DOC-20240714-WA0031.

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Q.1) If politician of one state does not allow labourers 1. All democratic countries are likely to have a
of other states to work in his/her state, in such case, constitution.
which of the following fundamental rights of labourers 2. All countries that have constitution are necessarily
are violated? democratic.
1. Right against Exp:loitation Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct?
2. Right to equality a) 1 only
3. Cultural and education rights b) 2 only
4. Right to freedom c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Select the Ans from the codes given below:
a) 1, 2 and 4
b) 2 and 4 Q.5) Which of the following statement/s is/are correct
c) 4 only about constituent assembly of India?
d) 2, 3 and 4
1. For the first time, Indian National Congress made
the demand for Constituent Assembly in 1934.
Q.2) Regarding the Constituent Assembly of India, 2. There was a sense of strong disagreement amongst
consider the following statements. the members of the Constituent Assembly in
number of issues on which they finally unable to
1. It was constituted under the scheme formulated by reach a mutually agreed consensus.
the Cabinet Mission Plan. 3. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was not a member of the
2. The Constituent Assembly passed all the provisions Constituent Assembly.
of the Constitution only afterdebating every
provision. Select the Ans using the codes given below:
3. All members were elected directly by the members a) 1 and 2 only
of the Provincial LegislativeAssemblies. b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 only
Which of the statement/s given above is/are incorrect? d) 1, 2 and 3
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 3 only Q.6) Which of the following are features of Indian
d) 1, 2 and 3 Constitution.
Q.3) Which of the following are the purpose of 1. Sovereignty of parliament

Constitution in a democratic setup? 2. Cooperative federalism
3. Presidential form of government
1. It lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the 4. Strict separation of Powers
kind of country.
2. It defines the nature of a country’s political system. Select the Ans using the code given below:
3. It advocates the rule of dominant majority a) 1 and 2 only
according to their whims. b) 1, 2 and 4 only
4. It helps to save us from ourselves. c) 2 only
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Select the Ans using the code given below:
Q.7) With reference to Fundamental rights, consider the
a) 1, 2 and 3 only following statements:
b) 2 and 4 only
c) 1,2 and 4 only
1. They are referred as the ‘conscience’ of the Indian
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Constitution.
2. They protect citizens against the arbitrary and
Q.4) Consider the following assertions: absolute exercise of power by the State.
3. These rights are binding upon every authority that
has got the power to make laws.
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Which of the statements given above are correct? c) Both 1 and 2

a) 1 and 2 only d) Neither 1 nor 2
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3 only Q.11) In what ways the Indian State works to prevent
the religious domination?
Q.8) Constituent assembly had a humungous task 1. Through a strategy of distancing itself from
before it to draft the new Constitution of India. religion.
Consider the following statements about task in hand of 2. Through a strategy of intervention.
constituent assembly: 3. Through a strategy of Non-interference.
1. To accommodate concerns of diversity of India. Select the Ans using the code given below:
2. To establish the ruler's rule by giving them their a) 1 and 3 only
share of rights. b) 1 only
3. To lay down the foundation for grassroots c) 1, 2 and 3
democracy. d) 3 only
Select the Ans using the codes given below:
a) 1,2 and 3 Q.12) Consider the following statements about religious

b) 1 and 3 minorities:
c) 2 and 3
d) 1 only 1. The Indian Constitution grants the right to religious
minority communities to set up their own schools
Q.9) Consider the following statements regarding the and colleges.
concept of Secularism: 2. Indian governments can give financial aid to these
religious communities on a preferential basis.
1. The essence of secularism is that no one should be
discriminated against on grounds of their religious Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct?
practices and beliefs.
2. Secularism refers to the complete separation of a) 1 only
religion from the State. b) 2 only
3. The Indian Constitution allows individuals the c) Both 1 and 2
freedom to live by their religious beliefs and d) Neither 1 nor 2
practices as they interpret these.
Which of the statement/s given above is/are not correct? Q.13) There is a difference between Indian and western
a) 2 only version of secularism. Consider the following assertions
b) 1 and 3 only in this respect:
c) 2 and 3 only
d) None of the above 1. There is a strict separation between religion and the
State in American secularism.
2. In Indian secularism the State can intervene in
Q.10) Consider the following statements about religious affairs.
secularism in India:
Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct?
1. In India, government spaces like law courts, police
stations are not supposed to display or promote any a) 1 only
one religion. b) 2 only
2. Government and private schools cannot promote c) Both 1 and 2
any one religion either in their morning prayers or d) Neither 1 nor 2
through religious celebrations.
Q.14) Government policies towards religion is guided
Which of the statement/s given above is/are not correct? by principles like:
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
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1. Freedom of Religion includes the freedom to not to 1. The Indian Parliament is an Exp:ression of the faith
follow any religion. that the people of India have in principles of
2. The government cannot impose any restrictions on democracy.
the practice of Freedom ofReligion. 2. The Parliament in our system has immense
3. The government can discriminate on basis of unlimited powers because it is the representative of
religion in providing public employment. the people.
Which of the statement/s given above is/are incorrect? Which of the statement/s given above is/are not correct?
a) 1 only
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) Both 1 and 2
c) 1 only
d) Neither 1 nor 2
d) 1, 2 and 3
Q.15) Consider the following statements about

Q.19) Which of the following is/are correct about the
secularism in the Indian context:
functions of Parliament:
1. India’s idea of secularism is inspired from western
ideas of secularism. 1. It ensures accountability of the Government
2. Secularism is one of the basic structures of the 2. Selection and appointment of the judiciary of
Indian Constitution as defined by the Supreme country
Court. 3. Without parliament functioning, Law-Making for
the country is not possible.
a) 1 only a) 1 and 3 only
b) 2 only b) 1 and 2 only
c) 1 and 2 both c) 1, 2 and 3
d) none d) 3 only
Q.16) When the annual Union Budget is not passed by Q.20) Consider the following statements with respect to
the LokSabha Rajya Sabha:
a) the Budget is modified and presented again
b) the Budget is referred to the RajyaSabha for
1. The Rajya Sabha functions primarily as the
suggestions
representative of the states of India in the
c) the Union Finance Minister is asked to resign
Parliament.
d) the Prime Minister submits the resignation of
2. The Rajya Sabha can also initiate legislation on any
Council of Ministers
matter.
3. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the
Q.17) Consider the following assertions about elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of
democracy: various states.
4. There are 233 elected members in the Rajya Sabha.
1. The take-off point for a democracy is the idea of
consent. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
2. It is the decision of people that creates a democratic a) 1 and 4 only
government. b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1, 3 and 4 only
Which of the assertion/s given above is/are correct? d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
a) 1 only
b) 2 only Q.21) Consider the following with respect to Question
c) Both 1 and 2 Hour:
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Q.18) Consider the following statements with reference 1. The first hour of a sitting of Parliament is devoted
to Indian Parliament. to the Questions and this hour is called “the
Question Hour”.
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2. The time immediately following the Zero Hour is Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct?
known as "Question Hour"
3. During the Question Hour members can ask a) 1 only
questions on every aspect of administration and b) 2 only
Governmental activity. c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
a) 1 and 2 only Q.25) Consider the following statements about Rowlatt

b) 1, 2 and 3 only Act:
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 2 and 3 1. The Rowlatt Act allowed the British government to
suspend habeouscorpus at any point of time.
2. In West Bengal, protests against this Act were
Q.22) Consider the following statements about carried outunder the leadership of Dr Satyapal and
parliamentary powers: Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew.
1. The authority to enact laws and policies is bestowed
on the Parliament at central level by the Indian Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct?
Constitution. a) 1 and 2 only
2. The Constitution limits the power of the b) 2 only
government by providing certain c) 1 only
Fundamental Rights for citizens which the d) None
government cannot violate except under certain
circumstances.
Q.26) Consider the following statements in context of
Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct? the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act
a) 1 only 2005:
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2 1. Domestic violence refers to the injury or harm or
d) Neither 1 nor 2 threat of injury or harm caused by an adult male.
2. The word ‘domestic” under the Act extends only to
women who are living in a shared household’ with
Q.23) The Parliament ensures accountability of the the male member.
Executive through:
1. Deliberation and Discussion via the Question Hour Which of the statement/s given above is/are not correct?
2. By Ratification of Laws a) 1 only
3. Financial control by approval and passing of the b) 2 only
Budget. c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Select the correct using the codes given below:
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only Q.27) Which of the following statement is/are incorrect
c) 1 and 3 only about the Protection of Women from Domestic
d) 1, 2 and 3 Violence Act, 2005?
1. This is a criminal law aimed at providing relief to

Q.24) With reference to the Rule of Law, consider the millions of women, affected by violence in their
following statements: homes.
2. This law is a first in recognizing a woman’s right to
1. Rule of law means that all laws apply equally to all a violence-free home and provides a comprehensive
citizens of the country and no one can be above the definition of domestic violence.
law.
2. Neither the President of the country is above the law Select the correct option from the given below:
and are treated equally at all circumstances without a) 1 only
any exceptions. b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
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d) Neither 1 nor 2 Which of the statement/s given above is/are not correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
Q.28) The provisions of both equality of status and d) Neither 1 nor 2
equality of opportunity have been provided under:
a) Fundamental Rights Q.32) Consider the following statements with respect to

b) Directive Principles of State Policy the Supreme Court of India:
c) The Preamble
d) Directive Principles of State Policy and the
1. The Supreme Court of India was established on 26
Preamble
January 1950.
2. The original Constitution of 1950 envisaged a
Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and 7 puisne
Q.29) Consider the following statements regarding the Judges
Higher Judiciary in India: 3. The number of judges in judiciary can be increased
by Chief Justice of India at any time as he thinks
1. The Executive does not have any role in the necessary.
appointment of judges.
Which of the statement/s given above is/are notcorrect?
2. The Legislature has the powers to remove the judges.
a) 1 and 3 only
Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct? b) 1 and 2 only
c) 3 only
a) 1 only d) All the above
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q.33) Consider the following statements about
judiciary:
Q.30) Consider the following statements aboutthe basic 1. Though the courts are not under the government,
structure of the Constitution: but they act on their behalf.
2. Independence of the judiciary plays a crucial role in
1. The judiciary has the power to strike down protecting the Fundamental Rights of citizens.
particular laws passed by the Parliament if it
believes that these are a violation of the basic Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct?
structure of the Constitution. a) 1 only
2. This basic structure of constitution is defined by the b) 2 only
Parliament itself. c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
a) 1 only
b) 2 only Q.34) With reference to various types of courts in
c) Both 1 and 2 country, consider the following statements:
d) Neither 1 nor 2
1. There are three different levels of courts in our
country
Q.31) Consider the following statements about 2. Subordinate courts are usually at the district or
Fundamental rights: Tehsil level or in towns.
3. The decisions made by the Supreme Court are
1. Every citizen of India can approach the Supreme discretionary to all other courts in India.
Courtdirectly if they believe that their Fundamental
Rights have been violated. Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct?
2. Article 21 which provides every citizen the a) 1 and 2 only
Fundamental Right to Life also includes the Right b) 2 only
to die with dignity. c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
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Q.35) With reference to High courts in various states, 2. Any individual or organization can file a PIL only
consider the following statements: in Supreme Court on behalf of those whose rights
were being violated.
1. High Courts were first established in the three
Presidency cities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct?
in 1862. a) 1 only
2. Each state has their own High court within the state. b) 2 only
3. Andhra Pradesh and Telangana have a common c) Both 1 and 2
High Court at Hyderabad. d) Neither 1 nor 2
Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct? Q.39) Consider the following statements about Right to
a) 1 and 2 only food:
b) 2 and 3only
c) 1 only 1. The right to food is only limited to citizens of India.
d) All the above 2. The fundamental Right to Life guaranteed in Article
21 of the Constitution also includes the Right to
Food
Q.36) Consider the following assertions about Indian
and American judiciary: Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
1. Both India and USA have an integrated judicial b) 2 only
system c) Both 1 and 2
2. This integration of judicial system is through the d) Neither 1 nor 2
appellate system that exists in India as well as in the
USA.
Q.40) Consider the following important provisions of
Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct? the Indian Constitution:
a) 1 only
b) 2 only 1. It is a fundamental right of every person to be
c) Both 1 and 2 defended by a lawyer.
d) Neither 1 nor 2 2. Fundamental duties were part of the original
constitution.
3. Original Constitution does not mandatorily provide
Q.37) With reference to Civil law and Criminal law, for setting up of Panchayati raj institutions.
consider the following statements:
1. Criminal law deals with conduct or acts that the law a) 1 and 3 only
defines as offences. b) 2 only
2. Civil law deals with any harm or injury to Rights of c) Both 1 and 2
individuals d) Only 3
Which of the statement/s given above is/are incorrect?

a) 1 only Q.41) Which of the following Fundamental Rights are
b) 2 only not guaranteed under the Article 22 of the Constitution?
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2 a) The Right to be informed at the time of arrest of the
offence for which the person is being arrested.
b) The Right to be presented before a magistrate
Q.38) With reference to Public Interest Litigation, within 24 hours of arrest.
consider the following statements: c) Confessions made in police custody can be used as
evidence against the accused
1. The Supreme Court in the early 1950s devised a d) A boy under 15 years of age and women cannot be
mechanism of Public Interest Litigation or PIL to called to the police station only for questioning.
increase access to justice.
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Q.42) Consider the following statements about 2. The Public Prosecutor is a person who conducts the
Fundamental Rights: prosecution on behalf of the State and represents the
interests of the State.
1. They prohibit the government from acting against
the rights of the individuals, but incase there is a Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct?
violation of these rights, nothing is Exp:licitly a) 1 only
mentioned in the Indian Constitution. b) 2 only
2. Article 14 of the Constitution Exp:licitly clarifies c) Both 1 and 2
that a policy like reservation will notbe seen as a d) Neither 1 nor 2
violation of the right to equality.
Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct? Q.46) With reference to the term Marginalization,
a) 1 only
b) 2 only 1. Marginalization of a society means, “to be forced to
c) Both 1 and 2 occupy the sides or fringes.”
d) Neither 1 nor 2 2. It is the product of equitable resource distribution
and fair social institutions.
3. Cause of their marginalization is not that they speak
Q.43) Concerning Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, a different language, follow different customs or
which of the following statements is/are incorrect? belong to a different religious group from the
majority community.
a) No citizen can be denied his or her life except by
procedure as laid down under the law. Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct?
b) Protection against arrest and detention is also part a) 1 only
of this right. b) 2 and 3 only
c) The Supreme Court has ruled that this right also c) 1 and 2 both
includes the right to live with human dignity, free d) 1, 2 and 3
from Exp:loitation.
d) Right to shelter and livelihood is also included in
the right to life. Q.47) With reference to the term Adivasis, consider the
following statements:
Q.44) Regarding the First Information Report (FIR),
consider the following statements: 1. The term Adivasis literally means ‘original
inhabitants of land’.
1. It is compulsory to register a FIR before beginning 2. Among the 75 listed Particularly Vulnerable
investigations into a crime. Tribal Groups (PVTGs) the highest number are
2. Registration of FIR is mandatory in case of found in Odisha, followed by Andhra Pradesh.
cognizable offence. 3. Adivasis are a homogeneous group of population.
Select the Ans using the code given below: Which of the statement/s given above is/are not correct?
a) 1 and 3 only
a) 1 only b) 2 and 3 only
b) 2 only c) 3 only
c) 1 and 2 only d) 1, 2 and 3 only
d) None
Q.48) Consider the following statements:
Q.45) Consider the following statements about criminal 1. Niyamgiri Hills located in Kalahandi district of
offence: chattisgarh.
2. These Hills are inhabited by Dongarria Konds
1. A criminal offence is regarded as a public wrong which is an Adivasi community.
because it is considered to have been committed not
only against the affected victims but against society Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct?
as a whole. a) 1 only
b) 2 only
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c) Both 1 and 2 1. Kabir was a twelfth century poet and weaver who
d) Neither 1 nor 2 belonged to the Bhakti tradition.
2. Chokhamela was a bhakti saint in Maharashtra,
during 14th century who belonged to Mahar caste.
Q.49) Consider the following statements about
Muslims community: Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
1. According to 2011 census, Muslims are 19.2 per b) 2 only
cent of India’s population and are considered to be c) Both 1 and 2
a marginalised community d) Neither 1 nor 2
2. Justice Rohini committee was set up by government
to examine the social, economic and educational
status of the Muslim community in India. Q.53) Regarding the The Scheduled Castes and the
Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities)
Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct? Amendment Act, 2018 consider the following
a) 1 only statements:
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2 1. Act establishes special courts for the trial of such
d) Neither 1 nor 2 offences and the rehabilitation of victims
2. The Act states that persons accused of committing
an offence under the Act cannot apply for
Q.50) With reference to term Dalit, consider the anticipatory bail
following statements: 3. The Act states that the investigating officer will
require the approval of any authority for the arrest
1. The term Dalit, means ‘broken’, coined by of an accused.
Mahatma Gandhiji to denote the scheduled caste
peoples. Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct?
2. They are the most marginalized group of people a) 1 and 2 only
living generally at the outskirts of cities/villages. b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 only
Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct? d) 1, 2 and 3 only
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2 Q.54) Regarding the Manual scavenging, Consider the
d) Neither 1 nor 2 following statements.
1. Manual scavenging practiced throughout the

Q.51) Consider the following statements about right to country by every class of society.
equality: 2. Manual scavengers are known by Pakhis in Andhra
Pradesh and the Sikkaliars in Tamil Nadu.
1. Article 15 of the Constitution states that 3. Employment of Manual Scavengers and
untouchability has been abolished. Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act
2. Article 17 of the Constitution notes that no citizen prohibits the employment of manual scavengers as
of India shall be discriminated against on the basis well as the construction of dry latrines.
of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
3. Both article 15 and 17 ensures the fair and equitable Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct?
treatment of all.
a) 1 and 2 only
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? b) 2 and 3 only
a) 1and 2 only c) 3 only
b) 2 only d) 1, 2 and 3 only
c) 1, 2 and 3
d) 3 only
Q.55) Consider the following statements regarding
Q.52) Consider the following statements about bhakti Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers
saints: (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.
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1. This Act recognises forest dwellers right to Which of the statement/s given above is/are incorrect?
homestead, cultivable and grazing land and to a) 1 and 3 only
timber forest produce. b) 2 and 3 only
2. The Act points out that the rights of forest dwellers c) 1 and 2 only
includes conservation of forests and biodiversity. d) 1, 2 and 3

a) 1 only Q.59) Consider the following statements about
b) 2 only sanitation:
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2 1. Sanitation facilities come under state list.
2. State authorities provide land and funds for setting
up the sanitation complexes like Sulabh in an area.
Q.56) Which among the following statements about
Directive Principles of State Policy is/are correct? Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
1. Guidelines which were incorporated in the Indian b) 2 only
Constitution but made non-justiciable are called the c) Both 1 and 2
Directive Principles of State Policy. d) Neither 1 nor 2
2. Governmental efforts to give effect to the Directive
Principles include the Right to Education, the Q.60) Consider the following statements about public
formation of Panchayati Raj institutions all over the and private goods:
country.
1. Public good is non-rivalry while private good is
Select the Ans using the code given below: rivalry in nature.
a) 1 only 2. Public good is excludable and private good is non-
b) 2 only excludable in nature.
c) Both 1 and 2
Chose the correct option from the given below:
d) Neither 1 nor 2
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
Q.57) Consider the following statements about right to
c) 1 and 2
water:
d) None
1. The right to safe drinking water is a Fundamental
Right Exp:licitly mentions in the constitution.
2. The Constitution of India recognises the right to Q.61) Consider the following statements about various
water as being a part of the Right to Life under types of goods:
Article 21.
1. private goods: houses
Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct? 2. public goods: toll roads
a) 1 only 3. common resources: timber
b) 2 only 4. club goods: cinemas
c) 1 and 2 only
d) Both 1 and 2 Which of the following given pair is/are correctly
matched?
Q.58) Consider the following statements with reference a) 1 and 2 only

to Public facilities:
b) 1,3 and 4 only
1. Electricity, land, public transport, schools are c) 1,2 and 4
known as public facilities.
2. The important characteristic of a public facility is d) All the above
that once it is provided, its benefits is non
excludable.
3. Public facilities are made available to everyone Q.62) With reference to Minimum Wages Act, consider
free of cost. the following statements:
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1. Minimum Wages Act specifies that wages should Q.67) Consider the following statements regarding the
not be below a specified minimum. interpretation of Secularism in the Indian context.
2. This law is meant to protect the interests of all 1. The state treats all religions equally.
workers; particularly farm labourers, construction 2. The State does not participate in any religious
workers. matter whatsoever.
3. All Educational institutions, without any exception,
Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct? are free to impart religious instruction.
a) 1 only 4. The state makes no discrimination on the basis of
b) 2 only religion in matters of employment.
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2 Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?
a) 1,2 & 4
b) 2 & 3
Q.63) With reference to Child Labour (Prohibition and c) 3 & 4
Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016, consider the d) All of the above
following statements:
Q.68) Consider the following statements regarding
1. It bans the employment of children below the age Fundamental Rights.
of 14 years in all occupations.
2. It bans the employment of adolescents (14-18 1. They limit the authority of the government, and
years) in hazardous occupations and processes. arbitrary laws of the legislature.
2. Fundamental Rights are not absolute and cannot be
Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct? suspended.
a) 1 only 3. They secure vital political rights to the citizens of
b) 2 only India.
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2 Which of the above statements is/are correct?
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
Q.64) Which one of the following best c) 1 and 3
describes/defines PENCIL portal? d) None of the above
a) It is related with adult education programme. Q.69) Consider the following assertions:
b) It is related with adolescent girl education.
c) It is related with child labour. 1. All democratic countries are likely to have a
d) It is related with providing smart education in constitution.
primary education. 2. All countries that have constitution are necessarily
democratic.
Q.65) Which of the following gas was responsible for Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
bhopal gas tragedy:
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
a) Methane
c) Both 1 and 2
b) Methyl Chloride
d) Neither 1 nor 2
c) Methyl-isocyanate
d) Iso-Propyl Acetate Q.70) Which of the following is the purpose of
constitution?
Q.66) Why is Constitution necessary in Democratic 1. It lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the
Societies? kind of country.
2. It defines the nature of a country’s political system.
a) To promote Majority rule over Minority 3. It prevents tyranny or domination by the majority
b) To prevent Majority rule over Minority over minority.
c) To prevent Minority rule over Majority 4. It helps to save us from ourselves.
d) To promote Minority rule over Majority
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a) 1, 2 and 3 only Q.74) Consider the following statements:

b) 2 and 4 only
c) 1 and 2 only 1. The Indian Constitution grants the right to religious
d) None of the above minority’s communities to set up their own schools
and colleges.
Q.71) Which of the following are features of Indian
Constitution? 2. Indian governments can give financial aid to these
religious communities on a preferential basis.
1. Federalism
2. Parliamentary Form of Government Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
3. Fusion of Powers
a) 1 only
4. Secularism
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
Select the Ans using the code given below: d) Neither 1 nor 2
a) 1, 2 and 4
b) 2 and 3 Q.75) Consider the following assertions:
c) 1 and 3 1. The take-off point for a democracy is the idea of
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 consent.
2. It is the decision of people that creates a democratic

Q.72) Consider the following statements regarding the government.
concept of Secularism.
Which of the assertions given above is/are correct?
1. The essence of secularism is that no one should be
discriminated against on grounds of their religious a) 1 only
practices and beliefs. b) 2 only
2. Secularism refers to the separation of religion from c) Both 1 and 2
the State. d) Neither 1 nor 2
3. The Indian Constitution allows individuals the
Q.76) Consider the following statements with reference
freedom to live by their religious beliefs and
to Indian Parliament.
practices as they interpret these.
1. The Indian Parliament is an Exp:ression of the faith
Which of the statements given above are NOT correct? that the people of India have in principles of
democracy.
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3 2. The Parliament in our system has immense powers
c) 3 and 4 because it is the representative of the people.
d) None of the above
Which of the statements given above is/are NOT
Q.73) Consider the following statements: correct?
1. In India, government spaces like law courts, police a) 1 only
stations are not supposed to display or promote any b) 2 only
one religion. c) Both 1 and 2
2. Government and private schools cannot promote d) Neither 1 nor 2
any one religion either in their morning prayers or
through religious celebrations. Q.77) Which of the following are the functions of
Parliament?
correct? 1. To Control, Guide and Inform the Government
2. To Select the National Government
a) 1 only 3. Law-Making
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2 Select the Ans using the code given below:
d) Neither 1 nor 2
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
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c) 1 and 3 a) 1 only
d) All of the above b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Q.78) Consider the following statements with respect to
Rajya Sabha: Q.81) Consider the following statements with regard to
Fundamental rights:
1. The Rajya Sabha functions primarily as the
representative of the states of India in the 1. Every citizen of India can approach the Supreme
Parliament. Court or the High Court if they believe that their
2. The Rajya Sabha can also initiate legislation. Fundamental Rights have been violated.
3. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the 2. Article 21 which provides every citizen the
elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of Fundamental Right to Life also includes the Right
various states. to Health.
4. There are 233 elected members in the Rajya Sabha.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? correct?
a) 1, 2 and 4 a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3 b) 2 only
c) 1 and 3 c) Both 1 and 2
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 d) Neither 1 nor 2
Q.79) Consider the following with respect to Question Q.82) Consider the following statements:
Hour: 1. Though the courts are not under the government and
1. The first hour of a sitting of Parliament is devoted but they act on their behalf.
to the Questions and this hour is called “the Zero 2. Independence of the judiciary plays a crucial role in
Hour”. protecting the Fundamental Rights of citizens.
2. The time immediately following the Zero Hour is Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
known as "Question Hour" a) 1 only
3. During the Question Hour members can ask b) 2 only
questions on every aspect of administration and c) Both 1 and 2
Governmental activity. d) Neither 1 nor 2
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Q.83) With reference to various types of courts in
country, consider the following statements:
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3 1. There are four different levels of courts in our
c) 1 and 3 country
d) 3 only 2. Subordinate are usually at the district or Tehsil level
or in towns.
Q.80) Consider the following statements: 3. The decisions made by the Supreme Court are not
1. Dispute Resolution is a mechanism for resolving binding on all other courts in India.
disputes between citizens, between citizens and the
government, between two state governments and Which of the statements given above is/are NOT
between the center and state governments. correct?
2. As the final interpreter of the Constitution, the a) 1 and 2
judiciary has the power to strike down particular b) 2 and 3
laws passed by the Parliament if it believes that c) 1 and 3
these are a violation of the basic structure of the d) All of the above
Constitution
Q.84) With reference to High courts in various states,
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? consider the following statements:
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1. High Courts were first established in the three Q.88) Consider the following statements:
Presidency cities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras
in 1862. 1. The mid-day meal that children now receive in
government and government-aided schools is
2. Each state have their own separate High court. because of a Public Interest Litigation.
2. The fundamental Right to Life guaranteed in Article
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 21 of the Constitution includes the Right to Food.
a) 1 only Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
b) 2 only a) 1 only
c) Both 1 and 2 b) 2 only
d) Neither 1 nor 2 c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Q.85) Consider the following assertions:
1. In India, we have an integrated judicial system Q.89) Consider the following statements:
2. This integration is through the appellate system that 1. Right to a healthy environment is intrinsic to the
exists in India. Fundamental Right to Life.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 2. In Subhash Kumar vs. State of Bihar (1991), the
Supreme Court held that the Right to Life is a
a) 1 only Fundamental Right under Article 21 of the
b) 2 only Constitution and it includes the right to the
c) Both 1 and 2 enjoyment of pollution-free water and air for full
d) Neither 1 nor 2 enjoyment of life.
Q.86) With reference to Civil law and Criminal law, Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
1. Criminal law deals with conduct or acts that the law b) 2 only
defines as offences. c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
2. Civil law deals with any harm or injury to Rights of
individuals Q.90) Consider the following statements with reference
to Public facilities:
correct? 1. Electricity, public transport, schools are known as
public facilities.
a) 1 only 2. The important characteristic of a public facility is
b) 2 only that once it is provided, its benefits can be shared
c) Both 1 and 2 by many people
d) Neither 1 nor 2 3. One of the most important functions of the
government is to ensure that public facilities are
made available to everyone.
Q.87) With reference to Public Interest Litigation,
consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. The Supreme Court (SC) in the early 1960s devised
a mechanism of Public Interest Litigation or PIL to a) 1 and 2
increase access to justice. b) 2 and 3
2. Any individual or organisation can file a PIL in the c) 1 and 3
High Court or the Supreme Court on behalf of those d) All of the above
whose rights were being violated.
Q.91) Consider the following statements:
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only 1. Sanitation is a must in prevention of water-borne
b) 2 only diseases.
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
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2. Sulabh, a government organisation, has been a) 1 and 2

working to address the problems of sanitation b) 2 and 3
facing low-caste, low-income people in India. c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Q.95) Regarding the First Information Report (FIR)
a) 1 only consider the following statements:
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2 1. It is with the registration of an FIR that the police
d) Neither 1 nor 2 can begin their investigations into a crime.
2. The law states that it is compulsory for an officer in
Q.92) With reference to term Marginalisation, consider charge of a police station to register an FIR
the following statements: whenever a person gives information about a
cognizable offence.
1. Marginalisation of a society means, “to be forced to 3. The complainant has no legal right to get a free copy
occupy the sides or fringes and thus not be at the of the FIR from the police.
centre of things.”
2. Economic, social, cultural and political factors Select the Ans using the code given below:
work together to make certain groups in society feel
marginalised. a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above
a) 1 only
b) 2 only Q.96) Consider the following statements:
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2 1. According to Article 22 of the Constitution, every
person has a Fundamental Right to be defended by
Q.93) Consider the following statements: a lawyer.
2. Article 51A of the Constitution places a duty upon
1. According to Article 22 of the Constitution, every the State to provide a lawyer to any citizen who is
person has a Fundamental Right to be defended by unable to engage one due to poverty or other
a lawyer. disability.
2. Article 51A of the Constitution places a duty upon
the State to provide a lawyer to any citizen who is Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
unable to engage one due to poverty or other
disability. a) 1 only
b) 2 only
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Q.94) Which of the following specific requirements and

procedures has been laid down by The Supreme Court
of India regarding the arrest, detention and interrogation
of any person?
1. A memo of arrest should be prepared at the time of

arrest and should include the time and date of arrest.
2. The arrest memo need not be countersigned by the
person arrested.
3. The person arrested, detained or being interrogated
has a right to inform a relative, friend or well-
wisher.

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Q.1) Ans: c allcitizens reaching a certain age would be entitled

Exp: to become voters irrespective of religion,caste,
education, gender or income). So, while the
members felt no need at all to discussthe issue of
who should have the right to vote, every other
matter was seriously discussedand debated.
• Statement 3 is incorrect:The members of the
Constituent Assembly were elected by indirect
election by themembers of the Provincial
Legislative Assemblies. The members to the
ProvincialLegislative Assemblies had been elected
in early January 1946.
• SOURCE: chapter- 1, polity (class 8th)
2. The
Q.3) Ans: c
Exp:
• In this case, labors right to occupation are violated
under right to freedom of occupation. The Constitution serves following purposes.
• Also, person is discriminated against the other
person on giving job opportunites but the • Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the
constitution of India does not Explicitly mention basis of the kind of country that we as citizens
that discrimination can’t be on the basis of aspire to live in i.e constitution tells us about the
residence. Thus it is not the violation of right to fundamental nature of our society. Hence,
equality. statement 1 is correct.
• All other given rights are Explicitly seen as out of • Constitution defines the nature of a country’s
jurisdiction of given case. political system. For example countries that have
SOURCE: chapter- 1, polity (class 8th) adopted a democratic form of government or polity,
the Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out
Q.2) Ans: b certain important guidelines that govern decision
Exp: making within these societies. Hence, statement 2
• Statement 1 is correct:The Constituent Assembly is correct.
was composed roughly along the lines suggested by • Constitution ensure that a dominant group does not
the Planproposed by the Committee of the British use its power against less powerful people or groups
Cabinet, known as the Cabinet Mission. i.e it prevent tyranny or domination by the majority
• According to this plan:Each Province and each over minority. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
Princely State or group of States were allotted • Constitution helps to save us from ourselves. This
seatsproportional to their respective population may sound strange but what is meant by this is that
roughly in the ratio of 1:10,00,000. As aresult, the we might at times feel strongly about an issue that
Provinces (that were under direct British rule) were might go against our larger interests and the
to elect 292 memberswhile the Princely States were Constitution helps us guard against this. In other
allotted a minimum of 93 seats. words, Constitution helps to protect us against
• the seats in each Province were distributed among certain decisions that we might take that could have
the three central communities,Muslims, Sikhs and an adverse effect on the larger principles that the
general, in proportion to their respective country believes in. Hence, statement 4 is correct
populations. • SOURCE: chapter- 1, polity (class 8th)
• Members of each community in the Provisional
Legislative Assembly elected theirrepresentatives Q.4) Ans: a
by the method of proportional representation with a Exp:
single transferablevote.The method of selection in • Most countries in the world have a Constitution.
the case of representatives of Princely States was to • All democratic countries are likely to have a
bedetermined by consultation. Constitution but it is not necessary that all countries
• Statement 2 is incorrect: In the Constituent that have a Constitution are democratic. Hence,
Assembly only one provision of the Constitution statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is NOT
was passed without virtually any debate: the correct.
introduction of universal suffrage (meaning that
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• A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and • In India, parliamentary sovereignty may be
principles that all persons in a country can agree contrasted with separationofpowers, which limits
upon as the basis of the way in which they want the the legislature's scope often to general law-making,
country to be governed. and judicialreview, where laws passed by the
• This includes not only the type of government but legislature may be declared invalid in certain
also an agreement on certain ideals that they all circumstances. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
believe the country should uphold. CooperativeFederalism
• It refers to the existence of more than one level of
Q.5) Ans: c
government in the country.
Exp:
• In India, we have governments at the state level and
• In 1934, the Indian National Congress made the
at the centre and Panchayati Raj is the third tier of
demand for a Constituent Assembly. Hence,
government
statement 1 is correct.
• The Constitution contains lists that detail the issues
• During the Second World War, this assertion for an
that each tier of government can make laws on.
independent Constituent Assembly formed only of
Indians gained momentum and this was convened • Cooperative federalism, also known as marble-
in December 1946. cake federalism, is a concept of federalism in
which federal, state, and local governments interact
• Between December 1946 and November 1949 i.e.,
cooperatively and collectively to solve common
2 year 11 month and 18 days. The Constituent
problems, rather than making policies separately
Assembly drafted a constitution for independent
but more or less equally.Hence, statement 2 is
India.
correct.
• The members of the Constituent Assembly
• Parliamentary Form of Government (not
approached this task with the great idealism that the
presidential)
freedom struggle had helped to produce.
• The different tiers of government consist of
• There was an extraordinary sense of unity amongst
representatives who are elected by the people.
the members of the Constituent Assembly. Each of
the provisions of the future constitution was • This means that the people of India have a direct
discussed in great detail and there was a sincere role in electing their representatives. These
effort to compromise and reach an agreement representatives are accountable to the
through consensus. Hence, statement 2 is NOT people.Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
correct. • Separation of Powers (not the fusion of power)
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was a prominent member • According to the Constitution, there are three
of the Constituent Assembly. Hence, statement 3 organs of government. These are the legislature, the
is NOT correct. executive and the judiciary.
• SOURCE: chapter- 1, polity (class 8th) • The legislature refers to our elected representatives.
The executive is a smaller group of people who are
Q.6) Ans: c responsible for implementing laws and running the
Exp: government. The Judiciary refers to the system of
Key features of the Indian Constitution are following: courts in this country.
• While there is fusion of power between legislature
Parliamentary sovereignty and executive (member of legislature and elected
• also called parliamentary executive is same).
supremacy or legislative supremacy • Thus, there is no strict separation of power between
different organs of government.Hence, statement 4
• It is a concept in the constitutionallaw of is incorrect.
some parliamentarydemocracies. It holds that • Secularism
the legislativebody has absolute sovereignty and is • A secular state is one in which the state does not
supreme over all other government institutions, officially promote any one religion as the state
including executive or judicial bodies. It also holds religion.
that the legislative body may change or repeal any • The Indian Constitution allows individuals the
previous legislation and so it is not bound by written freedom to live by their religious beliefs and
law (in some cases, even a constitution) or practices as they interpret these.
by precedent.
• Hence, option (c) is Ans.
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• Grassroots Democracy has been strengthened by

Q.7) Ans: d implementation of the 73rd Constitutional
Exp: Amendment act (CAA) in 1992. Gram Panchayat is
the smallest unit of Democracy in India.Thus,
• Fundamental rights are often regarded as statement 3 is incorrect.
the conscience of the Indian constitution as it • SOURCE: chapter- 1, polity (class 8th)
provides due guarantee for the protection
of rights and regulations of the citizens. It is
even regarded as the key stone of the democracy Q.9) Ans: a
through which entire functioning in the nation takes Exp:
place under set of defined rules. Hence, statement
1 is correct. • The most important aspect of secularism is its
• Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the separation of religion from State power. This is
arbitrary and absolute exercise of power by the important for a country to function democratically.
State. Hence, statement 2 is correct. However, Indian constitution does not call for
• The Constitution guarantees the rights of complete separation, rather make provisions to
individuals against the State as well as against other respect and promote every religion equally. Hence,
individuals. statement 2 is incorrect.
• Dr. Ambedkar has said about these Fundamental • The essence of secularism is that no one should be
Rights, their object is two-fold. The first objective discriminated against on grounds of their religious
is that every citizen must be in a position to claim practices and beliefs. This statement rests on the
those rights. And secondly, these rights must be assumption that all forms of domination related to
binding upon every authority that has got the power religion should end. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
to make laws. Hence, statement 3 is correct. • The Indian Constitution allows individuals the
• SOURCE: chapter- 1, polity (class 8th) freedom to live by their religious beliefs and
practices as they interpret these. Hence, statement
3 is correct.
Q.8) Ans: d • In keeping with this idea of religious freedom for
Exp: all, India also adopted a strategy of separating the
• These members of the Constituent Assembly had a power of religion and the power of the State.
huge task before them. The country was made up of • SOURCE: chapter- 2, polity (class 8th)
several different communities who spoke different
languages, belonged to different religions, and had
distinct cultures.Thus, statement 1 is correct. Q.10) Ans: b
• Also, when the Constitution was being written, Exp:
India was going through considerable turmoil. The
partition of the country into India and Pakistan was • The Indian State is not ruled by a religious group
imminent, some of the Princely States remained and nor does it support any one religion.
undecided about their future, and thesocio- • In India, government spaces like law courts, police
economic condition of the vast mass of people stations, government schools and offices are not
appeared dismal. Thus, to ensure peoples rule and supposed to display or promote any one
give them their deserved share in rights. Thus, religion. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
statement 2 is incorrect. • Government schools cannot promote any one
• All of these issues played on the minds of the religion either in their morning prayers or through
members of the Constituent Assembly as they religious celebrations because the celebration of the
drafted the Constitution. religious festival within the school would have been
• They rose to the occasion and gave this country a a violation of the government’s policy of treating all
visionary document that reflects a respect for religions equally.
maintaining diversity while preserving national • However, this rule does not apply to private
unity. schools. Hence, statement 2 is NOT correct.
• The final document also reflects their concern for • SOURCE: chapter- 2, polity (class 8th)
eradicating poverty through socio-economic
reforms as well as emphasing the crucial role the
people can play in choosing their representatives. Q.11) Ans: c
Exp:
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• The Indian State works in various ways to prevent • Unlike the strict separation between religion and the
the religious Domination. State in American secularism, in Indian secularism
• First, it uses a strategy of distancing itself from the State can intervene in religious affairs. Hence,
religion. The Indian State is not ruled by a religious statement 1 and 2 are correct.
group and nor does it support any one religion. Eg. • Indian Constitution intervened in Hindu religious
India does not have any state religion. Hence, practices in order to abolish untouchability.
statement 1 is correct. • In Indian secularism, though the State is not strictly
• The second way in which Indian secularism works separate from religion it does maintain a principled
to prevent the above domination is through a distance vis-à-vis religion.
strategy of non-interference. Eg. Temple • This means that any interference in religion by the
administration carried out by the priests. Hence, State has to be based on the ideals laid out in the
statement 2 is correct. Constitution. These ideals serve as the standard
• The third way in which Indian secularism works to through which we can judge whether the State is or
prevent the domination listed earlier is through a is not behaving according to secular principles
strategy of intervention. Hence, statement 3 is • SOURCE: chapter- 2, polity (class 8th)
correct.
• For example, when members of the same religion Q.14) Ans: b
(‘upper-caste’ Hindus) dominate other members Exp:
(some ‘lower castes’) within it, then to prevent this • According to our Constitution, everyone enjoys the
religion-based exclusion and discrimination of right to follow the religion of his or herchoice. This
‘lower castes’, the Indian Constitution bans freedom is considered as a hallmark of democracy.
untouchability. • Statement 1 is correct:Freedom of religion also
• In this instance, the State is intervening in religion includes freedom of conscience. This means that a
in order to end a social practice that it believes person maychoose any religion or may choose not
discriminates and excludes, and that violates the to follow any religion. Freedom of Religionincludes
Fundamental Rights of ‘lower castes’ who are the freedom to profess, follow and propagate any
citizens of this country. religion
• SOURCE: chapter- 2, polity (class 8th) • Statement 2 is incorrect:Freedom of Religion is
subject to certain limitations. The government can
Q.12) Ans: a imposerestrictions on the practice of freedom of
Exp: religion in order to protect public order,
moralityand health. This means that the freedom of
• The Indian State is secular and works in order to religion is not an unlimited right. Thegovernment
prevent religious domination. can interfere in religious matters for rooting out
• The Indian Constitution guarantees Fundamental certain social evils.
Rights that are based on these secular principles. • Statement 3 is incorrect: India does not have any
• Article 30 mandates that all minorities, whether official religion. We do not have to belong to any
based on religion or language, shall have the right religion in order to be the prime minister or
to establish and administer educational institutions. president or judge or any other public official. Also,
• The Indian Constitution grants the right to religious under the right to equality, there is a guarantee that
communities to set up their own schools and the government will not discriminate based on
colleges. Hence, statement 1 is correct. religion in giving employment.
• Indian governments can give financial aid to these • SOURCE: chapter- 2, polity (class 8th)
religious communities on a non-preferential
basis. Hence, statement 2 is NOT correct.
• SOURCE: chapter- 2, polity (class 8th) Q.15) Ans: b
Exp:
• Statement 1 is incorrect. Indian secularism is
Q.13) Ans: c different from western secularism. The latter talks
Exp: about strict separation between religion and state
whereas in India secularism meant the state would
• There is one significant way in which Indian take a principled distance from religion.
secularism differs from the secularism as practised • Statement 2 is correct. India would not have a state
in the United States of America. religion and that all the religions shall be treated
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equally by the state. The state can intervene in • These are participation by people in the decision-
religious issues when it fails to reform itself with making process and government by consent.
time and ensure dignity to all individuals. We can • The Parliament in our system has immense powers
take the example of state intervention in Triple because it is the representative of the people. But
Talaq and the Sabrimala issue to justify. The right this power is subjected to limits such as separation
to freedom of religion has been granted as a of power, written nature of constitution, basic
fundamental right in the Indian constitution and structure doctrine of SC etc. Hence, statement 2 is
thus also made it justiciable so that fear of majority incorrect.
religious domination too is thwarted away.
SOURCE: chapter- 3, polity (class 8th)
Q.16) Ans: d Q.19) Ans: c

Exp: Exp:
Once elections to the Parliament have taken place, the
Parliament needs to perform the following functions:
• When the annual Union Budget is not passed by
the Lok Sabha, the Prime Minister submits the
resignation of Council of Ministers. If the budget is To Select the National Government
not passed under any condition in parliament then
it can be understood that the ruling party is in • After the Lok Sabha elections, a list is prepared
minority. showing how many MPs belong to each political
party.
• Technically it means the government has lost the • For a political party to form the government, they
confidence vote in the Lok Sabha and it has to must have a majority of elected MPs i.e., 272
resign. In Indian history, this has not happened so members or more.
far. • President is also appointing the chief justice of
• SOURCE: UPSC 2011 question paper supreme court and high court with the advice of
member of judiciary itself (Collegium system)
• To Control, Guide and Inform the Government
Q.17) Ans: c • The Parliament, while in session, begins with a
Exp: question hour. This is a very important way through
which the Parliament controls the executive.
• The take-off point for a democracy is the idea of • By asking questions the government is alerted to its
consent, i.e. the desire, approval and participation shortcomings, and also comes to know the opinion
of people. Hence, statement 1 is correct. of the people through their representatives in the
• It is the decision of people that creates a democratic Parliament, i.e. the MPs.
government and decides about its • The Opposition parties play a critical role in the
functioning. Hence, statement 2 is correct. healthy functioning of a democracy. They highlight
• The basic idea in this kind of democracy is that the drawbacks in various policies and programmes of
individual or the citizen is the most important the government.
person and that in principle the government as well • The government gets valuable feedback and is kept
as other public institutions needs to have the trust of on its toes by the questions asked by the MPs.
these Citizens. • In addition, in all matters dealing with finances, the
Parliament’s approval is crucial for the government.
SOURCE: chapter- 3, polity (class 8th) • The MPs as representatives of the people have a
central role in controlling, guiding and informing
Q.18) Ans: b Parliament and this is a key aspect of the
Exp: functioning of Indian democracy.Thus,
accountability is the key function.
• Law-Making
• Created after 1947, the Indian Parliament is an
Expression of the faith that the people of India have • Law-making is a significant function of Parliament.
in principles of democracy. Hence, statement 1 is But ordinances can be promulgated by the
correct. president at any time when one or both houses of
parliament is not in session.
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• Hence, option (c) is correct. Q.22) Ans: c

• SOURCE: chapter- 3, polity (class 8th) Exp:
Q.20) Ans: c • If the Parliament has the authority to enact laws,
Exp: there must be a law that bestows this authority on
the Parliament in the first place. This is the function
• The Rajya Sabha functions primarily as the of the Constitution. It is an authority that constitutes
representative of the states of India in the the government in the first place. So, Statement 1
Parliament. Hence, statement 1 is correct. is correct.
• The Rajya Sabha can also initiate legislation and a • A vital function of a Constitution is to set some
bill is required to pass through the Rajya Sabha in limits on what a government can impose on its
order to become a law except money and financial citizens. These limits are fundamental in the sense
bills. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect. that the government may never trespass them, i.e.
• It, therefore, has an important role of reviewing and fundamental rights. The exact content and
altering (if alterations are needed) the laws initiated interpretation of these rights vary from the
by the Lok Sabha. constitution to constitution. However, most
constitutions will protect a primary cluster of rights.
• The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the
So, statement 2 is correct.
elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of
various states. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• There are 233 elected members plus 12 members
nominated by the President. Hence, statement 4 is
correct.
Q.23) Ans: d
Exp:
• All statements are correct.
Q.21) Ans: c • The Legislature in the parliamentary system ensures
Exp: Executive accountability at various stages:
policymaking, implementation of law or policy, and
• The Parliament, while in session, begins with a during and post-implementation stage. The
question hour. Legislature does this using a variety of devices:
• The first hour of a sitting of Parliament is devoted
to the Questions and this hour is called the Question • Deliberation and discussion. During the law-
Hour. Hence, statement 1 is correct. making process, members of thelegislature get an
• The time immediately following the Question Hour opportunity to deliberate on the policy direction of
has come to be known as "Zero Hour". Hence, the executive and how policies are implemented.
statement 2 is NOT correct. The Question Hour, which is held every day during
• It has a special significance in the proceedings of the sessions of Parliament, where Ministers have to
the Parliament. Asking of questions is an inherent respond to searching questions raised by the
and unfettered parliamentary right of members. members; Zero Hour where members are free to
• It is during the Question Hour that the members can raise any matter that they think is important (though
ask questions on every aspect of administration and the ministers are not bound to reply), half-an-hour
Governmental activity. Hence, statement 3 is discussion on matters of public importance,
correct. adjournment motion etc. are some instruments of
• The question hour is an important mechanism exercising control
through which MPs can elicit information about the • Approval or Refusal of laws. Parliamentary control
working of the government. is also exercised through its power of ratification. A
• This is a very important way through which the bill can become a law only with the approval of the
Parliament controls the executive. By asking Parliament.
questions the government is alerted to its • Financial control. Since the financial resources to
shortcomings, and also comes to know the opinion implement the programmes of the government are
of the people through their representatives in the granted through the budget. Preparation and
Parliament, i.e. the MPs. presentation of the budget for the approval of the
legislature is the constitutional obligation of the
SOURCE: chapter- 3, polity (class 8th) government.
• No-Confidence Motion. The most potent weapon
that enables the Parliament to ensure executive
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accountability is the no-confidence motion. As long • In Punjab, protests against this Act continued quite
as the government has the support of its party or actively and on April 10 two leaders of the
coalition of parties that have a majority in the Lok movement, Dr Satyapal and Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew
Sabha, the power of the House to dismiss the were arrested. Hence, statement 2 is NOT correct.
government is fictional rather than real. • To protest these arrests, a public meeting was held
on 13 April at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar.
General Dyer entered the park with his troops.
• SOURCE: chapter- 3, polity (class 8th) • They closed the only exit and without giving any
warning General Dyer ordered the troops to fire.
• Several hundreds of people died in this gunfire and
Q.24) Ans: a many more were wounded including women and
Exp: children.
• Members of the Constituent Assembly were agreed

there should be no arbitrary exercise of power in • SOURCE: chapter- 4, polity (class 8th)
independent India.
• They, therefore, they instituted several provisions in Q.26) Ans: b
the Constitution that would establish the rule of Exp:
law.
• The most important of these was that all persons in • Domestic violence refers to the injury or harm or
independent India are equal before the law. threat of injury or harm caused by an adult male,
• The law cannot discriminate between persons based usually the husband, against his wife. Injury may be
on their religion, caste or gender. caused by physically beating up the woman or by
• What the rule of law means is that all laws apply emotionally abusing her. Hence, statement 1 is
equally to all citizens of the country and no one can correct.
be above the law. Hence, statement 1 is correct. • Abuse of the woman can also include verbal, sexual
• Neither a government official, nor a wealthy person and economic abuse.
nor even the President of the country is above the • The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence
law. However, in a number of decisions, the Act 2005 extends to the understanding of the term
Supreme Court ruled that the President is entitled ‘domestic’ to include all women who ‘live or have
to absolute immunity from liability for civil lived together in a shared household’ with the male
damages based on his official acts. The court member who is perpetrating the violence. Hence,
emphasized that the President is not immune from statement 2 is incorrect.
criminal charges stemming from his official (or
unofficial) acts while in office. Hence, statement 2 SOURCE: chapter- 4, polity (class 8th)
is incorrect.
• Any crime or violation of law has a specific
punishment as well as a process through which the Q.27) Ans: a
guilt of the person has to be established. Exp:
• In 1999, Lawyers Collective, a group of lawyers,

SOURCE: chapter- 3, polity (class 8th) law students and activists, after nation-wide
consultations took the lead in drafting the Domestic
Violence (Prevention and Protection) Bill. This bill
Q.25) Ans: c was widely circulated.
Exp: • However, The Protection of Women from Domestic
Violence Act was introduced in Parliament in 2002
• The Rowlatt Act allowed the British government to and bill came into effect in 2006.
imprison people without due trial.i.e., • This law is a first in recognising a woman’s right to
habeouscorpus Hence, statement 1 is correct. a violence-free home and provides a comprehensive
• Indian nationalists including Mahatma Gandhi were definition of domestic violence. Hence, statement
vehement in their opposition to the Rowlatt bills. 2 is correct.
• Despite the large number of protests, the Rowlatt • This is a civil law aimed at providing relief to
Act came into effect on 10 March 1919. millions of women, including wives, mothers,
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daughters and sisters affected by violence in their • Dispute Resolution: The judicial system provides a
homes. Hence, statement 1 is NOT correct. mechanism for resolving disputes between citizens,
between citizens and the government, between two
state governments and between the Centre and state
governments.
SOURCE: chapter- 4, polity (class 8th) • Judicial Review: As the final interpreter of the
Constitution, the judiciary also has the power to
strike down particular laws passed by the
Q.28) Ans: c Parliament if it believes that these are a violation of
Exp: the basic structure of the Constitution. This is called
• The Preamble to the Indian Constitution is based on judicial Review. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
the ‘Objectives Resolution’, drafted and moved by • The basic structure doctrine is an Indian judicial
Jawaharlal Nehru, and adopted by the Constituent principle, most notably propounded by Justice Hans
Assembly. It has been amended by the 42nd Raj Khanna, that the Constitution of India has
Constitutional Amendment Act (1976), which certain basic features that cannot be altered or
added three new words—socialist, secular and destroyed through amendments by the parliament.
integrity
• It is defined by the supreme court of india time to
• Preamble mentions two things about equality: time as and when he thinks necessary. Hence,
o Equality of status
statement 2 is incorrect.
o Equality of opportunity- here equality of
opportunity means that all sections of the
society enjoy equal opportunities

Q.31) Ans: d
Exp:
Q.29) Ans: b
Exp: • Every citizen of India can approach the Supreme
• Statement 1 is incorrect. The appointments in the Court or the High Court directly if they believe that
higher judiciary are carried out by the executive their Fundamental Rights have been
based on recommendations by the collegiums violated. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
consisting of 4 senior-most judges of the Supreme • The Indian Supreme Court Allows Passive
Court. According to the Memorandum of Euthanasia and Living Wills. In a landmark
Procedure, the Centre can return the names judgment (Common Cause) In delivering its
recommended by the collegiums with due judgment, the Supreme Court held that the right
justification. If collegiums send it back, the to die with dignity is an intrinsic facet of
executive must appoint. Thus, the appointment is the right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution
made by the Executive in concurrence with the of India Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Judiciary. • In Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity vs State of
• Statement 2 is correct. The Constitution makes a West Bengal (1996) case, the Supreme Court ruled
rigorous procedure for the removal of the judges of that Article 21 which provides every citizen the
the High Court and the Supreme Court. Each House Fundamental Right to Life also includes the Right
of Parliament needs to pass a resolution requiring to Health.
2/3rd of the members present and voting as well as • It, therefore, directed the West Bengal government
more than the majority of the total membership of to pay him compensation for the loss suffered as
the House. The Resolution so passed goes to the well as to come up with a blueprint for primary
President who orders the removal of the judge. health care with reference to treatment of patients
Thus, the power of removal is accorded to the during an emergency.
Legislature.
th
SOURCE: chapter- 4, polity (class 8 )
Q.30) Ans: a Q.32) Ans: c

Exp: Exp:
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• The Supreme Court of India was established on 26 • Each state is divided into districts that are presided
January 1950, the day India became a over by a District Judge.
Republic. Hence, statement 1 is correct. • Each state has a High Court which is the highest
• The original Constitution of 1950 envisaged a court of that state.
Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and 7 puisne • At the top is the Supreme Court that is in New Delhi
Judges(Hence, statement 2 is correct) - leaving it and is presided over by the Chief Justice of India.
to Parliament to increase this number. Hence, • The decisions made by the Supreme Court are
statement 3 is Incorrect. binding on all other courts in India. Hence,
• In the early years, all the Judges of the Supreme statement 3 is NOT correct.
Court sat together to hear the cases presented before
them. SOURCE: chapter- 5, polity (class 8th)
• At present, the Supreme Court consists of thirty-
one judges (one chief justice and thirty other
judges). Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Bill Q.35) Ans: c
of 2019 has added four judges to strength. It Exp:
increased the judicial strength from 31 to 34,
including the CJI. • High Courts were first established in the three
Presidency cities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras
SOURCE: chapter- 5, polity (class 8th) in 1862. The High Court of Delhi came up in
1966. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Currently there are 24 High Courts. While many
Q.33) Ans: b states have their own High Courts, Punjab and
Exp: Haryana share a common High Court at
Chandigarh, and four North Eastern states of
• The ‘separation of powers’ is a key feature of the Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh
Constitution which means here that three branches have a common High Court at Guwahati. Hence,
of government – the legislature, the executive and statement 2 is NOT correct.
judiciary cannot interfere in the work of the • Now Andhra Pradesh and Telangana does not have
judiciary. a common High Court at Hyderabad. From 1
• The courts are not under the government and do not January 2019 Andhra Pradesh and Telangana have
act on their behalf. Hence, statement 1 is NOT separate high court at Amaravati and Hyderabad
correct. respectively.
• It is the independence of the judiciary that allows • Some High Courts have benches in other parts of
the courts to play a central role in ensuring that there the state for greater accessibility. Hence, statement
is no misuse of power by the legislature and the 3 is incorrect
executive.
• It also plays a crucial role in protecting the SOURCE: chapter- 5, polity (class 8th)
Fundamental Rights of citizens because anyone can
approach the courts if they believe that their rights
have been violated. Hence, statement 2 is correct. Q.36) Ans: c
Exp:
• In India and USA, we have an integrated judicial
Q.34) Ans: a system, meaning that the decisions made by higher
Exp: courts are binding on the lower courts. Hence,
• There are three different levels of courts in our
country. There are several courts at the lower level
while there is only one at the apex level. Hence,
• The courts that most people interact with are what
are called subordinate or district courts. These are
usually at the district or Tehsil level or in towns and
they hear many kinds of cases. Hence, statement 2
is correct.
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of land, purchase of goods, rent matters, divorce

cases. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• A petition has to be filed before the relevant court
by the affected party only. For example, in a rent
matter, either the landlord or tenant can file a case.
• The court gives the specific relief asked for. For
instance, in a case between a landlord and a tenant,
the court can order the flat to be vacated and
pending rent to be paid.
o Q.38) Ans: d
Exp:
• If any citizen believes that their rights are being

violated, then they can approach the court for
justice to be done.
• While the courts are available for all, in reality
access to courts has always been difficult for a vast
majority of the poor in India.
• Legal procedures involve a lot of money and
paperwork as well as take up a lot of time. For a
poor person who cannot read and whose family
depends on a daily wage, the idea of going to court
to get justice often seems remote.
• This integration is through the appellate system • In response to this, the Supreme Court in the early
that exists in India. This means that a person can 1980s devised a mechanism of Public Interest
appeal to a higher court if they believe that the Litigation or PIL to increase access to
judgment passed by the lower court is not justice. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
just. Hence, statement 2 is correct. • It allowed any individual or organization to file a
• The federal court system has three main PIL in the High Court or the Supreme Court on
levels: U.S. District Court, U.S. Circuit Court behalf of those whose rights were being
of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court. Each violated. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
level of court serves a different legal function • The legal process was greatly simplified and even a
for both civil and criminal cases. letter or telegram addressed to the Supreme Court
or the High Court could be treated as a PIL.
Q.37) Ans: d SOURCE: chapter- 6, polity (class 8th)

Exp:
Criminal Law
• It deals with conduct or acts that the law defines as Q.39) Ans: b
offences. For example, theft, harassing a woman to Exp:
bring more dowry, murder. Hence, statement 1 is
correct. • Under the Indian constitution, certain
• It usually begins with the lodging of a First fundamental rights are available only to the
Information Report (FIR) with the police who citizens, namely:
investigate the crime after which a case is filed in o Right against discrimination on the
the court. If found guilty, the accused can be sent to grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or
jail and also fined. place of birth (Article 15); right to
Civil Law equality of opportunity in matter of
• It deals with any harm or injury to Rights of public employment (Article 16); freedom
individuals. For example, disputes relating to sale of speech and Expression, assembly,
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association, movement, residence and • The Fundamental Duties are dealt with Article 51A
profession (Article 19); cultural and under Part-IV A of the Indian Constitution.
educational rights (Article 29 and 30); • Original Constitution does not mandatorily provide
and right to vote and become members of for setting up of Panchayati raj institutions. It was
the union and state legislatures.Hence, given under Article 40 of constitution(DPSP),
statement 1 is incorrect. hence not binding on the government of the day.
• The mid-day meal that children now receive in Hence, statement 3 is correct.
government and government-aided schools is
because of a PIL filed in Supreme Court. In 2001, SOURCE: chapter- 6, polity (class 8th)
the drought in Rajasthan and Orissa meant that
millions faced an acute shortage of food.Meanwhile Q.41) Ans: c
the government godowns were full of grain. Often Exp:
this was being eaten away by rats.
• In this situation of ‘hunger amidst plenty’ an • Article 22 of the Constitution and criminal law
organization called the People’s Union of Civil guarantee to every arrested person the following
Liberties or PUCL filed a PIL in the Supreme Fundamental Rights:
Court.It stated that the fundamental Right to Life • The Right to be informed at the time of arrest of the
guaranteed in Article 21 of the Constitution offence for which the person is being
included the Right to Food. Hence, statement 2 is arrested. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
correct. • The Right to be presented before a magistrate
• The state’s excuse that it did not have adequate within 24 hours of arrest. Hence, statement 2 is
funds was shown to be wrong because the godowns correct.
were overflowing with grains. • The Right not to be ill-treated or tortured during
• The Supreme Court ruled that the State had a duty arrest or in custody.
to provide food to all. It, therefore, directed the • Confessions made in police custody cannot be used
government to provide more employment, to as evidence against the accused. Hence, statement
provide food at cheaper prices through the 3 is NOT correct.
government ration shops, and to provide mid-day
• A boy under 15 years of age and women cannot be
meals to children.
called to the police station only for
• It also appointed two Food Commissioners to report questioning. Hence, statement 4 is correct.
on the implementation of government schemes.
• For the common person, access to courts is access
to justice. The courts exercise a crucial role in
interpreting the Fundamental Rights of citizens Q.42) Ans: d
Exp:
• Fundamental Rights prohibit the government from
Q.40) Ans: a acting against the rights
Exp:
• of the individuals and in case there is a violation of
these rights, Article 32 mentioned in the Indian
• According to Article 22 of the Constitution, every Constitution gives rights to individuals to approach
person has a Fundamental Right to be defended by the Supreme and the High Courts. The Courts can
a lawyer. Hence, statement 1 is correct. issue writs to hold upright the basic fundamental
• Article 39A of the Constitution which comes under rights. So, statement 1 is incorrect.
the Directive principle of the state policy, places a • The Constitution clarifies that the government can
duty upon the State to provide a lawyer to any implement special schemes and measures for
citizen who is unable to engage one due to poverty improving the conditions of individual sections of
or other disability. 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 society: children, women, and the socially and
added 10 Fundamental Duties to the Indian educationally backward classes. Article 16(4) of the
Constitution. 86th Amendment Act 2002 later Constitution Explicitly clarifies that a policy like
added 11th Fundamental Duty to the list. Swaran reservation will not be seen as a violation of the
Singh Committee in 1976 recommended right to equality.So, statement 2 is incorrect.
Fundamental Duties, the necessity of which was felt
during the internal emergency of 1975-77.Hence, SOURCE: chapter- 6, polity (class 8th)
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Q.43) Ans: b against society as a whole. Hence, statement 1 is

Exp: correct.
• Article 21 advocates protection of life and personal o The Public Prosecutor is a person who conducts the
liberty i.e. No person shall be deprived of his life or prosecution on behalf of the State and represents the
personal liberty except according to the procedure interests of the State. Hence, statement 2 is
established by law. So, statement a is correct. correct.
• Article 22 envisages protection against arrest and o The role of the Prosecutor begins once the police
detention in some instances. So, statement b is not has conducted the investigation and filed the charge
correct. sheet in the court.
• The SC has held that the right to life as enshrined in o He/she has no role to play in the investigation. As
Article 21 means something more than survival or an officer of the court, it is his/her duty to act
animal existence and would include the right to live impartially and present the full and material facts,
with human dignity. Thus, the Supreme Court has witnesses and evidence before the court to enable
time and again Expanded the scope of Article 21. the court to decide the case.
So, Statement c is also correct.
• The Court, in Olga Tellis vs BMC case 1985, has SOURCE: chapter- 6, polity (class 8th)
held that right to shelter and livelihood is also
included in the right to life because no person can Q.46) Ans: a
live without the means of living, that is, the means Exp:
of livelihood. So, statement d is correct.
• To be marginalized means to be forced to occupy
SOURCE: chapter- 6, polity (class 8th) the sides or fringes and thus not be at the Centre of
things. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Marginalization of the certain section of the society
Q.44) Ans: c can be because they speak a different language,
Exp: follow different customs or belong to a different
First Information Report (FIR): religious group from the majority community.
Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• It is with the registration of a FIR that the police can • They may also feel marginalized because they are
begin their investigations into a crime. Hence, poor, considered to be of ‘low’ social status and
statement 1 is correct. viewed as being less human than others.
• The law states that it is compulsory for an officer in • It is the product of inequitable resource distribution
charge of a police station to register a FIR whenever and unfair social institutions. Hence, statement 2 is
a person gives information about a cognizable incorrect.
offence. This information can be given to the police • Sometimes, marginalized groups are viewed with
either orally or in writing. Hence, statement 2 is hostility and fear. This sense of difference and
correct. exclusion leads to communities not having access
• The FIR usually mentions the date, time and place to resources and opportunities and in their inability
of the offence, details the basic facts of the offence, to assert their rights.
including a description of the events. If known, the • They Experience a sense of disadvantage and
identity of the accused persons and witnesses is also powerlessness vis-a-vis more powerful and
mentioned. dominant sections of society who own land, are
• The FIR also states the name and address of the wealthy, better educated and politically powerful.
complainant. There is a prescribed form in which • Thus, marginalization is seldom Experienced in one
the police register FIR and it is signed by the sphere. Economic, social, cultural and political
complainant. factors work together to make certain groups in
society feel marginalized.
SOURCE: chapter-7, polity (class 8th)
Q.45) Ans: c
Exp:
Q.47) Ans: c
o A criminal offence is regarded as a public wrong, Exp:
this means is that it is considered to have been
committed not only against the affected victims but
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• Adivasis – the term literally means ‘original

inhabitants’ – are communities who lived, and often
continue to live, in close association with Q.49) Ans: d
forests. Hence, statement 1 is correct. Exp:
• Around 8 per cent of India’s population is Adivasi
and many of India’s most important mining and • According to 2011 census, Muslims are 14.2 per
industrial centers are located in Adivasi areas – cent of India’s population and are considered to be
Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro and Bhilai among a marginalised community in India today because
others. in comparison to other communities, they have been
deprived of the benefits of socioeconomic
‘Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups Development. Hence, statement 1 is NOT
(PVTGs)’: correct.
• Recognising that Muslims in India were lagging
• PVTGs are more vulnerable among the tribal behind in terms of various development indicators,
groups. the government set up a high-level committee in
• They have declining or stagnant population, 2005.
low level of literacy, pre-agricultural level of • Chaired by Justice Rajindar Sachar, the committee
technology and are economically backward. examined the social, economic and educational
• They generally inhabit remote localities status of the Muslim community in India. Hence,
having poor infrastructure and administrative statement 2 is incorrect.
support • The report discusses in detail the marginalisation of
• Among the 75 listed PVTG’s the highest this community. It suggests that on a range of
number is found in Odisha (13), followed by social, economic and educational indicators the
Andhra Pradesh (12). Hence, statement 2 is situation of the Muslim community is comparable
correct. to that of other marginalised communities like
• Adivasis are not a homogeneous population: there Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
are over 500 different Adivasi groups in • For example, according to the Report the average
India. Hence, statement 3 is NOT correct. years of schooling for Muslim children between the
ages of 7-16 is much lower than that of other socio
religious communities.
Q.48) Ans: b • The Justice Rohini Commission- set up in October
Exp: 2017 to recommend sub categorization of the Other
Backward Classes (OBCs) and ensure that
marginalized sub castes get due benefits.
• Niyamgiri Hill located in Kalahandi district of
Orissa. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• This area is inhabited by Dongarria Konds, an SOURCE: chapter- 7, polity (class 8th)
Adivasi community. Hence, statement 2 is
correct.
• Niyamgiri is the sacred mountain of this
Q.50) Ans: b
community.
Exp:
• Vedanta a major aluminium company was planning
to set up a mine and a refinery here which will
displace this Adivasi community. • The term Dalit, which means ‘broken’ is used
• They had strongly resisted this proposed deliberately and actively by groups to highlight the
development and had been joined by centuries of discrimination they have Experienced
environmentalists as well. within the caste System. Mahatma Gandhi coined
• A case against the company was heard by the the word Harijan, translated roughly as people of
Supreme Court. God, to identify untouchables in 1933. The name
• In a landmark judgment, the Supreme Court in 2013 was disliked by Ambedkar as it emphasised the
directed the smallest units of local governance to Dalits as belonging to the Greater Hindu Nation
use their powers and take a decision on whether the rather than being an independent community like
Vedanta group’s $1.7 billion bauxite mining project Muslims. In addition, many Dalits saw the term to
in Odisha’s Niyamgiri Hills can go forward or not. be patronizing and derogatory. Some have even
claimed that the term really refers to children
of devadasis. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
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• Dalits can ‘invoke’ or ‘draw on’ a Fundamental • Chokhamela was a bhakti saint in Maharashtra,
Right (or Rights) in situations where they feel that during 14th century and Soyrabai was his wife. They
they have been treated badly by some individual or belonged to the Mahar caste, which was at that time
community, or even by the government. considered untouchable. Hence, statement 2 is
• They are the most marginalized group of people correct.
living generally at the outskirts of
cities/villages Hence, statement 2 is correct. SOURCE: chapter- 8, polity (class 8th)

Q.53) Ans: a
Exp:
Q.51) Ans: d
Exp: • The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes
(Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 was framed in
• Article 17 of the Constitution states that 1989 in response to demands made by Dalits and
untouchability has been abolished – what this others that the government must take seriously the
means is that no one can henceforth prevent Dalits ill treatment and humiliation Dalits and tribal
from educating themselves, entering temples, using groups face in an everyday sense.
public facilities etc. Hence, statement 1 is NOT • Recently, due to dilution of previous Act by
correct. Supreme court judgement government has passed
• It also means that it is wrong to practice The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes
untouchability and that this practice will not be (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Bill, 2018.
tolerated by a democratic government. In fact, • The Act prohibits the commission of offences
untouchability is a punishable crime now. against members of the Scheduled Castes and
• Article 15 of the Constitution notes that no citizen Scheduled Tribes and establishes special courts for
of India shall be discriminated against on the basis the trial of such offences and the rehabilitation of
of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. Hence, victims. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
statement 2 is NOT correct. • The Act states that persons accused of committing
• Both article 15 and 17 ensures the fair and equitable an offence under the Act cannot apply for
treatment of all. they form part of right to equality. anticipatory bail. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Hence, statement 3 is correct. • The Act states that the investigating officer will not
require the approval of any authority for the arrest
SOURCE: chapter- 8, polity (class 8th) of an accused. Hence, statement 3 is NOT correct.
• Further, it provides that a preliminary enquiry will
not be required for the registration of a First
Q.52) Ans: b Information Report against a person accused under
Exp: the Act.
• Kabir was a fifteenth century poet and weaver who SOURCE: chapter- 8, polity (class 8th)
belonged to the Bhakti tradition. Hence, statement
1 is NOT correct.
• Kabir’s poetry spoke about his love for the supreme Q.54) Ans: b
being free of ritual and priests. It also Expresses his Exp:
sharp and pointed criticism of those he saw as
powerful. o Manual scavenging refers to the practice of
• Kabir attacked those who attempted to define removing human and animal waste/excreta using
individuals on the basis of their religious and caste brooms, tin plates and baskets from dry latrines and
identities. carrying it on the head to disposal grounds some
• In his view every person had the ability to reach the distance away.
highest level of spiritual salvation and deep o A manual scavenger is the person who does the job
knowledge within themselves through their own of carrying this filth. This job is mainly done by
Experience. Dalit women and young girls. Hence, statement 1
• His poetry brings out the powerful idea of the is incorrect
equality of all human beings and their labour. o Manual scavengers in different parts of the country,
are known by different names the Bhangis in
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Gujarat, Pakhis in Andhra Pradesh and the • The governments from time to time tried to give
Sikkaliars in Tamil Nadu, and they continue to be effect to some Directive Principles of State Policy.
considered untouchable. Hence, statement 2 is They passed several zamindari abolitions bills,
correct. nationalised banks, enacted numerous factory laws,
o In 1993, the government passed the Employment of fixed minimum wages, cottage and small industries
Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry were promoted and provisions for reservation for
Latrines (Prohibition) Act. This law prohibits the the upliftment of the scheduled castes and
employment of manual scavengers as well as the scheduled tribes were made. Such efforts to give
construction of dry latrines. Hence, statement 3 is effect to the Directive Principles include the right to
correct. education, the formation of Panchayati raj
o In 2003, the Safai Karamchari Andolan and 13 institutions all over the country, partial right to
other organizations and individuals, including work under employment guarantee programme and
seven scavengers, filed a PIL in the Supreme Court. the mid-day meal scheme etc. So, statement 2 is
o The court observed that the number of manual correct.
scavengers in India had increased since the 1993
law. It directed every department/ministry of the SOURCE: chapter- 8, polity (class 8th)
union government and state governments to verify
the facts within six months.
o The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Q.57) Ans: b
Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act came into Exp:
force on 6 December 2013.
• The Constitution of India recognises the right to
water as being a part of the Right to Life under
Article 21. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Q.55) Ans: b • This means that it is the right of every person,
Exp: whether rich or poor, to have sufficient amounts of
water to fulfil his/her daily needs at a price that
he/she can afford. In other words, there should be
• The central government passed the Scheduled universal access to water.
Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers
• There have been several court cases in which both
(Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.
the High Courts and the Supreme Court have held
• The introduction to the final Act states that this Act that the right to safe drinking water is a
is meant to undo the historical injustices meted out Fundamental Right. However, it is not Explicitly
to forest dwelling populations in not recognising given in the constitution. Hence, statement 1 is
their rights to land and resources. incorrect.
• This Act recognizes their right to homestead,
cultivable and grazing land and to non-timber forest
produce. Hence, statement 1 is NOT correct.
• The Act also points out that the rights of forest
dwellers includes conservation of forests and Q.58) Ans: a
biodiversity. Hence, statement 2 is correct. Exp:
SOURCE: chapter- 8, polity (class 8th) • There are essential facilities that need to be
provided for everyone, for example healthcare and
sanitation.
Q.56) Ans: c • Similarly, there are things like electricity, public
Exp: transport, schools and colleges that are also
• If a government did not implement a particular necessary. These are known as public facilities. But
Directive Principle of State Policy, we could not go land and property is the private property. Hence,
to the court asking the court to instruct the statement 1 is incorrect.
government to implement that policy. Thus, these • The important characteristic of a public facility is
guidelines are ‘non-justiciable,’ i.e., parts of the that once it is provided, its benefits can be shared
Constitution that cannot be enforced by the by many people. For instance, a school in the
judiciary. So, statement 1 is correct. village will enable many children to get
educated. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
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• One of the most important functions of the SOURCE: chapter- 9, polity (class 8th)
government is to ensure that these public facilities
are made available to everyone. But some charges Q.60) Ans: a
or fee can be levied for such facilities like electricity Exp:
bill etc. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
Difference between Public Goods and Private Goods
SOURCE: chapter- 9, polity (class 8th) The public goods and private goods vary from each
other on the basis of excludability and rivalrousness.
The major differences between Public Goods and
Q.59) Ans: a Private Goods are mentioned in the table below:
Exp:
• Sanitation is a must in prevention of water-borne Public Goods Private Goods

diseases. The poor both in the rural and urban areas
lack access to sanitation.
• The State List lists subjects under which the It is non-rivalry as the It is rivalrous as the
legislature of a state may make laws. Public order, consumption of one unit consumption of one
police, public health and sanitation; hospitals and of these goods by one unit of private goods
dispensaries, betting and gambling are some of the person does not decrease by one person does
subjects that come under the state. Hence, the available units for decrease the available
statement 1 is correct. consumption by another units for consumption
• It has constructed more than 7,500 public toilet person. by another person.
blocks and 1.2 million private toilets, giving access
to sanitation to 10 million people. The majority of
the users of Sulabh facilities are from the poor It is non-excludable. A It is an excludable
working class. good is said to be non- good as it prevents a
• Sulabh enters into contracts with municipalities or excludable if it is person from enjoying
other local authorities to construct toilet blocks with impossible, or extremely the benefits of the
government funds.Sulabh, a non-government costly, to prevent good if they have not
organisation, has been working for three decades to someone from benefiting paid their share on that
address the problems of sanitation facing low-caste, from that particular good good.
low-income people in India. who has not paid for it.
• Local authorities provide land and funds for setting
up the services, whereas maintenance costs are
sometimes financed through user charges.Hence,

What are Public Goods?
Q.61) • Public good is a term in economics which refers to
the good (commodity) that is available for use for
Ans: b everybody and one person’s usage of it does not
Exp: diminish or exhaust its availability to others. It is
considered non-excludable and non-
There are mainly four different types of goods: rivalrous. Public goods are provided as a whole to
the society by the government and the consumption
• private goods of these goods by an individual doesn’t reduce its
availability or doesn’t exclude others from
• public goods consuming it. Therefore, public goods are non-
• common resources rivalry and non-excludability.
• club goods. • Examples of public goods are education,
infrastructure, lighthouses, flood control systems,
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knowledge, fresh air, national security, official Club goods are sometimes also referred to as
statistics, etc. The public good is different from the artificially scarce resources. They are often
common good in that common good, though non- provided by natural monopolies. Examples of club
excludable, tends to be semi-rivalrous in nature. goods include cable television, cinemas, wireless
Examples of common goods would be timber, coal, internet, toll roads, etc.
etc. Public goods are useful for the population as a
whole.
Free Rider Problem SOURCE: chapter- 9, polity (class 8th)
• The non-excludable property of the public goods Q.62) Ans: c

gives rise to the free-rider problem as these goods Exp:
can be bought by the people without paying for
them. The free-rider problem is regarded as the • Minimum Wages Act specifies that wages should
burden on a shared resource. This situation arises not be below a specified minimum. Hence,
when a person is using or overusing these goods statement 1 is correct.
without paying his/her fair share for it. The free- • Many workers are denied fair wages by their
rider problem can occur in any community, large or employers since they badly need work, workers
small. have no bargaining power and are paid low wages.
• This law is meant to protect the interests of all
What is a Private Good? workers; particularly farm labourers, construction
workers, factory workers, domestic workers,
• Any product which must be purchased for etc. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
consumption, and which prevents another
individual from consuming it if consumed by one SOURCE: chapter- 10, polity (class 8th)
individual is known as a private good. Therefore, a
good is considered to be a private good if there is a
competition between individuals to obtain the good Q.63) Ans: b
and if consuming the good prevents someone else Exp:
from consuming it.Eg. land, houses etc
• Private goods have a lesser chance to Experience • According to the 2011 census, over 4 million
the free-rider problem than the public goods as children in India aged between 5 and 14 work in
private goods are not readily available for free and various occupations including hazardous ones.
a company produces private goods with a goal of • In 2016, Parliament amended the Child Labour
making profits. (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, banning the
employment of children below the age of 14 years
Common Resources in all occupations except where the child helps his
family after school hours and of adolescents (14-18
• Common resources are defined as products or years) in hazardous occupations and
resources that are non-excludable but rival. That processes. Hence, statement 1 is NOT correct
means they can be used by virtually anyone. and 2 is correct.
However, if one individual consumes common • It made employing these children or adolescents a
resources, their availability to other individuals is cognizable offence. Anyone found violating the ban
reduced. The combination of those two must be penalized with a punishment ranging from
characteristics often results in an overuse of a jail term of six months to two years and/or fine of
common resources. Examples of common Rs. 20,000 to Rs. 50,000.
resources include freshwater, fish, timber, pasture,
• The central government had asked state
etc. governments to develop plans to rescue and
Club Goods rehabilitate children who are working.
• Club goods are products that are excludable but SOURCE: chapter- 10, polity (class 8th)
non-rival. Thus, individuals can be prevented from
consuming them, but their consumption does not
reduce their availability to other individuals (at least Q.64) Ans: c
until a point of overuse or congestion is reached). Exp:
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• An online portal, Platform for Effective

Enforcement for No Child Labour (PENCIL) has • The Constitution of India stands for a secular state.
become functional in 2017. Hence, it does not uphold any particular religion as
• It is meant for filing of complaint, child tracking, the official religion of the Indian State. The
implementation and monitoring of National Child Preamble secures to all citizens of India liberty of
Labour Project (NCLP). belief, faith and worship. Hence, the Indian
• The PENCIL is an electronic platform that aims at Constitution embodies the positive concept
involving Centre, State, District, Governments, of secularism, i.e., giving equal respect to all
civil society and the general public in achieving the religions or protecting all religions equally.
target of child labour free society. Hence option (c) But Article 28 says that no religious instruction
is correct. shall be provided in any educational institution
maintained by the State.
SOURCE: chapter- 10, polity (class 8th) • Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on
grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of
birth.
Q.65) Ans: c • The Islamic Central Wakf Council and many Hindu
Exp: temples of great religious significance are
administered and managed by the Indian
government.
• The world’s worst industrial tragedy took place in
Bhopal 24 years ago. Union Carbide (UC) an
American company had a factory in the city in Q.68) Ans: c
which it produced Pesticides. Exp:
• At midnight on 2 December 1984 methyl-
isocyanate (MIC) - a highly poisonous gas – • They operate as limitations on the tyranny of the
started leaking from this UC plant within three executive imply that they limit the authority of
days, more than 8,000 people were dead. Hundreds the government, and arbitrary laws of the
of thousands were maimed. Hence, option (c) is legislature. They are justiciable in nature, that is,
correct. they are enforceable by the courts for their
• Most of those Exposed to the poison gas came from violation.
poor, working-class families, of which nearly • Rights such as equality to contest for political
50,000 people are today too sick to work. office, right against discrimination etc show the
• Among those who survived, many developed political and social equality of citizens.
severe respiratory disorders, eye problems and • Fundamental Rights are not absolute and subject to
other disorders. reasonable restrictions. Further, they are not
• The disaster was not an accident. UC had sacrosanct and can be curtailed or repealed by the
deliberately ignored the essential safety measures in Parliament through a constitutional amendment act.
order to cut costs. They can also be suspended during the operation
of a National Emergency except the rights
SOURCE: chapter- 10, polity (class 8th) guaranteed by Articles 20 and 21.
Q.69) Ans: a
Q.66) Ans: b
Exp: Exp:
• The Constitution usually contains rules that ensure
• Most countries in the world have a Constitution.
that minorities are not excluded from anything that
is routinely available to the majority. Another • All democratic countries are likely to have a
reason why we have a Constitution is precisely to Constitution but it is not necessary that all countries
prevent this tyranny or domination by the majority that have a Constitution are democratic. Hence,
of a minority. statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is NOT
correct.
Source: 8th Class NCERT
• A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and
principles that all persons in a country can agree
Q.67) Ans: b
upon as the basis of the way in which they want the
Exp:
country to be governed.
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• This includes not only the type of government but • This means that the people of India have a direct
also an agreement on certain ideals that they all role in electing their representatives. These
believe the country should uphold. representatives are accountable to the people
3. Separation of Powers
Q.70) • According to the Constitution, there are three
Ans: a organs of government. These are the legislature, the
executive and the judiciary.
Exp: • The legislature refers to our elected representatives.
The executive is a smaller group of people who are
The Constitution serves following purposes. responsible for implementing laws and running the
government. The judiciary, refers to the system of
• Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the courts in this country.
basis of the kind of country that we as citizens 4. Secularism
aspire to live in i.e constitution tells us about the
• A secular state is one in which the state does not
fundamental nature of our society. Hence,
officially promote any one religion as the state
religion.
• Constitution defines the nature of a country’s • The Indian Constitution allows individuals the
political system. For example countries that have freedom to live by their religious beliefs and
adopted a democratic form of government or polity, practices as they interpret these. Hence, option (a)
the Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out is correct.
certain important guidelines that govern decision
making within these societies. Hence, statement 2 Q.72) Ans: d
is correct. Exp:
• Constitution ensure that a dominant group does not • The most important aspect of secularism is its
use its power against less powerful people or groups separation of religion from State power. This is
i.e it prevent tyranny or domination by the majority important for a country to function
over minority. Hence, statement 3 is correct. democratically. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The essence of secularism is that no one should be
• Constitution helps to save us from ourselves. This discriminated against on grounds of their religious
may sound strange but what is meant by this is that practices and beliefs. This statement rests on the
we might at times feel strongly about an issue that assumption that all forms of domination related to
might go against our larger interests and the religion should end. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
Constitution helps us guard against this. In other • The Indian Constitution allows individuals the
words, Constitution helps to protect us against freedom to live by their religious beliefs and
certain decisions that we might take that could have practices as they interpret these. Hence, statement
an adverse effect on the larger principles that the 3 is correct.
country believes in. • In keeping with this idea of religious freedom for
all, India also adopted a strategy of separating the
Q.71) power of religion and the power of the State.
Ans: a
Exp:
Key features of the Constitution are following Q.73) Ans: b
1. Federalism Exp:
• It refers to the existence of more than one level of • The Indian State is not ruled by a religious group
government in the country. and nor does it support any one religion.
• In India, we have governments at the state level and
at the centre and Panchayati Raj is the third tier of • In India, government spaces like law courts, police
government stations, government schools and offices are not
• The Constitution contains lists that detail the issues supposed to display or promote any one
that each tier of government can make laws on. religion. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
2. Parliamentary Form of Government
• The different tiers of government consist of • Government schools cannot promote any one
representatives who are elected by the people. religion either in their morning prayers or through
religious celebrations because the celebration of the
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religious festival within the school would have been • The Parliament in our system has immense powers
a violation of the government’s policy of treating all because it is the representative of the
religions equally. people. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• However, this rule does not apply to private

schools. Hence, statement 2 is NOT correct.
Q.77) Ans: d
Q.74) Ans: a
Exp:
Exp:
• Once elections to the Parliament have taken place,
• The Indian State is secular and works in order to the Parliament needs to perform the following
prevent religious domination. functions:
• The Indian Constitution guarantees Fundamental
Rights that are based on these secular principles. A. To Select the National Government
• Article 30 mandates that all minorities, whether • After the Lok Sabha elections, a list is prepared
based on religion or language, shall have the right showing how many MPs belong to each political
to establish and administer educational institutions. party.
• The Indian Constitution grants the right to religious
communities to set up their own schools and • For a political party to form the government, they
colleges. Hence, statement 1 is correct. must have a majority of elected MPs..e. 272
• Indian governments can give financial aid to these members or more
religious communities on a non-preferential
basis. Hence, statement 2 is NOT correct. B. To Control, Guide and Inform the Government
• The Parliament, while in session, begins with a

Q.75) Ans: c question hour. This is a very important way through
which the Parliament controls the executive.
Exp:
• By asking questions the government is alerted to its
• The take-off point for a democracy is the idea of shortcomings, and also comes to know the opinion
consent, i.e. the desire, approval and participation of the people through their representatives in the
of people. Hence, statement 1 is correct. Parliament, i.e. the MPs.
• It is the decision of people that creates a democratic
government and decides about its functioning. • The Opposition parties play a critical role in the
Hence, statement 2 is correct. healthy functioning of a democracy. They highlight
• The basic idea in this kind of democracy is that the drawbacks in various policies and programmes of
individual or the citizen is the most important the government.
person and that in principle the government as well
• The government gets valuable feedback and is kept
as other public institutions needs to have the trust of
on its toes by the questions asked by the MPs.
these Citizens.
• In addition, in all matters dealing with finances, the
Parliament’s approval is crucial for the government.
Q.76) Ans: d
• The MPs as representatives of the people have a
Exp: central role in controlling, guiding and informing
Parliament and this is a key aspect of the
• Created after 1947, the Indian Parliament is an functioning of Indian democracy.
Expression of the faith that the people of India have
in principles of democracy. Hence, statement 1 is C. Law-Making
correct.
• Law-making is a significant function of Parliament.
• These are participation by people in the decision-
making process and government by consent.
Q.78) Ans: d
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Exp: • Dispute Resolution: The judicial system provides a

mechanism for resolving disputes between citizens,
• The Rajya Sabha functions primarily as the between citizens and the government, between two
representative of the states of India in the state governments and between the centre and state
Parliament. Hence, statement 1 is correct. governments. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The Rajya Sabha can also initiate legislation and a • Judicial Review: As the final interpreter of the
bill is required to pass through the Rajya Sabha in Constitution, the judiciary also has the power to
order to become a law. Hence, statement 2 is strike down particular laws passed by the
correct. Parliament if it believes that these are a violation of
• It, therefore, has an important role of reviewing and the basic structure of the Constitution. This is called
altering (if alterations are needed) the laws initiated judicial Review. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
by the Lok Sabha.
• The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the
elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of
various states. Hence, statement 3 is correct. Q.81) Ans: d
• There are 233 elected members plus 12 members Exp:
nominated by the President. Hence, statement 4 is
correct. • Every citizen of India can approach the Supreme
Court or the High Court if they believe that their
Fundamental Rights have been violated. Hence,
Q.79) Ans: d statement 1 is correct.
• In Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity vs State of
Exp: West Bengal (1996) case, the Supreme Court ruled
that Article 21 which provides every citizen the
• The Parliament, while in session, begins with a Fundamental Right to Life also includes the Right
question hour. to Health. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The first hour of a sitting of Parliament is devoted • It, therefore, directed the West Bengal government
to the Questions and this hour is called the Question to pay him compensation for the loss suffered as
Hour. Hence, statement 1 is NOT correct. well as to come up with a blueprint for primary
• The time immediately following the Question Hour health care with particular reference to treatment of
has come to be known as "Zero Hour". Hence, patients during an emergency.
statement 2 is NOT correct.
• It has a special significance in the proceedings of
the Parliament. Asking of questions is an inherent
Q.82) Ans: b
and unfettered parliamentary right of members.
• It is during the Question Hour that the members can Exp:
ask questions on every aspect of administration and
Governmental activity. Hence, statement 3 is • The ‘separation of powers’ is a key feature of the
correct. Constitution which means here that three branches
• The question hour is an important mechanism of government – the legislature , the executive and
through which MPs can elicit information about the judiciary cannot interfere in the work of the
working of the government. judiciary.
• This is a very important way through which the • The courts are not under the government and do not
Parliament controls the executive. By asking act on their behalf. Hence, statement 1 is NOT
questions the government is alerted to its correct.
shortcomings, and also comes to know the opinion • It is the independence of the judiciary that allows
of the people through their representatives in the the courts to play a central role in ensuring that there
Parliament, i.e. the MPs. is no misuse of power by the legislature and the
executive.
• It also plays a crucial role in protecting the
Q.80) Ans: c Fundamental Rights of citizens because anyone can
approach the courts if they believe that their rights
Exp: have been violated. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
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Q.83) Ans: c ▪ This integration is through the appellate system that

exists in India. This means that a person can appeal
Exp: to a higher court if they believe that the judgment
passed by the lower court is not just. Hence,
• There are three different levels of courts in our statement 2 is correct.
country. There are several courts at the lower level
while there is only one at the apex level. Hence,
• The courts that most people interact with are what Q.86) Ans: d
are called subordinate or district courts. These are
usually at the district or Tehsil level or in towns and Exp:
they hear many kinds of cases. Hence, statement 2
Criminal Law
is correct.
• Each state is divided into districts that are presided • It deals with conduct or acts that the law defines as
over by a District Judge. offences. For example theft, harassing a woman to
• Each state has a High Court which is the highest bring more dowry, murder. Hence, statement 1 is
court of that state. correct.
• At the top is the Supreme Court that is located in • It usually begins with the lodging of an First
New Delhi and is presided over by the Chief Justice Information Report (FIR) with the police who
of India. investigate the crime after which a case is filed in
• The decisions made by the Supreme Court are the court. If found guilty, the accused can be sent to
binding on all other courts in India. Hence, jail and also fined.
Civil Law
• It deals with any harm or injury to Rights of

Q.84) Ans: a individuals. For example, disputes relating to sale
of land, purchase of goods, rent matters, divorce
Exp: cases. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• A petition has to be filed before the relevant court
▪ High Courts were first established in the three by the affected party only. For example, In a rent
Presidency cities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras matter, either the landlord or tenant can file a case.
in 1862. The High Court of Delhi came up in • The court gives the specific relief asked for. For
1966. Hence, statement 1 is correct. instance, in a case between a landlord and a tenant,
▪ Currently there are 25 High Courts. While many the court can order the flat to be vacated and
states have their own High Courts, Punjab and pending rent to be paid.
Haryana share a common High Court at
Chandigarh, and four North Eastern states of
Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh Q.87) Ans: b
have a common High Court at Guwahati. Hence,
statement 2 is NOT correct. Exp:
▪ Andhra Pradesh High Court is 25th High Court. • If any citizen believes that their rights are being
violated, then they can approach the court for
▪ Some High Courts have benches in other parts of justice to be done.
the state for greater accessibility. • While the courts are available for all, in reality
access to courts has always been difficult for a vast
majority of the poor in India.
Q.85) Ans: c • Legal procedures involve a lot of money and
paperwork as well as take up a lot of time. For a
Exp: poor person who cannot read and whose family
depends on a daily wage, the idea of going to court
▪ In India, we have an integrated judicial system, to get justice often seems remote.
meaning that the decisions made by higher courts • In response to this, the Supreme Court in the early
are binding on the lower courts. Hence, statement 1980s devised a mechanism of Public Interest
1 is correct.
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Litigation or PIL to increase access to Fundamental Right under Article 21 of the

justice. Hence, statement 1 is NOT correct. Constitution and it includes the right to the
• It allowed any individual or organisation to file a enjoyment of pollution-free water and air for full
PIL in the High Court or the Supreme Court on enjoyment of life. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
behalf of those whose rights were being • The government is responsible for setting up laws
violated. Hence, statement 2 is correct. and procedures that can check pollution, clean
• The legal process was greatly simplified and even a rivers and introduce heavy fines for those who
letter or telegram addressed to the Supreme Court pollute
or the High Court could be treated as a PIL.
Q.90) Ans: d
Q.88) Ans: c
Exp:
Exp:
• There are essential facilities that need to be
• The mid-day meal that children now receive in provided for everyone, for example healthcare and
government and government-aided schools is sanitation.
because of a PIL. Hence, statement 1 is correct. • Similarly, there are things like electricity, public
• In 2001, the drought in Rajasthan and Orissa meant transport, schools and colleges that are also
that millions faced an acute shortage of food. necessary. These are known as public
• Meanwhile the government godowns were full of facilities. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
grain. Often this was being eaten away by rats. • The important characteristic of a public facility is
• In this situation of ‘hunger amidst plenty’ an that once it is provided, its benefits can be shared
organisation called the People’s Union of Civil by many people. For instance, a school in the
Liberties or PUCL filed a PIL in the Supreme Court. village will enable many children to get
• It stated that the fundamental Right to Life educated. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
guaranteed in Article 21 of the Constitution • One of the most important functions of the
included the Right to Food. Hence, statement 2 is government is to ensure that these public facilities
correct. are made available to everyone. Hence, statement
• The state’s excuse that it did not have adequate 3 is correct.
funds was shown to be wrong because the godowns
were overflowing with grains.
• The Supreme Court ruled that the State had a duty Q.91) Ans: a
to provide food to all. It, therefore, directed the
government to provide more employment, to Exp:
provide food at cheaper prices through the
government ration shops, and to provide mid-day • Sanitation is a must in prevention of water-borne
meals to children. diseases. The poor both in the rural and urban areas
• It also appointed two Food Commissioners to report lack access to sanitation. Hence, statement 1 is
on the implementation of government schemes. correct.
• For the common person, access to courts is access • Sulabh, a non-government organisation, has been
to justice. The courts exercise a crucial role in working for three decades to address the problems
interpreting the Fundamental Rights of citizens. of sanitation facing low-caste, low-income people
in India. Hence, statement 2 is NOT correct.
• It has constructed more than 7,500 public toilet
blocks and 1.2 million private toilets, giving access
Q.89) Ans: c to sanitation to 10 million people. The majority of
Exp: the users of Sulabh facilities are from the poor
working class.
• The Higher courts in India have given a number of • Sulabh enters into contracts with municipalities or
judgments upholding the right to a healthy other local authorities to construct toilet blocks with
environment as intrinsic to the Fundamental Right government funds.
to Life. Hence, statement 1 is correct. • Local authorities provide land and funds for setting
• In Subhash Kumar vs. State of Bihar (1991), the up the services, whereas maintenance costs are
Supreme Court held that the Right to Life is a sometimes financed through user charges.
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Q.92) Ans: c o The police officials who carry out the arrest
or interrogation should wear clear, accurate
Exp: and visible identification and name tags
with their designations.
• To be marginalised means to be forced to occupy o A memo of arrest should be prepared at the
the sides or fringes and thus not be at the centre of time of arrest and should include the time
things. Hence, statement 1 is correct. and date of arrest. Hence, statement 1 is
• Marginalisation of the certain section of the society correct.
can be because they speak a different language, o It should also be attested by at least one
follow different customs or belong to a different witness who could include a family
religious group from the majority community. member of the person arrested.
• They may also feel marginalised because they are o The arrest memo should be countersigned
poor, considered to be of ‘low’ social status and by the person arrested. Hence, statement 2
viewed as being less human than others. is NOT correct.
• Sometimes, marginalised groups are viewed with o The person arrested, detained or being
hostility and fear. This sense of difference and interrogated has a right to inform a relative,
exclusion leads to communities not having access friend or well wisher. Hence, statement 3
to resources and opportunities and in their inability is correct.
to assert their rights. o When a friend or relative lives outside the
• They Experience a sense of disadvantage and district, the time, place of arrest and venue
powerlessness vis-a-vis more powerful and of custody must be notified by police
dominant sections of society who own land, are within 8 to 12 hours after arrest.
wealthy, better educated and politically powerful.
• Thus, marginalisation is seldom Experienced in one
sphere. Economic, social, cultural and political
factors work together to make certain groups in Q.95) Ans: a
society feel marginalised. Hence, statement 2 is Exp:
correct.
First Information Report (FIR):
• It is with the registration of an FIR that the police

Q.93) Ans: a
can begin their investigations into a crime. Hence,
Exp: statement 1 is correct.
• The law states that it is compulsory for an officer in
• According to Article 22 of the Constitution, every charge of a police station to register an FIR
person has a Fundamental Right to be defended by whenever a person gives information about a
a lawyer. Hence, statement 1 is correct. cognizable offence. This information can be given
to the police either orally or in writing. Hence⁸,
• Article 39A of the Constitution which comes under statement 2 is correct.
the Directive principle of the state policy, places a • The FIR usually mentions the date, time and place
duty upon the State to provide a lawyer to any of the offence, details the basic facts of the offence,
citizen who is unable to engage one due to poverty including a description of the events. If known, the
or other disability. Hence, statement 2 is NOT identity of the accused persons and witnesses is also
correct. mentioned.
• The FIR also states the name and address of the
complainant. There is a prescribed form in which
Q.94) Ans: c the police registers an FIR and it is signed by the
complainant.
Exp: • The complainant also has a legal right to get a free
copy of the FIR from the police. Hence, statement
• The Supreme Court of India has laid down specific 3 is NOT correct.
requirements and procedures that the police and
other agencies have to follow for the arrest,
detention and interrogation of any person.
• These are known as the D.K. Basu Guidelines and Q.96) Ans: a
some of these include:
38 | P a g e

Contact : +91-7007 931 912
Exp:
• According to Article 22 of the Constitution, every

person has a Fundamental Right to be defended by
a lawyer. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Article 39A of the Constitution which comes under

the Directive principle of the state policy, places a
duty upon the State to provide a lawyer to any
citizen who is unable to engage one due to poverty
or other disability. Hence, statement 2 is NOT
correct.
39 | P a g e

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Q.3) Which of the following are the purpose of 1. Sovereignty of parliament

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Which of the statements given above are correct? c) Both 1 and 2

a) 1,2 and 3 Q.12) Consider the following statements about religious

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Q.15) Consider the following statements about

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a) 1 and 2 only Q.25) Consider the following statements about Rowlatt

1. This is a criminal law aimed at providing relief to

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a) Fundamental Rights Q.32) Consider the following statements with respect to

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Which of the statement/s given above is/are incorrect?

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1. Manual scavenging practiced throughout the

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Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct?

Q.58) Consider the following statements with reference a) 1 and 2 only

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a) 1, 2 and 3 only Q.74) Consider the following statements:

2. It is the decision of people that creates a democratic

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2. Sulabh, a government organisation, has been a) 1 and 2

Q.94) Which of the following specific requirements and

1. A memo of arrest should be prepared at the time of

Select the Ans using the code given below:

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Q.1) Ans: c allcitizens reaching a certain age would be entitled

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• Grassroots Democracy has been strengthened by

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Q.16) Ans: d Q.19) Ans: c

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• Hence, option (c) is correct. Q.22) Ans: c

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• Members of the Constituent Assembly were agreed

• In 1999, Lawyers Collective, a group of lawyers,

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SOURCE: chapter- 4, polity (class 8th)

Q.30) Ans: a Q.32) Ans: c

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of land, purchase of goods, rent matters, divorce

SOURCE: chapter- 6, polity (class 8th)

• If any citizen believes that their rights are being

Q.37) Ans: d SOURCE: chapter- 6, polity (class 8th)

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Q.43) Ans: b against society as a whole. Hence, statement 1 is

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• Adivasis – the term literally means ‘original

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SOURCE: chapter- 8, polity (class 8th)

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• Sanitation is a must in prevention of water-borne Public Goods Private Goods