STEM 11: UCSPOL
TYPES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
UNIT 1
Culture – set of beliefs, values, customs, traditions,
laws, and other aspects of life which bind a particular
group of people in a particular place/community.
Identity – involves the distinct characteristics, traits,
and attributes which set a particular group apart
from other people.
Cultural Identity – feeling of belongingness to a
group. (One’s nationality, ethnicity, social class,
generation, locality, etc.)
Cultural Awareness – ability of a person to recognize
the different beliefs, values, and customs that
someone has based on that individual’s origin.
Cultural Background – consists of the ethnic,
religious, racial, gender, linguistic or other
socioeconomic factors and values that shape an
individual’s upbringing.
Cultural Diversity – pertains to the differences in
social behaviors that many cultures around the world
demonstrate.
Gender – socially constructed roles that influences
society ascribes to the two sexes on a differential
basis.
Sex – biological sex; determined by genetic & anatomical
characteristics. (Male or Female)
Sexuality – state of being either masculine or feminine.
Ethnicity – a condition which a social group belongs to a
common national/cultural tradition.
Socio-Economic Status – a personal or family’s
financial and social esteem on the basis of income,
education, and occupation.
Socio-economic Class – the status of every individual
from the sociological & economic points of view.
Economic Class – means of a person’s place in the
society’s economic stratification based on the wealth,
property, and total assets.
Social Status – a person’s standing or rank in the social
ladder of stratification based on prestige, power,
popularity, etc.
Indigenous People – a group of people or homogeneous
societies identified by self-ascription and ascription by
others.
Social Stratification – a concept that depicts the relative
social position of an individual in a category, geographical
region, social group, or unit.
Caste – a person’s rank, rights, and obligation are
ascribed upon birth.
Class – a person’s position is determined by achievement.
Estate – an individual’s birth, possessions, and wealth are
hereditary & significant in his/her stature.
Slavery – a condition which individuals are owned &
controlled by others.
OBSERVATIONS ON SOCIAL. POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL
BEHAVIOR AND PHENOMENA
Food Taboos – food being forbidden or are prohibited as
nourishment. These contrasts among individuals of society
must be recognized and regarded as ordered by the 1987
Philippine Constitution Article III Section 5 vouching
religious freedom and the liberty to exercise it.
1. By religion. (Ex. Muslims are not allowed to eat pork,
but Christians can)
2. By laws. Any dish that has dog or cat meat.
(Republic Act No. 8485, An act to promote animal
welfare in the Philippines/The Animal Welfare Act of
1998)
3. By dietary/sanitary rules
4. By extraordinary occasions (Pregnancy, Chilbirth, etc)
The Standby (Istambay) Phenomenon – an individual
who does not have work.
Political Dynasty – refers to families whose individuals
are locked in politics. (Sec. 26, Article II Declaration of
Principles and State Policies, 1987
Philippine Constitution, states that "the State shall
guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service
and prohibit political dynasties as may be provided by
law'.)
Political Turncoatism – party switching/when a person
shifts allegiance from one political party to another.
Government – a body of elected and appointed public
officials who sets and administers public policy and
exercises authority through customs.
Anarchy – ruled by none; characterized by a state of
disorder because of nonrecognition of aurthority and laws.
Monarchy – ruled by one; a government that has a single
person who is generally considered the ruler by the title
and birthright. (King, Czar,Queen, Emperor)
Dictatorship – a type of government controlled by a single
individual and wherein people do not have individual
freedom.
1. Authoritarianism – political actions and decisions
of the ruler are not constrained and the political rights and
freedom of the citizens are significantly limited.
2. Totalitarianism - the–government uses ideology
to captivate the people’s loyalty to the leader-dictator.
Aristocracy – derived from the Greek etymology
aristo=best & kratia=rule. Ruled by the best members of
the community.
Oligarchy – a government of a wealthy few. They build
economic empires for themselves and their families.
Democracy – ruled by many; a government in which the
supreme power is conferred on the people & exercised
directly by them.
1. Executive – executes the laws
2. Legislative – makes laws; congress
3. Judicial – interpret the laws; settlement of legal issues.
NATURE & DEFINITION OF ANTHROPOLOGY, POLITICAL
SCIENCE, AND SOCIOLOGY
Sociology – deals with the study of society & social
interactions taking place. (Auguste Comte, French
Philosopher)
1. Social Organization - study of social groups,
social institutions, social stratification, mobility,
ethnic relations, and bureaucracy.
2. Social Psychology - tackles human behavior or
nature as a result of group life, personality
formation, social attitude and collective behavior
3. Social Change - deals with the study of changes
in the society and culture, and the factors resulting
from such change.
4. Social Organization & Disorganization - study
the emergence of societies, their structural
formation and the ways they are strengthened.
5. Human Ecology - studies the behavior of a given
population and its relationship to present social
institutions.
6. Population - is concerned with population size,
composition, change and quality and on how they
influence the economic, political and social
systems.
7. Sociological Theory & Method - is concerned
with the application of the results of sociological
studies to solve various human problems
Anthropology – studies the diversity & similarity of the
way the person lives & makes connections as social &
cultural being.
1. Archaeology – examines past cultures
through tangible remains.
2. Cultural Anthropology – focuses on the
human culture with respect to social
structure, language, law, politics, religion, &
technology.
3. Linguistics – the anthropological study of
languages.
4. Physical Anthropology – deals with
understanding the causes of present
human diversity.
Political Science – deals with the systems of government
and political activities in societies. (Aristotle – the first
thinker to use the term politics)
1. Comparative Politics – studies politics within
nations
2. Constitutional Law – studies legal systems.
3. International Relations – studies politics among
nations.
4. Political Theory – studies classical & modern
politics.
5. Public Administration – studies how
bureaucracies function.
6. Public Policy – studies the interplay of politics &
economics.
7. Political Methodology – focuses on the
quantitative methods used in the study of politics
combining Statistics, Mathematics, and formal
theory.
UNIT 2
• “Change is the only permanent thing in this world.”
– Heraclitus
Society – a group of people interacting with each other &
having a common culture.
• “Each individual already contains the whole
information field of society, We create society that
we want to have” – David Bohm
THEORIES ON HUMAN SOCIETY
• In his Republic Plato (427-347 BC) laid his
standards for an ideal society ruled by
philosopher-kings assisted by equally and
intellectually gifted “guardians.”
• In his work Politics Aristotle (384-322 BC) stated
that man is self-sufficient and that those who are
unable to live in society and have no needs in life
must be either “beasts” or “gods.”
• According to St. Augustine (354-430 AD) as stated
in his City of God he described society’s ultimate
pilgrimage towards the kingdom of God which is
 closely identified with the church, the community
that worshipped God.
• In his masterpiece Utopia, (1516), Sir Thomas
More (1468-1535) coined the word "utopia" that
refers to the ideal, imaginary island nation whose
political system he described.
TYPES OF SOCIETIES
A. Pre-Industrial Societies - the main economic
activity is food production carried out through the
utilization of human and animal labor.
1. Foraging Society (Hunting &
Gathering) – collection of wild plants and the
hunting of wild animals on a daily basis.
2. Pastoral Society - depend on domesticated
herd of animals to meet their need for food.
The pastoralists move their herds from one
pasture to another.
3. Horticultural Society – have learned how to
raise fruits and vegetables grown in garden
plots that have provided them their main
source of food.
4. Agrarian Society - applied agricultural
technological advances to cultivate crops over
a large area and raising of farm animals.
5. Feudal Society - society based on ownership
of land
B. Industrial Societies - This is capitalism, the
predominant economic system of industrial societies. The
introduction of foreign metals, silk, and spices in the
market stimulated greater commercial activity in European
societies.
C. Post-Industrial Societies (Advanced Society) -
dominated by information, services, and high technology,
surfaced.
D. Modern Societies – money is the medium of
exchange, trade, and commerce have become more
efficient. Modern societies inevitably become communities
of debt and money becomes the most valued entity in
these societies.
• Every society is organized in such a way that there
are rules of conduct, customs, traditions, folkways
mores and expectations that ensure appropriate
behavior among behavior among members. –
Palispis
ASPECTS OF CULTURE
1. Culture Is learned. (Acquired Enculturation)
2. Culture is transmitted. (Imitation)
3. Culture is adaptive. (Process of change)
4. Culture is gratifying. (Satisfaction)
5. Culture is symbolic.
(Communication/Create connection)
Art - are a vivid manifestation of the person’s creative
instinct.
Language – a system of communication used by a
particular society (Verbal Communication).
Food – the best ways to experience local culture and a
huge deal when it comes to culture.
Government - a body of elected and appointed public
officials who sets and administers public policy and
exercises authority through customs.
Religion - a unified system of beliefs and practices
relative to sacred things
Education – process of teaching & learning.
ETHNOCENTRISM & RELATIVISM
• THE PRIMARY CAUSES OF CULTURAL
SIMILARITIES:
I. Biological Similarities - all people in the world
have the same biological needs, namely food,
clothing, shelter, and health care.
II. Necessary Prerequisites for Social Being -
Society must fulfil some requirements in order to
function, such as replacing members, teaching
new members to participate, and the need to
have participation in production and distribution.
III. Physic Unity of Mankind - All human beings are
alike in having similar ranges of emotion – the
need for love, security, and language.
IV. Geographical Environment - The geographical
environment is characterized by certain
limitations such as limited food, limited source of
energy, and other delimiting factors of the
people’s environment.
Ethnocentrism – a feeling of superiority towards one’s
own group over other groups.
Cultural Relativism – is the belief that no culture is
superior to any other culture.
UNIT 3: BIOCULTURAL & SOCIAL EVOLUTION
Metaphysics – existing but no physical
characteristics
Relative Dating – a dating method that is not precise.
Where the sight, an artifact or human remains that cannot
be determined is measured in comparison with the date of
others determined already.
Absolute Dating – is when dating is more precise
considering that it can be narrowed to a bracket of within a
few years.
Radio-Carbon Dating Method – based on measuring
radioactive carbon 14 that all living

beings absorb daily from the environment & the
atmosphere. (Nuclear Physicist, Willard F. Libby)
The Potassium Argon K-AR Dating – used in
determining the age of rock/mineral by calculating the ratio
of radioactive argon to radioactive potassium sample. This
method only dates inorganic materials like rocks &
minerals.
Uranium-Series Dating – the most accurate & reliable
procedure at present. It is done through a Radiogenic
Isotope facility. It was used to date the of the Callao Man
of the Philippines (67,000 years old)
PALEONTOLOGY: THE EVIDENCES OF HUMAN EVOLUTION
Paleontology – is the scientific study of life in the past
Geologic Periods.
Geology – a science that compromises the study of solid
Earth.
• Darwin’s Evolution Theory of Natural Selection –
Charles refused to accept that all species that
emerged have been created independently. He
established that all life are linked, and
demonstrated how natural selection operates.
I. Species change over time & space
II. All organism share common ancestors
with other organisms
III. Evolutionary change is gradual & slow
The Primates – distant relatives of man; share many
common traits, biological, and behavioral, that offer
evidence of common ancestry.
Miocene Hominoids – was a period of environmental
conditions highly favorable to the arboreal primates. (Moist
& Wetter than at present)
Dryopithecus – the first of the fossils of the great apes to
be discovered. It had a large brain & could stand like a
chimpanzee.
Pliopithecus – a very early proto-ape & had the look
& features similar of a gibbon. Ancient relatives of the
gibbons & siamangs.
Proconsul – another Miocene fossil ape classified as
dryopithecine is considered to be a very early ape. Viewed
as ancestors of the chimpanzees & gorillas.
Gigantopithecus – a massive ape descended from
Dryopithecus Indicus. Mode of feeding is “graminivorous”
= eating of small, tough grass seeds, stems & rhizomes
that require a lot of grinding. The largest known primate.
Oreopithecus – directly related to Dryopethicus. Its height
& weight suggest that it walked & was not an aberrant
ape.
Silvapthecus (Ramapithecus) – a genus of extinct
primates with fossil remains as old 8.5 to 12.5 million
years & lived in the Miocene. They were the oldest of
ancestors of human in direct line.
The Pliocene Hominids – close relatives of humans. The
Australopithecus is an extinct genus of hominids that has
evolved in eastern Africa around four million years ago
and spread across the continent until two million years
before they become extinct.
Australopithecus Afarensis: Lucy – an extinct hominid
that lived between 2.9 to 3.9 million years ago. It is more
closely related to the genus homo.
• The fossil “Lucy” found by Donald Johanson is
the most complete & oldest homoinid dated
3.2 million years ago.
• Africanus –“The south ape of Africa”.
• Robustus (Paranthropus Robustus) - first
discovered in 1938. It is bigger, bulkier, more
 mascular, and had a larger molar teeth than Nation-State – a political unit where the state, a
Africanus. centralized political organization ruling over a population
within a territory, and the nation, a community based on a
The Homo-Habilis – the first of the “Great Ape”. He
common identity, are congruent.
existed about 2 million to 1.5 million years ago. He was
given the name “Handy Man”, because he made tools.

The Homo-Erectus – also known as “Upright Man”. It is

believed to be the 1st creature to stand fully upright.
NATION STATE
The Homo-Sapiens – wise human; whose fossil remains
- COMMON - SINGLE POLITICAL
found in Africa, have existed from 400,000 years ago. It CULTURAL AUTHORITY
has well-defined characteristics, brain capacity is about 82 IDENTITY - COMMUNITY
inches, high forehead, small teeth & jaw, defined chin. - ETHNICITY OF
FORMED BY THE
PEOPLE AND
POPULACE EXERCISING
• Tools: form of chipped stones (knives) for - CONNECTION PERMANENT
butchering & cutting. OF PEOPLE. POWER WITHIN A
SPECIFIED
• Garments: made from animals hides. TERRITORY.
• Shelters: make-shift shelters if natural caves
were not available.

EARLY CIVILIZATION, RISE OF THE STATE &

DEMOCRATIZATION
1. Intensive agricultural techniques, such as crop
development and irrigation permitted a surplus
of food beyond the subsistence. This allowed
the sustaining of a group of population in other
fields, such as administration, industry, war,
science or religion, etc.
Mesopotamia – land between two rivers
Democratization – introduction of a democratic
system/democratic principles. A process by which
democracy expands, within a state/across the world.
Democracy – government by the people.
Liberalism – political doctrine that takes protecting &
enhancing the freedom of the individual to be the central
problem of politics.

Socialism – social & economic doctrine that call for public

rather than private ownership or control of property &
natural resources.

2. Those not in agriculture constituted the

population of the cities. By time a government
and its bureaucracy in charge of coordinating
the tasks of production and protecting the
whole community began to concentrate in the
cities.

Bureaucracy – to rule by the office. German Sociologist,

Max Weber (1864-1920) defined the concept as a rational
way to organize a complex business.

3. This institutionalized control of production by a

“ruling” class became more complex in time
and other formal social institutions such as
organized religion, education, permanent
army and markets and money as forms of
economic exchange developed.
UNIT 4: BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY – ENCULTURATION
& SOCIALIZATION
Enculturation – process of learning one’s culture that
occurs from birth to death.
Socialization – a process where individuals develop
selfconcept in order to prepare for their roles.
3 LEVELS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1. Vegetative Level - refers to embryo and early
infancy. This is characterized by
preoccupation with food. The infant grabs
things and brings them directly to the mouth.
The main thought of the infant is survival.
2. Animal level - is characterized by desires for
sex and reproduction. At this stage man is no
different from animals in their need for food
and sex. At this stage, the socialization of man
is incomplete
TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL
Direct control – exercised by the primary groups like
family, peer group, who praise or condemn the behavior
of an individual.
Indirect control – exercised by the secondary groups like
traditions, customs, institutions, etc.
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MEANS
Positive Means of social control is through
praise, prizes, fame, respect and promotion.
Negative Means of social control include criticism,
gossip, punishment, and ostracism.
FORMAL AND INFORMAL CONTROL
Formal Control - is designed and regulated by some
authority like the government which makes laws to
control order.
Informal Control - is the unwritten rules and regulation
characterized by informal authority like criticism,
sociability, and public opinion.

3. Human Level - is considered the attainment EXPLANATIONS FOR DEVIANT BEHAVIORS

of human of a personality. This implies the
assimilation of behavior, attitudes, and values
the society considers necessary and important
to the well-being of the group.
Social Norms – standards of behavior which will
tell what is right/wrong.
Norms – social expectations that guide behavior.
Folkways – conventions of everyday life. A type
of norm dictates how people act. They are
habits, customs, & repetitive patterns of
behavior.
Mores – are norms that are acceptable to a
society. Mores are stricter since these determine
what is moral & ethical.
Taboos – strong negative norm; violating it results
in extreme disgust
PATHOLOGY
Social Pathology - considers deviant behavior as the
result of a societal disease which must be isolated,
contained and treated.
Biological pathology - maintains that deviance results
from actual physical illness, malfunctions, or deformities.
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION
Social Disorganization - Cultural conflict suggests that
deviant and criminal behavior results when two normative
systems come into contact.
- can also occur when adherence to cultural
expectations do not yield anticipated
consequences.
LABELING
Labeling Theory - deviant behavior suggests that what
defines deviance is the action of others or by the actors
themselves.

Law – are formally inscribed by the state. VALUE CONFLICT

Value Conflict Theory – acts that are considered
Values – standards or a set of criteria that people
criminal or deviant because they are at variance with a
have in determining specific goals & outcomes.
group’s values.
CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE
MOST COMMON DEVIANCE
Deviance - is defined as the recognized violation of
1. Homosexual 8. Perversion
cultural norms.
2. Drug Addiction 9. Politics
Deviancy - must not be construed as always negative.
3. Alcoholism 10. Communism
This may be tolerated, approved, or disapproved.
4. Murder 11. Atheism
5. Prostitution 12. Political
6. Lesbianism Extremism
7. Mental Illness 13. Ear Piercing
14. Tattooing
 MODES OF ADAPTION
1. Conformist – is a person who accepts both
the societal goals and the approved means to
reach them.
2. Innovator – is a person who seeks to achieve
goals by means that are not approved by
society.
3. Ritualist – is a person who follows the norms
to the letter but reject or abandon the hope of
achieving societal goals.
4. Retreatist – is a person who rejects both the
societal goals and institutionalized means to
achieve them.
5. Rebel – is a person who rejects both the
societal goals and the means to achieve them;
instead, he substitutes them with new goals
and new means to achieve them.

HUMAN DIGNITY, RIGHTS, AND THE COMMON GOOD

Citizenship

• “Membership in a political community which is

personal and more or less permanent in
character.”
• It is the status or character of being a citizen.

Human Rights - rights inherent to all human beings,

whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex,
national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or
any other status.

Human Dignity - refers to an individual or group's

sense of self-respect and self-worth, physical and
psychological integrity and empowerment.

Inclusive Citizenship