Hang My Phung

Mechanical Process
1.
1.1. Reynolds number
 2300 : laminar flow
v d vd 
Re = = 2300  10 : transitional flow
4

 104 : turbulent flow



(m −1 −1
s )
or Pa.s : 1P = 100cP = 0,1Pa.s ; (m s ) =
2
: 1St = 10−4 m 2 s

Velocity of the flow v =

Q
S
( ) ( )
m / s , where Q m 3 s is flowrate and S m 2 is area. ( )
1.2. Head of Pump

H (m ) =
p (v ) +
2

z+
g
+
2g
h + h
f

1.3. Head loss due to friction

 Friction coefficient in Smooth pipe = ARem

64
o For laminar flow =
Re

o For transitional & turbulent flow

0, 3164
Re > (2103 ÷ 105) =
Re0,25

1
Re = (2103 ÷ 3,26106) =
(1, 8 lg Re− 1, 5)
2

0,221
Re = (105 ÷ 3106) = 0, 0032 +
Re0,227
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v2
 Head loss due to friction hfriction = .
d 2g
m ( )
(m ) is the length of the pipe

1.4. Head loss due to local

A
 Local resistance coefficient for each loss (90o elbow, valve,…) = o
+
Re

  = elbow
+ valve
+ ...

Trở lực cục bộ A ξ0 Trở lực cục bộ A ξ0

Khuỷu cong 130 0.2 Van lá chắn với độ mở

“T” 150 0.3 75 0.15

1.0
Góc vuông 400 1.4 350 0.2

Klapê cầu 5000 45 0.75 1300 2

Vòi côn 150 0.4 3000 20

0.50

0.25

Khóa van 3500 4 Màng chắn với tỉ lệ lỗ

0.64

0.40

0.16

0.05

v2
 Head loss due to local hlocal =
2g
m( )
1.5. Required power for pump

HQ HQ HQ
N =
1000
(
g kW = ) ( )
g W =
750
( )
g hp

pvac v2  
1.6. Suction head ( )
zh m =
g
− 1 +
2g  d
+ 

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2.

Re
 Settling velocity by gravity v=
d

 Archimedes number Ar =
d 3g ( p
− )
2

2
Ar
 Particles diameter d =
( )
3
g p
−

Re3 v3 2
 Lyachenko number Ly = =
Ar g p− ( )
vd
 Reynolds number Re =

Ar < 3,6 Re =
Ar
Re < 0,2 Stockes settling v =
d 2g ( p
− )
18 18

1 Alen settling
3,6 < Ar < 84 000  Ar 1,4 0,2 < Re < 500
Re =  d 1,14

( )
0,71
v = 0,152 g −
 13, 9  0,43
 0,28  p

Newton – Rittinger settling

1
 Ar 
( )
2
Ar > 84 000 Re =   500 < Re < 150 000 dg −
p
 0, 33  v = 1, 74

Settling dimension

vd
v
 H  L
vd
v
H Vs
 Settling area A =
A v
W
VS – Settling capacity of the equipment
L

18 18 VS
 Stockes settling d = v = 
( p
− )g ( p
− )g A
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3.
3.1. Material balance

DR : dried residue

mm = mDR + m f = mWR + mFW 
 WR : wet residue
Vm = VDR + Vf = VWR + VFW FW : filtrate water


 Filtrate velocity ( )
J m s =
VFW
tSm

mDR mparticles
 Feed suspension concentration Cp = =
mm mm

 Residue humidity (water content of residue / moisture content)

mDR 1
=1− =1−
mWR m

mWR 1
 The ratio between WR & DR m= =
mDR 1−

mDR VWR Cp  1 m − 1 
 Xm = XV = = FW
 + 
VFW VFW 1 − mC p  p FW 


 1  Cp XV
( )
Vm = VFW XV + 1 = VWR  1 +
 
XV 
Xm = FW

1 − mC p
=
1 m −1
 +
p FW

3.2. Residue parameters

XVVFW
 Residue thickness h=
Sm

 Total area membrane of filter having n frames

Sm (m2) = 2na2

a (m) – size of a square–plate

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 Mass of dried residue mDR =
XmVFM
Sm
(kg m )
2

VFW VFW
 Resistance of residue Rr = Ro XV = Rm Xm
Sm Sm

Ro (1/m2) – specific resistance of the residue according to residue volume

Rm (kg/m2) – specific resistance of the residue according to residue mass

3.3. Filtration equation

P = const q 2 + 2Cq = K  (s)

 Specific filtration volume q=

VFW
Sm
(m 3
m2 )

 Filtration constant depends on filter medium C =

RV
Ro XV
(m 3
m2 )

RV – resistance filter medium

 Filtration constant depends on the residue K =

2 P
Ro XV
m2 s ( )

4.
4.1. Classification

 High speed impeller paddle impeller

 Low speed impeller

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4.2. Calculate required power

ndk2
 Reynolds number Re = n (rpm)

High speed : K N = C  ReC−m


 The capacity number Low speed : K = C
 N
ReC


D H
 When =
dk dk
=3 Power N = KN   n 3  dk5 W ( )
N
 Motor power (required power) N d = Kd 

Choose 1 1  Kd  1 4 and 0 6  0 7

Bảng giá trị C và m của cánh khuấy trong công thức

Đặc tính hình học

Dạng cánh khuấy C m Ghi chú
H/dK D/dK hK2/dK

Mái chèo 2 2 0.36 110.0 1.0 Re < 20

14.36 0.31 Re = 100 – 500

Mái chèo 3 3 0.33 6.8 0.2

Mái chèo nghiêng 45º 3 3 0.33 4.05 0.2

Bản 4 cánh 3 3 0.33 8.52 0.2

Bản 4 cánh nghiêng lên 45º 3 3 0.33 5.05 0.2

Bản 4 cánh nghiêng lên 60º 3 3 0.33 6.30 0.18

Mỏ neo 2 cánh 1.11 1.11 0.11 6.20 0.25

Mỏ neo 4 cánh tròn 1.11 1.11 0.11 6.0 0.25

Cánh bướm 2 cánh nghiêng 22.5º 3 3 0.33 0.985 0.15

Cánh bướm 3 bánh 3.5 3.8 1 230 1.57 Re < 30

4.63 0.35 Re < 3000

1.19 0.15 Re > 3000

Tua bin 2 cánh với lỗ vào 37mm 3 3 0.33 3.90 0.2

Tua bin 6 cánh 1.75 2.4 0.25 5.98 0.15

Chú thích: H: Chiều cao mực chất lỏng trong thiết bị

hK2: Khoảng cách từ cánh khuấy đến đáy thiết bị
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5.
5.1. Critical velocity

Is the minimum velocity of the flow which make the fluidization for the
system  vworking  vc

 Archimedes number Ar =
d 3g ( p
− )
2

( )
d m – the equivalent diameter of the particle system

p
, (kg m ) – the density of the particles and porous
3

 kg 
 Pa.s or  – the dynamic viscosity of the porous
 m.s 
Ar
 Critical Reynolds number ReC =
1− 1, 75
150  3 o + 3
 Ar
o o

Porosity of the particle system at the initial time o

 0, 4

Ar
ReC =
1400 + 5,22 Ar

Ar
Working Reynolds number Re =
1− 1, 75
150  3
+ 3
 Ar

– porosity of the particle system at the working velocity

ReC Re
 Critical velocity vC = Working velocity v=
d d

d d
If v = a  vC Re = v = a  vC = a ReC a = constant

mparticle system
 Initial height of particle system ho =
S

Q
Area of equipment S =
v
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5.2. Fluidization bed properties

v
 Fluidization coefficient KV =
vC

0,21
 18 Re+ 0, 36 Re2 
 Fluidization porosity =1− bulk
= 
solid  Ar 

1−
 Fluidization height h = ho o

1−

5.3. Transportation velocity

Is the minimum velocity to transport particles  v  vt

Ar vtd
 Transportation Reynolds number Ret = =
18 + 0, 61 Ar
Ret
 Transportation velocity vt =
d
3,3
 v − vt  dm0,7
 Transportation coefficient K = 0, 0413    
 v ho1,4
 t 
( )
dm m – the equivalent diameter of the large particles

5.4. Separate chamber

 The minimum height of separate chamber

hp = hmin = 1,2  103  h  Re1,55  Ar −1,1

 The height of the working fluidization equipment H = h + hp

vp
 Area of the chamber Sp = Kp
veq

 
K p  1,1 ; 1,2 – the velocity decrease coefficient

( )
v p m / s – the velocity of the particles in the separate chamber

( )
vep m / s – the equivalent velocity of small particles
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6.

14/20 or – 14 + 20 means through 14 mesh & on 20 mesh.

6.1. Equivalent diameter of the particle

1
 Specific surface (volume – surface) mean diameter D= n


i =1 Di
i

n
 Mass mean diameter D= 
i =1 Di
i

D
i =1
2
i

 Arithmetic mean diameter D= n

i

D
i =1
3
i

6.2. Material balance over screen

a b a

b over flow

under flow Nhaäp lieäu over flow under flow

F D B xF, xD, xB a

F D B

 Overall balance F =D +B
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 a – related balance Fx F = Dx D + Bx B

D xF − xB B xD − xF
 Relation F, D, B = =
F xD − xB F xD − xB

6.3. Screen efficiency

Dx D
 Over flow efficiency Ea =
Fx F

 Under flow efficiency Eb =

(
B 1 − xB )
F (1 − x )
F

 Overall efficiency E = Ea Eb =
(
xD xD − xF )(x − x )(1 − x )
F B B

(1 − x )(x − x )
2
xF F D B

7.

7.1. Power required in grinding grainy materials

Von Rittinger 1 C R = 0, 5  C B  dBL

0,5
1 
WR = C R  − 
d
d  0, 05mm  h Dh  Bond range  dBL = 0, 05mm

N K
Bond  1 = B
1  G Dh
WB = C B  −
 d Dh 
0, 05mm  d  50mm  h
KB = 18, 97 Wi

−0,5
Kick C K = 1,151  C B  dBU
(
Wk = C K ln Dh − ln dh )
d  50mm Bond range  dBU = 50mm

(
W kJ kg – Work) dh , Dh – size of ground and source

N kW( ) – power
C – coefficient
( )
G ton / h – productivity of feed

7.2. Ball mill Grinding

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 1 1 
 Specific energy consumption E = 10Wi 
 P
−
F 
(
kWh ton ground )
 80 80 

( )
F80 microns – 80% passing size in the Fresh ore feed stream

P80 (microns ) – 80% passing size in the Final ground product

(
Wi kWh ton ) – Bond’s work index, indicative of the hardness of the ore

(required energy to grind 1 ton material).

N  1 1 
 = 18, 97 Wi  −
G  d Dh 
 h

N 4  1 1 
 For dry grinding =  18, 97 Wi  −
G 3  d Dh 
 h
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Khối lượng riêng của nước ở một số nhiệt độ khác nhau (g/cm3)

t, ℃ d t, ℃ d

15 0.99913 21 0.99802

16 0.99897 22 0.99780
17 0.99880 23 0.99756
18 0.99862 24 0.99732

19 0.99843 25 0.99707
20 0.99823

Độ nhớt động lực của nước

t, ℃ µ, cP t, ℃ µ, cP t,℃ µ, cP t, ℃ µ, cP t, ℃ µ, cP

1 1.731 21 0.9810 41 0.6439 61 0.4618 81 0.3521

2 1.673 22 0.9579 42 0.6321 62 0.4550 82 0.3478

3 1.619 23 0.9358 43 0.6207 63 0.4483 83 0.3436

4 1.567 24 0.9142 44 0.6097 64 0.4418 84 0.3395

5 1.519 25 0.8997 45 0.5988 65 0.4355 85 0.3355

6 1.473 26 0.8737 46 0.5883 66 0.4293 86 0.3315

7 1.428 27 0.8545 47 0.5782 67 0.4233 87 0.3276

8 1.356 28 0.8360 48 0.5683 68 0.4174 88 0.3239

9 1.346 29 0.8160 49 0.5588 69 0.4117 89 0.3202

10 1.299 30 0.8007 50 0.5494 70 0.4061 90 0.3165

11 1.271 31 0.7840 51 0.5404 71 0.4006 91 0.3130

12 1.236 32 0.7679 52 0.5315 72 0.3952 92 0.3095

13 1.202 33 0.7523 53 0.5229 73 0.3900 93 0.3060
14 1.171 34 0.7371 54 0.5146 74 0.3849 94 0.3027

15 1.140 35 0.7225 55 0.5054 75 0.3799 95 0.2994

16 1.111 36 0.7085 56 0.4955 76 0.3750 96 0.2962

17 1.092 37 0.6947 57 0.4907 77 0.3702 97 0.2930

18 1.055 38 0.6814 58 0.4832 78 0.3655 98 0.2899

19 1.030 39 0.6685 59 0.4759 79 0.3610 99 0.2868

20 1.005 40 0.6560 60 0.4688 80 0.3565 100 0.2838
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