost during transmission （ 传 输 ） .Glowing plants could reduce this distance and
therefore help save energy.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?( D )
A. A new study of different plants. B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces. D. Benefits from green plants.
[ 解 析 ] 段 落 大 意 题 。 根 据 第 一 段 中 的 "Recent studies have found positive
effects"及"greener areas of the city experienced less crime" （城市中绿化越好的地
区犯罪率越低）和"employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their
workplaces were decorated with houseplants"（装饰有室内植物的工作场所的员工
的生产力提高了 15%）可知,第一段主要讲的是绿植带来的好处，且 positive
effects 在此相当于 benefits,故 D 项最能概括本段内容。
2. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers?( A )
A. To detect plants' lack of water. B. To change compositions of plants.
C. To make the life of plants longer. D. To test chemicals in plants.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段第二句中的"These include plants that have sensors
printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water"可知，印在植物叶片
上的传感器可以检测植物的含水量，显示其缺水情况。lack of water 与 short of
water 同 义 ， A 项 正 确 。 根 据 该 句 后 半 部 分 "a plant that can detect harmful
chemicals in groundwater"可知，D 项错误。
3. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?( C )
A. They will speed up energy production.
B. They may transmit electricity to the home.
C. They might help reduce energy consumption.
D. They could take the place of power plants.
[解析]推理判断题。最后三段探讨了麻省理工学院对植物发光进行的研究以及
将其用于室内外照明的一些设想。根据第三段最后一句中的"could one day be

第 114 页
used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps"，以及最
后 一 段 的 最 后 一 句 "Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help
save energy"可推知，在未来发光植物可能有助于减少能源消耗。故 C 项切题。
4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?( C )
A. Can we grow more glowing plants?
B. How do we live with glowing plants?
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
[解析]标题判断题。文章第一段点明植物的积极作用；第二段是有关植物的其
他功能的研究；第三段说明最新的研究表明植物可以发光；第四段是有关将来
要开发的一种用在植物叶子上的技术及研究植物发光是否可以 "打开"和 "关
上"；第五段表述能量在传输中损失很多，或许发光植物可以解决这一问题。C
项（发光植物能代替灯吗？）用设问的方式给出标题，最能凸显本文主题。
解读：本文介绍了运用高科技改造绿色植物从而节能减排的科学探索。
【熟词新义】 engineer 常用义：n. 工程师
本文义：v. 改变……的基因（或遗传）结构
Passage 2 [2020 全国卷Ⅱ，B，8 分]
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but
researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young
children at the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between
ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a
significant predictor of cognition （ 认 知 ） after controlling for differences in
parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during
everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and
46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
"The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not,
on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate （旋转） and translate shapes," Levine
said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would,
and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-
income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both

第 115 页
boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys
tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided
more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of
girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
1. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?( B )
A. Building confidence. B. Developing spatial skills.
C. Learning self-control. D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.
[解析]细节理解题。由题干中的 puzzle play 可知，我们把信息定位在第二段中
的"found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better
spatial skills"以及第三段中的"found children...have better spatial skills"，由此可知
玩拼图游戏有益于培养孩子的空间技能。故选 B。
2. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment?( C )
A. Parents' age. B. Children's imagination.
C. Parents' education. D. Child-parent relationship.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句"Puzzle play was found to be a significant
predictor of cognition （认知） after controlling for differences in parents' income,
education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said"可知，Levine 在设计实验时，
考虑到了父母的收入、受教育程度以及与孩子交谈量的差异。故选 C。
3. How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play?( D )
A. They play with puzzles more often.
B. They tend to talk less during the game.
C. They prefer to use more spatial language.
D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
[解析]细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句中的"However, boys tended to play
with more complex puzzles than girls"可知，男孩较女孩而言，倾向于玩更复杂的
拼图游戏。more complex 与选项中的 tougher 意义相近。故选 D。
4. What is the text mainly about?( B )
A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study.
C. A woman psychologist. D. A teaching program.
[解析]主旨大意题。阅读全文内容尤其是最后一段"The findings were published in
the journal Developmental Science"可知，该篇文章主要介绍的是一项科学研究。
故选 B。

第 116 页
解读：本文主要介绍了接触拼图游戏有助于孩子发展与数学相关的技能，特别
是孩子的空间技能。

译文：研究人员分析了 53 对儿童及家长在家庭日常活动中的录像，发现当在
54 个月大被评估时，26 个月到 46 个月年龄段的玩拼图游戏的儿童有更好的空
间技能。

题组六
Passage 1 [2020 江苏，C，8 分]
For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more
beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical
activity.
Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance.
However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect
general health.
To find out, British scientists conducted a study. They first found 10 overweight
and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and
worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the men's fitness and resting
metabolic（新陈代谢的） rates and took samples（样品） of their blood and fat
tissue.
Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists' lab, each man walked for
an hour at an average speed that, in theory, should allow his body to rely mainly on
fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that
they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast （禁食）.
On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they
started walking.
Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples
of the men's blood and fat tissue.

第 117 页
 Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences. Most
obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts
when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned
more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the
other hand, they burned slightly more calories （ 卡 路 里 ） , on average, during the
workout after breakfast than after fasting.
But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most
significant, the researchers found. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on
whether someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these genes produce
proteins（蛋白质） that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin（胰岛素）
levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health.
These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than
when they had breakfasted.
The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from
exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.
1. The underlined expression "stomach it" in Paragraph 1 most probably means "B".
A. digest the meal easily B. manage without breakfast
C. decide wisely what to eat D. eat whatever is offered
[解析]词义猜测题。此处考查 stomach 的熟词生义，该词在本句中意为"忍受"；
另外，结合常识可以判断，有的人锻炼前不吃早饭是受不了的，所以此处意
为"如果可以忍受空腹的话，在吃早餐前去锻炼比吃过早餐后去锻炼好处更多"，
故 B 项正确。
2. Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment?( A )
A. Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people.
B. Their lack of exercise led to overweight.
C. They could walk at an average speed.
D. They had slow metabolic rates.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的 "10 overweight and inactive but otherwise
healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those
of most of us"可知，选中的这十个人就是大众的代表，故 A 项正确。
3. What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise?( B )
A. They successfully lost weight. B. They consumed a bit more calories.
C. They burned more fat on average. D. They displayed higher insulin levels.

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[解析]细节理解题。根据第六段中的"On the other hand, they burned slightly more
calories （ 卡 路 里 ） ， on average, during the workout after breakfast than after
fasting"可知，锻炼前吃早餐的人相对而言在锻炼时燃烧的卡路里稍多一些，故
B 项正确。
4. What could be learned from the research?( D )
A. A workout after breakfast improves gene performances.
B. Too many workouts often slow metabolic rates.
C. Lifestyle is not as important as morning exercise.
D. Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health.
[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"to gain the greatest health benefits from
exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first"可知，早饭前锻炼给身体带来的健康方
面的好处更多，故选 D。
解读：本文主要说明了早饭前锻炼比早饭后锻炼给身体带来的好处更多。
Passage 2 [2020 浙江，C，7.5 分]
Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking ， planning and other
managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age ， a study published
Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than
1,000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers' memory and
thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the
same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating （ 刺 激 ） , demanding jobs before
retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive （认
知） function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging
jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants'
overall health status.
"This works just like physical exercise," says Francisca Then, who led the study.
"After a long run, you may feel like you're in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes
you fit. After a long day at work — sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain
stay healthy."
It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit,
Then points out. A waiter's job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and
decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And

第 119 页
"running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating （ 协
调），"she says. "You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of
the bills and groceries."
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons —
including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to
challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.
1. Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests?( D )
A. To assess their health status. B. To evaluate their work habits.
C. To analyze their personality. D. To measure their mental ability.
[解析]细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的 "assessed the volunteers' memory and
thinking skills through a battery of tests"可知，科学家对这些志愿者进行测试是为
了研究和评估他们的记忆力和思维能力，故选 D。
2. How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4?( B )
A. By using an expert's words. B. By making a comparison.
C. By referring to another study. D. By introducing a concept.
[解析]推理判断题。本题考查文章的写作手法。根据文章第四段中的"This works
just like physical exercise...After a long run...After a long day at work" 可 知 ，
Francisca Then 把它与体育锻炼（长跑）作比较，故采用的方法是"对比法"，故
选 B。
3. Which of the following is the best title for the text?( C )
A. Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B. Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C. Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D. Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
[解析]标题判断题。根据文章全文尤其是第一段中的"Challenging work…might
help your brain stay sharp as you age"可知，本文主要说明了有挑战性的工作能更
好地让你的头脑保持敏锐，故选 C。
解读：文章认为有挑战性的工作能够让人更好地保持大脑的活力。

题组七
Passage 1 [2019 全国卷Ⅰ，C，8 分]
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is
growing for biometric （ 生 物 测 量 ） technologies — like fingerprint scans — to

第 120 页
keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive,
though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost
device（装置）that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard
precisely measures the cadence （ 节 奏 ） with which one types and the pressure
fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by
analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses.
These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's
identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's
connected to — regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar
with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the
word "touch" four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device
could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very
low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward
to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team
hopes to make it to market in the near future.
1. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?( D )
A. To reduce pressure on keys. B. To improve accuracy in typing.
C. To replace the password system. D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.
[ 解 析 ] 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 第 一 段 的 内 容 ， 尤 其 是 第 二 句 "At present, these
technologies are still expensive, though"可知，现有的生物识别技术价格昂贵。根
据第二段的第一句"Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with
a low-cost device（装置）that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard"可知，同
样能够保护私人电子空间的智能键盘成本较低，故选 D。
2. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?( C )
A. Computers are much easier to operate.
B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D. Data security measures are guaranteed.

第 121 页
[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段的内容可知，智能键盘能够准确地测量人们打
字的节奏和力度，而打字模式因人而异，因此，智能键盘通过分析用户的打字
模式进行身份识别，故选 C。
【干扰项分析】 原文没有信息支撑 A、B 项，可排除；根据第一段的内容可知，
数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，数据安全并未得到保障，故可排除 D 项。
3. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?( B )
A. It'll be environment-friendly. B. It'll reach consumers soon.
C. It'll be made of plastics. D. It'll help speed up typing.
[解析]细节理解题。根据文章最后一句"The team hopes to make it to market in the
near future"可知，该研究团队希望在不久的将来将智能键盘推向市场，故选
B。
4. Where is this text most likely from?( D )
A. A diary. B. A guidebook. C. A novel. D. A magazine.
[ 解 析 ] 出 处 推 断 题 。 纵 观 全 文 ， 尤 其 是 根 据 文 中 的 关 键 词 "technology"
"researchers"等可知，本文是一篇科技类说明文，可能出自科技杂志。diary"日
记"；guidebook"旅行指南"；novel"小说"；magazine"杂志"，故选 D。
解读：本文介绍了一种用智能键盘进行身份识别的技术。

译文：这款智能键盘可精确测量一个人的打字节奏和手指施加在每个按键上的
压力。
Passage 2 [2019 全国卷Ⅲ，D，8 分]
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly
different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water
or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined — or
added — the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the
team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch
screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two
symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one

第 122 页
side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the
left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if
they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers — 17
in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go
for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a
calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed
that the monkeys tended to underestimate （低估） a sum compared with a single
symbol when the two were close in value — sometimes choosing, for example, a 13
over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two
numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added
only a fraction（小部分） of the smaller number to it.
"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains,"
Dr. Livingstone says. "But in this experiment what they're doing is paying more
attention to the big number than the little one."
1. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?( C )
A. They fed them. B. They named them.
C. They trained them. D. They measured them.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段首句 "A team of researchers trained three Rhesus
monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective
letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward"可知答案为 C。
2. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?( B )
A. By drawing a circle. B. By touching a screen.
C. By watching videos. D. By mixing two drinks.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的 "If the monkeys touched the left side of the
screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the
circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers — 17 in this example" 可
知答案为 B。
3. What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys?( A )
A. They could perform basic addition. B. They could understand simple words.
C. They could memorize numbers easily. D. They could hold their attention for
long.

第 123 页
[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段 "After running hundreds of tests, the researchers
noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time,
indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of
each combination" 可知，大多数时候，猴子倾向于触摸更高的数值，这表明它
们会进行简单的计算，而不仅仅是记住每个数字组合的数值。
4. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?( D )
A. Entertainment. B. Health. C. Education. D. Science.
[解析]推理判断题。根据全文可知，本文讲述了科学家们通过科学实验得出猴
子会算术的结论。故选 D。
解读：本文讲述了哈佛医学院科学家 Margaret Livingstone 及其带领的团队通过
反复实验得出结论：猴子会算术，且它们对大数值的关注胜过小数值。

译文：一组研究人员使用 0 至 25 滴水或果汁作奖励来训练 3 只恒河猴将 26 个

明显不同的符号关联起来，这些符号包含数字和认真挑选过的字母。

主题 7 人与自然·自然生态与环境保护
题组一
Passage 1 [2023 新课标卷Ⅱ，D，10 分]
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is
becoming harder to find. If you're lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you
live, but it's unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a
new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-
being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred
park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful
interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these
submissions, coding （编码）experiences into different categories. For example, one
participant's experience of "We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while"
was assigned the categories "sitting at beach" and "listening to waves."

第 124 页
 Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a "nature
language" began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen
categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering
wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people
recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to
them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be
satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown
during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking
along a fountain on their lunch break.
"We're trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature
interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect
nature so that we can interact with it," said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
1. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text?( B )
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"access to nature for people living in urban
areas is becoming harder to find" （城市居民越来越难以接触大自然）以及 "it's
unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild"（在一个城市里找到相对天
然的地方是罕见的）可知,在城市里很难接触大自然。故 B 项正确。
2. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories?( D )
A. To compare different types of park-goers.
B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park.
D. To find patterns in the visitors' summaries.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段第一句话"Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of
categories...began to emerge"（在 320 份提交的材料中，一种被研究人员称为"自
然语言"的类别模式开始出现）可知，研究人员将参与者提交的文件分类是为了
从公园游客的总结材料中找出类别规律。故 D 项正确。
3. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5?( C )
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.

第 125 页
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第五段所举的例子"the experience of walking along the
edge of water might be satisfying...a fountain on their lunch break" 可知，年轻的职
业人士周末可以在公园徒步旅行，工作日可以沿着喷泉散步，用不同的形式去
体验自然，即同样的与自然的互动体验会有不同的表现形式。故 C 项正确。
4. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn?( B )
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.
[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段 Kahn 的话"And for that to happen, we also need
to protect nature so that we can interact with it"（为了实现这一点，我们还需要保
护自然，以便与之互动）可知，我们在与大自然互动以前需要保护自然，故 B
项正确。
解读：作者通过对一项新的研究结果及其过程的描述，向读者介绍了与大自然
互动对人类健康的重要性，同时也指出要保护大自然。
【核心词汇】 submission n.提交（或呈递）的文件、建议等
established adj.已确立的，已获确认的，确定的
domestic adj.本国的，国内的;家用的；享受家庭乐趣的
generate vt.产生，引起
【熟词新义】 balloon 常用义：n.气球，热气球
本文义：vi.（突然）膨胀，涨大

译文：命名每一种自然体验都会创造出一种可用的语言，这种语言帮助人们识
别并参与对他们来说非常满意、非常有意义的活动。
Passage 2 [2023 全国卷甲，D，8 分]
Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5m long and weigh over 400kg,
occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche — we revere（敬畏） them even
as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood
into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often
the same: a grizzly bear.

第 126 页
 "Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range," says bear
biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they
haven't been seen in a century or more, they're increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a
rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early
1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies
remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975,
grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has
been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-
list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both
efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies
remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions （ 预 防 ） aren't taken, grizzlies can become
troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of
food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies
will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses
and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. "Our
hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without
learning bad habits," says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and
around Missoula.
1. How do Americans look at grizzlies?( A )
A. They cause mixed feelings in people. B. They should be kept in national parks.
C. They are of high scientific value. D. They are a symbol of American
culture.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Grizzly bears...occupy a conflicted corner of
the American psyche （ 灰 熊 在 美 国 人 心 中 占 据 了 一 个 矛 盾 的 角 落 ） " 和 "we
revere（敬畏） them even as they give us frightening dreams...their answer is often
the same: a grizzly bear"可知，人们对灰熊既怕又爱。由此可见，美国人对灰熊
的感情很复杂，故 A 项正确。
2. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population?( C )
A. The European settlers' behavior. B. The expansion of bears' range.
C. The protection by law since 1975. D. The support of Native Americans.

第 127 页
[ 解 析 ] 推 理 判 断 题 。 根 据 第 三 段 中 的 "In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the
Endangered Species Act（1975 年，灰熊被列入《美国濒危动物法案》中）"和第
四段的"Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S.（如今，美国
大约有 2 000 或更多头灰熊）"可以推断，灰熊数量增长与 1975 年以来的法律保
护息息相关，故 C 项正确。
3. What has stopped the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies?( A )
A. The opposition of conservation groups. B. The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C. The voice of the biologists. D. The local farmers' advocates.
[解析]细节理解题。根据题干中的 "the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-
listing grizzlies" 可 以 迅 速 锁 定 第 四 段 。 根 据 第 四 段 中 的 "Both efforts were
overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups（由于来自保护组织的诉讼，
这两次尝试都被推翻了）"可知，动物保护组织的反对阻止了美国鱼类及野生动
物管理局将灰熊从《美国濒危动物法案》中除名，故 A 项正确。
4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?( B )
A. Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C. A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段的"If people remove food and attractants...is also
highly effective at getting grizzlies away（如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子
和营地拿走，灰熊经过时通常会平安无事。在鸡舍和其他农场动物住所周围安
装电围栏对赶走灰熊也非常有效）"可以推断，人类可以和灰熊和谐共处，故 B
项正确。
解读：本文主要讲述了美国灰熊从多变少的过程，和在法律的保护下，灰熊数
量增长，并探讨了针对灰熊的应对保护方案。
【核心词汇】 conflicted adj.矛盾的，因心理冲突而不知所措的
re-occupy v.再占领（建筑、地区等） continuous adj.不断的；持续的
de-list v.把……从清单中删除 overturn v.推翻，撤销（判决等）
lawsuit n.诉讼；起诉 troublesome adj.令人烦恼的；讨厌的

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译文：问问世界各地涌入黄石国家公园的游客他们最希望看到什么，他们的答
案往往是一样的：灰熊。

题组二
Passage 1 [2023 浙江 1 月，D，10 分]
According to the Solar Energy Industries Association, the number of solar panels
installed （ 安 装 ） has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even
faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and
though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar
panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so
they haven't given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they'll end up
filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is
that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of
the soil.
"Solar projects need to be good neighbors," says Jordan Macknick, the head of
the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the
Environment （ InSPIRE ） project. "They need to be protectors of the land and
contribute to the agricultural economy." InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches
to "low-impact" solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar
farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies
is providing habitat for pollinators（传粉昆虫）.
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in
pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S.
agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat
protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-
friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities — and now there
are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space
under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil
improvement and carbon reduction. "These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a
valuable impact on everything that's going on in the landscape," says Macknick.
1. What do solar developers often ignore?( B )
A. The decline in the demand for solar energy.

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B. The negative impact of installing solar panels.
C. The rising labor cost of building solar farms.
D. The most recent advances in solar technology.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，太阳能开发者们往往想要尽快安装
更多的太阳能电池板，所以他们不太考虑如何处理电池板下的环境。他们往往
会在下面放一些碎石，而且用除草剂除草，这给环境带来了破坏。所以 B 项"安
装太阳能电池板的消极影响"符合题意。
2. What does InSPIRE aim to do?( C )
A. Improve the productivity of local farms.
B. Invent new methods for controlling weeds.
C. Make solar projects environmentally friendly.
D. Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"InSPIRE is investigating...to the land"可知，
InSPIRE 项目正在寻求一种对环境影响小的发展太阳能的方式，力求做到"对土
地友好"。所以 C 项"使太阳能项目环保"符合题意。
3. What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4?( A )
A. To conserve pollinators. B. To restrict solar development.
C. To diversify the economy. D. To ensure the supply of energy.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段中的 "Over 28 states have passed laws related to
pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use（超过 28 个州通过了有关传粉昆虫
栖息地保护和杀虫剂使用的法律）"可知，法律是为了保护传粉昆虫，故 A 项正
确。
4. Which of the following is the best title for the text?( D )
A. Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B. Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D. Solar Farms: A New Development
[解析]标题归纳题。文章第一、二段主要指出目前存在的问题：太阳能电池板
对环境尤其是农业环境的消极影响。第三段给出了解决方案：建立和经营对土
地更友好的太阳能农场。第四、五段介绍了传粉昆虫友好型太阳能农场建设的
积极影响。所以纵观全文，关键词应该是 solar farms，所以 D 项是最佳选项。
解读：随着太阳能的普及，越来越多的太阳能电池板被安装在各个社区，这不
可避免地给环境，尤其是农业环境，带来消极影响。
Passage 2 [2022 浙江，B，7.5 分]

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 All around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads,
behind school playgrounds and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land across towns
and cities, tiny forests barely the size of tennis courts are appearing, making a great
place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally have easy access to
nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in
life really do come in small packages.
Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a
Japanese botanist. As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took
off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became
popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
So how does it work? Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in
the UK, explains that the process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest
could have the biggest influence. "We focus on urban areas where access to nature is
often not that easy," says Hartley. "We see it as a chance to try to break the growing
disconnect between people and nature."
In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted
much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers（肥料）.There are usually
around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species （ 物 种 ） .This variety, coupled
with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means
they attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It's also thought that these places could help
reduce the risk of flooding, remove carbon from the atmosphere and fight climate
change, as well as improving the mental health of those living locally.
1. What do we know about the Tiny Forest movement?( A )
A. It has achieved notable success. B. It is led by a number of schools.
C. It began in Europe in the 1970s. D. It will spread to the countryside.
[解析]细节理解题。各个选项分析如下：
A 根据第一段中的"making a great place...to nature"可知，微森林运动取得了 √
显著的成功。notable"值得注意的；显著的；重要的"。
B 过度延伸——第一段中虽然讲到了"behind school playgrounds"，但并不意 ×
味着许多学校在领导该运动。
C 曲解文意——由第二段中的"Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in ×
the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist"可知，微森林于 20 世纪 70
年代兴起于日本，并非欧洲。

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D 无 中生有 —— 根据第三段中的 "We focus on urban areas where access to ×
nature is often not that easy"可知，微森林运动集中在城市地区，且文中并
未有信息说明以后会往乡下发展。
2. What is the purpose of the project led by Hartley in the UK?( D )
A. To promote eco-tourism. B. To improve forestry research.
C. To popularise gardening. D. To get people close to nature.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段中 Louise Hartley 所说的话"We see it as a chance
to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature"可知，Hartley 在
英国领导的微森林项目旨在打破人与大自然之间日益脱节的状况，即让人们接
近大自然，故 D 项正确。
3. What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest?( B )
A. They are small in size. B. They are thickly planted.
C. They are foreign species. D. They are heavily fertilised.
[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and
the trees are planted much closer together"可知，微森林运动中的树要种植得更密
集一些，故 B 项正确。
解读：本文主要介绍了微森林运动的兴起、发展、运作方式和实施要求等。
【核心词汇】 couple...with...把……与……连接起来
【熟词新义】 pioneer 常用义：n. 先锋；先驱；带头人 本文义：v. 倡导

译文：在路边、学校操场后面、城镇中各种不受欢迎的土地上，几乎只有网球
场大小的微森林正在出现，这些微森林对野生动物和正常情况下可能无法轻易
接近大自然的当地人来说是个美妙的地方。

题组三
Passage 1 [2021 新高考卷Ⅱ，B，10 分]
I have worked as a keeper at the National Zoo for 11 years. Spot and Stripe are
the first tiger cubs （ 幼 兽 ） that have ever been born here. Globally, a third of
Sumatran cubs in zoos don't make it to adulthood, so I decided to give them round-
the-clock care at home.

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 I've got two children — the younger one, Kynan, was extremely happy about the
tigers arriving — but all of us really looked forward to being part of their lives and
watching them grow. I wasn't worried about bringing them into my home with my
wife and kids. These were cubs. They weighed about 2.5 kg and were so small that
there was absolutely no risk.
As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the
day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise
they'd get up to mischief. We'd come down in the morning to find they'd turned the
room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.
Things quickly got very intense due to the huge amount of energy required to
look after them. There were some tough times and I just felt extremely tired. I was
grateful that my family was there to help. We had to have a bit of a production line
going, making up "tiger milk", washing baby bottles, and cleaning the floors.
When Spot and Stripe were four months old, they were learning how to open
doors and jump fences, and we knew it really was time for them to go. It was hard for
us to finally part with them. For the first few days, Kynan was always a bit
disappointed that the cubs weren't there.
I'm not sad about it. I'm hands-on with them every day at the zoo, and I do look
back very fondly on the time that we had them.
1. Why did the author bring the tiger cubs home?( A )
A. To ensure their survival. B. To observe their differences.
C. To teach them life skills. D. To let them play with his kids.
[ 解 析 ] 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 第 一 段 中 的 "Globally, a third of Sumatran...care at
home"可知,在动物园出生的幼虎的死亡率太高，作者把两只幼虎带回家照顾，
是为了确保它们存活。故 A 项正确。
2. What do the underlined words "get up to mischief" mean in paragraph 3?( A )
A. Behave badly. B. Lose their way. C. Sleep soundly. D. Miss their mom.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据第三段尾句可知，这两只幼虎很顽皮，把房间搞得天
翻地覆。由此可推知，作者一家人睡觉的时候会把两只幼虎放在大房间里，否
则，它们会捣乱。故 A 项正确。B 项"迷路"；C 项"憨睡"；D 项"思念它们的妈
妈"。
3. What did the author think of raising the tiger cubs at home?( B )
A. Boring. B. Tiring. C. Costly. D. Risky.

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[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段中的"There were...extremely tired"可知，作者认
为在家饲养幼虎是非常累人的工作。故 B 项正确。
4. Why did the author decide to send Spot and Stripe back to the zoo?( B )
A. They frightened the children. B. They became difficult to contain.
C. They annoyed the neighbours. D. They started fighting each other.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段和第五段的内容可知，当这两只幼虎长到 4 个月
大时，它们学会了开门和翻篱笆。由此可推知，很难再把它们圈养起来，所以
作者决定把它们送回动物园。故 B 项正确。
解读：作者是动物园的饲养员。由于在动物园出生的幼虎死亡率太高，作者决
定把两只幼虎带回家饲养,全家齐上阵照顾这两只幼虎。幼虎四个月大的时候不
再适合圈养时，作者把它们送回了动物园。
【核心词汇】 make it to 成功到达
round-the-clock adj. 日夜不停的，持续一整天的
hands-on adj. 亲身实践的 look back on 回顾，回首，回忆
【熟词新义】 part 常用义：n. 压力 本文义： v. 离开，分别
Passage 2 [2021 新高考卷Ⅰ，C，10 分]
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies
and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had
taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the
explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of
these resources. Millions of waterfowl （水禽） were killed at the hands of market
hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands
were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing
waterfowl habitat（栖息地）.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act（Act）, an
increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory
（迁徙的） waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all
waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a
Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. "Ding"
Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, Iowa, who at that time was appointed
by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey.
Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.

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 About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird
Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the
National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and
available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has
gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the
Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation
programs ever initiated.
1. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?( A )
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
[解析]细节理解题。 根据第一段中的"Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to
feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat
（栖息地）"可知，湿地丧失是水禽数量减少的原因之一，故 A 项正确。
2. What does the underlined word "decimate" mean in the first paragraph?( C )
A. Acquire. B. Export. C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据语境可知，画线词所在句与上文形成转折。上文讲到
了探险者抵达北美洲时，这片大陆上充满了各种各样的野生物种，整个大陆生
机勃勃。美洲土著居民明智地照顾着这些宝贵的自然资源，因此画线词所在句
应讲述这些资源受到的破坏——探险者及随之而来的殖民者只用了几十年，就
将大部分资源破坏，故画线词与 C 项的意义最为接近。acquire"获得";export"出
口";distribute"分配；散布"。
3. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?( D )
A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的 "About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar
goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund...Since 1934, better than half
a billion dollars has gone into that Fund"可知，《候鸟狩猎印花税法案》带来的一
个直接结果是政府筹到了钱，故 D 项正确。
4. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?( A )
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird
Hunting

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[解析]标题判断题。阅读文章内容可知，本文主要讲述了《候鸟狩猎印花税法
案》出台的背景、鸭票的设计和用途以及该法案的效果，故 A 项正确。
解读：本文介绍了美国政府出台《候鸟狩猎印花税法案》的背景及效果。
【核心词汇】a handful of 少数 overly adv.过度地，过于，很
initiate v.开始，创始，发起
【熟词新义】passage 常用义：n.章节，通道 本文义：n.通过
【背景知识】美国联邦鸭票（The Federal Duck Stamp）诞生于 1934 年的美国联
邦鸭票计划，这一计划是有史以来美国最成功的保护计划之一。出售美国联邦
鸭票的收入用来保护美国数百万英亩沼泽湿地中的水禽。

题组四
Passage 1 [2021 全国卷乙，C，8 分]
You've heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million
tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really
make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He
builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their
relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called "Strawpocalypse," a
pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws
collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first
appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the
biggest source （ 来 源 ） of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire
because most people don't need them to drink with and, because of their small size
and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of Von Wong's artwork
likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is
gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate （ 说 明 ） a specific
statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this
work, titled "Truckload of Plastic," Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected
more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they'd
been dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce
their plastic footprint.

第 136 页
1. What are Von Wong's artworks intended for?( C )
A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products.
C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段的最后一句"He builds massive sculptures out of
plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic
products"可知，艺术家 Von Wong 制作雕塑的目的是迫使观众重新审视他们与
一次性塑料制品的关系，即关注塑料废弃物造成的问题。
2. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?( A )
A. To show the difficulty of their recycling. B. To explain why they are useful.
C. To voice his views on modern art. D. To find a substitute for them.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段的内容，尤其是其中的"Just 9% of global plastic
waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source （ 来 源 ） of
plastic pollution...because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled" 可
知，全球仅有 9%的塑料废弃物被回收利用，而且作者特别说明了塑料吸管因为
小和轻而无法被回收利用。由此可推知，作者在第三段讨论塑料吸管的问题是
为了说明塑料吸管回收的困难。故选 A。
3. What effect would "Truckload of Plastic" have on viewers?( B )
A. Calming. B. Disturbing. C. Refreshing. D. Challenging.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段的内容可知，通过 2018 年的一件作品，Von
Wong 想要说明一项具体的数据：每 60 秒就有一卡车的塑料进入海洋。这一作
品直观展现了塑料污染的严重性，会令人不安，故选 B。disturbing"令人不安
的"。
4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?( D )
A. Artists' Opinions on Plastic Safety
B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
[解析]标题判断题。通览全文可知，作者讲述了艺术家 Von Wong 用塑料垃圾制
作雕塑以期唤起人们对环保问题的关注的事迹，因此最佳标题为 D。
解读:艺术家 Benjamin Von Wong 关注塑料污染导致的环境问题，他用回收而来
的废旧塑料制品创作雕塑作品，以期唤起人们对塑料制品的关注，提高人们对
改善环境问题的参与意识。
【核心词汇】 massive adj.巨大的，大量的 cleanup n. 清扫，扫除

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come under fire 受到严厉批评
【熟词新义】 pressure 常用义：n.压力，挤压 本文义：v.强迫，迫使

译文：为了这件名为"Truckload of Plastic"的作品，Von Wong 和一群志愿者收集

了一万多件塑料，然后这些塑料被捆到一起，看起来它们就像是一起从卡车上
倒下来的一样。
Passage 2 [2021 全国卷甲，B，8 分]
Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding （ 繁 育 ） programme, has
welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf （犀牛幼崽）. When the tiny creature
arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. And
officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black
rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity（圈养）.
Paul Beer, head of the rhino section at Port Lympne, said: "Obviously we're all
absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy,
strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum
and she is doing a fantastic job. It's still a little too cold for them to go out into the
open, but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be
out and about exploring and playing every day."
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve,
but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to
protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on
January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother,
grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has
dropped as low as 5500, giving the rhinos a "critically endangered" status.
1. Which of the following best describes the breeding programme?( D )
A. Costly. B. Controversial. C. Ambitious. D. Successful.
[ 解 析 ] 推 理 判 断 题 。 根 据 第 一 段 中 讲 到 的 "When the tiny creature arrived on
January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve"可知，新出生
的小犀牛是该保护区迎来的第 40 只黑犀牛，据此可以推断，保护区实施的繁育

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项目很成功，故 D 项正确。costly"代价大的，昂贵的"；controversial"有争议的"；
ambitious"有野心的"。
2. What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino?( C )
A. She loves staying with her mother. B. She dislikes outdoor activities.
C. She is in good condition. D. She is sensitive to heat.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段 Paul Beer 所说的话中的"She's healthy, strong and
already eager to play and explore"可知，新出生的小犀牛健康、强壮，已经盼望
去玩并且探索了，因此可知她整体状况很好，故 C 项正确。be sensitive to"对…
…敏感"。
3. What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have?( A )
A. They had their first born in January. B. They enjoyed exploring new places.
C. They lived with their grandmothers. D. They were brought to the reserve
young.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的 "When the tiny creature arrived on January
31"，第二段中的"Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum" 和第三段中的"The first
rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima"可
知，Solio 和 Kisima 的共同之处在于：二者都在一月份的时候第一次当母亲，
故 A 项正确。
4. What can be inferred about Port Lympne Reserve?( D )
A. The rhino section will be open to the public.
B. It aims to control the number of the animals.
C. It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.
D. Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段中的"The adorable female calf is the second black
rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make
good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild"可以推断，一些犀牛可
能会被送到野生保护区，故 D 项正确。
解读：Port Lympne 自然保护区的繁育项目非常成功，迎来了第 40 只小犀牛。
【词缀变形】adorable adj.可爱的，讨人喜爱的→adore v.喜爱，爱慕→adoring
adj.崇拜的，敬慕的

题组五
Passage 1 [2020 新高考卷Ⅱ，D，10 分]

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 Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and
animals. Can you believe that a single bush （灌木丛） in the Amazon may have
more species of ants than the whole of Britain! About 480 varieties of trees may be
found in just one hectare of rainforest.
Rainforests are the lungs of the planet — storing vast quantities of carbon dioxide
and producing a significant amount of the world's oxygen. Rainforests have their own
perfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall trees make a canopy （树冠
层） of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest
animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds.
Amazingly, the trees grow in such a way that their leaves and branches, although
close together, never actually touch those of another tree. Scientists think this is the
plants' way to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and make life more difficult for
leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. To survive in the forest, animals must climb, jump
or fly across the gaps. The ground floor of the forest is not all tangled leaves and
bushes, like in films, but is actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn into food
for the trees and other forest life.
They are not called rainforests for nothing! Rainforests can generate 75% of their
own rain. At least 80 inches of rain a year is normal — and in some areas there may
be as much as 430 inches of rain annually. This is real rain — your umbrella may
protect you in a shower, but it won't keep you dry if there is a full rainstorm. In just
two hours, streams can rise ten to twenty feet. The humidity （ 湿 气 ） of large
rainforests contributes to the formation of rainclouds that may travel to other
countries in need of rain.
1. What can we learn about rainforests from the first paragraph?( D )
A. They produce oxygen. B. They cover a vast area.
C. They are well managed. D. They are rich in wildlife.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段第一句"Rainforests are home to a rich variety of
medicinal plants, food, birds and animals"可知，热带雨林是各种药用植物、食物、
鸟兽的家园,即热带雨林里有丰富的野生生物，故 D 项正确。
2. Which of the following contributes most to the survival of rainforests?( B )
A. Heavy rains. B. Big trees. C. Small plants. D. Forest animals.

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[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，热带雨林自身有很好的生存系统：
高大的树木用树枝和叶子组成树冠，保护自己、较小的植物和雨林动物免受大
雨的击打和酷热。据此可知，大树的作用最大，故 B 项正确。
3. Why do the leaves and branches of different trees avoid touching each other?( C )
A. For more sunlight. B. For more growing space.
C. For self-protection. D. For the detection of insects.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段第一、二句可知，不同的树的树枝和树叶不连
接，这样可以防止任何树木疾病的传播，并使像毛虫这种以树叶为食的昆虫的
生活更加困难。据此可知，这是雨林中树的自我保护方式。
4. What can be a suitable title for the text?( A )
A. Life-Giving Rainforests B. The Law of the Jungle
C. Animals in the Amazon D. Weather in Rainforests
[解析]标题判断题。通读全文可知，文章第一句"Rainforests are home to a rich
variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals"为全文的主题句，结合下文内
容可知，本文主要介绍了热带雨林自身生存并积极影响着地球的知识：热带雨
林不仅是各种植物和动物的家园，还是地球的"肺"——雨林储存大量的二氧化
碳，并产生大量的氧气；热带雨林还能自我保护——为防止疾病和虫害，虽然
树与树的叶子和树枝距离很近，但并不相连；热带雨林的湿气也有益于一些需
要雨的国家。故 A 项最适合作本文标题。
解读：热带雨林不仅是各种植物和动物的家园，还是地球的 "肺"——雨林储存
大量的二氧化碳，并产生大量的氧气。为防止疾病和虫害，虽然树与树的叶子
和树枝距离很近，但并不相连。热带雨林的湿气也有益于一些需要雨的国家。
Passage 2 [2020 全国卷Ⅱ，C，8 分]
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your
holiday list, fur probably didn't cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion（时
装） enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria（海狸
鼠）.
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur
made into clothes in different styles. "It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur —
unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year," says
Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters ＄5 a
tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.

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 Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild.
"The ecosystem down there can't handle this non-native species （ 物 种 ） . It's
destroying the environment. It's them or us," says Michael Massimi, an expert in this
field.
The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria
collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says
it's not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it.
Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton's job these
days is trying to promote fur.
Then there's Righteous Fur and its unusual fashions. Model Paige Morgan says,
"To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing
paint on them — I think that's going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York."
Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion
that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She's trying to come up
with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
1. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?( A )
A. To promote guilt-free fur. B. To expand the fashion market.
C. To introduce a new brand. D. To celebrate a winter holiday.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句（不过一些生态学家和时装爱好者正
试图让海狸鼠毛皮市场复苏），以及第二段 Cree McCree 所说的话（除非你了
解海狸鼠每年都在破坏大片的湿地，否则毫无负罪感地谈论毛皮听起来很不理
智）可推知这两场时装秀的目的是推广海狸鼠毛皮服装，消除人们对于使用海
狸鼠毛皮制品的负罪感。故选 A。
【干扰项分析】 B 项意为"拓展时装市场"；C 项意为"介绍一个新品牌"；D 项
意为"庆祝寒假"。B、C、D 三项文章中均没有提及。
2. Why are scientists concerned about nutria?( A )
A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously. B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals. D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段中的"the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every
year"以及第四段中的"The ecosystem...It's destroying the environment"可知，因为
海狸鼠破坏湿地进而破坏了环境，所以科学家们很担心。故选 A。
3. What does the underlined word "collapsed" in paragraph 5 probably mean?( D )

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A. Boomed. B. Became mature. C. Remained stable. D. Crashed.
[ 解 析 ] 词 义 猜 测 题 。 根 据 画 线 词 前 的 "The fur trade kept nutria in check for
decades"可知，几十年来，毛皮贸易使海狸鼠（的数量）处于控制之中。根据画
线词后的"the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy"可知，海狸鼠疯狂地繁殖。
再由关键词 but 可推知，后面的情况与前面的相反。综合可推知，20 世纪 80 年
代末海狸鼠市场瘫痪了。collapse 的意思应是"崩溃"，故选 D。
4. What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?( B )
A. It's formal. B. It's risky. C. It's harmful. D. It's traditional.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段中 Morgan 说的话（给人们一个没有负罪感的
选择，他们穿着毛皮衣服，却没有人朝他们泼油漆……至少在纽约是这样的）
可推知，在纽约，穿毛皮衣服是有危险的。故选 B。
解读：本文介绍了海狸鼠破坏了生态系统，穿海狸鼠皮毛制成的衣服并不会对
环境造成威胁，而且人们也不会有负罪感。
【核心词汇】 environmentalist n.环境保护论者 showcase v.展示
ecosystem n.生态系统 multiply v.（使）繁殖，增殖
promote v.促销，推销

题组六
Passage 1 [2020 全国卷Ⅲ，B，8 分]
When "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" was first shown to the public last month, a
group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren't
there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed
in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: "Thanks
for not using real apes（猿）！"
The creative team behind "Apes" used motion-capture （动作捕捉）technology
to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that
records an actor's performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create
a final image（图像）. In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.
Yet "Apes" is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on
live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of
animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this
year. Already, a number of films, including "Water for Elephants," "The Hangover
Part Ⅱ" and "Zookeeper," have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures
acting in them haven't been treated properly.

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 In some cases, it's not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio
that has activists worried; it's the off-set training and living conditions that are raising
concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which
sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.
1. Why did the animal activists gather on Hollywood Boulevard?( D )
A. To see famous film stars. B. To oppose wearing fur coats.
C. To raise money for animal protection. D. To express thanks to some
filmmakers.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知，一个动物保护主义者举着感谢
电影制作人的牌子，故可推知 D 项切题。
2. What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?( B )
A. The cost of making "Apes." B. The creation of digitalized apes.
C. The publicity about "Apes." D. The performance of real apes.
[ 解 析 ] 段 落 大 意 题 。 根 据 第 二 段 中 的 "The creative team behind ‘Apes’ used
motion-capture（动作捕捉）technology to create digitalized animals"可以判断，本
段主要介绍了数字化猿猴的创作过程，故选 B。
3. What does the underlined phrase "keeping tabs on" in paragraph 3 probably mean?(
D)
A. Listing completely. B. Directing professionally.
C. Promoting successfully. D. Watching carefully.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据第三段中的"One nonprofit organization, which monitors
the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment"可知，该非营利性组织旨在监督
电影娱乐业对待动物的方式，所以画线短语与 monitor（监督）意义最为接近，
故 D 项"密切关注"正确。
4. What can we infer from the last paragraph about animal actors?( A )
A. They may be badly treated. B. They should take further training.
C. They could be traded illegally. D. They would lose popularity.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句可知，动物演员们接受的训练及其生
存条件令人担忧，由此可推知，动物演员们可能受到虐待。
解读：《猩球崛起》电影制作人使用了数字化的猿猴做主演，动物保护者对此
深表感激。但是在电影行业中有很多动物演员受到了不公正的对待，这需要引
起人们的关注。
【核心词汇】 digitalize v.数字化 process v.处理

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Passage 2 [2019 浙江，C，10 分]
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be
published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor （因素）.
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on
more than 46,000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was
spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains
to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big
trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline
was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who
was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing
development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California
forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources（资源）.
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with
another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a
widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from
woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest
water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that
calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they
needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil,
and the timing of snowmelt （融雪）.
Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the
state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air,
and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry
season.
1. What is the second paragraph mainly about?( A )
A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.
B. The increasing variety of California big trees.
C. The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D. The influence of farming on big trees in California.

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[解析]段落大意题。 根据文章第二段中 "The number of trees...declined by 50
percent...more than 55 percent...nearly 75 percent"提到的数字可知，该段主要描述
了加州森林中大树急剧减少的严重性，故选 A 项。
2. Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees?( D )
A. Ecological studies of forests. B. Banning woodcutting.
C. Limiting housing development. D. Fire control measures.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段中的"Aggressive wildfire control...compete with
big trees for resources（资源）"可知，声势浩大的森林防火措施虽然一定程度上
保护了森林，但同时也导致小树泛滥，与大树争抢资源，从而导致大树数量减
少，故选 D 项。
3. What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre?( C )
A. Inadequate snowmelt. B. A longer dry season.
C. A warmer climate. D. Dampness of the air.
[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"Since the 1930s, McIntyre said...have been
rising temperatures...reduces the water supply"可知，McIntyre 认为水资源短缺的
主要原因是逐渐上升的气温，故选 C 项。
4. What can be a suitable title for the text?( A )
A. California's Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D. Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
[解析]标题判断题。根据全文可知，文章主要讲述了美国加州森林中大树数量
急剧下降的现象，并分析了其原因。因此 A 项能很好地概括全文。
解读：文章主要讲述了美国加利福尼亚州的森林中大树急剧减少的现象，并分
析了其原因。

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