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Analytical solution of non-Fourier and Fourier bioheat transfer analysis

during laser irradiation of skin tissue

Article in Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology · June 2012

DOI: 10.1007/s12206-012-0404-9

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 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26 (6) (2012) 1937~1947
www.springerlink.com/content/1738-494x
DOI 10.1007/s12206-012-0404-9

Analytical solution of non-Fourier and Fourier bioheat transfer analysis during

laser irradiation of skin tissue†
H. Ahmadikia1,*, A. Moradi2, R. Fazlali3 and A. Basiri Parsa3
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Isfahan, 81746-73441, Isfahan, Iran
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran
3
Young Researchers Club, Hamadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran

(Manuscript Received April 13, 2011; Revised January 29, 2012; Accepted March 6, 2012)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Abstract

The thermal wave and the Pennes bioheat transfer models are solved analytically by employing the Laplace transform method for
small and large values of reflection power (albedo) during laser irradiation. Most of the previous studies have been based on the infinite
heat diffusion velocity, but non-Fourier thermal behavior has been observed experimentally in biological tissue. At low initial albedo
values, the temperature in the skin depth that directly results from conduction heat transfer process is caused by the lengthy thermal re-
laxation time in skin tissue. This condition generates a big difference between the thermal wave and Pennes results at the beginning of the
heating process. This difference increases under short-time heating condition and high heat flux. However, with high initial albedo, the
temperature distribution in the skin depth becomes negligible because of the skin absorption of laser beams. The non-Fourier effect
should be considered during laser heating with low albedo, because errors in the predicted temperature values may occur.

Keywords: Skin tissue; Laser irradiation; Thermal wave; Pennes equation; Laplace transform
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

practical application of lasers in medical science was in the

1. Introduction
cosmetic field (tattoo and hair removal). Laser therapy is an-
The skin, the largest living organ of the human body, has other application, in which the thermal energy released from
three layers, namely, the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. laser treats the target disease in the biological tissue. This
The organ functions for sensory perception, thermoregulation, principle is also called hyperthermia [3]. This treatment is not
host defense, and others. Advances in lasers, microwaves, and limited to skin diseases, but is also effective for tumors that
other similar technologies have led to recent developments in are known to be susceptible to heat. Other types of lasers, such
the thermal treatment of disease and injured skin tissue, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), copper vapor, argon-ion, and
as in skin cancer and skin burns. Knowledge of the heat trans- Nd:YAG lasers [4], are used as nerve stimulators in different
fer and other related thermo-mechanical properties in soft industrial and medical applications. Laser pain stimulation has
tissues like skin is essential for medical applications. been used in conjunction with functional imaging techniques,
The laser beam is widely used in different industrial and like positron emission tomography [5], electroencephalogra-
medical applications. A laser is generally a convergent con- phy [6], and magnetic resonance imaging [7], to study the
tinuous ray emitted from electromagnetic waves with wave- cortical areas involved in pain processing. The pain response
lengths within the ultraviolet to infrared wave interval. Major- to laser-tissue interactions depends on the heat absorption
ity of laser medical treatments, such as laser hyperthermia, caused by the laser wavelength, and penetration depths are
coagulation, and surgery, involve thermal effects. Laser inter- strong functions of the wavelength. CO2 laser radiation at 10.6
action mechanisms with human tissue are categorized into μm is strongly absorbed by water in the epidermis and has a
photothermal, photomechanical (or photoacoustical), and pho- penetration depth of approximately 50 μm [8]. The radiant
tochemical [1, 2]. energy is therefore absorbed by the superficial layers of the
Several types of lasers have already been studied and ap- skin, such that nociceptors are only stimulated through heat
plied in different industrial and medical applications. The first conduction within the tissue.
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 311 793 4517, Fax.: +98 311 793 2746 The heat conduction in biological tissue caused by a laser
E-mail address: ahmadikia@eng.ui.ac.ir heat source has been studied by various researchers. A number
†
Recommended by Associate Editor Dongsik Kim
of previous studies applied both the Pennes model and thermal
© KSME & Springer 2012
1938 H. Ahmadikia et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26 (6) (2012) 1937~1947
wave model of bioheat transfer (TWMBT) to investigate the
thermal behavior of tissues during laser heating, then eventu-
ally compared the parabolic and hyperbolic results. Jaunich et
al. [9] solved the bioheat transfer analysis of short pulses of
laser irradiation on body tissues. They validated their numeri-
cally generated results by examining the experimental data,
and results showed that the experimentally measured tempera-
ture distributions agreed with the predictions made through
the hyperbolic heat conduction model. Katsidis [10] studied
the effect of lasers and light absorption on human skin analyti-
cally using the Pennes bioheat transfer (PBTE) model. Molina
et al. [11] presented an analytical solution for the hyperbolic
heat conduction model in cylindrical coordinates for the fol-
lowing typical samples of heat-treated biological tissues: heat-
ing of the cornea for refractive surgery, cardiac ablation for
eliminating arrhythmias, and hepatic ablation for destroying
tumors.
A study on the photothermal mechanism of laser-skin inter-
action was conducted by Guan et al. [12]. They applied a two-
layer model to describe the heat conduction process in skin
tissue. A dynamic photothermal model of CO2 laser tissue
ablation was developed by Zhang et al. [13]. They solved the
PBTE model numerically using the finite difference method to
predict the temperature history and laser energy field deposi-
tion. Coupled photon with heat transport simulation in bio-
logical tissue for laser therapy was performed by Sakurai et al.
[14]. They employed the finite volume scheme for solving the
resultant-governing equations and observed that the tempera-
ture distribution inside the tissue changed slightly with differ-
ent optical properties. Their results indicate that the optical
properties of biological tissue are quite sensitive to tempera-
ture rise characteristics. Tobar et al. [15] applied the Laplace
transform dual reciprocity boundary element method to solve
two-dimensional transient heat conduction equations for laser
treatments and studied the effect of stationary, as well as mov-
ing, beams on temperature response. They obtained accurate
results with the stationary beam approach, whereas severe
limitations were found in the case of moving beams. Zhou et
al. [16] numerically studied the thermal damage to biological
tissues caused by laser irradiation through the dual-phase-lag
(DPL) bioheat transfer model using a finite volume scheme.
They compared their results with the Fourier, as well as ther-
mal wave, data and observed that their approach predicted
significantly different temperatures and thermal damages in
tissues. A two-dimensional axisymmetric DPL model was
investigated numerically for the laser heating of living tissue
by Zhou et al. [17]. They compared their numerical data with
the analytical results that were presented in Ref. [18] to vali-
date the numerical scheme. They found that when the heating
spot becomes equal to the thickness of the cylinder, the nu-
merical data are almost the same as the analytical results [18].
Kim et al. [19] presented a combined radiation and conduction
model to simulate the multi-time-scale heat transfer in turbid
tissues exposed to short-pulse irradiation. They found that the
maximum local temperatures for the hyperbolic model are
greater than those predicted by the parabolic model. The
thermal interaction of short-pulse laser with skin tissue cylin-
der was numerically studied by Jiao and Guo [20]. They ob-
served that the focused beam can penetrate a greater depth and
generate higher temperature rise at the target area, thus reduc-
ing the possibility of thermal damage to the surrounding
healthy tissue. Banerjee et al. [21] analyzed the temperature
distribution in different materials caused by short-pulse laser
irradiation with both Fourier and non-Fourier heat conduction
models. They compared the measured temperatures with those
obtained by the Fourier, as well as non-Fourier, model and
observed that the non-Fourier results agreed with the experi-
mental data. Ozen et al. [22] applied the TWMBT model and
the Pennes equation to predict the burn injury of skin tissue
exposed to microwaves. They solved the resultant governing
equations numerically, and observed that the TWMBT pre-
dicts a lower temperature rise than the PBTE model. Other
related studies on laser-tissue interactions were reported by
Ozen et al. [23], Chi et al. [24], and Foster et al. [25], among
others.
The current study focuses on solving the Fourier and non-
Fourier bioheat transfer models of the laser heating of skin
tissue analytically using the Laplace transform method. Beer’s
law and diffusion theory are applied for small and large values
of albedo, respectively. Most of the previous studies applied
the parabolic model for the analytical solution of the laser
heating of living tissues. Other bioheat models, such as the
DPL models, were solved numerically [16, 17]. Here, an ana-
lytical solution is introduced by employing the Laplace trans-
form for both the TWMBT (hyperbolic) and the PBTE (para-
bolic) model during laser heating.
2. The mathematical formulation
The laser volumetric heat source is [16, 26]
qL ( x ) = μaφ ( x) (1)
where μa is the absorption coefficient of the material, and φ(x)
is the local light distribution. The scattering, similar to absorp-
tion, is expressed by the scattering coefficient, μ s . Scattering
in a biological tissue is not isotropic, and forward scattering is
predominant [27]. This characteristic is described by the ani-
sotropy factor g. Considering the g value, the reduced scatter-
ing coefficient μ s ' is defined as
μ s′ = μ s (1 − g ) . (2)
The sum of μ a and μ s is called the total attenuation coef-
ficient μ t [26]
μt = μ a + μ s . (3)
Similarly, the reduced total attenuation coefficient μ′t is de-
fined as [26]
 H. Ahmadikia et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26 (6) (2012) 1937~1947 1939

μt′ = μ a + μ s′ . (4) tool to be used [27].

The scattering coefficient fraction over the total attenuation 2.1 Fourier conduction heat transfer model
coefficient is called the albedo, expressed as [26]
The Pennes equation for modeling skin tissue heat transfer
is expressed as [32]
μ μs
a= s = . (5)
μt μ s + μa
∂T ∂ 2T
ρt ct =k + ρbϖ bcb (T − Ta ) + qmet + qL (12)
In cases where the absorption coefficient of the tissue is
∂t ∂x 2
greater than the ultraviolet and far infrared wavelengths, light
where ρt, ct, and k are the density, specific heat, and the ther-
distribution can be obtained by Beer’s law [26]
mal conductivity of skin tissue, respectively. ρb and cb are the
density and specific heat of blood, respectively. ϖb is the
a < 0.6 → ϕ ( x) = (1 − R) I 0 ( x)e− μt x ≈ (1 − R ) I 0 ( x)e− μa x (6) blood perfusion rate. T and Ta are the skin tissue and arterial
blood temperatures, respectively. qmet and qL are the metabolic
where I0 is the laser intensity, and R is light reflectance of heat generated by the skin tissue and the heat generated by
surface that is exposed to light. When the incident angle is laser heating, respectively.
zero, R is expressed by [28]
2.2 TWMBT
2
⎛n −n ⎞ Cattaneo [33] and Vernott [34] considered the concept of
R=⎜ 1 2⎟ (7)
⎝ n1 + n2 ⎠ finite heat propagation velocity and reported a modified un-
steady heat conduction equation
where n1 and n2 are the refractive indices of air and tissue,
respectively. For wavelengths where the scattering coefficient ∂q( x, t )
q ( x, t ) + τ q = − k ∇T ( x, t ) . (13)
is greater than the absorption coefficient, such as visible wave- ∂t
lengths, Beer’s law does not produce accurate results. Hence,
for these cases, the diffusion theory is expressed by [26, 29, Based on Eq. (13), for a heat flux including the time charac-
30] teristic τ q , as well as the Pennes equation, the general form
of the TWMBT in living tissues is expressed by [35]
− μeff x ′
φ ( x) = Ae − Be μt x , 0.75 < a < 0.99 (8)
∂ 2T ∂T
τ q ρt ct + ( ρt ct + τ q ρbϖ bcb ) + ρbϖ bcb (T − Ta )
where ∂t 2 ∂t
(14)
∂ 2T ∂q ∂q
=k + ( qmet + qL + τ q met + τ q L )
2 ∂ ∂t
I 0 (9 + 6κ ) μ s' D 2I0 ∂x t
A= , B= (9)
(1 + κ 4 μa D )(1 − 9μ a D) 1 − 9 μa D
where τq = α/C2 is the thermal relaxation time, α is the ther-
and mal diffusivity, and C is the thermal wave speed in the me-
dium [35, 36]. The term τq∂qmet/∂t is equal to zero for constant
metabolic heat generation.
1 μa 1 + rid
D= , μeff = , κ= (10)
3( μa + μ s' ) D 1 − rid
3. The analytical solution of the problem
3.1 Analytical solution in small albedo values, a < 0.6
with rid as the internal reflection coefficient. In the case of an
index mismatch, the empirical relations between rid and the 3.1.1 TWMBT
relative index of refraction, nrel = ntissue / nexterior medium are de- In this study, the energy equation is solved analytically in a
rived as [31] semi-infinite domain of skin during laser irradiation. In mod-
eling a laser in biological tissue, the effect of the laser is con-
1.440 0.710 sidered as an internal heat source qL, and the adiabatic condi-
rid = − + + 0.0636nrel + 0.668 . (11)
2 nrel tion is considered for the boundaries. The initial and boundary
nrel
conditions can be written as
There is no simplified solution to the transport equation
T ( x,0) = T0 , Tt ( x,0) = 0 (15)
when the scattering of the tissue is approximately equal to the
absorption. In this case, a Monte Carlo simulation is the right Tx (0, t ) = 0 , Tx (∞, t ) = 0 . (16)
1940 H. Ahmadikia et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26 (6) (2012) 1937~1947

For the small values of albedo, by substituting Eq. (6) in Eq. Taking the Laplace transform of Eq. (21) and using the ini-
(1), the laser volumetric heat source is obtained as tial conditions, we have the following:

qL ( x ) = (1 − R ) μa I 0e− μt x . (17) ∂ 2θ q −( μ ξ / p )
⎛ 1 ⎞ (1 − R) μa e t
− βθ = − met ⎜ ⎟ − ×
∂ξ 2 pI 0 ⎝ s ⎠ pI 0
Laser with constant intensity I0 is irradiated on the skin sur- ⎡⎣(1 + Λs ) F ⎤⎦ − ( Λs + Λ + 1)θ0 , β = Λs 2 + (1 + Λ ) s + 1 .
face for τ i s and then removed. Therefore, Eq. (17) can be
rewritten as [37] (25)

Taking the Laplace transform of the boundary condition

qL ( x, t ) = (1 − R) μa e − μt x F ( t ) ,
(18) gives:
F ( t ) = I 0 ⎡⎣ H ( t ) − H ( t − τ i ) ⎤⎦
θξ ( 0,η ) = 0 (26)
where H(t) denotes the Heaviside function. Substituting Eq. θξ ( ∞,η ) = 0 . (27)
(18) in Eq. (14), the thermal wave bioheat transfer equation
for describing the wave-like heat transfer through skin tissue
The general solution of Eq. (25) can be obtained by
during laser irradiation is obtained by

q
∂ 2T ∂T θ = θ h + θ p = F1e βξ + F2e− βξ + met
τ q ρt ct + ( ρt ct + τ qWbcb ) + Wbcb (T − Ta ) sβ pI 0
2 ∂t
∂t (28)
2
(19) (1 − R ) μa e−( μtξ / p ) ⎡ (1 + Λs ) F ⎤ ⎛ Λs + Λ + 1 ⎞
∂ T ⎛ ∂F (t ) ⎞ + ⎢ ⎥ + θ0 ⎜ ⎟
=k + qmet + (1 − R ) μa e− μt x ⎜ F (t ) + τ q ⎟ pI 0 ⎣⎢ ( β − M ) ⎦⎥ ⎝ β ⎠
2 ⎝ ∂t ⎠
∂x
2
M = ( μt / p ) . (29)
where Wb = ρbϖb. For simplicity, the dimensionless variables
are defined as Substituting the boundary conditions of Eqs. (26) and (27)
in Eq. (28), the coefficients F1 and F2 are obtained by
T − Ta
ξ = px , θ (ξ ,η ) = kWb cb
I0 (1 − R ) μa μt ⎡ (1 + Λs ) F ⎤
(20) F1 = 0, F2 = − ⎢ ⎥. (30)
Wc W c W c
η = b b t , Λ = b b τ q , Λi = b b τ i I0 p2 ⎣⎢ β ( β − M ) ⎦⎥
ρt ct ρt ct ρt ct
Substituting Eq. (30) in Eq. (28), the function θ (ξ , s ) on
where p = Wbcb / k . Eq. (19) can be rewritten in terms of the Laplace domain is expressed by
the dimensionless variables that become
(1 − R) μa μt ⎡ (1 + Λs ) F ⎤ ⎛ − βξ
∂ 2θ ∂θ ∂ 2θ qmet θ (ξ , s ) = − ⎢ ⎥⎜e / β ⎞⎟
Λ + (1 + Λ ) +θ = + I0 p 2
⎣ β − M ⎦ ⎝ ⎠
∂η 2 ∂η ∂ξ 2 pI 0
(21) (1 − R) μa −( μtξ / p ) ⎡ (1 + Λs ) F ⎤
⎛ ∂F (η ) ⎞ (1 − R) μa e−( μtξ / p ) + e ⎢ ⎥ (31)
+ ⎜ F (η ) + Λ ⎟ pI 0 ⎣ β −M ⎦
⎝ ∂η ⎠ pI 0
q ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ Λs + Λ + 1 ⎞
+ met ⎜ ⎟ + θ0 ⎜ ⎟.
pI 0 ⎝ sβ ⎠ ⎝ β ⎠
where

⎡ ⎛ ρc ⎞ ⎛ ρ c (η − Λi ) ⎞ ⎤ The inverse Laplace transform of the first term of Eq. (31)

F (η ) = I 0 ⎢ H ⎜ t t η ⎟ − H ⎜ t t ⎟⎥ (22) is obtained by
⎣⎢ ⎝ Wbcb ⎠ ⎝ Wbcb ⎠ ⎦⎥

( )
⎧ ⎡
whereas the dimensionless initial and boundary conditions are ⎛
(1 − R) μa μt ⎪⎪ η ⎢ −1 ⎜ Λ s + Λ
−1
F ⎞ ⎤⎥
⎟
expressed by θ1 = −
p2I0 ⎪ 0⎢
∫
⎨ ⎢L ⎜
⎜ β −M ⎟⎥
⎟⎥
⎪⎩ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦η →η −ν (32)
T −T
θ (ξ ,0) = 0 a kWbcb = θ0 , θη (ξ ,0) = 0 (23) ⎫⎪
I0 ⎡ ⎛ ⎞⎤
× ⎢ L−1 ⎜ e− βξ / β ⎟ ⎥ dv ⎬
θξ (0,η ) = 0 , θξ (∞,η ) = 0 . (24) ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦η →ν ⎪⎭
 H. Ahmadikia et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26 (6) (2012) 1937~1947 1941

The inverse Laplace transform of the first term in the left ∂θ ∂ 2θ qmet (1 − R ) μa e−( μtξ / p )
hand side of Eq. (32) is obtained by +θ = + + F ( ρt ctη / Wb cb ) .
∂η ∂ξ 2 pI 0 pI 0
(38)
−1 ⎜ (
⎛ Λ s + Λ −1 F ⎞
⎟ ) η⎢
⎡ ⎛ Λ s + Λ −1
−1 ⎜ ( ) ⎞⎟⎤⎥ ( )⎦⎥η →u du
L ⎜
⎜ β − M ⎟ ⎢
∫
⎟ = 0 ⎢L ⎜ β − M
⎜
⎟⎥
⎟⎥
× ⎡ L−1 F (η ) ⎤
⎣⎢
Taking the Laplace transform of Eq. (38) and using the ini-
⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦η →η −u
⎡ (η −u )(1+Λ+ N ) ⎛ (η −u ) N
tial condition, we have the following:
η ⎞⎤
1 ⎢ − ⎜ ⎟⎥
=
∫ 2N ⎢
⎢
e 2Λ
⎜
⎜
−1 + Λ + N + e Λ (1 − Λ + N ) ⎟ ⎥ F (u ) du = f H (η )
⎟⎥ −( μ ξ / p )
0 ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ ∂ 2θ q ⎛ 1 ⎞ (1 − R) μ a e t
− β p θ = − met ⎜ ⎟ − F − θ0 (39)
(33) ∂ξ 2 pI 0 ⎝ s ⎠ pI 0

where where βp = s + 1. Given the transformed boundary conditions,

the general solution of Eq. (39) is obtained by
N = 1 − 2Λ + 4 M Λ + Λ 2 . (34)
⎡ ⎞ e− β p ξ ⎤
(1 − R ) μa μt ⎢⎛ F ⎥
θ (ξ , s ) = − ⎜ ⎟
p2 I0 ⎢⎜ β − M ⎟ βp ⎥
The inverse Laplace transform of the second term of Eq. ⎣⎢⎝
p ⎠ ⎦⎥ (40)
(32) is obtained using the inverse Laplace table [38]. Finally,
the function θ1 is obtained by (1 − R ) μa ⎛ F ⎞ −( μ ξ / p ) q ⎛ 1 ⎞ θ
+ ⎜ ⎟e t + met ⎜ ⎟+ 0 .
pI 0 ⎜⎝ β p − M ⎟
⎠ pI 0 ⎜⎝ sβ p ⎟⎠ β p

μ μ (1 − R) η f H (η − v) ⎧⎪ −(1+Λ −1 ) v / 2
θ1 = − t a
p2I0 ∫0⎨e
Λ ⎪⎩
The inverse Laplace transform of the first term of Eq. (40)
is calculated by
⎡ ⎛
(
× ⎢ I 0′ ⎜ ⎜⎛ 1 − Λ −1
⎣ ⎝⎝
) ⎞ ⎤ ⎫⎪
v 2 − ξ 2Λ ⎟⎞ / 2 ⎟U (v − ξ Λ ) ⎥ ⎬ dv
⎠ ⎠ ⎦ ⎭⎪ ⎧η
(1 − R) μa μt ⎪ ⎡ −1 ⎛ F ⎞⎤
(35) θ1 = −
2
p I0
× ⎨ ⎢L ⎜
⎪ ⎢⎣
∫ ⎜
⎝ ( s + 1 − M )
⎟⎟ ⎥
⎠ ⎥⎦
⎩0 η →η −ν
(41)
where U is the unit step function, and I 0′ is the zero rank ⎡ ⎛ e− s +1ξ ⎞ ⎤
modified Bessel function. Finally, by taking the inverse × ⎢ L−1 ⎜ ⎟⎥ dv .
Laplace transform of the second and third terms of Eq. (31), ⎢ ⎜ s + 1 ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦η →ν
the closely formed function θ(ξ,η) is obtained by

η The inverse Laplace transform F / ( s + 1 − M ) is obtained

μt μa (1 − R ) ⎡ (
−0.5 Λ −1 +1 v)
θ =−
p2 I0 ∫ ⎢⎢⎣ f H (η − v)U (v − ξ Λ)e / Λ by
0
⎡ I ⎤ η
⎛ Λ −1 2
× I 0′ ⎜
⎝ 2Λ
⎞⎤
⎠⎦
μ (1 − R ) −( μtξ / p )
v − ξ 2 Λ ⎟⎥ dv + a
pI 0
e f H (η ) L−1 ⎢
⎣⎢ ( s + 1 − M )
⎥=
⎦⎥
∫
0
e( −1+ M )(η −u ) F ( u ) du = f P (η ) . (42)

q ⎛ −1 + Λ + e−η − Λe −η / Λ ⎞ ⎛ e−η − Λe−η / Λ ⎞

+ met ⎜ ⎟ + θ0 ⎜ ⎟. (36) Substituting Eq. (42) in Eq. (41), the function θ1 is obtained
pI 0 ⎜⎝ Λ −1 ⎟
⎠
⎜
⎝ 1− Λ ⎟
⎠ by

3.1.2 PBTE ⎡η
(1 − R) μa μt ⎢ −v e
− ξ 2 / 4v( ⎤
⎥
)
Substituting Eq. (18) in Eq. (12), the PBTE for describing
the Fourier heat transfer process through skin tissue during
θ1 = −
p 2 I0 ⎢0
∫
⎢ f P (η − v) e
π v
dv ⎥ .
⎥
(43)
⎣ ⎦
laser irradiation is obtained by
Using inverse Laplace table [38] for other terms in Eq. (40),
∂T ∂ 2T the closely formed function θP(ξ,η) is obtained by
ρt ct + Wbcb (T − Ta ) = k + qmet + (1 − R) μa e− μt x F (t ) .
∂t ∂x 2
(37) (1 − R ) μa μt η
2
e−(ξ / 4v )
θ P (ξ ,η ) = −
p2 I0 ∫0 f P (η − v)e−v
πv
dv
(44)
The boundary and initial conditions in this section are simi-
lar to those of Eqs. (15) and (16). Using dimensionless pa-
rameters, Eq. (37) can be rewritten as
+
(1 − R) μa −( μtξ / p )
pI 0
e
q
pI 0
( )
f P (η ) + met 1 − e −η + θ0 e −η .
1942 H. Ahmadikia et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26 (6) (2012) 1937~1947

3.2 Analytical solution in high values of albedo ( 0.75 < a where β = Λs 2 + (1 + Λ ) s + 1 . Considering the boundary con-
< 0.99 ) ditions, the final solution of Eq. (50) is obtained by

3.2.1 TWMBT μ (1 − R ) ⎡ Aμeff (1 + Λs ) G Bμt ′ (1 + Λs ) G ⎤

For high values of albedo, by substituting Eq. (8) in Eq. (1), θ (ξ , s ) = − a ⎢ − ⎥
p 2 I 0 ⎢⎣ β − M eff β − Mt ⎥
the laser volumetric heat source is obtained by ⎦
e− βξ μ (1 − R) ⎡ ( − μeff ξ / p ) (1 + Λs ) G
′ ⎞ × + a ⎢ Ae
⎛ −μ x
qL ( x ) = μa ⎜ Ae eff − Be μt x ⎟ . (45) β pI 0 ⎢⎣ β − M eff
⎝ ⎠
′
− B e ( − μt ξ / p )
(1 + Λs ) G ⎤ + qmet ⎛ 1 ⎞ + θ ⎛ Λs + Λ + 1 ⎞
⎥ ⎜ ⎟ 0⎜ ⎟
β − M t ⎦⎥ pI 0 ⎝ sβ ⎠ ⎝ β ⎠
By assuming that a laser with constant intensity I0 is irradi-
ated on the skin surface for τ i s and then removed, the ther- (51)
mal wave bioheat transfer equation for describing the wave-
like heat transfer process through the skin tissue during laser where
irradiation is obtained by
( )
2
( )
2
M eff = μeff / p , M t = μt ′ / p . (52)
2
∂ T ∂T
τ q ρt ct + ( ρt ct + τ qWbcb ) + Wbcb (T − Ta ) By using a similar method shown in Eqs. (32) and (33), the
∂t 2 ∂t
inverse Laplace transform of Eq. (51) is obtained by
∂ 2T
=k + qmet + μa (1 − R) (46) Aμeff μa (1 − R ) η
∂x 2
⎡ (− μ x) ′ ⎤⎛ ∂G (t ) ⎞
θ (ξ ,η ) = −
p2 I0 ∫0 feffH (η − v)U (v − ξ Λ)
× ⎢ Ae eff − Be( − μt x ) ⎥ ⎜ G (t ) + τ ⎟
⎣ ⎦ ⎝ ∂t ⎠ e−(1+Λ )v / 2Λ ⎛ Λ − 1 2 ⎞
× I 0′ ⎜ v − ξ 2Λ ⎟ dv
Λ ⎝ 2Λ ⎠
where ′ η
− (1+Λ ) v / 2 Λ
Bμt μa (1 − R) e
+
p2 I0 0 ∫
ftH (η − v)U (v − ξ Λ )
Λ
G (t ) = H (t ) − H (t − τ i ) . (47)
⎛ Λ −1 2 ⎞ Aμa (1 − R) ( − μeff ξ / p )
× I 0′ ⎜ v − ξ 2 Λ ⎟ dv + e feffH (η )
⎝ 2Λ ⎠ pI 0
Using dimensionless parameters Eq. (20), Eq. (46) can be
Bμa (1 − R ) ( − μt ′ξ / p ) q
rewritten as − e ftH (η ) + met
pI 0 pI 0
⎛ −1 + Λ + e −η − Λe−η / Λ ⎞ ⎛ e−η − Λe−η / Λ ⎞
∂ 2θ ∂θ ∂ 2θ qmet ×⎜ ⎟ + θ0 ⎜ ⎟
Λ + (1 + Λ ) +θ = + ⎜ Λ −1 ⎟ ⎜ 1− Λ ⎟
∂η 2 ∂η ∂ξ 2 pI 0 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
1 ⎛ ∂G (η ) ⎞ (53)
+ ⎜ G (η ) + Λ ⎟ (48)
pI 0 ⎝ ∂η ⎠ where
⎡ (− μ ξ / p) ′ ⎤
× μa (1 − R) ⎢ Ae eff − Be( − μt ξ / p ) ⎥ η ⎡ (η −u )(1+Λ+ N eff ) ⎛ (η −u ) Neff ⎞ ⎤
⎣ ⎦ G (u ) ⎢ − ⎜ Λ ⎟⎥
f effH (η ) =
∫ ⎢e
2 N eff ⎢
2 Λ ⎜
⎜
− 1 + Λ + N eff + e × ⎟ ⎥ du
⎟⎥
0 ⎢⎣ ⎝(
⎜ 1 − Λ + N eff ) ⎟⎥
⎠⎦
where
η ⎡ (η −u )(1+Λ+ Nt ) ⎛ ( ) t ⎞
η − u N ⎤
G (u ) ⎢ − ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎡ ⎛ ρc ⎞ ⎛ ρ c (η − Λi ) ⎞ ⎤
ftH (η ) =
∫ 2 Nt ⎢
⎢e 2Λ
⎜ −1 + Λ + Nt + e
⎜
Λ × ⎟ ⎥ du
⎟⎥
G (η ) = I 0 ⎢ H ⎜ t t η ⎟ − H ⎜ t t ⎟⎥ . (49) 0 ⎣ ⎝ (1 − Λ + Nt ) ⎠⎦
⎢⎣ ⎝ Wbcb ⎠ ⎝ Wbcb ⎠ ⎥⎦ N eff = 1 − 2Λ + 4 M eff Λ + Λ 2 , N t = 1 − 2Λ + 4 M t Λ + Λ 2 .

(54)
The boundary and initial conditions are similar to those in
the previous sections. By taking the Laplace transform of Eq. 3.2.2 PBTE
(48) and using the initial conditions, we have the following: The energy equation for the Fourier model during laser
heating is written as
∂ 2θ q ⎛1⎞
− βθ = − met ⎜ ⎟ − ( Λs + Λ + 1)θ0 ∂T ∂ 2T
∂ξ 2 pI 0 ⎝s⎠ ρt ct + Wbcb (T − Ta ) = k + qmet
(50) ∂t ∂x 2 (55)
μa (1 − R) ⎡ ( − μeff ξ / p ) ( − μt ′ξ / p ) ⎤ ′ ⎞
− (1 + Λs ) G ⎢ Ae − Be ⎥ ⎛ −μ x
+ G (t ) μa (1 − R ) ⎜ Ae eff − Be− μt x ⎟ .
pI 0 ⎣ ⎦ ⎝ ⎠
 H. Ahmadikia et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26 (6) (2012) 1937~1947 1943

By using the dimensionless parameters in Eq. (20), we have Table 1. Thermal and optical properties of the human cornea [37].
the following:
Parameters Value
Density (kg/m3) 1060
⎛ ρc ⎞
2 G⎜ t t η ⎟ Conductivity (W/[m·K]) 0.556
∂θ ∂ θ qmet W c
+θ = + + ⎝ b b ⎠ Diffusivity (m2/s) 1.3695 × 10-7
∂η ∂ξ 2 pI 0 pI 0 (56)
Fresnel reflectance R 0.024
⎡ (− μ ξ / p) ′ ⎤
× (1 − R) μa ⎢ Ae eff − Be( − μt ξ / p ) ⎥ . Absorption coefficient (1/m) 2000
⎣ ⎦ Thermal relaxation time (s) 10
Initial temperature, To (°C) 35
The boundary and initial conditions are similar to those in
the previous sections. By taking the Laplace transform of Eq.
(56) and using the initial conditions, we have the following:

∂ 2θ q ⎛1⎞
− β p θ = − met ⎜ ⎟
∂ξ 2 pI 0 ⎝ s ⎠
(57)
G (1 − R) μa ⎡ ( − μeff ξ / p ) ′ ⎤
− ⎢ Ae − Be( − μt ξ / p ) ⎥ − θ0
pI 0 ⎣ ⎦

where β p = s + 1 . Considering the boundary conditions, the

final solution of Eq. (57) is obtained by

μ (1 − R ) ⎡⎛ Aμeff G ⎞ ⎛ Bμ ′G ⎞ ⎤ e− β P ξ
θ =− a ⎢⎜ ⎟−⎜ t ⎟⎥
p 2 I 0 ⎢⎝⎜ β P − M eff
⎣
⎟ ⎜ βP − Mt
⎠ ⎝
⎟
⎠ ⎥⎦ βP
Fig. 1. Temperature distribution, T, in two different locations, x, at
μa (1 − R) ⎡ ( − μeff ξ / p ) ⎛ G ⎞ time, t, when a cornea is exposed to a pulse laser with I0 =
+ ⎢ Ae ⎜ ⎟ 5 × 108 W/m2, τ i = 200 μ s .
pI 0 ⎢⎣ ⎜ β P − M eff ⎟
⎝ ⎠
′ ⎛ G ⎞ ⎤ qmet ⎛ 1 ⎞ θ0
− B e ( − μt ξ / p ) ⎜ ⎟⎥ + ⎜ ⎟+ .
⎝ βP − Mt ⎠ ⎥⎦ pI 0 ⎝ sβ P ⎠ β P 4. Results and discussion
(58) In this article, the temperature distribution for both thermal
wave (hyperbolic) and Pennes equation (parabolic) models are
The inverse Laplace transform of Eq. (58) is calculated by obtained for two models of irradiation, which include low and
high laser incident intensities with long and short durations of
2
Aμeff μa (1 − R) η e−ξ / 4v laser irradiation, respectively. The adiabatic condition is used
θ (ξ ,η ) = −
p2 I0 ∫0 f effP (η − v) e−v
πv
dv for both sides of the skin surface. For these cases, the analyti-
cal results of the TWMBT and the PBTE models are com-
A(1 − R ) μa ( − μeff ξ / p ) pared.
+ e feffP (η )
pI 0 The accuracy of the derived analytical solutions is proved
by applying the parameters used by Tung et al. [37]. These
Bμt ′μa (1 − R ) η
2
e−(ξ / 4v )
+
p2 I0 ∫0 ftP (η − v) e −v
πv
dv parameters are the properties of human cornea given in Table
1. There are three major differences between the current re-
−
B (1 − R) μa ( − μt′ξ / p )
pI 0
e
q
pI 0
(
ftP (η ) + met 1 − e−η + θ0 e−η ) search and the results obtained by Tung et al. [37]. The Pennes
and thermal wave equations are solved analytically, and the
(59) effect of both the metabolic heat generation and the blood
perfusion rate in tissues are considered in the present study, in
where which the convective heat transfer is neglected. The analytical
results that were obtained from Eqs. (36) and (44) and the
η ( −1+ M )(η −u ) numerical estimates by Tung et al. [37] for temperatures at
feffP (η ) =
∫0 e eff
G (u )du ,
(60)
two different tissue penetration depths are shown in Fig. 1, in
η ( −1+ M )(η −u ) which a relatively good agreement is observed. Given the
ftP (η ) = e
∫0 t G (u )du . different boundary conditions at the tissue surface in this arti-
cle, a difference could be found between the two solutions in
1944 H. Ahmadikia et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26 (6) (2012) 1937~1947

Table 2. Thermophysical properties of blood and skin tissue.

Parameters Value References

Skin density (kg/m3) 1190 [39]
Skin specific heat (J/[kg·K]) 3600 [39]
Thermal conductivity of skin 0.235 [39]
(W/[m·K])
Metabolic heat generation 368.1 [39]
(W/m3)
Blood density (kg/m3) 1060 [39, 41]
Blood specific heat (J/[kg·K]) 3770 [39, 41]
Blood perfusion rate 0.5 [40]
(kg/[m3·s])

the graph of the temperature distribution near the surface.

Fig. 2. Temperature distribution, T, in the skin depth, x, at time, t,
In the present study, a CO2 laser with 10600 nm wavelength
when skin is exposed to the continuous CO2 laser with I0 = 20 kW/m2,
is used for small values of albedo [42]. This type of laser is τ i = 30 s .
extensively used in medical applications, such as in dermatol-
ogy, ophthalmology, neurosurgery, and dentistry. The singular
advantage of the CO2 laser is its ability to vaporize tissue.
Depending on the type of treatment, CO2 lasers can be oper-
ated in the following different models: CW, chopped pulse,
and super pulse. The durations of these laser irradiation mod-
els are in the order of seconds, milliseconds, and microsec-
onds, respectively [42]. For the CW model of laser irradiation,
the assumed radiant intensity, penetration depth, and duration
time of irradiation are 20 kW/m2, 0.0004 m, and τ i = 30 s ,
respectively.
In the present study, the blood and skin tissue properties are
similar to those applied by Xu et al. [39] listed in Table 2. The
arterial blood temperature and the blood perfusion rate are Ta
= 37°C and Wb = ρbϖ b = 0.5 kg/(m3·s), respectively [40].
The relaxation time is considered to be τq = 16 s [41]. Here,
the initial temperature is T0 = 37°C [16]. In the ultraviolet and Fig. 3. Temperature distribution, T, of different spatial locations, x, at
far infrared wavelengths, the attenuation coefficient in bio- time, t, when skin is exposed to the continuous CO2 laser with I0 = 20
kW/m2, τ i = 30 s .
logical tissues, such as skin, can be considered equal to the
absorption coefficient, with good approximation [10, 26].
Consequently, the absorption coefficient would be equal to the process causes the predicted temperature in the TWMBT to be
reversed light penetration depth in skin. higher in the lower tissue depth values and lower in intermedi-
The temperature profile in the skin depth for three different ate tissue depths. This discrepancy is clearly observed in Fig. 2.
exposure times is illustrated in Fig. 2, where the CO2 laser The temperature response of the TWMBT for two different
with constant radiant intensity 20 kW/m2 irradiates the skin spatial locations and two selected blood perfusion rates is shown
surface for 30 s. The temperature distribution in the tissue is a in Fig. 3. The skin depths of 0.1 and 1.6 mm represent the loca-
result of two competitive processes, namely, heat generation tions of the basal layer and the dermis-fat interface, respectively
by the heat source and heat conduction. The CO2 laser with [39]. In this article, the physical properties of both layers are
10600 nm wavelength is located in the far infrared interval. considered similar, and the analytical solutions are derived for
Given the high absorption coefficient in this interval, light is single layer model of skin. The blood perfusion rate in the hu-
absorbed by the skin and pervades into a small depth. Thus, man body is below 2.86 (kg/[m3·s]), according to Chato’s hand-
the temperature distribution in the skin depth is affected by book [43]. Note that the effect of blood perfusion rate has a
heat conduction from the skin surface. In both models, heat significantly greater influence on the temperature distribution
production is concentrated at the edge of skin tissue. The same during cooling than that during heating. In general, the skin
amount of energy is generated continuously in both models. temperature decreases with increasing blood perfusion rate.
However, in the case of TWMBT, more energy is concen- The greatest advantage of the CO2 laser is probably its abil-
trated into the skin tissue because of the long thermal relaxa- ity to vaporize tissue. This condition is usually accomplished
tion time that leads to a finite speed of heat conduction. This when the impact spot is defocused to a size of 2–3 mm [42].
 H. Ahmadikia et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26 (6) (2012) 1937~1947
Fig. 4. Temperature distribution, T, in the skin depth, x, at time, t,
when skin is exposed to the CO2 laser with I0 = 4.77465 × 104 kW/m2,
τ i = 1.5 ms.
By selecting 150 W and 2 mm as the peak power and spot size,
respectively [42], the radiant intensity of 4.77465 × 104
kW/m2 is obtained. The temperature variation in relation to
skin depth at different exposure times for both the thermal
wave and Pennes models is shown in Fig. 4, where the skin is
exposed to the laser with 47746 kW/m2 uniform radiant inten-
sity and 1.5 ms duration. The process by which the major dis-
crepancies between the two models become evident when the
tissue is exposed briefly to severe heat is illustrated in Fig. 4.
The appearance of the wave front in the hyperbolic temperature
distribution is clearly observed in Fig. 4. The energized pene-
tration of the thermal pulse of laser into skin depth loses energy
exponentially as time passes. With this detracting effect of the
thermal pulse, the obtained results for the thermal wave and
Pennes bioheat transfer models coincide with each other.
In the present study, the helium-neon (He-Ne) laser with a
633 nm wavelength is considered as the high albedo laser. In
general, this type of laser is extensively used in medical appli-
cations, such as physiotherapy, beam targeting, and biostimula-
tion. For this wavelength, the absorption and reduced scattering
coefficients of a sample of human arm skin are obtained as µa =
17 m-1 and µ´s = 908 m-1, respectively [28]. For the 633 nm
wavelength, the value of the tissue refractive indices and reflec-
tance are n2 = 1.332 and R = 0.020, respectively [44]. The pene-
tration depth of light within the skin depth is calculated by
1 1
δ= = = 0.0046 . (61)
μeff 3μa ( μa + μ s' )
The temperature response of the TWMBT and PBTE model
for three different spatial locations when the He-Ne laser with
constant radiant intensity of 300 kW/m2 radiates the skin sur-
face for 5 s is shown in Fig. 5. Given that the laser with 633
nm wavelength does not have a high absorption coefficient
and the light penetrates the skin up to 4.6 mm, heat conduction
has no effect on the initial temperature distribution. Instead,
the temperature distribution is more related to the laser heat
1945
Fig. 5. Temperature distribution, T, in different spatial locations, x, at
time, t, when skin is exposed to the He-Ne laser with I0 = 300 kW/m2
and τ i = 5 s .
Fig. 6. Temperature distribution, T, in the skin depth, x, at time, t,
when skin is exposed to the He-Ne laser with I0 = 477460 kW/m2 and
τ i = 1.5 ms .
source. Therefore, the discrepancy between the two models is
negligible. As time passes, the effect of heat conduction in-
creases, and the difference between the two models becomes
distinct. In the TWMBT model, the relaxation time of skin
tissue has a higher value of τq = 16 s. By contrast, the Pennes
equation considers that heat propagates in skin tissue at a fi-
nite speed. Therefore, a period of time is needed for the heat to
travel to a particular point inside the tissue. Given this delayed
behavior, the time difference between two models is at the
maximum, and increases with increasing skin depth. Eventu-
ally, the Fourier and non-Fourier models present the same
results for longer exposure times and skin depths.
The temperature response of the skin depth is shown in Fig.
6 for two different exposure times when the skin is exposed to
the laser with 477460 kW/m2 uniform radiant intensity and
633 nm wavelength for 1.5 ms. The difference between the
results of the TWMBT and PBTE model is small because the
role of the absorbed beams of laser is greater than that of the
heat transfer through heat conduction in the visible spectrum
(Fig. 6). These results show that, with laser irradiation, the
hyperbolic results predict higher temperatures than that of the
1946 H. Ahmadikia et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26 (6) (2012) 1937~1947
parabolic model for the upper layers of the skin, whereas the
opposite is true for the deeper skin layers.
5. Conclusions
This article presents the analytical solutions of the TWMBT
and the PBTE in a single layer model of skin tissue as a semi-
infinite domain during laser irradiation. Lasers are modeled as
internal heat sources, according to Beer’s law and diffusion ap-
proximation for small and large albedo values, respectively. The
analytical solutions are obtained by applying the Laplace trans-
form method. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The
TMWBT is based on the concept of a finite speed of heat propa-
gation, and because of this delay, a period time is needed for the
generated heat at the edge of skin tissue to travel into the skin
depth. Therefore, this model gives a higher prediction than that of
the PBTE model during the laser heating process and the begin-
ning of cooling process. (2) The major discrepancies between the
two models become evident when the tissue is briefly exposed to
severe heat. (3) The albedo is small in cases where the absorption
coefficient of the tissue is much larger than the scattering coeffi-
cient, such as in ultraviolet and far infrared wavelengths. More-
over, the laser beams are absorbed in skin layers at higher values
of the absorption coefficient. Therefore, heat conduction has an
important role during the heat transfer of tissue in these cases, and
the discrepancy between the two heat transfer models is large at
the beginning of the heating process. (4) The albedo is large in
cases when the scattering coefficient of the tissue is much larger
than the absorption coefficient, such as in visible wavelengths,
and laser beams penetrate the skin depths. Therefore, the heat
transfer at the beginning of the heating process is more related to
the heat generated by the laser heat source. Furthermore, because
of the low absorption coefficient, heat conduction has no signifi-
cant effect on the temperature distribution, and the discrepancy
between the results of TWMBT and PBTE model is negligible.
(5) In general, for longer exposure times and deeper skin depths,
the obtained results from both TWMBT and the PBTE model
coincide with each other in all cases.
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Hossein Ahmadikia is an assistant pro-
fessor of Mechanical Engineering at the
University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. He
received his B.Sc. degree in Ferdosi
University, Mashad, Iran in 1990. He
received his M.Sc. and Ph.D degrees
from Isfahan University of Technology,
Isfahan, Iran in 1993 and 2000, respec-
tively. His research focuses on biological heat transfer and
turbulence modeling.
Amir Moradi received his B.Sc. degree
in Mechanical Engineering from Semnan
University, Semnan, Iran in 2008. He
received his M.Sc. degree from Bu-Ali
sina University, Hamadan, in 2010. His
research interests focuses on bioheat
transfer and advanced CFD modeling.
Reza Fazlali received his B.Sc. and
M.Sc. degrees in Mechanical Engineer-
ing from Bu-Ali sina University, Hama-
dan, Iran in 2007 and 2010, respectively.
His research interests focuses on bioheat
transfer and analytical solutions for me-
chanics of fluids.
Amir Basiri Parsa completed his BSc.
and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engi-
neering at the Bu-Ali sina University,
Hamedan, Iran in 2008 and 2011, re-
spectively. He is currently a Ph.D stu-
dent at this University. His research
interests include analytical solution for
boundary layer problems and optimiza-
tion of thermodynamics cycles.