ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Accredited with A+Grade by NAAC

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CAT 4 Answer Key

PART-A

1. What are the different types of IoT tools and devices?

Different types of IoT tools and devices include sensors (e.g., temperature, humidity,
motion), actuators (e.g., motors, relays), communication modules (e.g., Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth), microcontrollers (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi), and IoT platforms (e.g.,
AWS IoT, Microsoft Azure IoT).

2. Draw the architecture of Raspberry Pi

3. Define Arduino.
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. It consists of a microcontroller that can be programmed to sense and
control objects in the physical world. It's commonly used by hobbyists and
professionals to create interactive projects.
4. Define Raspberry Pi.
Raspberry Pi is a small, affordable computer that can be used for learning
programming through fun, practical projects. It can do everything a desktop
computer can, such as browsing the internet, playing games, and office work.
Raspberry Pi is also widely used in IoT projects due to its low cost, small size, and
GPIO pins for interfacing with external devices.
 PART-B

5. Explain the Concept of Arduino Architecture in detail.

The architecture of Arduino, an open-source electronics platform, is designed around

an easy-to-use hardware and software ecosystem. It is primarily based on
microcontroller boards where the microcontrollers can be programmed using the
Arduino programming language (based on Wiring) and the Arduino development
environment (based on Processing). Arduino boards are widely used for digital
devices that can interact with the environment through sensors, controls, and other
devices. Here's a detailed breakdown of the Arduino architecture:
1. Microcontroller: The heart of the Arduino board is an AVR microcontroller from
Atmel, such as the ATmega328, ATmega2560, or ATmega32u4, depending on the
version of the Arduino board. This microcontroller is responsible for executing the
uploaded code and controlling the board's operations.
2. Digital I/O Pins: Arduino boards come with a set of digital input/output (I/O) pins.
These pins can be configured as either inputs or outputs, allowing the
microcontroller to interact with a wide range of external devices like LEDs, motors,
and sensors. Some of these pins can offer PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output,
useful for controlling devices like servo motors or adjusting LED brightness.
3. Analog Input Pins: In addition to digital I/O pins, Arduino boards also include
several analog input pins. These are used to read analog signals from sensors (like
temperature or light sensors) and convert them into digital values that can be
processed by the microcontroller.
4. USB Interface: Arduino boards typically feature a USB interface, which is used for
programming the board from a computer and can also be used for serial
communication between the microcontroller and the computer or other USB devices.
5. Power Supply: Arduino can be powered via the USB connection or through an
external power source like a battery or an AC-to-DC adapter. The board includes a
voltage regulator to ensure that the microcontroller and other components receive a
stable voltage.
6. Reset Button: A reset button on the board allows the microcontroller to be manually
reset without disconnecting the power.
7. Oscillator: An oscillator provides a clock signal to the microcontroller, dictating the
pace at which it executes instructions. The typical frequency for the oscillator is 16
MHz, but it can vary depending on the specific type of Arduino board.
8. Memory: The microcontroller on the Arduino board contains three types of memory:
o Flash Memory: Used for storing the Arduino sketch (program).
o SRAM (Static Random-Access Memory): Used for storing variables used by
the sketch while it's running.
 o EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory): Used
for storing data that must be preserved between resets or power cycles.
9. Programming Environment: The Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) is used to write, compile, and upload programs (known as sketches) to
the Arduino board. It simplifies the process of programming in C/C++, making it
accessible to beginners and professionals alike.
10. Serial Communication: Arduino supports serial communication via UART, allowing it
to communicate with other microcontrollers, computers, or other devices that
support serial communication.
11. Voltage Regulator: The voltage regulator maintains a constant operating voltage for
the microcontroller and other components on the board, despite fluctuations in the
power supply.
This architecture, combining simplicity with flexibility, has made Arduino a
cornerstone in the maker community, educational fields, and professional
prototyping projects, enabling a wide range of digital and interactive devices.