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Assessment Bundle

Topic 3

Marks 136

Time 177

Questions 15

Q1.
(a) Give the pathway a red blood cell takes when travelling in the human circulatory
system from a kidney to the lungs.

Do not include descriptions of pressure changes in the heart or the role of heart
valves in your answer.

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(3)

The figure below shows a section through two types of blood vessels observed using an
optical microscope.

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 (b) Identify the type of blood vessel labelled M in the figure above.

Explain your answer.

Type of blood vessel __________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

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(2)

(c) Tissue fluid is formed from blood at the arteriole end of a capillary bed.

Explain how water from tissue fluid is returned to the circulatory system.

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(4)
(Total 9 marks)

Q2.

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Figure 1 shows a cell from the lining of the ileum specialised for absorption of products of
digestion.

SGLT1 is a carrier protein found in the cell-surface membrane of this cell, it transports
glucose and sodium ions (Na+) into the cell.

Figure 1

(a) The action of the carrier protein X in Figure 1 is linked to a membrane-bound ATP
hydrolase enzyme.

Explain the function of this ATP hydrolase.

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(2)

(b) The movement of Na+ out of the cell allows the absorption of glucose into the cell
lining the ileum.

Explain how.

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(2)

(c) Describe and explain two features you would expect to find in a cell specialised for
absorption.

1 _________________________________________________________________

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 ___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

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(2)

Figure 2 is a diagram of one SGLT1 carrier protein.

Figure 2

(d) Draw phospholipids on Figure 2 to show how the carrier protein, SGLT1, would fit
into the cell-surface membrane.

Do not draw more than eight phospholipids.

(2)

(e) Figure 2 shows the SGLT1 polypeptide with NH2 at one end and COOH at the other
end.

Describe how amino acids join to form a polypeptide so there is always NH2 at one
end and COOH at the other end.

You may use a diagram in your answer.

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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Space for diagram:

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Q3.
(a) Describe the advantage of the Bohr effect during intense exercise.

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(2)

A cyclist completed a fitness test on an exercise bike. The intensity of the exercise was
increased every 10 seconds. The test finished when he was unable to cycle any further.
The partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) and of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in air breathed out was
measured.

The graph below shows the results of the cyclist’s fitness test.

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Ventilatory threshold (VT) is a measure of the point when anaerobic respiration increases
because aerobic respiration alone can no longer maintain muscle contraction.

(b) VT can be identified as the first point when there is an increase in pO2 breathed out,
without an equivalent increase in pCO2 breathed out.

Use the graph above to determine the time after the exercise started when the
cyclist reached VT.

Calculate the ratio of pO2 to pCO2 in breathed-out air at this time.

Show your working.

Time when the cyclist reached VT = __________ min

Ratio of pO2 to pCO2 at VT = _____ :1

(2)

(c) An increase in the intensity of exercise produces an increase in the volume of

carbon dioxide produced.

However, the graph above shows that the pCO2 in air breathed out did not show a
large increase during the exercise.

Suggest one physiological change that would cause this result. Explain how the
physiological change would allow for the removal of the increase in the volume of
carbon dioxide produced.

Physiological change _________________________________________________

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 ___________________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

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(2)

When muscle fibres have very low concentrations of ATP, they may get ATP in the
following ways.

• AMPK (an enzyme) oxidises fatty acids.

• Phosphocreatine donates phosphate to ADP in anaerobic conditions.

The diagram below shows how these chemicals work.

(d) At more than 80% of maximum muscle effort, ATP can only be made for a limited
time.

Use the diagram above to suggest one reason why.

Tick (✓) the correct box.

ATP cannot move into muscle fibres at a fast-enough

rate.

Muscle fibres have a limited amount of

phosphocreatine.

Muscle fibres produce too much lactate.

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 Muscle fibres quickly run out of ADP.

(1)

(e) GW1516 is a performance-enhancing drug. GW1516 activates AMPK and develops

slow muscle fibres at rest.

Use diagram above to justify why professional athletes are not allowed to take
GW1516.

Do not include details of chemiosmotic theory in your answer.

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(4)

EPO is another performance-enhancing drug. It can increase the haematocrit (the

percentage of red blood cells in blood).

(f) A heart attack is caused by a lack of glucose and oxygen being delivered to cardiac
muscle via the coronary arteries. The overuse of EPO can increase the risk of a
heart attack.

Suggest how.

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 (2)

(g) The normal haematocrit for human males is 47(±5)%. For professional male cyclists,
the maximum haematocrit allowed is 50%.

A student suggested that professional male cyclists should be allowed to use EPO
until their haematocrit is 50%.

Give two reasons why this suggestion is not valid.

1 _________________________________________________________________

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2 _________________________________________________________________

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(2)
(Total 15 marks)

Q4.
To study lipid digestion, a scientist placed a tube into the gut of a healthy 20-year-old
man. The end of the tube passed through the stomach but did not reach as far as the
ileum.

The scientist fed the man a meal containing triglycerides through the tube.
The scientist also used the tube to remove samples from the man’s gut at intervals after
the meal.

The scientist measured the type of lipid found in the samples. Some of her results are
shown in the table below.

Time of collection Concentration of fatty Concentration of

Sample
after meal / min acids / mg cm-3 triglycerides / mg cm-3

A 45 2.7 0.6

B 75 3.3 0.0

(a) Use your knowledge of lipid digestion to explain the differences in the results for
samples A and B shown in the table above.

You should assume that no absorption had occurred.

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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(3)

(b) After collecting the samples, the scientist immediately heated them to 70 °C for 10
minutes.

Explain why.

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(2)

(c) Describe the role of micelles in the absorption of fats into the cells lining the ileum.

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(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Q5.
A student used the apparatus shown in Figure 1 and a digital balance to determine the
rate of water movement in a celery stalk in grams per hour per group of xylem vessels.

Figure 1

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(a) The student measured the time taken for water movement.

Give two other measurements he made to calculate the rate of water movement.

1 _________________________________________________________________

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2 _________________________________________________________________

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(2)

(b) Give the reason for adding a layer of oil to the water in the beaker.

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(1)

(c) A different student used coloured water to investigate the movement of water in leaf
stalks of celery.

During the procedure she:

• cut equal lengths of stalk from each plant

• put the cut end of each stalk into coloured water
• left these stalks to take up the coloured water for 20 minutes
• used a sharp scalpel to cut slices from the stalks at 1 mm intervals until she

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 reached a slice with no coloured water.

Figure 2 shows a slice of leaf stalk with coloured water inside groups of xylem
vessels.

Figure 2

Explain why coloured water moved up the stalks.

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(3)

(d) The student used a sharp scalpel to cut the celery. Describe how she should ensure
she handled the scalpel safely during this procedure.

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(2)

The student measured the distance the coloured water had travelled in eight celery stalks.

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 Her results are shown in the table.

Distance / mm

70 35 40 35 30 80 42 44

(e) The student had to choose whether to summarise her measurements by calculating
the mean, the median or the mode.

Circle the most appropriate measure for this set of measurements.

Give a reason for your choice and find the value using the measurements from all
eight stalks.

Mean* Median* Mode*

*circle one word.

Reason: ___________________________________________________________

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Calculation:

Answer = ______________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Q6.
The diagram below shows pressure and blood flow during the cardiac cycle in a dog.

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(a) At P on the diagram above, the pressure in the left ventricle is increasing. At this
time, the rate of blood flow has not yet started to increase in the aorta.

Use evidence from diagram above to explain why.

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(2)

(b) At Q on the diagram above there is a small increase in pressure and in rate of blood
flow in the aorta.

Explain how this happens and its importance.

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 (2)

(c) A student correctly plotted the right ventricle pressure on the same grid as the left
ventricle pressure in diagram above.

Describe one way in which the student’s curve would be similar to and one way it
would be different from the curve shown in the diagram above.

Similarity ___________________________________________________________

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Difference __________________________________________________________

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(2)

(d) Use information from the diagram above to calculate the heart rate of this dog.

Heart rate _______________ beats minute-1

(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q7.
(a) Explain how an arteriole can reduce the blood flow into capillaries.

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 ___________________________________________________________________
(2)

The image below shows heart valves during one stage of a cardiac cycle.

Ventricles are visible through the open valves.

(b) What can you conclude from the appearance of valves in the image above about
heart muscle activity and blood movement between:

1. ventricles and arteries?

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(2)

2. atria and ventricles?

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(2)

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(c) Tick (✓) one box next to the blood vessel carrying blood at the lowest blood
pressure.

Capillary

Pulmonary vein

Renal vein

Vena cava

(1)

(d) A scientist measured the heart rate and the volume of blood pumped in a single
heart beat (stroke volume) of an athlete before exercise and calculated the cardiac
output.

Cardiac output is calculated using this equation.

cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume

Her results are shown in the table below.

Heart rate / beats Cardiac output / cm3

Stroke volume / cm3
minute−1 minute−1

62 80 4960

After exercise, the athlete’s stroke volume increased by 30% and the cardiac output
was 13 832 cm3 minute –1

Calculate the athlete’s heart rate after exercise.

Give the answer to 2 significant figures. Show your working.

Heart rate _______________ beats minute –1

(2)
(Total 9 marks)

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Q8.
(a) Describe the processes involved in the absorption and transport of digested lipid
molecules from the ileum into lymph vessels.

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(5)

(b) Describe how the structure of a protein depends on the amino acids it contains.

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(5)
(Total 10 marks)

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Q9.
(a) The action of endopeptidases and exopeptidases can increase the rate of protein
digestion. Describe how.

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(2)

(b) As humans age, there is a decrease in body protein.

Give the name of one body protein that could have resulted in:

reduced muscle power ________________________________________________

reduced immunity ____________________________________________________

(2)

Scientists investigated the effect of two types of dietary protein on the ability of old men to
produce body proteins.

The table below shows information about the two types of dietary protein investigated.

Physiological Name of dietary protein

factor Casein Whey

Rate of absorption
of dietary protein /
mmol dm–3 amino 3.05 4.33
acids in blood
plasma h–1

Stimulation of
Higher rate Lower rate
protein synthesis

Breakdown of body
No effect Inhibitory effect
proteins

The figure below shows the percentage of protein absorbed that becomes body protein in
old men following a meal of casein or whey.

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 A statistical test confirmed that the difference between the results shown in the figure
above was significant.

(c) Suggest which type of dietary protein would be better for old men to eat to cause a
net gain of body proteins. Use the information provided to explain your answer.

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(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q10.
(a) A scientist measured the pressure in a phloem tube in a willow plant stem. He
repeated his measurements to obtain nine readings.

His results are shown in the table below.

Phloem pressure / arbitrary units

7.4 8.0 7.0 8.6 8.2 9.3 7.4 9.1 8.8

The percentage error of the mean phloem pressure in this phloem tube is calculated
using this equation.

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 The uncertainty in measurement is half the range of the measured values.

Calculate the percentage error of the mean phloem pressure in this phloem tube.

Show your working.

Percentage error _______________ %

(2)

(b) The mass flow hypothesis is used to explain the movement of substances through
phloem.

Use your understanding of the mass flow hypothesis to explain how pressure is
generated inside this phloem tube.

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(3)

(c) The scientist also measured changes in the phloem pressure and changes in the
rate of water movement in the xylem of a willow plant at intervals during a day.

His results are shown in the graph below.

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 Describe the relationship between phloem pressure and the rate of water movement
in xylem in this plant.

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(1)

(d) Phloem pressure is reduced during the hottest part of the day. Use information in
the graph above along with your understanding of transpiration and mass flow to
explain why.

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Q11.
(a) Describe and explain the mechanism that causes lungs to fill with air.

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(3)

A scientist observed sections of lung tissue using an optical microscope.

The image below shows one of these sections.

K is an air-filled tube and L is a blood vessel.

(b) Identify the structures labelled K and L.

K ____________________

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 L ____________________
(1)

(c) Two solutions often used to stain tissues are haematoxylin solution and iodine
solution.

• Haematoxylin solution stains DNA a blue colour.

• Iodine solution stains starch a blue-black colour.

The scientist used haematoxylin solution and not iodine solution to stain the lung
tissue.

Suggest why.

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(2)

(d) Scientists investigated the link between the lung disease asthma and three risk
factors. They studied a large number of people. They recorded if the people had
asthma and if they:

• were obese
• burned wood indoors as a fuel
• lived in a house with a cat or dog.

The scientists used a statistical test to calculate the probability of the link between
asthma and each risk factor being due to chance.

The table below shows their results.

Risk Factor Probability (P value)

Obese < 0.001

Burned wood indoors = 0.06

Lived with a cat or dog < 0.05

A student who looked at these results concluded that all three risk factors are linked
with asthma. Evaluate this conclusion.

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Q12.
A student dissected an organ from a mammal to observe blood vessels.

He dissected a slice of the organ and identified two blood vessels.

Figure 1 shows a photograph of his dissection.

Figure 1

Figure 2 shows a drawing of the blood vessels from his dissection.

Figure 2

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(a) Suggest two ways the student could improve the quality of his scientific drawing of
the blood vessels in this dissection.

1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

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(2)

(b) Identify the type of blood vessel labelled as X and the type of blood vessel labelled
as Y in Figure 1.

Describe one feature that allowed you to identify the blood vessels.

Blood vessel X ______________________________________________________

Blood vessel Y ______________________________________________________

Feature ____________________________________________________________

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(2)

(c) Describe two precautions the student should take when clearing away after the
dissection.

1 _________________________________________________________________

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2 _________________________________________________________________

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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

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Q13.
(a) Explain the advantage for larger animals of having a specialised system that
facilitates oxygen uptake.

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(2)

Figure 1 shows two models of oxygen uptake found in animals.

Figure 1

(b) Suggest how the environmental conditions have resulted in adaptations of systems
using Model A rather than Model B.

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(2)

(c) Figure 2 shows changes in concentration of oxygen in two gas exchange systems.

Figure 2

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 A student studied Figure 2 and concluded that the fish gas exchange system is
more efficient than the human gas exchange system.

Use Figure 2 to justify this conclusion.

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(2)

(d) Explain how the counter-current principle allows efficient oxygen uptake in the fish
gas exchange system.

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(2)

(e) The table below shows features of two mammals.

Bats are flying mammals; shrews are ground-living mammals.

Mean body mass / Mean lung

Mammal
kg volume / cm3

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 Bat 0.096 12.48

Shrew 0.024 0.72

Calculate how many times the lung volume per unit of body mass of the bat is
greater than that of the shrew.

Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

Give one suggestion to explain this difference.

Answer _______________

Explanation ________________________________________________________

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(3)
(Total 11 marks)

Q14.
A student investigated the activity of the enzyme amylase. He cut three identical wells (D,
E and F) in starch-agar in a Petri dish. He added 0.2 cm3 of:

• amylase solution to well D

• boiled amylase solution to well E
• water to well F.

After 60 minutes, he covered the starch-agar with iodine solution. The figure below shows
his results.

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(a) Explain the appearance of the agar in the clear area surrounding well D.

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(2)

(b) What can you conclude about the activity of amylase from the appearance of the
agar surrounding well E and well F in the figure above?

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(2)

(c) The student cut out a piece of agar from the clear area surrounding well D. He
obtained a solution of the substances contained in this piece of agar.

Describe a different biochemical test the student could use with this solution to
confirm that amylase had affected the starch in the clear area surrounding well D.

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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(2)

The diameter of the clear area around well D is 18 mm

In a different investigation, the student prepared a dilution of the amylase solution. He did
this by mixing amylase solution and water in the volumes shown in the table below.

Amylase solution /
Water / cm3
cm3

1.6 2.4

He prepared a starch-agar Petri dish identical to the figure above, but with a single well.
He added 0.2 cm3 of the diluted amylase solution to this well and left the Petri dish for 60
minutes.

(d) Use all of this information to predict the diameter of the clear area that will form
around the well containing the diluted amylase solution.

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

Show your working.

Answer __________ mm
(2)

(e) The student used a ruler to measure the diameter in mm of the clear area around
well D in the figure above.

Use this information to explain why the answer to part (d) should be given to the
nearest whole number.

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(1)
(Total 9 marks)

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Q15.
(a) Describe and explain one feature of the alveolar epithelium that makes the
epithelium well adapted as a surface for gas exchange. Do not refer to surface area
or moisture in your answer.

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(2)

Doctors measure the health of lungs by calculating the FEV1:FVC ratio.

• FEV1 is the maximum volume of air exhaled in one second.

• FVC is the maximum volume of air exhaled in one breath.

The minimum FEV1:FVC ratio of healthy lungs is 0.7:1

A man with the lung disease emphysema inflated his lungs fully. He then exhaled as much
of this air as quickly as possible in one breath. The figure below shows how the volume of
exhaled air changed during this breath.

(b) Use the information provided to determine the FEV1:FVC ratio of this man’s lungs.

Go on to determine how many times greater the minimum ratio of healthy lungs is
than his ratio.

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 FEV1:FVC ratio of man’s lungs = _______________

How many times greater? _______________

(2)

(c) Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled during a single breath when a
person is resting. The tidal volume in a person with emphysema is reduced
compared with the tidal volume in a healthy person.

Suggest and explain how a reduced tidal volume affects the exchange of carbon
dioxide between the blood and the alveoli.

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(3)
(Total 7 marks)

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Mark schemes

Q1.
(a) 1. Renal vein;

2. Vena cava to right atrium;

3. Right ventricle to pulmonary artery;

3

(b) 1. Vein;

2. Wide(r) lumen

OR

Thinner wall;
2

(c) 1. (Plasma) proteins remain;

Accept albumin/globulins/fibrinogen for (plasma) protein

2. (Creates) water potential gradient

OR

Reduces water potential (of blood);

3. Water moves (to blood) by osmosis;

4. Returns (to blood) by lymphatic system;

4
[9]

Q2.
(a) 1. (ATP to ADP + Pi ) Releases energy;
Reject ‘produces/makes/creates energy’.

2. (energy) allows ions to be moved against a concentration gradient

OR

(energy) allows active transport of ions;

For ‘ions’ accept Na+ or K+.
Do not accept if this movement is of glucose not ions.
2

(b) 1. (Maintains/generates) a concentration/diffusion gradient for Na+

(from ileum into cell);
Accept '(Maintains/generates) a lower concentration of Na+
inside the cell compared with outside the cell’.

2. Na+ moving (in) by facilitated diffusion, brings glucose with it

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 OR

Na+ moving (in) by co-transport, brings glucose with it;

Accept ‘co-transporter’ for ‘co-transport’.
2

(c) 1. Folded membrane/microvilli so large surface area (for absorption);

Reject references to ‘villi’.
Accept ‘brush border’ for ‘microvilli’.

2. Large number of co-transport/carrier/channel proteins so fast rate

(of absorption)

OR

Large number of co-transport/carrier proteins for active transport

OR

Large number of co-transport/carrier/channel proteins for facilitated diffusion;

3. Large number of mitochondria so make (more) ATP (by respiration)

OR

Large number of mitochondria for aerobic respiration

OR

Large number of mitochondria to release energy for active transport;

4. Membrane-bound (digestive) enzymes so maintains concentration

gradient (for fast absorption);
Accept named examples of digestive enzymes.
2 max

(d) 1. Phospholipids drawn with head and two tails;

2. Correctly positioned as a bilayer on either side of SGLT1;

Some of every ‘head’ must extend into the hydrophilic region
and some of every ‘tail’ must extend into the hydrophobic
region.
Reject phospholipids drawn within the protein.
2

(e) 1. One amine/NH2 group joins to a carboxyl/COOH group to form a peptide bond;
Accept on diagram, for example (at least) two amino acids
joining by a correctly drawn peptide bond (MP1) with NH2 at
one end and COOH at the other (MP2).
Ignore incorrect names of NH2 and COOH groups.

2. (So in chain) there is a free amine/NH2 group at one end and a

free carboxyl/COOH group at the other

OR

Each amino acid is orientated in the same direction in the chain;

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 Allow ECF for incorrect naming of groups.
2
[10]

Q3.
(a) 1. Increases dissociation of oxygen;
Accept unloading/ release/reduced affinity for dissociation

2. For aerobic respiration at the tissues/muscles/cells

OR

Anaerobic respiration delayed at the tissues/muscles/cells

OR

Less lactate at the tissues/muscles/cells;

2

(b) 1. (Time) 10 minutes;

2. (Ratio) 1.6875(:1);

Allow 1 mark for correct ratio calculated from wrong time

For the ratio accept any correct rounding
2

(c) 1. Increase in breathing (rate);

Award mark points 1 and 2 OR 3 and 4
Allow more breaths per minute
Reject more BPM

2. Similar/same pCO2 per breath, but more breaths;

OR

3. Increase in tidal volume;

Accept each breath is deeper

4. Similar/same pCO2 per breath, but increased volume per breath;

2

(d) Second box ticked (Muscle fibres have a limited amount of phosphocreatine.)
1

(e) 1. More acetylcoenzyme A would enter the Krebs cycle;

2. (So) the Krebs cycle generates (more) reduced coenzymes

OR

(So more) reduced coenzymes pass their electrons to the electron transfer
chain;
Accept examples of reduced coenzymes
Reject production of reduced NADP or NADPH2

Page 37 of 49
 3. (So more) ATP would be produced;
idea for more is required once

4. Athletes could build (slow) muscle (fibres) without exercising;

Ignore ‘develop (slow) muscle (fibres) at rest’ as in stem of
question
Accept description of not exercising, eg without training

5. (Having more) slow muscle (fibres) would increase endurance;

Accept descriptions of endurance in terms of delayed onset
of anaerobic respiration
4 max

(f) 1. (EPO) causes blood to thicken;

Accept descriptions of thickening, eg more viscous

2. (The thickened blood) could block the coronary arteries

OR

(The thickened blood) slows blood flow

OR

(The thicker blood) could cause clots;

Reject atheroma/plaque (forms)
Accept could cause thrombus/embolus
2

(g) 1. Some cyclists will gain a bigger advantage/increase

OR

Cyclists with a haematocrit of 50% would not be able to gain an advantage;

Accept use of the data, or suitable calculations, eg some
may have an 8% increase, others 0%
Some cyclists might naturally have a haematocrit over 50%
(and so not be allowed to compete)

2. There are health risks (associated with) taking EPO;

Accept dangerous side-effects of taking EPO, or examples of
health risks
2
[15]

Q4.
(a) 1. Triglycerides decrease because of the action of lipase

OR

Fatty acids increase because of the action of lipase;

2. Triglycerides decrease because of hydrolysis (of triglycerides)

OR

Page 38 of 49
 Fatty acids increase because of hydrolysis (of triglycerides);

3. Triglycerides decrease because of digestion of ester bonds (between fatty

acid and glycerol)

OR

Fatty acids increase because of digestion of ester bonds (between fatty acid
and glycerol);
Triglycerides decreasing or fatty acids increasing only need
to be stated once.
Accept 'lower/higher/quoted numbers’ for
‘decrease/increase’.
Only withhold one mark if there is no/incorrect reference to
triglycerides decreasing or fatty acids increasing.
3

(b) 1. To denature the enzymes/lipase;

Accept description of denaturation in terms of change in
tertiary structure.

2. So no further digestion/hydrolysis/catalysis occurred;

Accept ‘break down’ for digestion.
2

(c) 1. Micelles include bile salts and fatty acids;

Ignore other correct components of micelles.

2. Make the fatty acids (more) soluble in water;

For 'fatty acids' accept fats / lipids.

3. Bring/release/carry fatty acids to cell/lining (of the ileum);

For ‘fatty acids’ accept fats/lipids.

4. Maintain high(er) concentration of fatty acids to cell/lining (of the ileum);

5. Fatty acids (absorbed) by diffusion;

Reject if absorbed by facilitated diffusion
Ignore if micelles themselves are being absorbed.
Ignore references to monoglycerides.
3 max
[8]

Q5.
(a) 1. Initial and final mass (of beaker and all contents);
Accept change in mass/weight
Ignore volume
Reject change in mass of celery/beaker/water alone

2. Number of (groups of) xylem vessels;

Accept amount for ‘number’
2

Page 39 of 49
 (b) Prevent evaporation/water loss
OR
(So) evaporation/water loss/transpiration only from celery;
1

(c) 1. Water evaporates/is transpired (from leaves/ stalk/celery/plant);

2. Water potential gradient/lower water potential creates

tension/pulls up water
OR
Osmosis creates tension/pulls up water;
Accept negative pressure for tension

3. Hydrogen bonds/cohesion/adhesion maintains column;

3

(d) 1. Cut away from body;

Accept description of cutting technique to avoid cutting fingers

2. Against hard/non-slip/flat surface;

Accept named hard surface eg tile/board
2

(e) Median (no mark)

1. (Presence of) outliers/80/70

OR
Small sample size/8 (measurements);
Accept anomalies / extremes for ‘outliers’

2. 41;

Accept for 1 mark,

Mean of 47

OR

Mode of 35
2
[10]

Q6.
(a) 1. Aortic/semi-lunar valves is closed;
Accept ‘aorta valve’ or ‘valve to the aorta’ or ‘valve between
the aorta and the ventricle’.
Do not accept S-L/A-V valve.

2. Because pressure in aorta higher than in ventricle;

Accept 9-10kPa in ventricle and 13kPa in aorta.
Ignore incorrect figures.
2

(b) 1. Elastic recoil (of the aorta wall/tissue);

Reject muscle contracting.

Page 40 of 49
 Ignore reference to muscle relaxing.

2. Smooths the blood flow

OR

Maintains rate of blood flow

OR

Maintains blood pressure;

Ignore reference to preventing backflow of blood.
2

(c) 1. Peaks/contractions at the same/similar time

OR

Same/similar pattern;
Mark the answer as a whole.
Accept ‘shape (of curve)’ for ‘pattern’.

2. Lower pressure;
2

(d) 167 (beats minute–1)

OR

164 (beats minute–1)

OR

171 (beats minute–1);

Full answers
166.6 recurring, 164.383562, 171.428571
Accept any number of decimal places as long as rounding
correct.
1
[7]

Q7.
(a) 1. Muscle contracts;

2. Constricts/narrows arteriole/lumen;
Accept decreases for constricts/narrows
Accept vasoconstriction for 1 mark
2

(b) (Ventricles and arteries)

1. Ventricle (muscles) relaxed

OR

Page 41 of 49
 Arteries recoiled;
Accept references to ventricle, artery or atrium (singular)
Accept no muscle activity
OR
Diastole
OR
Arteries smoothing blood flow

2. No (blood) backflow (into ventricles)

OR

No blood movement to/in/from arteries;

Accept flow/pumped for movement

(Atria and ventricles)

3. Atria (muscle) contracted;

4. Blood movement from atria (into ventricles);

Accept flow/pumped for movement
4

(c) Vena cava;

1

(d) 2 marks for correct answer = 130 (beats min−1);;

1 mark for correct stroke volume = 104

2
[9]

Q8.
(a) 1. Micelles contain bile salts and fatty acids/monoglycerides;
Ignore other correct components of micelles

2. Make fatty acids/monoglycerides (more) soluble (in water)

OR

Bring/release/carry fatty acids/monoglycerides to cell/lining (of the iluem)

OR

Maintain high(er) concentration of fatty acids/monoglycerides to cell/lining (of

the ileum);
Accept lipid/fat for fatty acid/ monoglyceride

3. Fatty acids/monoglycerides absorbed by diffusion;

Reject if absorbed by facilitated diffusion
Ignore if micelles themselves are being absorbed

4. Triglycerides (re)formed (in cells);

Accept chylomicrons form

Page 42 of 49
 5. Vesicles move to cell membrane;
Accept exocytosis for ‘vesicles move’
5

(b) 1. Structure is determined by (relative) position of amino acid/R

group/interactions;
Accept for 'interactions', hydrogen bonds / disulfide bridges /
ionic bonds / hydrophobichydrophilic interactions

2. Primary structure is sequence/order of amino acids;

3. Secondary structure formed by hydrogen bonding (between amino acids);

Accept alpha helix/β-pleated sheet for ‘secondary structure’

4. Tertiary structure formed by interactions (between R groups);

Accept for 'interactions', hydrogen bonds / disulfide bridges /
ionic bonds / hydrophobichydrophilic interactions

5. Creates active site in enzymes

OR

Creates complementary/specific shapes in antibodies/carrier proteins/receptor

(molecules);

6. Quaternary structure contains >1 polypeptide chain

OR

Quaternary structure formed by interactions/bonds between polypeptides;

Accept for ‘intereactions’, hydrogen bonds/ disulfide
bridges/ionic bonds/hydrophobichydrophilic interactions
Accept prosthetic (group)
5 max
[10]

Q9.
(a) 1. Exopeptidases hydrolyse peptide bonds at the ends of a
polypeptide/protein AND endopeptidases hydrolyse internal
peptide bonds within a polypeptide/protein;
Reference to 'hydrolyse' required at least once

2. More ‘ends’

OR

More surface area;

Accept even if via action of incorrect enzyme
2

(b) 1. Actin/myosin/tropomyosin;
Accept troponin
Accept ATP synthase/hydrolase

2. Antibodies;

Page 43 of 49
 Accept immunoglobulins
Accept lysozyme
2

(c) Whey (no mark) as it:

1. Is absorbed quicker

OR

It has a faster/higher/greater/the highest/the greatest/the fastest rate of absorption;

2. Still stimulates/increases protein synthesis (even if lower than casein);

3. Prevents/inhibits/limits breakdown of body proteins;

4. Significantly more becomes body protein;

If student selects casein allow 1 mark only for ‘as it
stimulates a higher rate of protein synthesis’
Accept use of data to show differences
3 max
[7]

Q10.
(a) Correct answer for 2 marks = 14/14.02/14.024;;

Accept for 1 mark,

mean = 8.2

OR

uncertainty = 1.15
2

(b) 1. Sucrose actively transported (into phloem);

2. Lowering/reducing water potential

OR

More negative water potential;

3. Water moves (into phloem) by osmosis (from xylem);

3

(c) Phloem pressure falls as (rate of) water movement (in xylem) increases

OR

Inversely proportional;
Accept converse
1

(d) 1. High (rate of) transpiration/evaporation;

2. Water lost through stomata

Page 44 of 49
 OR

(High) tension in xylem;

3. (Causes) less water movement from xylem to phloem

OR

Insufficient water potential in phloem to draw water from xylem;

3
[9]

Q11.
(a) 1. Diaphragm (muscle) contracts and external intercostal muscles contract;
Ignore ribs move up and out

2. (Causes volume increase and) pressure decrease;

3. Air moves down a pressure gradient

Ignore along

OR

Air enters from higher atmospheric pressure;

3

(b) K = Bronchiole and

L = artery/arteriole/vein/venule;
Reject capillary
Ignore pulmonary
1

(c) 1. This/animal/lung tissue does not contain starch;

Accept cell(s) for ‘tissue’

2. (Makes) nucleus visible;

OR

Nucleus contains DNA;

2

(d) In support

1. (Link/risk with asthma and) living with cat or dog is (statistically) significant;

2. (Link with) obesity is most/highly significant;

Reject ‘results are significant’

Not supported

3. (Link/risk with asthma and) burned wood (indoors) is not (statistically)

significant;
Accept ‘due to chance’ for ‘not significant’ and converse
3

Page 45 of 49
 [9]

Q12.
(a) 1. Only use single lines/do not use sketching (lines)/ensure lines are
continuous/connected;

2. Add labels/annotations/title;

3. Add magnification/scale (bar);

4. Draw all parts to same scale/relative size;

5. Do not use shading/hatching;

2 max

(b) 1. Blood vessel X – artery/arteriole and

Blood vessel Y – vein/venule;

2. (Difference in) lumen size

OR

(Difference in) wall thickness;

Ignore name of blood vessel, eg. (pulmonary) artery
2

(c) 1. Carry/wash sharp instruments by holding handle

OR

Carry/wash sharp instruments by pointing away (from body)/down;

Accept for ‘instruments’, a suitable named example, eg.
scalpel

2. Disinfect instruments/surfaces;
Accept for ‘instruments’, a suitable named example, eg.
scalpel
Accept for ‘disinfect’, sanitise OR use antiseptic

3. Disinfect hands

OR

Wash hands with soap (and water);

Accept for ‘disinfect’, sanitise OR use antiseptic

4. Put organ/gloves/paper towels in a (separate) bag/bin/tray to dispose;

2 max
[6]

Q13.
(a) 1. Large(r) organisms have a small(er) surface area:volume (ratio);

OR

Page 46 of 49
 Small(er) organisms have a large(r) surface area:volume (ratio);

2. Overcomes long diffusion pathway

OR

Faster diffusion;
Accept short diffusion pathway
Accept for ‘faster’, more
2

(b) Mark in pairs, 1, and 2 OR 3. and 4.

1. Water has low(er) oxygen partial pressure/concentration (than air);

2. So (system on outside) gives large surface area (in contact with water)
OR
So (system on outside) reduces diffusion distance (between water
and blood);

3. Water is dense(r) (than air);

4. (So) water supports the systems/gills;

2

(c) 1. In fish, blood leaving (V) has more oxygen than water leaving (E);

2. (But) in humans, blood leaving (V) has less oxygen than air leaving (E);

3. Difference in oxygen (concentration) between artery and vein is

greater in fish than in humans;

4. (So) fish remove a greater proportion from the oxygen they take in;
2 max

(d) 1. Blood and water flow in opposite directions;

2. Diffusion/concentration gradient (maintained) along (length of)

lamella/filament;
Accept for 2 marks, suitably labelled diagram
2

(e) 1. and 2. Correct answer for 2 marks, 4.3 (times greater);;

Accept for 1 mark,

4.333333333 (correct answer not given to 2 significant figures)

OR

Evidence of 130 (cm3 kg-1) and 30 (cm3 kg-1)

Correct explanation for 1 mark,

3. Provides more oxygen for respiration;

3
[11]

Page 47 of 49
Q14.
(a) 1. Amylase hydrolyses starch;

2. (To) maltose;
2

(b) 1. (E) Amylase/enzyme is denatured;

Accept a description of denaturation

2. (F) amylase is needed for/causes starch hydrolysis/breakdown/digestion

OR

(F) water (alone) does not (cause starch) hydrolysis/breakdown/digestion;

Ignore ‘it is a control’
2

(c) 1. Heat in Benedict’s (solution);

Reject description of non-reducing sugar test

2. Red/green/orange (precipitate/colour) (shows maltose/reducing sugar);

Accept for ‘heat’, water bath
2

(d) Correct answer for 2 marks = 7;;

Accept for 1 mark,

7.2 (correct answer but not rounded)

OR

Evidence of 1.6 ÷ 4.0/0.4/40% (correct dilution factor)

OR

Evidence of 0.08 (correct amylase volume in 0.2cm3)

2

(e) 1. Reduces (human) error/uncertainty;

2. (It is) the resolution of a ruler;

3. (For a ruler measurement) the uncertainty is ±1(mm)

OR

(For a ruler measurement) the true value lies with ±1(mm);

Ignore can only measure to whole numbers
Ignore reliability and precision
Accept, the uncertainty of a ruler reading is (±)0.5(mm) OR
readings of <1mm are not accurate
1 max
[9]

Q15.

Page 48 of 49
(a) Mark in pairs: 1 and 2 OR 3 and 4

1. Flattened cells

OR

Single layer of cells;

Reject thin cell wall/membrane
Accept thin cells
Accept ‘one cell thick’

2. Reduces diffusion distance/pathway;

3. Permeable;

4. Allows diffusion of oxygen/carbon dioxide;

Ignore gas exchange
2

(b) Correct answer for 2 marks = 1.10–1.15;;

Accept for 1 mark,

0.6(1) : 1 (correct FEV1 : FEC ratio)

2

(c) 1. Less carbon dioxide exhaled/moves out (of lung)

OR

More carbon dioxide remains (in lung);

2. (So) reduced diffusion/concentration gradient (between blood and alveoli);

3. Less/slower movement of carbon dioxide out of blood

OR

More carbon dioxide stays in blood;

3
[7]

Page 49 of 49