Volume 9, Issue 4, April – 2024
Technology
ISSN
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24APR863
Crop Monitoring System with Water
Moisture Levels Using Controller
Dr. Shatrughna Prasad Yadav1 (Professor)
Department of ECE, Guru Nanak
Institute of Technology, Hyderabad
P. Manisha3
Department of ECE, Guru Nanak
Institute of Technology, Hyderabad
Abstract:- This paper presents a Crop Monitoring
System (CMS) designed to effectively manage crop water
moisture levels through automated irrigation control.
The system incorporates soil moisture sensors and
environmental sensors for real-time data collection,
which is then processed by a controller to determine
optimal irrigation schedules and water application rates.
By integrating predefined thresholds and algorithms, the
controller ensures precise irrigation tailored to specific
crop and soil conditions, thus preventing both under-
watering and over-watering. Additionally, the CMS
features wireless communication capabilities, enabling
remote monitoring and adjustment of irrigation settings
by farmers. This remote accessibility facilitates timely
interventions and optimizations, even in the absence of
farmers in the fields. Overall, the CMS enhances crop
health, improves resource efficiency, and conserves
water in agriculture. By leveraging advanced sensor
technologies and intelligent control algorithms, this
system offers a sustainable solution for precision
agriculture, contributing to increased yields while
minimizing water usage and environmental impact. This
project intends to make farming as mechanized and
labor-free as possible.
Keywords:- Micro Controller, Water Moisture Levels,
Sensor Network.
I. INTRODUCTION
In modern agriculture, efficient management of water
resources is essential for maximizing crop yields while
minimizing water usage. Monitoring soil moisture levels
plays a crucial role in ensuring optimal irrigation practices,
as overwatering or underwatering can lead to reduced crop
productivity and waste of water resources.
The Crop Monitoring System with Water Moisture
Levels Using Controller addresses this need by providing a
comprehensive solution for monitoring and controlling soil
moisture levels in agricultural fields. This system utilizes
IJISRT24APR863 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research
No:-2456-2165
U. Naveen2
Department of ECE, Guru Nanak
Institute of Technology, Hyderabad
V. Sai Kumar4
Department of ECE, Guru Nanak
Institute of Technology, Hyderabad
advanced technologies such as microcontrollers to automate
the process of monitoring soil moisture and adjusting
irrigation accordingly.
By integrating sensors to measure soil moisture levels
and a controller to analyze the data and control irrigation
systems, this project aims to optimize water usage in
agricultural fields. The controller continuously monitors soil
moisture levels and triggers irrigation when the moisture
levels fall below a certain threshold, ensuring that crops
receive the right amount of water at the right time.
Additionally, this system offers features such as remote
monitoring and control, allowing farmers to access real-time
data on soil moisture levels and irrigation status from
anywhere via a mobile app or web interface. This enhances
the efficiency of water management practices and enables
farmers to make informed decisions to optimize crop growth
and yield.
Overall, the Crop Monitoring System with Water
Moisture Levels Using Controller provides a reliable and
efficient solution for sustainable agriculture, helping farmers
to conserve water resources, increase crop productivity, and
ultimately improve food security.
II. EXISTING SYSTEM
The existing integrated crop monitoring system for
water moisture levels utilizing controller technology
incorporates a network of soil moisture sensors distributed
across agricultural fields. These sensors measure soil
moisture content at various depths and locations within the
soil profile. The sensor data is collected and transmitted to a
central controller unit, typically located on-site or remotely
accessible through a cloud-based platform.The controller
unit utilizes sophisticated algorithms to analyze the
incoming data and make informed decisions regarding
irrigation scheduling. Factors such as soil type, crop type,
weather conditions, and historical moisture levels are taken
into account to determine optimal irrigation timing and
duration.When irrigation is required, the controller unit
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Technology
ISSN
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triggers the irrigation system to deliver water to the crops
through drip, sprinkler, or other appropriate methods. The
system may also incorporate feedback mechanisms to adjust
irrigation schedules in real-time based on changing
environmental conditions or crop water needs.Additionally,
the system may provide farmers with remote access to
monitoring and control functionalities via mobile
applications or web interfaces. This allows farmers to
monitor soil moisture levels, track irrigation activities, and
receive alerts or recommendations for irrigation
optimization.Overall, the existing integrated crop
monitoring system for water moisture levels utilizing
controller technology offers farmers a comprehensive
solution for efficient water management, leading to
improved crop yields, reduced water usage, and enhanced
sustainability in agriculture.
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The proposed integrated crop monitoring system for
water moisture levels utilizing controller technology builds
upon existing infrastructure while incorporating several
advancements to enhance efficiency and effectiveness. The
system comprises the following key components:
Advanced Sensor Network: The proposed system
utilizes a network of high-precision soil moisture sensors
strategically placed throughout the agricultural field. These
sensors are capable of measuring soil moisture content at
multiple depths and locations with increased accuracy and
reliability.Centralized Controller Unit: A centralized
controller unit serves as the brain of the system, responsible
for collecting, processing, and analyzing data from the soil
moisture sensors in real-time. The controller unit is
equipped with advanced algorithms and machine learning
capabilities to interpret sensor data and make intelligent
decisions regarding irrigation scheduling.Predictive
Analytics: The proposed system incorporates predictive
analytics techniques to forecast crop water requirements
based on various factors such as soil type, crop type,
weather forecasts, and historical data. By leveraging
predictive modeling, the system can anticipate future water
needs and proactively adjust irrigation schedules to optimize
water usage.Adaptive Irrigation System: An adaptive
irrigation system is integrated with the controller unit to
automate irrigation processes based on real-time data
analysis and predictive insights. The system dynamically
adjusts irrigation schedules, water flow rates, and irrigation
durations to ensure optimal soil moisture levels for crop
growth while minimizing water wastage.Remote Monitoring
and Control: The proposed system provides farmers with
remote access to monitoring and control functionalities via
mobile applications or web interfaces. Farmers can remotely
monitor soil moisture levels, track irrigation activities, and
receive real-time alerts or recommendations for irrigation
optimization. This remote accessibility enables farmers to
manage their crops efficiently from anywhere, enhancing
convenience and productivity.Scalability and Customization:
IJISRT24APR863 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research
No:-2456-2165
The proposed system is designed to be scalable and
customizable to accommodate various agricultural settings,
crop types, and geographical locations. Farmers can tailor
the system parameters and settings according to their
specific needs and preferences, ensuring optimal
performance and adaptability across diverse farming
environments.Overall, the proposed integrated crop
monitoring system for water moisture levels utilizing
controller technology offers a comprehensive and intelligent
solution for sustainable water management in agriculture.
By harnessing the power of advanced sensors, predictive
analytics, and adaptive irrigation systems, the proposed
system aims to optimize crop yields, conserve water
resources, and promote environmental sustainability in
modern farming practices
IV. METHODOLOGY
The proposed system employs a Soil moisture sensors
deployed across the agricultural field continuously measure
soil moisture levels at various depths. These sensors may
utilize capacitance, resistive, or other sensing mechanisms to
accurately detect moisture content in the soil.The soil
moisture sensor data is transmitted to a centralized
controller unit using wired or wireless communication
protocols such as Wi-Fi, LoRa, or Zigbee. The controller
unit collects the incoming data from all deployed sensors in
real-time. The controller unit processes the collected soil
moisture data using advanced algorithms and machine
learning techniques. It analyzes factors such as soil type,
crop type, weather conditions, and historical moisture levels
to determine the optimal irrigation requirements for the
crops. Based on the analysis of soil moisture data and
predictive modeling, the controller unit generates irrigation
schedules specifying the timing, duration, and volume of
water required for irrigation. These schedules are
dynamically adjusted to meet the changing needs of the
crops and environmental conditions.The controller unit
triggers the irrigation system to initiate watering based on
the generated schedules. It communicates with the irrigation
system components such as valves, pumps, and sprinklers to
regulate water flow and distribution to the crops.The
integrated system may incorporate feedback mechanisms to
monitor the effectiveness of irrigation activities and adjust
irrigation schedules in real-time. This feedback loop allows
the system to adaptively respond to changing soil moisture
levels and crop water needs. Farmers can remotely monitor
the status of the crop monitoring system and irrigation
activities through user-friendly interfaces such as mobile
applications or web portals. They can view real-time soil
moisture data, irrigation schedules, and receive alerts or
recommendations for system optimization.Regular
maintenance and calibration of soil moisture sensors,
controller unit, and irrigation system components are
essential to ensure the continued accuracy and reliability of
the integrated system. Farmers are trained to perform routine
maintenance tasks and troubleshoot any issues that may
arise.The performance of the integrated crop monitoring
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Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24APR863

system is evaluated based on criteria such as crop yields, water management, optimized crop growth, and sustainable
water savings, and overall agricultural roductivity. agriculture practices. By leveraging advanced sensor
Continuous monitoring and evaluation help identify areas technology and intelligent control algorithms, the system
for improvement and optimization.Overall, the working of contributes to increased crop yields, reduced water usage,
an Integrated Crop Monitoring System for Water Moisture and environmental conservation.
Levels Utilizing Controller Technology enables efficient
V. FLOW CHART

Fig 1 Flowchart of Working

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Volume 9, Issue 4, April – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research
Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24APR863

VI. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 2 Block Diagram

 Applications affordability have made it a staple in classrooms, homes,
and maker spaces worldwide, fostering a vibrant community
 Precision Agriculture of enthusiasts and learners eager to push the boundaries of
 Water Conservation what is possible with technology. Whether used for
 Crop Health Management education, prototyping, or commercial applications,
 Enhanced Crop Yields Raspberry Pi continues to inspire and empower individuals
 Resource Efficiency to learn, experiment, and create in the ever-evolving
 Environmental Sustainability landscape of computing and electronics.
 Integration with Smart Farming Technologies
 Climate Resilience
 Remote Monitoring and Control

VII. HARDWARE DETAILS

 Raspberry Pi:
Raspberry Pi is a revolutionary single-board computer
that has transformed the world of technology and education.
Developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, this compact
and affordable computer has gained immense popularity for
its versatility, ease of use, and wide range of applications.
Powered by ARM processors and equipped with various
connectivity options, including HDMI, USB, Ethernet, Wi-
Fi, and GPIO pins, Raspberry Pi offers a platform for users
to explore programming, electronics, and DIY projects.
From creating media centers and retro gaming consoles to Fig 3 Raspberry Pi Board.
building IoT devices and industrial prototypes, Raspberry Pi
empowers students, hobbyists, and professionals to unleash  Driver Circuit :
their creativity and innovation. Its accessibility and

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Volume 9, Issue 4, April – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research
Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24APR863

A driver circuit is an essential component in electronics

that controls the flow of current or voltage to another
component, typically a load such as a motor, LED, or
transistor. It acts as an intermediary between the input signal
and the load, ensuring that the load receives the appropriate
level of power or signal to operate effectively. Driver
circuits are designed to provide the necessary amplification,
isolation, or protection for the load, depending on the
specific requirements of the application. They come in
various configurations, including transistor drivers,
MOSFET drivers, LED drivers, and motor drivers, each
tailored to the needs of different types of loads and control
signals. Driver circuits play a critical role in enabling the
efficient and reliable operation of electronic systems, from
simple hobbyist projects to complex industrial applications.

Fig 4 Driver Circuit
 Buzzer:
It typically consists of a piezoelectric element or an
electromagnetic coil attached to a diaphragm, housed in a
plastic or metal casing. When an electrical current is applied
to the buzzer, it vibrates the diaphragm at a specific
frequency, producing sound waves in the audible range.
Buzzer devices are commonly used for various purposes,
including generating alarms, indicating events or errors, and
providing feedback in electronic devices and systems. They
come in different types, such as piezoelectric buzzers,
magnetic buzzers, and mechanical buzzers, each offering
unique characteristics suited to specific applications. Buzzer
circuits are simple to integrate into electronic designs and
are widely used in alarm systems, automotive applications,
home appliances, industrial equipment, and consumer
electronics.
Fig 5 Buzzer
 Liquid Crystal Display:
LCD, or Liquid Crystal Display, is a ubiquitous display
technology found in various electronic devices, from
smartphones and tablets to computer monitors and
televisions. Its widespread adoption is attributed to several
key features, including its thin and lightweight design, low
power consumption, and ability to produce high-quality
images and text. LCDs operate by modulating the passage of
light through liquid crystal molecules controlled by electric
currents. This controlled polarization of light enables LCDs
to create images and text with precision and clarity. LCD
displays come in different types, such as LED-backlit LCDs
for enhanced brightness and energy efficiency, OLED
displays for superior contrast and color reproduction, and
TFT-LCDs for improved image quality and faster response
times. With their versatility, reliability, and affordability,
LCDs continue to be the display technology of choice for a
wide range of applications, driving innovation and
enhancing user experiences in the digital world.

Fig 6 Liquid Crystal Display

 Power Supply:
A power supply is an essential component in electronic
devices, responsible for converting electrical energy from a

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Volume 9, Issue 4, April – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research
Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24APR863

source such as a wall outlet or battery into the appropriate

voltage, current, and frequency required to power the
device's components. Power supplies come in various forms,
including linear power supplies, switching power supplies,
and uninterruptible power supplies (UPS). Linear power
supplies provide a stable output voltage by regulating the
input voltage through the use of linear regulators. Switching
power supplies, on the other hand, use switching regulators
to convert the input voltage into a high-frequency
alternating current, which is then rectified and filtered to
produce the desired output voltage. UPS systems ensure
uninterrupted power supply to critical devices by switching
to battery power during power outages or fluctuations.
Power supplies are vital for the reliable and efficient
operation of electronic devices across industries such as
telecommunications, healthcare, manufacturing, and
consumer electronics. They play a crucial role in ensuring
the proper functioning and longevity of electronic
equipment while protecting them from damage due to
Fig 8 GSM
voltage fluctuations or power surges.

 Sensors:
Water sensors are specialized devices designed to
detect the presence, level, or quality of water in various
environments. These sensors utilize different techniques,
such as conductivity, capacitance, ultrasonic waves, or
optical methods, to measure water-related parameters
accurately. Water sensors find applications in diverse fields,
including agriculture, environmental monitoring, industrial
processes, and residential water management systems. They
play a crucial role in detecting leaks, monitoring water
levels in tanks or reservoirs, measuring soil moisture content
for irrigation purposes, and ensuring water quality in
drinking water supplies or wastewater treatment plants.
Water sensors enable early detection of water-related issues,
helping to prevent damage, conserve resources, and
Fig 7 Power Supply maintain optimal conditions in various settings. With
ongoing advancements in sensor technology, water sensors
 GSM: continue to improve in accuracy, reliability, and efficiency,
GSM, or Global System for Mobile Communications, contributing to better water management practices and
is a standard for digital cellular networks used for environmental sustainability efforts.
transmitting voice and data services to mobile devices.
Developed by the European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI), GSM has become the most widely used
mobile communication standard globally. It operates on
various frequency bands, enabling seamless connectivity
and roaming across different countries and regions. GSM
networks utilize a combination of time division multiple
access (TDMA) and frequency division multiple access
(FDMA) techniques to allocate radio channels efficiently,
allowing multiple users to share the same frequency
spectrum simultaneously. GSM technology supports a wide
range of services, including voice calls, text messaging
(SMS), multimedia messaging (MMS), and mobile internet
access. With its widespread adoption and compatibility,
GSM has played a pivotal role in connecting people around
the world, facilitating communication, and driving the
evolution of mobile technology.

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Volume 9, Issue 4, April – 2024
Technology
ISSN
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24APR863
Fig 9 Sensors
 Motor :
A motor is a device that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy, generating rotational motion to drive
machinery or equipment. Motors come in various types and
sizes, each designed for specific applications and operating
conditions. Common types of motors include AC
(alternating current) motors, such as induction motors and
synchronous motors, and DC (direct current) motors, such
as brushed DC motors and brushless DC motors. Motors are
utilized in a wide range of industries, including
manufacturing, transportation, construction, and robotics.
They power machinery, vehicles, pumps, fans, and countless
other devices, enabling automation, movement, and control
in various processes. Motors play a vital role in modern
technology and infrastructure, driving innovation and
efficiency across multiple sectors. With advancements in
motor technology, such as improvements in energy
efficiency and integration with smart control systems,
motors continue to be indispensable components in
powering the world around us.
Fig 10 Motor
VIII. DESCRIPTION OF SOFTWARE
IJISRT24APR863 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research
No:-2456-2165
The software component of our crop monitoring
system with water moisture level monitoring utilizing a
controller plays a pivotal role in optimizing agricultural
practices and enhancing crop yields. At its core, our
software seamlessly integrates with the controller,
facilitating real-time data acquisition from soil moisture
sensors dispersed across the field. These sensors
continuously measure the moisture content of the soil,
relaying crucial information to the software. Employing
advanced algorithms, our software intelligently interprets
this data to determine precise irrigation schedules tailored to
the specific needs of the crops, considering factors like crop
type, soil type, and prevailing weather conditions. Through
an intuitive user interface accessible via web or mobile
platforms, farmers gain comprehensive insights into soil
moisture levels, enabling informed decision-making
remotely. Moreover, the software provides analytical tools
for historical data analysis, trend identification, and
generating insightful reports, empowering farmers with
actionable insights for efficient crop management. With
robust alerting mechanisms in place, our software ensures
timely notifications of critical conditions, allowing farmers
to proactively address potential issues and optimize resource
utilization. Overall, our software-driven approach
revolutionizes crop monitoring, offering farmers
unparalleled precision, efficiency, and sustainability in
agricultural operations.
IX. CONCLUSION
The Crop Monitoring System with Water Moisture
Levels Utilizing Controller Technology represents a
significant advancement in agriculture, offering a
comprehensive solution for efficient water management and
crop monitoring. By integrating advanced sensor
technologies with intelligent controller systems, this
innovative approach enables precise measurement of soil
moisture levels and real-time analysis of data to optimize
irrigation scheduling. The system's adaptive capabilities
ensure that crops receive the right amount of water at the
right time, leading to improved yields, reduced water usage,
and enhanced sustainability in agriculture practices. With its
ability to remotely monitor and control irrigation activities,
the system empowers farmers to make informed decisions
and respond promptly to changing environmental
conditions, ultimately contributing to increased productivity
and profitability. As we continue to face challenges such as
climate change and water scarcity, the Crop Monitoring
System with Water Moisture Levels Utilizing Controller
Technology emerges as a valuable tool for promoting
resilience, efficiency, and long-term viability in agricultural
production.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all
those who contributed to the successful implementation of
the Identification and Detection of Industrial Faults using
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Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24APR863

Raspberry Pico Bot project. This endeavor would not have Learning for Sustainable Agriculture." Computers
been possible without the dedication and expertise of our and Electronics in Agriculture, 157, 218-227.
team members, whose collaborative efforts led to the [10]. Sahoo, A. K., Bhanja, U., & Dey, N. (2020). "Design
development of innovative methodologies for fault and Implementation of a Smart Irrigation System
detection. Additionally, we extend our appreciation to the Using IoT and Machine Learning Techniques."
Raspberry Pi Foundation for providing the platform upon Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized
which our research was conducted. Through the integration Computing, 11(6), 2445-2459.
of advanced sensor technologies and meticulous
programming, our Raspberry Pico Bot demonstrated
remarkable capabilities in identifying and addressing faults
autonomously, showcasing the potential for practical
applications in various fields.

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