NAME: GHULAM MURTAZA

F/NAME: MUMTAZ ALI

ROLL NO: EH2160025

MAJOR DEPARTMENT : G. HISTORY

DEPARTMENT: History Of South Asia

CLASS: BA(HONS) 6th SEMESTER

COURSE NO: H-532

ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: HUMAYUN UNDER THE CAMMOND 500

SUBMITTED TO: SIR MUKHTAIR AHMED

CONTENTS:

I. Introduction
II. Historical back ground
III. Explanation
IV. Analysis
V. Conclusions
VI. References

INTRODUCTION :

Humanyun was born on March 17, 1508, in Kabul. Humanyun was born during a period when
his father, namely Babur, was trying to expand his kingdom. Humayun is the second Mughal
emperor. Humanyun ruled the North from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. Humanyun
is the great-grandfather of Shah Jahan. Shah Jahan is known to be the builder of the Taj
Mahal. Humanyun was heir to a new and unstable empire. Humanyun reconstituted his father’s
empire after spending fifteen years fighting battles. Humanyun left a huge empire that he read,
from Afghanistan to Bengal. Babur was the founder of the Mughal sultanate and he had many
children among them Humayun and Kamran Mirza were very much famous. Humayun was the
second emperor of the Mughal sultanate after his father and he came to power at the age of
twenty two. Kamran Mirza was the half brother of Humayun and traditionally portrayed as a
traitorous prince. Humayun Tomb is the first golden tomb within the Indian subcontinent. It
signifies the architectural innovation in the Mughal phase.
HISTORICAL BACK GROUND:

Humayun was the second ruler of the Mughal Empire, succeeding his father Babur. He
ascended the throne in 1530 and faced challenges from various regional rulers. His reign was
marked by political instability and military struggles. Humayun lost and regained the throne
before his untimely death in 1540. His son, Akbar, later became one of the greatest Mughal
emperors, solidifying the dynasty's influence in India.

Humayun, the second ruler of the Mughal Empire in India, was born in 1508 to Babur, the
founder of the empire. Humayun ascended to the throne in 1530 after his father's death. His
reign faced challenges, including conflicts with Sher Shah Suri, resulting in Humayun's
temporary loss of the empire.
After years of exile, Humayun regained power in 1555, marking his return to Delhi. His reign,
though brief, laid the foundation for Akbar's successful rule. Humayun's architectural legacy
includes the iconic Humayun's Tomb in Delhi, reflecting Mughal architectural influence. He
passed away in 1556, leaving a complex legacy in Mughal history.

Legacy of Humayun
The travels of Humayun and his father Babur are identical; both acquired territory and
expanded it through military conquests and were then exiled. They conquered their territory
using force and then passed away before they could organize the Empire.
Emperor Akbar, the son of Humayun, was the heir to a diverse empire that was newly
destroyed and unstable. He also inherited a culture of conquering, nomadic life and a
determination to protect the Empire at any cost.
Linguistically, he maintained his use of Chaghatai, a language from Turkish that was strongly
orientated in the period that of his dad and grandfather
Death and legacy
Humayun's Tomb in Delhi, India, was commissioned by his chief wife, Bega Begum
On 24 January 1556, Humayun, with his arms full of books, was descending the staircase from
his library Sher Mandal when the muezzin announced the Azaan (the call to prayer). It was his
habit, wherever and whenever he heard the summons, to bow his knee in holy reverence.
Trying to kneel, he caught his foot in his robe, slipped down several steps and hit his temple on
a rugged stone edge. He died three days later. His body was laid to rest in Purana Quila initially,
but, because of an attack by Hemu on Delhi and the capture of Purana Qila, Humayun's body
was exhumed by the fleeing army and transferred to Kalanaur in Punjab where Akbar was
crowned. After young Mughal emperor Akbar defeated and killed Hemu in the Second Battle of
Panipat. Humayun's body was buried in Humayun's Tomb in Delhi the first very grand garden
tomb in Mughal architecture, setting the precedent later followed by the Taj Mahal and many
other Indian monuments. It was commissioned by his favourite and devoted chief wife, Bega
Begum.
Akbar later asked his paternal aunt, Gulbadan Begum, to write a biography of his father
Humayun, the Humayun nameh (or Humayun-nama), and what she remembered of Babur.
The full title is Ahwal Humayun Padshah Jamah Kardom Gulbadan Begum bint Babur Padshah
amma Akbar Padshah She was only eight when Babur died, and was married at 17, and her
work is in simple Persian style.
Unlike other Mughal royal biographies (the Zafarnama of Timor, Baburnama, and his
own Akbarnama) no richly illustrated copy has survived, and the work is only known from a
single battered and slightly incomplete manuscript, now in the British Library, that emerged in
the 1860s. Annette Beveridge published an English translation in 1901, and editions in English
and Bengali have been published since 2000.

Humayun
‫همایون‬

Padishah
Al-Sultan Al-Azam

Humayun seated in a garden

The relation between Kamran Mirza and Humayun
The rivalry between Kamran Mirza and Humayun is considered as a turning point in Indian
history. The story depicts that Kamran Mirza used to back stabbed his brother and every time
he used to forgive him. Rather, without any war, Humayun gave the entire province of punjab.
However, after becoming the king of the Punjab province, Kamran misused the military power
and occupied the road between punjab and Delhi. Many historians mentioned this incident as
the sucidal attempt by Humayun and cursed the decision of giving Punjab to Kamran Mirza.
Achievements of Humayun
The achievements of Humayun were revolutionary in the sphere of painting and architecture.
He was the first person who developed a citadel in Delhi, named as “Din Panah”. However, the
structure was slashed at the time of Shir Shah Suri. It is said that the foundation of Mugal art
was laid by Humayun and integration of Persian art as well as culture was initiated by the king
himself. Despite having attention on the expansion of the kingdom, he focused on the
development of literature and architecture. Henceforth, his time is considered as the golden
era of art and architecture in the entire Mughal period.
Rules and structure imposed by Humayun
Humayun was considered as the most ethical ruler and he made a policy “not to attack any
muslime”. His religious policy depicts that he was ‘Sunni Muslim” but his inclination towards
sufism was much appreciated. The “Shias’ ‘ had great respect towards the king.However,
during his period many hindu temples were destroyed and despite that he did not take any
effective measures. It reflects the biases towards muslim religion only.

EXPLANATION:

Humayun [1530 - 1556]

Humayun was the 2nd Mughal emperor who ruled the Dynasty of North India from the 16th to
19th century. He is the great-grandfather to Shah Jahan, the creator of the Taj Mahal.
He was the heir to a brand new and especially unstable empire and fought two revolts, losing
his crown. He left his son with a greater Empire than what he had received from Afghanistan
through Bengal.

Humayun was born on the 17th March 1508 in Kabul, when Babur was trying to expand his
Empire. He accompanied him on his travels throughout his youth, and by the age of 18, he was
with him in the war at Panipat (1526), which was one of the battles that established the Mughal
Empire. He was later a part of the defeat from Agra and was sent to settle this valley, the
Ganges, which lies in the eastern part of the Empire.
In 1528, he was granted the governorship of Badakhshan, a region located between South
Tajikistan and North Afghanistan. Badakhshan was somewhat like the first territory that was
part of the Empire.

When Humayun became the king of the Mughal Empire, many of his brothers rebelled against
the king. Khalil Mirza, the third brother, stood with Humayun; however, he was killed.

Life of Humayun
The Emperor began the construction of a tomb for his brother of his in 1538. However, it was
not completed when Humayun became a victim of forced escape to Persia. Sher Shah
destroyed the tomb, and no work was carried out after Humayun's reconstruction.
During his reign, Humayun had two main rivals: Sultan Bahadur in the southwest and Sher Shah
Suri settled on the river Ganges in Bihar.
Humayun's first mission was to take on Sher Shah Suri. However, he was forced to stop this
campaign halfway and focus on Gujarat, where the threat from Ahmed Shah had to be
confronted. Humayun won the war by annexing Gujarat, Malwa, Champaner and the Mandu
fort.
Humayun(1530 – 1556): Biography, Battles, Tomb
Humayun was the (born March 6, 1508, Kabul [Afghanistan]—died January 15, 1556, Delhi
[India]) was the eldest son and successor of Bābur, who ruled from 1530 to 1540 and again
from 1555 to 1556. Humayun was the second Mughal ruler who consolidated his empire.
Humayun inherited the hope rather than the fact of empire because the Afghans, Rajputs, and
sultanates were merely restrained but not reconciled to Mughal supremacy by the Mughal
victories.

This is evident through the various conflicts with Bahadur Shah, Sher Shah, and other regional
rulers. Early in his reign, Humayun lost his entire state to Sher Shah Suri but regained it 15 years
later with Safavid aid. His death marked the end of one phase and the beginning of another one
in Mughal history. Read below this article to learn more about the Biography of Humayun:
Empire’s Administrative System.

ANALYSIS:
Humayun, the second ruler of the Mughal Empire, faced a tumultuous reign marked by
challenges, including his temporary loss of the empire to Sher Shah Suri. Despite his initial
struggles, Humayun eventually reclaimed his throne and laid the foundation for the
flourishing Mughal rule under his son Akbar. His reign is characterized by a blend of cultural
patronage and political setbacks, showcasing the complexity of governing a vast and diverse
empire during the 16th century.
Humayun, the second Mughal emperor, ruled during a crucial period in Indian history.
Despite inheriting a vast empire from his father Babur, Humayun faced numerous challenges,
including internal conflicts and external threats. His reign is marked by his efforts to
consolidate and expand the Mughal Empire, although it was marred by his initial loss of the
empire to Sher Shah Suri.

Humayun's return to power after years in exile showcases his persistence and determination.
His patronage of the arts and culture laid the foundation for the Mughal artistic legacy.
However, his reign is often criticized for administrative weaknesses and challenges in
governance. Overall, Humayun's complex rule contributed to shaping the Mughal Empire's
trajectory in India.

Humayun was known as Nasir Ud Din Muhammad Humayun who was the second ruler of
Mughal kingdom. Humayun was more of an adventurer than as the ruling king of India. He was
the son of Babur who was the founder of the Mughal Dynasty. The ruling period of Humayun
was 1530 to 1554 and again he got the emperor position in the year 1555 to 1556. The Afghan
soldier Sher Shah Suri defeated him at the war in Chausa 1539 and Kannauj in 1540. “An
emperor in exile” was the most tragic condition of the king. However, his contribution in
mughal architecture is unforgettable. He was the first person who introduced double domes
and high arch concepts in Indian architecture

CONCLUSION:

Humanyun was a great emperor who was the son of Babur and the great grandfather of Shah
Jahan. Humanyun was the second Mughal emperor in history. Humanyun became the emperor
of an unstable empire. With his hard work and fifteen years of back-to-back battles, Humanyun
attained a huge empire from Afghanistan to Bengal.

After Humayun’s death, his first wife and chief consort, Empress Bega Begum (also known as
Haji Begum), decided to devote her entire life to the construction of Humayun’s tomb in the
memory of her deceased husband. Architect Mirak Mirza Ghiyath constructed Humayun’s
tomb. Humayun’s tomb was the first architecture in India. The unique architect of Humayun’s
tomb received appreciation and praise. In today’s time, tourists visit Humayun’s tomb to
witness the love of Haji Begum for her husband, Humanyun.

This history of Humayun and the ruling period of Humayun have been described elaborately.
His half brother Kamran Mirza was very cruel and always tried to harm him by hook or crook.
His half brother was planning to kill his family members just because he did not get the Mughal
throne. Humayun was not very experienced in the ruling process but the inhabitants of Delhi
were very happy. Humayun fought with Sher Shah Suri but unfortunately he lost the war. The
burial ground of Humayun is known as Humayun Tomb which is situated in Delhi. It is
considered as the representative of architectural innovation that took place during the period
of Humayun.

REFERENCES:
1. https://historypak.com/nasiruddin-humayun/
2. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Humayun
3. https://www.historyforexam.com/2018/09/humayun.html?m=1
4. https://unacademy.com/content/karnataka-psc/study-material/history/
humayun/