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chapter seven

BASIC CONCEPTS OF
CHEMICAL BONDING

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Valence electrons
 Electrons in the outermost principal energy level (the Valence
Shell) are called VALENCE ELECTRONS
These electrons are important because they are involved in chemical
bonding.
Electrons not in the outermost shell are called core electrons.

Element valence
Li: 1s2 2s1 1
B : 1s2 2s2 2p1 3
C : 1s2 2s2 2p2 4
N : 1s2 2s2 2p3 5
O : 1s2 2s2 2p4 6
F : 1s2 2s2 2p5 7
Ne : 1s2 2s2 2p6 8
Br : [Ar]4s2 3d10 4p5 7
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Chemical Bonds
• Three basic types of bonds
Ionic
• Electrostatic attraction
between ions.
Covalent
• Sharing of electrons.
Metallic
• Metal atoms bonded to
several other atoms.

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LEWIS SYMBOLS
• G.N. Lewis pioneered the use of chemical symbols
surrounded with dots to symbolize the valence electrons
around an atom.

• When forming compounds, atoms tend to add or subtract

electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence
electrons (the octet rule).

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The Octet Rule

Atoms often gain, lose, or share electrons to
achieve the same number of electrons as the noble
gas closest to them in the periodic table.
The noble gases have very stable electron
arrangements, as evident by their high ionization
energies, low affinity for additional electrons, and
general lack of chemical reactivity.
Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until
they are surrounded by eight valence electrons.
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IONIC BONDING
Electron transfer to form oppositely charged ions occurs when one
atom readily gives up an electron (low ionization energy) and
another atom readily gains an electron (high electron affinity).
Ionic bonding between metal and nonmetal
For example, when sodium metal, Na(s), and chlorine gas, Cl(g),
reaction occurs.

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The crystal structure of NaCl

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COVALENT BONDING
A chemical bond formed ( non metal –nonmetal) by
sharing a pair of electrons is a covalent bond.
• Covalently bonded compounds are also called
molecular compounds.

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(a) The attractions and

repulsions among electrons
and nuclei in the hydrogen
molecule.

(b) Electron distribution

in the H2 molecule

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Lewis Structures
Lewis structures are representations of molecules showing all
electrons, bonding and nonbonding.

covalent bond, each hydrogen atom acquires a second electron,

achieving the stable, two-electron, noble-gas electron configuration of
helium.
Formation of a covalent bond between two Cl atoms to give a Cl2

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Electrons that are shared by atoms are called

bonding pairs.
Electrons that are not shared by atoms but
belong to a particular atom are called lone
pairs. Also known as nonbonding pairs

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Single Covalent Bonds

When two atoms share one pair of electrons, it is called a single
covalent bond.
_ share Two electrons
One atom may use more than one single bond to fulfill its octet. To
different atoms or not

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Compare the Lewis symbol for neon with the Lewis structure for
methane,CH4. the way are the electron arrangements ?
Answers :

Both atoms have an octet of electrons.

the electrons about neon are unshared electron pairs, whereas those
about carbon are shared with four hydrogen atoms.

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Double Covalent Bond

When two atoms share two pairs of electrons the result is called a
double covalent bond.
_share Four electrons

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Triple Covalent Bond

When two atoms share three pairs of electrons the result is called a
triple covalent bond.
_share Six electrons
A triple bond corresponds to the sharing of three pairs(six) of
electrons

The length of the

bond between two
atoms
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Electronegativity
Pauling’s electronegativity scale

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Electronegativity
• Electronegativity is the ability of atoms in a molecule
to attract electrons to themselves.

The greater an atom’s electronegativity, the greater

its ability to attract electrons to itself.
Each atom has an electronegativity value.

• On the periodic chart, electronegativity increases as

…from left to right across a row.
…from the bottom to the top of a column.
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Electronegativity Difference and Bond Type

If the difference in electronegativity between atoms is 0, is
pure covalent.
-Equal sharing like Cl2 , H2 .
If the difference in electronegativity between atoms is 0.1
to 0.4, the bond is nonpolar covalent.
If the difference in electronegativity between bonded atoms
is 0.4 to 1.9, the bond is polar covalent.
If the difference in electronegativity between bonded atoms
is larger than or equal to 2.0, the bond is “100%” ionic.
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In LiF the electronegativity difference is very large,

meaning that the electron density is far toward F.
In HF the electron density is clearly shifted toward
fluorine

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Which of the following bonds is most polar: SeBr, Se-Cl, S-Br, or S-Cl?
S-Cl is more polar than S-Br since Br is less electronegative than
Cl. Se-Cl is more polar than Se-Br for the same reason.
S-Cl>S-Br
Se-Cl>Se-Br
since Se occurs below S which means Se has a lower
electronegativity than S. Therefore,
Se-Cl>S-Cl
Therefore, Se-Cl bond is most polar of the four bonds.

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Ionic versus Covalent

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Some exceptions
1. If the ΔEN is between 1.5 and 2.0 and if a metal is
involved, then the bond is considered ionic. If only
nonmetals are involved, the bond is considered polar
covalent.
2. When the oxidation state of the metal is highly
positive (roughly speaking, +4 or larger, usually a
covalent bond is expected.
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For example, tin is a metal and chlorine is a nonmetal,

but SnCl4 is a molecular substance that exists as a
colorless liquid at room temperature. It freezes at -33
o
C and boils at 114 oC. The ΔEN=1.2
MnO, is a green solid that melts at 1842 °C
Manganese(VII) oxide, Mn2O7, is a green liquid
that freezes at 5.9 oC, which indicates that
covalent rather than ionic bonding
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DRAWING LEWIS STRUCTURES

To draw a Lewis structure, you
should use the following procedure:
1. Sum the valence electrons
from all atoms. PCl3
A. For an anion, add electron
charge to the total from each
negative
Keep track of the electrons:
B. For a cation, subtract
electron charge from the total 5 + 3(7) = 26
for each positive charge.
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Writing Lewis Structures

2. The central atom is
the least
electronegative
element that isn’t
hydrogen.
Connect the outer
atoms to it by Keep track of the electrons:
single bonds.
26 − 6 = 20
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Writing Lewis Structures

3. Fill the octets of
the outer atoms.

Keep track of the electrons:

26 − 6 = 20; 20 − 18 = 2

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Writing Lewis Structures

4. Fill the octet of the

central atom.

Keep track of the electrons:

26 − 6 = 20; 20 − 18 = 2; 2 − 2 = 0

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Draw the Lewis structure for HCN.

1. Number of e = 1 + 4 + 5 = 10
2. Draw single bonds from the central atom (4e)
H-C-N
3. Distribute electrons on atoms

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Writing Lewis Structures

4.Turn lone pair into
double or triple bonds
to give every atom an
octet

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Draw the Lewis structure for the ion BrO3-.

1. No of e = 1*7 + 3*6 + 1 = 26
2. Form single bonds from the central
atom. The central atom is Br (6e).
3. Make octets, the central atom last (18e)
4. The two residual electrons are placed on
Br.

5. All are octets, therefore, this is the Lewis

structure.

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Draw the Lewis structure for C2H4.

1. No. of e = 2*4 +4*1 = 12

2. Draw single bonds to connect between the
atoms (10e):
3. Make octets, electron pair to either carbon
since H is full:
4. Make multiple bonds to make octets:

The Lewis structure is

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