Lecture # 22 (Ex:1.1, 1.

2) Part-II
Function/ Mapping
Let X and Y be any two non-empty sets. Then, a function f from set X to set Y is a rule or a correspondence that
assigns to each element x  X a unique element y  Y . f ( x ) is called the image of x or the value of the
function at x. The element x is called the pre-image or the inverse-image of f ( x ) .

X f(X)

Range
f

x
y = f(x)

Domain

Co-domain
The set X is called the domain of f and the set Y is called the co-domain of f .
The set of corresponding elements y  Y is called range of f .
Swiss Mathematician Euler invented a symbolic way to write the statement “y is function of x”
as y = f ( x) .Where x is called independent variable of f and y is called dependent variable of f.
Notation used in A’ Level:
f : x → 2 x + 3 means f ( x ) = 2 x + 3 : g : x → x 2 means g ( x ) = x 2
Graphical Approach
If a vertical intersects a graph in more than one point then it is not the graph of a function.
y y y y

x x x x
O O O O

(a) a function (b) a function (c) not a function (d) not a function
Onto(Surjective) Function
A function f : X → Y is an onto or surjective function if Range f = Y
X Y
1 a

3 b

4 c
Into Function
A function f : X → Y is an into function if Range f  Y or Range f  Y
X Y

1 a

2 b

3 c

Note:
A polynomial function of odd degree is onto function while a polynomial function of even degree is into.
One-One (Injective) Function
A function f : X → Y is an one-one or injective function if different elements in X have different images in Y.
f
1 a

2 b

3 c

X Y
• Derivative Test to Check Injectivity
If the function is either strictly increasing or strictly decreasing everywhere in its
domain, i.e. f  ( x )  0 or f  ( x )  0, x  X , then it is one-one otherwise it is many-one.
• Graphical Test to Check Injectivity
(i) Graphically if any straight line parallel to x-axis intersects the graph of the function at most at one point,
then the function is one-one.
Y Y

(0, 1)
X' X X' X
O O x
f(x) = ax + b f(x) = a (0 < a < 1)
Y' Y'
(i) One-One Function (ii) One-One Function
(ii) Graphically if any straight line parallel to x-axis intersects the graph of the function at least at two points,
then the function is many-one.
Y
Y

X' X X' X
O f(x) = x2 O
f(x) = |x|
Y' Y'
(i) Many-One Function (ii) Many-One Function
Many-One Function
A function f : X → Y is a many-one function if two or more different elements in X have the same image in Y.
f
1 a

3 b

4 c

X Y
Note:
• All even functions are many-one.
• A polynomial function of even degree is many-one function while a polynomial function of odd degree
may be one-one or many-one function.
Bijective Function
A function f : X → Y is said to be bijective function if f is both one-one and onto.
Finding Domain of a Function
Algebraic Functions
• Denominator should be non-zero.
• Expression under the even root should be non-negative.
f ( x)
(i) is defined when g ( x)  0 , e.g.
g ( x)
x 2 − 16
To find domain of the function y = , x − 4  0  x  4 . So Domain is R − 4
x−4
(ii) f ( x) is defined when f ( x)  0 , e.g.
To find domain of the function y = x + 1 , x + 1  0  x  −1. So Domain is  −1,  )
1
(iii) is defined when f ( x)  0 , e.g.
f ( x)
1
To find domain of the function y = , x + 1  0  x  −1 . So Domain is ( −1,  )
x +1
(iv) x 2  a 2  x  −a or x  a , e.g.

To find domain of the function y = x2 − 4 , x 2 − 4  0  x 2  4  x  −2 or x  2

So Domain is ( −, −2   2,  ) or R − ( −2, 2 )
(v) x 2  a 2  − a  x  a , e.g.

To find domain of the function y = 4 − x 2 , 4 − x 2  0  x 2  4  − 2  x  2

So Domain is  −2, 2
MCQs
(i) The domain of the function y = x 2 + 3 is;
(a)  − 3 , 3  (b) (− 3, 3 ) (c) ( − ,  ) (d) empty set

As x 2 + 3 is positive for all values of x so domain is ( − ,  )

(ii) Domain of the function f ( x ) = log5 25 − x 2 is;
(a) R −  −5 , 5 (b)  0 , ) − 5 (c) ( −5 , 5 ) (d) ( −5 , 5 ) − 0
f ( x ) = log5 25 − x 2 is not defined when 25 − x 2 = 0  x 2 = 25  x = 5 , so Domain = R −  −5 , 5
Finding Range of a Function
(i) If f ( x) = ax + b, a  0 , then its range is R. e.g.
when f ( x) = 2 x − 5 Range f = R
ax + b a 
(ii) If f ( x) = , then its range is R −   . e.g.
cx + d c 
x −1 1 
when f ( x) = Range f = R −  
2x − 3 2
1 0x +1 0
when f ( x) =  f ( x) = Range f = R −   = R − 0
x+3 x+3 1 
(iii) To find the range of expressions under the square root we find the least and the greatest values of y for the
values of x in the domain. e.g.
when f ( x) = x + 1 Dom f =  −1,  ) Range f =  0, )

when f ( x) = 4 − x 2 Dom f =  −2, 2 Range f =  0, 2

 4ac − b 2 
 −,  if a  0
 4a 
(iv) If f ( x) = ax + bx + c, a  0 , then its range is 
2

  4ac − b ,   if a  0
2

  4a 
 
e.g. when f ( x) = x 2 + 1 Range f = 1,  )
MCQs
x−2
(i) The range of the function f ( x ) = is;
2− x
(a) R (b) −1 (c) R − 1 (d) R −  −1
x − 2 − (2 − x)
f ( x) = = = −1 , So Range is −1
2− x 2− x
(ii) If f :  2, 3 → R is defined by f ( x ) = x 3 + 3 x − 2 , then range of f ( x ) , contained in the interval, is;
(a) 1,12 (b) 12, 34 (c)  35,50 (d)  −12,12
Here Domain is  2, 3 , f ( 2 ) = ( 2 ) + 3 ( 2 ) − 2 = 12 also f ( 3 ) = ( 3 ) + 3 ( 3 ) − 2 = 34
3 3

So Range is 12, 34

Piecewise Function
A function which is defined by two or more rules is called piecewise function. e.g.
 x2 if x  −2
 x if x  1 
f ( x) =  , f ( x) =  3 if − 2  x  5
 x − 1 if x  1 2 x + 3 if
 x5
MCQ
 x + 2 if x  −1
 2
(i) If f ( x ) =  x if − 1  x  1 , then f ( − 1.75 ) + f ( 0.5 ) + f ( 1.5 ) =
 2 − x if x1

(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
f ( − 1.75 ) + f ( 0.5 ) + f ( 1.5 ) = ( − 1.75 + 2 ) + ( 0.5 ) + ( 2 − 1.5 ) = 0.25 + 0.25 + 0.5 = 1
2

Polynomial Function
A function f : R → R defined by f ( x ) = an x n + an −1 x n −1 + − − − + a2 x 2 + a1 x1 + a0 x 0
where n W and an , an −1 ,......., a2 , a1 , a0  R is called polynomial function.
If an  0 , then n is called degree of polynomial function.
Linear Function
If degree of a polynomial function is one then it is called linear function.
A linear function is of the form f ( x) = ax + b (a  0) . The graph of a linear function is straight line.
Quadratic Function
A polynomial function of the form f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c , (a  0) is called a quadratic function in x.
The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola.
Identity Function
The function f : R → R defined as f ( x) = x , x  R , is called the identity function.
Constant Function
The function f : R → R defined as f ( x) = c , x  R , where c is a constant , is called constant function. Degree
of the constant function is zero. Range of constant function is singleton set c .
The graph of constant function is a straight line parallel to x-axis.
MCQ
( )
(i) If f ( x ) = e 3 , then f − e −1 =
(a) −e −1 (b) e −3 (c) e 3 (d) − e −3
(
As f ( x ) = e 3 is a constant function so f − e −1 = e 3 )
Exponential Function
Let a (  1) be a positive real number. Then the function f : R → R defined by f ( x ) = a x is called
exponential function. Its domain is set of real numbers and range is ( 0,  ) . e.g. f ( x ) = a x , f ( x ) = 2 x etc.
Logarithmic Function
If x = a y , then y = log a x where a  0, a  1 is called logarithmic function of x. Its domain is ( 0,  )
and range is set of real numbers.
(i) If a = 10 , then log10 x is called common logarithm of x.
(ii) If a = e , then log e x is called natural logarithm of x.
(iii) log e x is also denoted as ln x .
(iv) log a a = 1 and log a 1 = 0 .
− if a  1
(v) log a 0 = 
+ if 0  a  1
Laws of Logarithm
x
(i) log a ( xy ) = log a x + log a y (ii) log a   = log a x − log a y
 y
(iii) ( )
log a x m = m log a x (iv) log a x = log a y iff x = y
log a m m
(v) log n m = (vi) log an a m =
log a n n
(vii) log n x y = log x y n (viii) log a b  logb c = log a c
1
(ix) log b a = or logb a  log a b = 1 (x) a loga x = x
log a b
MCQs
(i) Simplify the expression 25
( )
log5 3 x 2

(a) 3 x (b) 9x 2 (c) 9x 4 (d) 3x 2

( ) = 25log ( 3 x ) = 25log ( 9 x ) = 9 x 4
2
2
log5 3 x 2 4
52 25
25
(ii) The value of the function f ( x ) = 5 log15 ( 15 x ) − log15 x 5 at x = 10 is:
(a) 5 (b) 15 (c) 105 (d) 10
f ( x ) = 5 log15 ( 15 x ) − log15 x = 5 ( log15 15 + log15 x ) − 5 log15 x = 5 log15 15 + 5 log15 x − 5 log15 x
5

f ( x ) = 5 log15 15 = 5(1) = 5  f ( 10 ) = 5
Modulus Function
− x if x  0
The function f : R → R defined as f ( x) = x =  , is called the modulus function.
 x if x  0
Its domain is set of real numbers and range is  0,  ) .
Explicit Function
If y is easily expressed in terms of the independent variable x, then y is called an explicit function.
Symbolically explicit function can be written as y = f ( x) . e.g. y = x 2 + 2 x − 1 , y = x − 1
Implicit Function
If x and y are so mixed up and y cannot be easily expressed in terms of independent variable x, then y is
called an implicit function of x.
Symbolically implicit function can be written as f ( x, y) = 0 .
xy 2 − y + 9
e.g. x 2 + xy + y 2 = 2 , =1
xy
Parametric Functions
Sometimes a curve described by expressing both x and y as function of a third variable ' t' or '  ' which is
called a parameter. Such types of functions are called parametric functions. e.g.
x = at 2 ; y = 2at (Parabola) x = a cos t ; y = a sin t (Circle)
x = a cos  ; y = b sin  (Ellipse) x = a sec ; y = b tan  (Hyperbola)
Rational Function
P( x)
A function R( x) of the form , where both P( x) and Q( x) are polynomial functions and Q( x)  0 , is
Q( x )
called a rational function. The domain of a rational function is set of all real numbers x for which Q( x)  0 .
Even Function
A function f is said to be an even function if f (− x) = f ( x) or f (− x) − f ( x) = 0 , for every real number x
in the domain of f . The graph of an even function is symmetric about y-axis.
Odd Function
A function f is said to be an odd function if f (− x) = − f ( x) or f (− x) + f ( x) = 0 , for every real number x
in the domain of f . The graph of an odd function is symmetric about origin.
Note:
(i) Every non-zero constant function is always even. f ( x) = 0 is the only constant function which is both
even as well as odd.
(ii) Composition of two even (odd) functions, if defined, is again an even (odd) function.
(iii) Composition of an even function with an odd function is an even function.
MCQs
(i) Which one is an even function?
(a) f ( x ) = x ( x + 1) (b) f ( x ) = tan x + c (c) f ( x ) = sin 3 x + 2 (
(d) f ( x ) = x 2 x 2 + 1 )
(
As f ( − x ) = x 2 x 2 + 1 = f ( x ) )  ( )
f ( x ) = x 2 x 2 + 1 is even function
(ii) The function f ( x ) = cos −1 x is:
(a) even function (b) odd function (c) neither even nor odd (d) even as well as odd
As f ( − x ) = cos −1 ( − x ) =  − cos −1 x   f ( x ) , so the function is neither even nor odd.
(iii) Inverse of relation r = ( 3, −3 ) , ( 3, 3 ) , ( 2, −2 ) , ( 2, 2 ) is:
(a) even (b) odd (c) neither even nor odd (d) both even and odd
r −1
= ( −3, 3 ) , ( 3, 3 ) , ( −2, 2 ) , ( 2, 2 ) As r −1
( 3 ) = 3 and r −1
( 2 ) = 2 , so r −1
is even.
Composite Functions
If f and g are functions, the composite function fog ( x) is defined as fog ( x) = f ( g ( x) )
Note:
(i) gof ( x)  fog ( x) in general
(ii) ff ( x) = f 2 ( x) and fff ( x) = f 3 ( x)
MCQs
(i) If f ( x ) = log3 x and  ( x ) = x 2 , then the value of f ( (3) ) is equal to:
(a) 3 2 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 0
f ( ( x ) ) = f ( x 2
) = log 3 x = 2 log3 x  f (  ( 3 ) ) = 2 log3 3 = 2 ( 1) = 2
2

(ii) If f ( x ) = 2 x + 3 and g ( x ) = x 2 + 7 , then the value of x for which f ( g( x ) ) = 25 are;

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
f ( g( x ) ) = f ( x + 7 ) = 2 ( x + 7 ) + 3 = 2 x + 17
2 2 2

f ( g( x ) ) = 25  2 x 2 + 17 = 25  2 x 2 = 8  x 2 = 4  x = 2
1
  1 
(
(iii) If f ( x ) = 25 − x )
4
4
for 0  x  5 , then f  f    =
  2 
(a) 2 −4 (b) 2 −3 (c) 2 −2 (d) 2−1
4 1/ 4
 1
   1
 
(
f ( f ( x ) ) = f  25 − x 4 ) ( )
1/ 4 1/ 4
 =  25 −  25 − x   =  25 − 25 + x 4  =  x 4  =x
4 4 4

     

  1  1
f  f    = = 2 −1
  2  2
Inverse of a Function
Let f be a bijective function from X to Y. The inverse of f is denoted by f −1 , is a function from Y onto X
and is defined by x = f −1 ( y )  y = f ( x ) , x  X , y  Y Composition of the functions f and f −1 is
fof −1 ( x) = f −1of ( x) = x
Note:
1
(i) In general f −1 ( x)  (ii) Domain of f −1 = Range of f
f ( x)
ax + b dx − b
(iii) Range of f −1 = Domain of f (iv) If f ( x) = , then f −1 ( x) =
cx + d −cx + a
MCQs
(i) If f : R → R be a mapping defined by f ( x ) = x 3 + 5 , then f −1 ( x ) =
1 1 1
(a) ( x − 5 ) 3 (b) ( x + 3 ) 3 (c) ( 5 − x ) 3 (d) 5 − x

y = f ( x) = x3 + 5  x3 = y − 5  x = ( y − 5)  f −1 ( y ) = ( y − 5 )  f −1 ( x ) = ( x − 5 )
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3

e x − e− x
(ii) If f ( x ) = , then inverse function of f ( x ) is;
2

(
(a) ln x + x 2 + 1 ) (b) ln x 2 + 1 (
(c) ln x + x 2 − 1 ) (
(d) ln x − x 2 − 1 )
f ( x) =
e x − e− x
2
= sinh x  f −1 ( x ) = sinh−1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1 ( )
(iii) If f (e x ) = x for x  1 , then f −1 ( x ) =

(a) ( log x )
2 x 2
(b) e (c) e x (d) log x

f (e x ) = x  e x = f −1 ( x)  e x = f −1
2

( x) 2
 e x = f −1 ( x )
2

Symmetry of the Graph

(i) If we replace x by − x in a given equation and there is no change, i.e. f (− x, y) = f ( x, y) , then the graph
is symmetric about y-axis.
(ii) If we replace y by − y in a given equation and there is no change, i.e. f ( x, − y) = f ( x, y) , then the graph
is symmetric about x-axis.
(iii) If we replace x by − x and y by − y in a given equation and there is no change, i.e. f (− x, − y ) = f ( x, y ) ,
then the graph is symmetric about origin.
(iv) If we replace x by y and y by x in a given equation and there is no change, i.e. f ( x, y) = f ( y, x) , then
the graph is symmetric about line y = x .
MCQs
(i) f ( x ) = x 2 is symmetric about:
(a) x-axis (b) y-axis (c) both axis (d) origin
As f ( x ) = x 2 is an even function so it is symmetric about y-axis.
(ii) Identity function is symmetrical about:
(a) x-axis (b) y-axis (c) origin (d) all are correct
As identity function f ( x ) = x is an odd function so it is symmetric about origin.
(iii) If (2 , 5) lies on the graph of an even function, then the other point on f is;
(a) (− 2 , − 5) (b) (2 , − 5) (c) (− 2 , 5) (d) (2 , 5)
As even function is symmetric about y-axis so other point on f is (− 2 , 5) .
Greatest Integer Function
Greatest Integer Function is a function that gives the greatest integer less than or equal to the number.
The greatest integer less than or equal to a number x is represented as  x  .

e.g. 3.9 = 3 ,  −1.75 = −2 , 8 = 8 ,  −7  = −7

Least Integer Function
Least Integer Function is a function that gives the smallest integer greater than or equal to the number.
The least integer greater than or equal to a number x is represented as  x  .

e.g.  4.1 = 5 ,  −2.5 = −2 , 0.78 = 1 ,  −5 = −5

Horizontal and Vertical Stretches and Compressions of Graph
For a function y = f ( x ) and k  1 if
(i) y = k f ( x ) then graph stretches vertically
1
(ii) y = f ( x) then graph compresses vertically
k
(iii) y = f ( k x ) then graph compresses horizontally

1 
(iv) y = f  x  then graph stretches horizontally
k 