President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed Proclamation No.

1081 on September 21, 1972,

placing the Philippines under Martial Law. On the evening of September 23, 1972, the late
president Ferdinand Marcos appeared on national television to formally announce that the
Philippines was under Martial Law.

Why was Martial Law declared?

When Marcos signed Proclamation 1081 on September 21, 1972, he cited the communist threat
as justification. His diary, meanwhile, said the proclamation of Martial Law became a "necessity
following the supposed ambush of then defense secretary Juan Ponce Enrile.
There were subsequent reports that said the ambush was staged, with the Official Gazette citiing
Enrile's admission in 1986 that it was faked to justify the imposition of Martial Law.

There were also indications that the plan to declare Martial Law had long been in the works.
According to the Official Gazette, several people had received prior information about Marcos'
plan. The late dictator had also hinted at it in his address to the Philippine Military Academy
Alumni Association early as May 17, 1969 - more than 3 years before the actual declaration.

September 21 or September 23?

When Marcos appeared on television at 7:15 p.m. on September 23, 1972 to announce that he
had placed the "entire Philippines under Martial Law" by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081, he
framed his announcement in legalistic terms that were untrue. This helped camouflage the true
nature of his act to this day: it was nothing less than a self-coup. Marcos announced that he had
placed the entire country under Martial Law as of 9 p.m. on September 22, 1972 via a
proclamation which, he claimed, he'd signed on September 21, 1972

Yet accounts differ. David Rosenberg, writing in the Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars
("The End of the Freest Press in the World," Vol. 5, 1973) chronicled that about six hours after
the ambush, Marcos signed Proclamation No. 1081, placing the entire country under Martial
Law, placing the signing at around 3 a.m. on September 23.

Raymond Bonner, in his book Waltzing with the Dictator, narrated his interview with Enrile,
during which the former Defense Secretary recalled that he and Acting Executive Secretary
Roberto Reyes witnessed Marcos sign Proclamation No. 1081 in the morning of September 23,
1972. The Bangkok Post asserted in a series of articles called "The Aquino Papers," published
from February 20 to 22 of 1973, that Proclamation No. 1081 had been signed even earlier, on
September 17, 1972, postdated to September 21. Mijares also mentioned in his book that
Marcos said as much in an address to a conference of historians, in January 1973.

Day one of the Marcos dictatorship

Personalities considered threats to Marcos (Senators Benigno S. Aquino ]r., Jose Diokno,
Francisco Rodrigo and Ramon Mitra Jr., and members of the media such as Joaquin Roces,
Teodoro Locsin Sr., Maximo Soliven and Amando Doronila) had already been rounded up,
starting with the arrest of Senator Aquino at midnight on September 22, and going into the
early morning hours of September 23, when 100 of the 400 personalities targeted for arrest
were already detained in Camp Crame by 4 a.m.

In the meantime, the military had shut down mass media, flights were canceled, and
incoming overseas calls were prohibited. Press Secretary Francisco Tatad went on air at 3
p.m. of September 23 to read the text of Proclamation No. 1081. The reading of the
proclamation was followed by Marcos going on air at 7:15 p.m. to justify the massive
clampdown of democratic institutions in the country.

Marcos would subsequently issue General Order No. 1, s. 1972, transferring all powers to the
President who was to rule by decree.

What happened under Martial Law?

Through various general orders, Marcos effectively put the entire power of government under the
rule of one man: his own. He was to lead the nation and direct the operation of the entire
government. He ordered the armed forces to prevent or suppress any act of rebellion.
Curfew hours were enforced, group assemblies were banned, privately-owned media
facilities shuttered.

Those considered threats to Marcos - such as prominent politicians and members of the media -
were rounded up and arrested by members of the military and the notorious Philippine
Constabulary.

Opposition to Martial Law

1. Reformist Opposition
2. Revolutionist Opposition
3. Religious Opposition

What did the Martial Law years look like?

Among the myths: that the Philippines enjoyed a golden age under the Marcoses. Various reports
and historical accounts debunk this; while it is true that infrastructure spending increased during
that period, it came at a staggering cost plunging the Philippines in billions of dollars in debt.
From $8.2 billion in 1977, the country's debt ballooned to $24.4 billion in 1982 - or within a
period of just 5 Years.

About 70,000 people were imprisoned and 34,000 tortured, according to Amnesty International,
while 3,240 were killed from 1972 to 1981. During this dark chapter of Philippine history,
thousands of people were subject to various forms of torture. Prisoners were electrocuted, beaten
up, and strangled. They were burned with a flat iron or cigars. Water was poured down their
throats, then forced out by beating. Women were stripped naked and raped, various objects
forced into their genitals.