Exp.no.

05

Name of be experiment: Verification the function of gate circuit (Truth Table)

using integrated circuit

Theory:
A digital circuit having one or more input signal but only one output signal is called gate. These circuits
are designed to process digital signals and there are a number of standard unit "Logic gates" are available.
There are 7 (seven) Logic gates viz. AND, OR. NOT, NAND. NOR, EXOR and EXNOR gate. Among
them, there are only 3 (three) basic gates viz AND, OR and NOT gate.

In most cases diodes and transistors are used to construct Logic gates. Using integrated circuit (i.e.
semiconductor devices), we will describe and working procedure of these three gates (AND. OR and
NOT gate).

Apparatus/Materials:
Diodes, connecting wires, soldering wires and heater, transistors, LED, resistors, soldering (bread) board,
D.C. power supply etc.

Procedure/Description:

AND gate:
An AND gate works like taking more than one inputs and giving only one output which is equal to the
multiplication of inputs. We can only give input level high or low. Thus if any of the inputs of a AND
gate have input level low, then we have the output low. The construction of a AND gate is given in fig-1
with its truth table and image diagram. When A is connected to ground and B connected to Vcc, current
will go to through D1.When B is connected to ground and A connected to Vcc, current will go to
ground through LED. So, we can say, only then when both A and B will be connected with Vcc, then
LED will go ON as shown in the truth table, where 1 and 0 represents Vcc and ground respectively .
Observation:

AND Gate Activity

A B C=A.B
Low Low LED does not illuminate
Low High LED does not illuminate
High Low LED does not illuminate
high high LED illuminates

Truth table

A B C=A.B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

Results: The AND Gate truth table is verified.

OR Gate:

An OR gate works like taking more inputs and giving only one output which is equal to the addition of
inputs. We can only high or low. Thus if all of the input give input level of an OR gate have input level
low, then we have the output low and if any of the inputs an OR gate have input level high, then we have
the output high.

The construction of OR gate is given in fig-2 with its truth table and image diagram. When A is connected
to ground A and B with Vcc , current will go to ground through D2 and LED. When B is connected to
ground and A connected to Vcc, current will go to ground through D1 and LED. When both A and B is
connected to ground no current will pass through LED. So we can say, only when both A and B will be
connected with ground, then the LED will go OFF state as shown in the truth table, where 1 and 0
represents Vcc and ground respectively.
Observations:

OR Gate activity

A B C=A.B
Low Low LED does not illuminate
Low High LED does not illuminate
High Low LED does not illuminate
high high LED illuminates

Truth table

A B C=A.B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

Result:

The OR Gate truth table is verified.

NOT gate:

A NOT gate works like taking one input and giving the output which is opposite to the input i.e. A. It is
also known as inverter. We can only give input level high or low. Thus if the input of a NOT gate have
input level low, then we have the output high and vice- versa.

The construction of a NOT gate is given in Fig-3 with its truth table and image diagram. When A is
connected to ground, transistor will be at OFF state. So current will go to the ground through LED. When
A connected to Vcc, current will go to the ground through transistor so that the transistor acts at saturation
level. Thus no current will flow through LED. Here 1 and 0 represents Vcc and ground respectively.
Observation:

NOT Gate activity

A Y A Y
Low LED illuminated 0 1
high LED does not 1 0
illuminated

Result:

The NOT Gate truth table is verified.

Precautions:

1. Circuit elements should be connected carefully.

2. DC voltage should be in the range of 5V-7V, which will not harm diodes, transistor and LEDs.

3. Resistance of the resistor should be chosen carefully to fulfill the experiment.

4. LED should be checked before using/connection.