ksfhdacH;ajh

tla mlaIhla ^ksfhdacl$m%Odkshd& ;j mlaIhlg ^ksfhdað;& ksfhdacl fjkqfjka iy Tyqf.a md,kh hgf;a
;=kajeks mlaIhla iu. lghq;= lsr’ug n,h mjrk .súiqulska fyda k’;shlska we;s flfrk in|;djh
zksfhdacH;ajhZ fia ±lafõ'

 ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djh úYajik’h iajNdjfhlska hqla; jk w;r ;=kajeks mlaIhla wkqj

K
ksfhdacH;ajhl md¾Yj ;=kla we;s nj fmkakqï lrhs'

.L
 tkï ksfhdacl, ksfhdað; iu. ksfhdað;hd yqjudre lr .kakd jpk yd l%shdjkaj,ska ksfhdacl ne|’ug
hg;afõ'

G
 fï wkqj ksfhdacH;ajhl md¾Yj ;=kla we;s nj fmkakqï lrhs'
 tkï ksfhdacl" ksfhdað; yd ;=kajeks mlaIhhs

IN
ksfhdacl

T
;ud fjkqfjka lghq;= lsr’ug n,h mjrkakd ksfhdacl fõ'

N
U
ksfhdað;

 ;u m%Odkshd iy ;=kajk md¾Yjh w;r ffk;sl in|;d lr.ekSu i|yd m%Odkshd fjkqjg lghq;= lsÍug
O

n,h,;a ;eke;a;d ksfhdað;hd f,i ye¢kafõ'

C

 fï wkqj ksfhdað;hd ;udf.a kñka .súiqï j,g fkdt<fUk ksid Tyqg .súiqï ;sîu wjYH fkdjk nj
fmfka'
C

 fï wkqj nqkaj;a yelshdj fyda nd,jhialrefjl=g jqjo ksfhdað;hl= f,i lghq;= l< yelsh'

A

kuq;a" ksfhdacH .súiqulg t<öu i|yd m%Odkshdg iïmQ¾K .súiqï yelshdj ;sîu w;HjYH fõ'

wod, k’;sh
E

ksfhdacH;ajh bx.%’is k’;sfhka jHq;amkak ixl,amfhls'

N
LI

ksfhdacH;ajh we;sjk wdldr

 m%ldYs; .súiqula u.ska

N

 jHx. .súiqula u.ska

 kS;sh ls%hd;aulùu u.ska
O

--- wjYH;djhu; ksfhdacH;ajh

--- wkqu; lsÍu u.ska ksfhdacH;ajh

--- m%;snkaOkh u.ska ksfhdacH;ajh

1|Page
 --- újdyh yd iy-jdih u.ska ksfhdacH;ajh

m%ldYs; tl`.;djhlska ksfhdacH;ajh we;slsr’u

fun÷ tl`.;djfhlska ksfhdacl m%ldYs;ju ksfhdað;hd m;a flfrk w;r ksfhdað;hd ksfhdaclf.a
ksfhdað;hd jYfhka lghq;= lsr’ug m%ldYs;ju tl`. fõ'

K
jHx.fhka fyda meje;=fuka ksfhdacH;ajh we;slsr’u

.L
fï wdldrhg ksfhdað;fhla m;a lsr’fïo’ ksfhdað;hd m%ldYs;j m;a lr we;s njg idlaIs fkdue;' tfy;a
Woa.;j we;s ;;ajh wkqj md¾Yjlrejkaf.a jHx. meje;=u ksid ksfhdacH;ajhla ks¾udkh ù we;s nj

G
fmk’hhs'

IN
kS;sh ls%hd;aulùu u.ska

T
wjYH;djh u; ksfhdacH;ajh

 N
wjYH;djh u; ksfhdað;;ajh isÿjkafka mqoa.,fhl=g fjk;a wfhl=f.a foam,la Ndr§ we;s úg iy tu
U
foam, wdrlaId lsÍug hula lsÍu wjYH jk úgh'
 fuys§ wjYH ls%hdj lsÍu i|yd m%ldYs; n,h mejÍula fkdue;s jqjo wjYH;djh ksid n,h mejÍula
O

we;ehs mQ¾j ks.ukh flf¾'

C

wjYH;djh u; ksfhdacH;ajh ks¾udKh lsÍug fmr imqrd,sh hq;= fldkafoais(

C

 m%Odkshdf.a Wmfoia ,nd .ekSug fkdyels j ;sìh hq;=h'

A

 ksfhdacH;ajhla we;slr .ekSu i|yd i;H iy ksYaÑs; jdKsc hq;=h' wjYH;djhla ;sìh
 ksfhdað;hd úiska ish¨u md¾Yjhkaf.a hym; i|yd ioaNdjfhka ls%hdl< hq;=h'
E

Great Nothern Railway Vs Swaffield

N
LI

wk=qu; lsrSu u.skA ksfhdAPH;Ajh

N

 ksfhdað;hdg m%Odkshd fjkqfjka .súiSu i|yd wêldÍ n,h fkdue;s úg fyda th Tyqf.a wêldÍ n,h
blaujk úg m%Odkshd .súiqfuka fkdnefok kuq;a miqj ;u m%Odkshdg tu .súiqu wkqmu; lr fhdod.;
O

yelsh'
 tkuq;a m%Odkshdg miqj tu .súiqu wkqu; lr fhdod.; yelsh' fuh wkqu; lsÍu hkqfjka yeÈkafõ'
 wkqu; lsÍu u.ska ksfhdað;hdj i;H jYfhkau l,ska n,.kajd we;s f,i i,ld m%Odkshdj .súiqug
ne£ula we;s lrkq ,efí'

2|Page
my; fldkafoais iïmQ¾K l<fyd;a muKla .súsiqula wmrdkqñ l< yelsh

•ksfhdað;hd ksfhdað;fhl= jYfhka m%ldYs;j .súiqu we;s lrf.k ;sìh hq;=h'

K
•.súiqu wmrdkqñ; l< yelafla .súiqu we;slr .kakd wjia:dfõ ksfhdacl kïlr we;súg

.L
fyda ksYaph lr.; yelskï mufKls'

kvq ;’kaÿj – (Keighley Maxted & Co. v Durant [1901] AC 240

G
 tla;rd ñ,lg ;sß`.= ñ,hg .kakd f,ig ksfhdaclfhla ksfhdað;hdg n,h mejer’h' ksfhdað;hd

IN
;u n,h blaujdf.dia tajd wêl ñ,lg ,nd.;af;ah' ksfhdað;hd .súiqu we;slr.;af;a Tyqf.a kñks'
 .súiqug t<fUk wjia:dfõ ksfhdað;fhl= f,i m%ldY fkdjq ksid ksfhdað;hdf.a l%shdj

T
iïnkaOfhka ksfhdacl j.l’ug fkdnef|a'

m%;snkaOkh u.skA ksfhdacH;ajh

N
U
 hfula hï lsis ;;a;ajhla mj;’hhs ;=kajeks mlaIhlg úYajdi lsr’ug lghq;= fhdod fuh úYajdi lr
O

f;jeks md¾Yj Tyqg ydkslr wkaoug ls%hd l<fyd;a miq wjia:dfjlo’ tn÷ ;;ajhla fkdmeje;snj
m%ldY lsr’ug fkdyelsj’u m%;snkaOkhhs'
C

 ksfhdacH;aj k’;sfhao’ hï flfkla ;udf.a ksfhdað;hdhhs f,dalhdg fmkakqï l<úg f;jeks

C

mlaIhla fuu ksfhdað;hd iu. .Kqfokq l<fyd;a ksfhdaclg tu ksfhdacH;ajhm%;slafIam l<

fkdyelsh' fï wdldrfha ksfhdacH;ajhla
A
E

m%;snkaO ksfhdcHa;jhala i|yd bx.%’is wêlrK wjOdrKh lrK wjYH;d ;=kla we;
N

I. ksfhdaclf.a lshdmEulska
II. ;=kajeks mlaIh tu lshdmEu úYajdi lsr’u
LI

III. fuu lshdmEfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka f;jeks mlaIfha ;;a;ajfha fjkila we;sj’u
N

újdyh yd iy-jdih u.ska ksfhdacH;ajh

O

iajdñmqreIhd iy Nd¾hdj tlg Ôj;aj isák úg wjYH;djhka i|yd Khg .ekSug Nd¾hdjg wêldÍ
n,hla we;ehs mq¾j ks.ukh flf¾' w;HjYH jkafka wdydr" we÷ï me<÷ï" wOHdmksl" ffjoH wjYH;d
iy iylre fyda iyldßh iy orejkaf.a iudc ia:djrh wkqj w;HjYH jk oE h'

3|Page
ksfhdað;hka j¾.
• fjkafoaislrefjda

K
• foam< ksfhdað;jre
• fjf<| ksfhdað;jre

.L
• jKsla ksfhdað;jre $idOlhd
• fldñia ksfhdað;jre

G
• fnd%al¾jre

IN
• iaÓr ldrl wêldÍka
• f.ùug hg;a ksfhdað;hd

T
fjkafoaislrefjd
N
ifjkafoaislrefjda m%isoaO fjkafoaishl§ NdKav úl=Khs'fjkafoaislreg fjkafoaisfha úlsKSui|yd
NdKavj, whs;sh mejf¾' by<u ,xiq ;nkakd NdKav Ndr .ekSu m%;slafIam lrkafka kï" iïmQ¾K ñ,
U
whlr .ekSu i|yd fjkafoaislreg ;ukaf.a kñkau kvq mejßh yelsh'
O

foam, ksfhdað;jre
C

foam, ksfhdað;hd foam, iy fjk;a f.dvke.s,s úlsKSu" l=<shg §u iy l<ukdlrKh bgqlrhs'

C

fjf<| ksfhdað;jre
A

fjf<| ksfhdað;g NdKav úlsKSu fyda úlsKSfï ld¾hhka i|yd lsÍug fyda NdKav ñ,§ .ekSug fyda
NdKavj,g wem u; uqo,a ,nd .ekSug wêldÍ NdKav wkqfm%aIKh n,h ;sfí'
E

jKsla ksfhdað;/ idOlhd

N

idOlhdo úlsKSu i|yd NdKav mjrkq ,nk fjf<| ksfhdað;fhls' Tyqg fuu NdKav úlsKSu i|yd mq¿,a
LI

n,;, ;sfí' idOlfhl=g ;uka iqÿiq hhs is;k kshuhka u; Tyqf.a kñkau NdKav úlsKsh yelsh' Tyqg
wem jYfhka NdKav Tvmkh lsÍuo l< yel'
N
O

fldñia ksfhdað;jre

fudyqo fjf<| ksfhdað;jrfhls' Tyq úiska ;u m%Odkshd fjkqfjka ;ukaf.a kñkau jdis iy.;u ;;ajhka
hgf;a NdKav ñ,§ .ekSu fyda úlsKSu lrhs' fï i|yd Tyq fldñia uqo,la ,nhs'

4|Page
fn%dal¾jre

K
 fn%dal¾jrhd NdKav iy foam, ñ,§ .ekSu iy úlsKSu ms<sn| .súiqï j,§ úl=Kqïlre iy
ñ,§.kakd w;r iïnkaëlrK rella fuka ls%hd lrhs'

.L
 .kqqfokqj id¾:l kï Tyqg zfn%dal¾.dia;=Z kïjQ fldñia uqo,lg ysñlu ,efí'
 idudkHfhka fofokdf.au ksfhdað; jYfhka ls%hd lrk neúka Tyq úl=Kqïlre iy ñ,§.kakdf.ka

G
fldñia uqo,a ,nd .kshs' fn%dal¾jrfhl= yg NdKavj, ika;lh mjrkq fkd,efí'

IN
iaÓr ldrl wêldÍka

T
 fïjd wmkhk fjf<|fï§ fhdÞ.efka'

N
iemhqïlrefjl=g úfoaY .kqfokqlrefjl=f.ka wekjqula ,o úg tu wekjqu i|yd ;ukaf.a rfÜu
mqoa.,fhl=f.ka ikd: lsÍula b,a,d isáh yelsh'
U
 fuu ikd: lsÍu ,nd fokafka iaÓr ldrl wêldÍka úisks' ñ,§.kakd .súiqu wkqj lghq;= lsÍu
meyer yßkafka kï iaÓr ldrl wêldßka iemhqïlreg j.lsj hq;=h'
O
C

f.ùug hg;a ksfhdað;hd

C

 fudyq wemlrejl= fukau ksfhdað;jrfhl= jYfhka ls%hdlrk úfYaI j¾.fha ksfhdað;fhls'

 .ekqqïlrejka Tjqka ,nd.kakd NdKav i|yd f.ùï lrk njg m%Odkshd fjkqfjka we;=<;a jk .súiqï
A

j, Tyq wemlrejl= jYfhka w;sf¾l fldñia uqo,la u; j.lSu mjrd .kshs'

E

 Tjqka fkdf.jk wjia:djla jqjfyd;a Tyq Tjqka fjkqfjka f.ùu lrhs'

N
LI

ksfhdað;hl=f.a n,h (wêldßh

zksfhdað;hdf.a wêldÍ n,hZ hkqfjka o y÷kajkafka m%Odkshd fjkqfjka ls%hd lsÍug ksfhdað;hd
N

i;= wêldÍ n,hhs' kS;sfhka yÿkdf.k we;s úúO .Kfha n,hka my; mrsos fõ'
O

• i;H n,h
• m%%ldYs; n,h
• jHx. n,h
• fmkShk fyda yeÕShk n,h

5|Page
i;H n,h
m%Odkshd úiska ksfhdað;hd fj; i;HjYfhka n,h m%Odkhlr we;s wjia:d iïnkaOfhka
i;H n,h wod, fõ' th m%ldYs; n,h iy jHx. n,h hk fohdldrfhkAg iukAjs; fjs’

m%%ldYs; n,h
fuhska ksfhdacl m%ldYs;ju ksfhdacs;hdg n,h mejer’u woyia flf¾

K
jHx. n,h

.L
m%ldYs;ju ksfhdacs;hdg n,h mjrd ;snshoS m%dfhda.slj ksfhdacsl;ajhg wod< ish,qu
wkqIdx.sl lreKq m%ldYs;j i|yka l< fkdyelshs. tu ksid wkqIdx.sl lreKq ksfhdacs;hdf.a jHx.

G
n,hg wod< fjs’

IN
jHx. n,fha j¾.
I. iqmqreoq n,h

T
iqmqreoq n,h hkq idudkH fyda iqmqreoq l%uhg ksfhdacs;fhl= jsiska l%shd;aul flfrk
jHx. n,fha jra.SlrKhls
II. pdrs;%dkql+, n,h
N
U
m%dfoaYSh fj<om, fyda jHdmdr j, iqmqreoq Ndjs;djkag wkql+,j ksfhdacs;hd jsiska lghq;= lsrSu
pdrs;%dkql+, n,h fjs’
O

ANZ Bank Vs Ateliers Constructions

C
C

fmkShk fyda yeÕShk n,h

fuys§ úfYaIs; fohla lsÍug m%ldYs;j fyda jHx.j ksfhdað;hdg lsisu n,hla ,nd §
A

fkdue;' kuq;a ksfhdað;hdf.a l%shdl,dmh ;=<ska Tyqg tlS ld¾Hhka lsÍug n,h we;s njg
E

fmkS tlS hhs' ^;=kajk md¾Yjhg fmkS hhs $ yeÕS hhs')

tkï ;ukaf.a yeisÍu ;=<ska m%Odkshd iy ksfhdað;hd ksfhdað;hdg tfia l%shd lsÍug fmkS
N

hk fyda ;=kajk md¾Yjhg yeÕS hk n,hla we;s njg lghq;= lrhs'

LI

tkï" m%Odkshd iy ksfhdað;hd ;udf.a yeisÍu ;=<ska ksfhdað;hdg n,hla we;s njg
;=kajk md¾Yjhg fmkS hk mßÈ lghq;= lrhs' fï ksid fulS n,h yeÕS hk fyda fmkS
N

hk n,h f,i y÷kd .kS'

fmkS hk fyda yeÕS hk n,hg WodyrKhla f,i m%;snkaOKh uÕska we;sjk ksfhdacH;ajh
O

fmkajd Èh yel'
Panorama Developments (Guildford) Ltd v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics [1971] 2 QB 711
De Silva v Don Carolis & Sons Ltd. [1937] 39 NLR 88
Case: Lloyd v Grace Smith & Co [1912] AC 716
6|Page
 K
±kqïo’ulska f;drj ksfhdað;hd fiajfhka my lsr’u

.L
ksfhdað;hd tjeks hï ,dNhla ,nkafka m%Odkshdf.a leue;a; fkdue;sj kï"m%Odkshdg my; ±lafjk
oE lsÍug ysñ lu we;'

G
 ksfhdað;hdg Tyqf.a fldñia fyda fõ;kh f.ùu m%;slafIam lsÍu' ksfhdað; .súiqu wj,x.= lsÍu'

IN
 ksfhdað;f.ka ryiH ,dNh whlr .ekSu'
 ksfhdað;hd ±kqï §ulska f;drj mylsÍu'

T
Case law: dismissing the agent without notice

N
Boston Deep Sea Fishing and Ice Co. v Ansell [1888] 39 Ch.D. 339
U
ksfhdað;hdf.a n,h fkdmejeßh hq;=h'
O

ksfhdað;fhl=g ;ud ,o n,h fjk;a flfkl=g mejeßh fkdyels nj idudkH r’;shhs' ñka woyia lrkafka
ksfhdað;fhl=g Wmksfhdað;fhl= m;al< fkdyels njhs' tfia jqj;a ksfhdað;fhl=g n,h mejeßh yels
C

wjia:d lsysmhla we;' ta wjia:dj,o’ ksfhdað;hd ;u Wmksfhdað;hdf.a lghq;= iïnkaOfhka ksfhdaclg

C

j.lsjhq;=h' tyso’ isÿfjk jroloS ksfhdað;hdg Wmksfhdað;hd j.l’’ug hg;a yelsh ksfhdað;fhlg= ;u
n,h mejeßh yels wjia:d iuyrla kï
A

a) ksfhdacal tn÷ mejer’ulg wkuqe;sh ÿkaúg

E

b) ksfhdacal ksfhdað;hdf.a n,h mejerï .ek ±k ta .ek úreoaO fkdùu

N

c) mejerE n,h ksfhdacl wmrdk;ñ; l< úg

LI

d) yÈis ;;a;jfhlo’ n,h mejerï wjYH jk úg

N

e) jD;a;sfha fyda /lshdfõ imqrqeÿ mßphka jk úg

O

f) n, mejr’u fm!oa.,sl olaI;djla fyda úYajdihla wjYH fkdfjk yqÿ

idïm%odhsl lghq;a;la jkúg

md¾Yjlrejkaf.a l%shdjlska

7|Page
md¾Yj lrejkaf.a l%shdjlska my; olajk l%uj,ska iudma; l< yelsh

w& md¾Yjlrejka w;r wfkHdakH tl`.;djfhlska fyda

wd& ksfhdað;hd .súiqu iïmQ¾Kfhkau bgq lsr’fuka fyda

we& ksfhdacl ksfhdað;hdf.a n,h wfydais lsr’fuka fyda lghq;a;la

wE& ksfhdað;hd úiska hq;=lï meyer yer’u fidhd .;aúg ksfhdacl

K
ksfhdað;hd fiajfhka mylsr’u

.L
jH¾:j’u .súiqï k’;sfha mj;sk jdohls' wkfmalaIs; lreKla u; .súiqu bgq fkdl< yelsj’u ksid .súiqula
bj;a lsr’u fyda .súiqug t<U’u i|yd md¾Yjlrejkaf.a m%Odk mrud¾:h uq¨uKskau fjkiaj’u jH¾:j’u
f,i ±lafõ'

G
IN
m%Odkshdf.a hq;=lï yd whs;sjdislï
;u ksfhdað;hd fj; m%Odkshd i;= m%Odk hq;=lï my; mßÈ fõ'

T
(i) ksfhdað;hdg Tyqf.a jegqma fyda fldñia uqo,a ,nd oSu'

N
(ii) ksfhdað;hd ;udf.a n,h l%shd;aul lsÍfïoS isÿlrkq ks;Hdkql+, l%shdjka iy ta ;=, isÿjk j.lsï
j,ska Tyqj ksoyia lsÍu
U
kvq ;skaÿj( ksfhdað;hd ksoyia lsÍu
O

ksõfhdAla iy ,smfmda,a lmq fj<`o fmdf<aoS iufmaIalrK .Kqfokqj, isáfhah'

C

;ud fjkqfjka fulS iufmalaIK .Kqfokq lsÍu i`oyd ;ereõlrefjl= m;a lf<ah' bkamiqj fj<ofmdf,a
lmqj, ñ, my; jeàu ksid C ;ereõlreg n,j;a f,i Kh úh' bkamiqj C fjkqfjka ;ud ñ,oS .;a
C

lmq mdvqjg úl=Kd oeuq ;ereõlre Tyqg ysñ mßÈ .sKqï jid oeuqfõ'
A

fuu .súiqï i`oyd ;ereõlre mqoa.,slj j.lSj hq;= jq neúka fuu lmq .Kqfokqfjka ;ereõlreg mdvq isÿ
E

úh' ;SrKh ;ereõlre úiska ,enq mdvqj mshjd .eksug Tyqg whs;shla we;s njg ;srKh úh'
N

 ;ereõlref.a j.lsï j,ska ksoyia ùug we;s whs;sh my; ioyka wjia:dj,oS wysñfõ'

• Tyq n,h blaujd lghq;= l, we;s úgl fyda

LI

•Tyq fkdie,ls,su;a whqßka lghq;= lr we;súg

N
O

NdKav iïnkaOfhka ksfhdað;hd i;= ,shul whs;sh'

 m%Odkshd úiska ksfhdað;hdg f.úh hq;= uqo, f.jk ;=re ksfhdað;hdf.a nqla;sfha we;s m%Odkshd i;=
NdKav iïnkaOfhka whs;shla ^,shul whs;sh& l%shd;aul lsÍug ksfhdað;hdg yel'
 ,shul whs;sh fyj;a lem whs;sh hkq fjk;a mqoa.,fhl=g wh;a foam< tlS mqoa.,hd i;= Kh
f.jk ;=re ika;lfha we;s mqoa.,hdg ;nd .ekSug we;s whs;shhs
8|Page
 K
.L
ksfhdacH;ajh wjika ùu
ksfhdacH;ajhla wjika l< yels jkafka"

G
 md¾Yjhkaf.a ls%hdjlska'


IN
kS;sh ls%hd;aulùu u.ska'

md¾Yjhkaf.a ls%hdjlska

T
md¾Yjhkaf.a ls%hdjlska my; wdldrhg ksfhdað; m%Odk in|;dj wjika l< yel'

(i) md¾Yjhka w;r wkfHdkH tlÕ;djh u.ska'

N
U
(ii) ksfhdað; .súiqu iïmQ¾Kfhka bgqlsÍu u.ska'
O
C

ksfhdacH;aj .súiqul úIh jia;=j wkS;sl fyda jH¾: ù we;akï'kvq ;Skaÿ i;=rka w;rjQ ksfhdacH;ajhzXZ
tlai;a rdcOdksfha c¾uka iud.ul fldñia moku u; hka;% úlsKSu i|ydjQ tlu ksfhdað;hd úh' bka
C

wk;=rej c¾uksh iy tlai;a rdcOdksh w;r hqoaOh wdrïN úh'

A

;Skaÿj( hqoaOh ksid m%Odkshd i;=frla fõ' i;=rka w;r ksfhdacH;aj in|;djlg wjir fkdue;s neúka
ksfhdacH;ajh wjika flßks iagSjka iy mq;%fhda tossrsj welaÜ *¾ld¾gkcka bkaiavg i%S
E
N

.súiqï iïnkaOfhka ksfhdað;fhl=f.a j.l’u

LI

.súiqïj,g ksfhdað;hd j.l’ug nef|k jH;sf¾L wjia:d mj;’'

N

kï l, m%Odkshd fjkqfjka ksfhdað;hd .súiqï .; jk wjia:dj

O

 idudkHfhka ksfhdað;hd ;u m%Odkshd iy ;=kajk md¾Yjh w;r j,x.= .súiqï ks¾udKh lsßug
ueÈy;ajkafkla muKla ksid tlS .súiqï j,g ksfhdað;hd mqoa.,slj j.lsj hq;=fkdfõ'
 ta wkqj" .súiqï .;jk wjia:dfõoS ;ud kïl, ksfhdað;fhl= nj ;=kajk md¾Yjhg okajd we;s úg
tlS .súiqï i`oyd jk ffk;sl j.lSu m%Odkshd iy ;=kajk md¾Yjh Ndr .;hq;=h'

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m%Odkshd .súiqï iïnkaOj mqoa.,slj j.lsj hq;= wjia:d

flfia fj;;a fuu ß;shg jHd;sf¾l we;s w;r ksfhdað;hd tls .súiqï i`oyd fm!oa.,slj j.lsj hq;=
wjia:d ;sìh yelsh'

ksfhdað;hd .súiqï iïnkaOfhka fm!oa.,slj j.lsug hg;a jk wjia:d my;ska oelafõ'

K
.L
G
;ud ksfhdað;fhl= f,i .súiqï .;jk nj ;=kajk md¾Yjhg okajd fkdue;s úg

IN
•kvq;skaÿj( fkdmj;akd m%Odksfhl= fjkqfjka .súiqï .;jk úg ksfhdað;hd .súiqug we;=,;a jk wjia:dj
jk úg ksfhdað; iud.u ^m%Odkshd& fkdmj;akd neúka m%j¾Olhka fm!oa.,slj j.lsj hq;= njg ;srKh
úh'

T
•ksfhdað;fhl= nj meyeÈ,sj fkdolajd úksuh ì,am;l ksfhdað;hdf.a ku we;s úgl

N
•.súiqfï iajNdjh iy wod, wjia:dkq l+, lreKq wkqj ksfhdað;hd j.lsj hq;= nj fmkS hk úg
U
•ksfhdað;fhl= f,i .súiqï .; jqj;a i;H jYfhkau ksfhdað;hd m%Odkshd jk úg
O

•ksfhdað;fhl= f,i lghq;= l,;a i;H jYfhkau tjeks .súiqï j,g t<öug n,hla fkdue;s úg

•ksfhdað;hd j.lsj hq;= njg úfYaI fj<`oduloS pdß;%hla we;s úg

C

•;udf.a kñkau Tmamqjla w;aika lrk úg

C
A

ksfhdað;hd kï fkdl< ksfhdaclfhl= i|yd .súi .ek’u

E

fuysoS ksfhdað;hd m%ldYs;j ksfhdað;fhl= f,i .súiqï .; ù we;s ksid tlS .súiqï iïnkaOfhka Tyq
mqoa.,sl j.lsj hq;= ke;' flfiajqj;a" ;ud ksfhdað;fhl= f,i .súiqï .; jk nj okajd fkdue;s úgloSTyq
N

mqoa.,sl j.lSug nefoa' kuq;a tjeks wjia:d j,oS m%Odkshdg fyda ksfhdað;hdg fyda kvq oeóug fyda j.lSug
LI

hg;a lsÍug ;=kajk md¾Yjhg wjia:dj fõ'

fy<sfkdl, m%Odkshd fjkqfjka ksfhdað;hd .súiqï .; jk úg

N

fujka wjia:d j,oS m%Odkshdf.a kduh fyda m%Odksfhl= isák nj ksfhdað;hd úiska fy<s fkdlrhs' tfia
O

fkdue;skï ksfhdað;hd ;ud m%Odkshd f,ig .súiqï .; ù we;' tjeks wjia:dj,oS fohdldrhlska isÿùï
isÿ ù we;'

I.fy<s fkdl< m%Odkshdg miq wjia:djloS ;ud m%Odkshd nj mjid ;=kajk md¾Yjh iu`. .súiqu
n,d;aul l, yelsh' fuu ß;sh fy<s fkdl, m%Odkshd iïnkaO Í;sh f,i yeÈkafõ' fujka wjia:djloS
.súiqfï j.lsï m%Odkshd Ndr.kakd w;r ;jÿrg;a ksfhdað;hd j.lsug hg;a l, fkdyel'
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II. m%Odkshdj fidhd .;a miq m%Odkshdg fyda ksfhdað;hdg hk tla md¾Yjhla j.lsug hg;a lsßug fyda kvq
oeóug ;=kajk md¾Yjhg jrKhla we;' ;=kajk md¾Yjh úiska tla jrKhla ;srKh l, miqj th fjkia
fldg wfkla mqoa.,hdg kvq oeóug yelshdjla ke;'

K
.L
G
rch j.lsj hq;= jk ksfhdað;hl=f.a ls%hd

IN
,sÅ; kS;shlska ksfhdað;fhl=g ld¾hhka mjrd we;s úg tu ksfhdað;hd úiska tu ld¾hhka bgqlrk úgoS
È,sla;hla lsÍu' rcfha wêldr n,h we;sj m%;HlaIKhla" fjf<| ,l=Kla Kl yda m%ldYk whs;Ska

T
W,a,x>Kh lsÍu'

rch j.lsj hq;= fkdjk ksfhdað;hl=f.a ls%hd

N
U
 my; i|yka foa iïnkaOfhka hus l%shdjla fyda W!k;djhla isÿlrk úg'
O

wêlrK fyda wêlrK iajNdjfha" wêlrK mámdáhla l%shd;aul lsÍfï§" rcH fldñIka iNdjl§"
;eme,a NdKavhla inïkaOj ksfhdað;fhhl=f.a l%shdjla fyda meyeryeÍula yd rdcldßfha fh§ isák
C

úg ikakoaO yuqod idudðlfhl=f.a l%shdjla fyda meyeryeÍula iïnkaOh hï l%shdjla fyda

W!k;djhla isÿlrkúg'
C

 ;eme,a NdKavhla inïkaOj ksfhdað;fhhl=f.a l%shdjla fyda meyeryeÍula

A

 rdcldßfha fh§ isák úg ikakoaO yuqod idudðlfhl=f.a l%shdjla fyda meyeryeÍula iïnkaO hh
hï lhdjla fydaW!k;djhla isÿlrkúg'
E
N
LI
N
O

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