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LESSON SUMMARY
Writing Lesson 2. LINE GRAPH

Materials

Clause vs sentence.

Clause vs sentence

A clause is made up of a subject, a verb phrase and, sometimes, a complement/ an object.

E.g. I drink water.
A sentence must contain at least one main clause. It can contain more than one clause.
E.g. I looked at her and she smiled at me. (two main clauses connected by and)

Independent vs Dependent clause

Independent vs Dependent Clause

An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses
a complete thought.

E.g. From 1999 to 2004, the immigration rose by nearly 150,000 people.

A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not
express a complete thought. Dependent clauses need to join with an independent clause to
be correct.

E.g. Before the population of Japan peaks at about 420,000 people in 2008, [An
independent clause].

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Simple, compound, complex sentence

Sentence Type Structure Example

Simple sentence In dependent clause Canada experienced the

fastest growth in Internet
usage.

Compound sentence Independent clause, The figure for net migration

COORDINATING CONJUNCTION was around 160,000, and it
+ Independent clause remained at a similar level
until 2003.

Complex sentence - Independent clause, In 2007, the UK’s export

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION
+ Dependent clause.
- SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTION + Dependent
clause, independent clause.
NOTE: Independent clauses
often go with subordinating
conjunctions or relative clauses
index fell suddenly, while
the import index increased
rapidly.
= In 2007, while immigration
peaked at about 420,000
people, emigration fell
suddenly.
NOTE: Use comma before
and after independent
clauses

Compound sentence: Coordinating conjunctions

- Liên từ kết hợp bao gồm 7 liên từ FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So. Tuy nhiên trong
Writing Task 1 và đặc biệt là dạng bài Line graph, 2 liên từ kết hợp thường được dùng phổ
biến nhất là And, But.

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Coordinating conjunctions Usage Example

And Add information In 1990, the oil production

was 8 million oil barrels, and it
increased to 20 million in
2010.

But Introduce an opposing idea The figure decreased in the

first decade, but it recovered
and rose sharply in the next 5
years.

Subordinating conjunction: While

We use ‘While’ to connect a dependent clause and an independent clause in complex

sentences. Remember to use comma (,) before and after a dependent clause.

e.g. In 2007, the UK’s export index fell suddenly, while the import index increased rapidly.

= In 2007, while the UK’s import index increased rapidly, the export index fell suddenly.

Relative pronouns: Who, Which

Relative pronouns Functions Examples

The line graph shows the proportions

of English men and women of
Who people
different ages who were living alone
in 2011.

The figure of car production in the

Which Things, animals, ideas
UK, which was 20 million cars in

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1990, increased rapidly to 50 million

cars in 2010.

Strategy

Overview

Needed information:

- Trend. (increase/decrease)

- Useful structures (highest/lowest)

Useful structures:

- Overall/ In general/ Generally

- It can be seen that/ It is noticeable. that

Notes:

Don’t report data or state your opinion in overview

Body

Body paragraphs could be divided based on the type of line graph

- Type 1 (Less than 4 lines): Should be divided by period of time

+ Beginning – Mid point: Report data + Trend/ Comparison

e.g. In 2000, the car production in Germany was 15 million cars which increased to 25 million
in 2005

+ Mid point - End: Report data + Trend/ Comparison

- Type 2: (4 lines and more): Should be divided by category

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(group lines which have the same trend: upward, downward)

Body: Needed information

- Starting point & Ending point:

e.g. The figure for Rates revenue started at around 1,400 million dollars in 2012.
- Highest/ Lowest point:
e.g. The figure for Borrowings reached its highest point of nearly 1,400 million dollars.
- Intersection points:
e.g. The figure for grants and subsidies overpassed that for Borrowings.

Body: Useful structure

1. S started at + số liệu + in + năm đầu, but it + V-ed + to/by + số lượng + in + năm

cuối
e.g. The number of employees in company A started at 25 in 2000, but it increased
significantly to 40 in 2010.
2. S + stood at + số liệu + in + năm đầu. This figure, which + had V-ed + by năm giữa,
V-ed + năm cuối
e.g. The number of employees in company A stood at 25 in 2000. This figure, which had
increased significantly to 40 by 2005, declined by five workers in 2010.

VOCABULARY BOX

English CEFR Level Phonetics Meanings

Commuter (n) B1 /kəˈmjuːtər/ Người tham gia giao thông

Index (n) B2 /ˈɪndeks/ Chỉ số

Emission (n) B2 /ɪˈmɪʃn/ Khí thải

Consumption (n) B2 /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ Sự tiêu thụ

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Revenue (n) B2 /ˈrevənuː/ Doanh thu

Overpass (v) C2 /ˈəʊvərpæs/ Vượt qua

Tourist attraction (n) B1 /ˈtʊərɪst əˈtrækʃn/ Địa điểm du lịch

Waste output (n) B1 / weɪst ˈaʊtpʊt/ Lượng chất thải

Dairy products (n) B2 /ˈdeəri ˈprɒdʌkts/ Sản phẩm bơ sữa

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