CHAPTER 1:

COMPUTER SYSTEM

CHAPTER BLUEPRINT PLAN FOR FINAL EXAM

VSA SA LA E TOTAL
1 MARK 2 MARKS 3 MARKS 5 MARKS
2 MCQ 1 1 2 17 MARKS

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(1 HOT)

MCQ

1. What does CPU stand for?

- a) Central Processing Unit
- b) Central Programming Unit
- c) Computer Personal Unit
- d) Centralized Processing Unit
- Answer: a) Central Processing Unit

2. Which memory is known for its high speed and is placed between the CPU
and primary memory?
- a) Cache Memory
- b) Secondary Memory
- c) RAM
 - d) ROM
- Answer: a) Cache Memory

3. What is the primary role of the memory controller?

- a) To manage data flow into and out of the main memory
- b) To control the CPU speed
- c) To regulate power supply to the computer
- d) To manage external storage devices
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- Answer: a) To manage data flow into and out of the main memory

Evolution of Computer

4. Which device is considered the first computing device?

- a) Abacus
- b) Pascaline
- c) Analytical Engine
- d) EDVAC
- Answer: a) Abacus

5. Who is known as the 'father of the computer' for his concept of the Analytical
Engine?
- a) Charles Babbage
- b) Blaise Pascal
2 - c) Alan Turing
- d) John Von Neumann
 - Answer: a) Charles Babbage

6. What significant technology replaced vacuum tubes in computers?

- a) Transistors
- b) Integrated Circuits
- c) Microprocessors
- d) Punch Cards
- Answer: a) Transistors

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Computer Memory

7. Which type of memory is volatile and used for temporary storage?

- a) RAM
- b) ROM
- c) HDD
- d) SSD
- Answer: a) RAM

8. Which of the following is a type of secondary memory?

- a) Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
- b) Cache Memory
- c) Registers
- d) Processor
3
- Answer: a) Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
 9. What is the key characteristic of secondary memory?
- a) Non-volatile
- b) High speed
- c) Small storage capacity
- d) Expensive
- Answer: a) Non-volatile

Data Transfer Between Memory and CPU

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10. What is a bus in computer terminology?

- a) A physical wire used for data transfer
- b) A type of software
- c) A storage device
- d) A type of processor
- Answer: a) A physical wire used for data transfer

11. Which bus is used to transfer data between different components of a

computer?
- a) Data Bus
- b) Address Bus
- c) Control Bus
- d) System Bus
- Answer: a) Data Bus
4

12. Which bus is used to specify memory addresses?

 - a) Address Bus
- b) Data Bus
- c) Control Bus
- d) System Bus
- Answer: a) Address Bus

Microprocessors

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13. What is a microprocessor?
- a) A CPU on a single microchip
- b) A type of secondary memory
- c) An input device
- d) A high-speed cache memory
- Answer: a) A CPU on a single microchip

14. Which generation of microprocessors introduced the use of integrated

circuits (ICs)?
- a) First Generation
- b) Second Generation
- c) Third Generation
- d) Fourth Generation
- Answer: c) Third Generation

15. Which of the following microprocessors belongs to the fifth generation? 5

- a) Intel 8080
 - b) Motorola 6800
- c) Intel 80386
- d) Pentium
- Answer: d) Pentium

Software

16. What type of software provides core functionality to a computer system?

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- a) System Software
- b) Application Software
- c) Utility Software
- d) Open Source Software
- Answer: a) System Software

17. Which software category includes programs like word processors and
spreadsheets?
- a) General Purpose Software
- b) Customised Software
- c) System Software
- d) Embedded Software
- Answer: a) General Purpose Software

18. Which of the following is an example of Free and Open Source Software
(FOSS)?
6
- a) Adobe Photoshop
 - b) Microsoft Word
- c) Mozilla Firefox
- d) CorelDRAW
- Answer: c) Mozilla Firefox

Operating System

19. What is the primary function of an operating system?

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- a) To manage computer hardware and software resources
- b) To develop new software
- c) To provide internet security
- d) To create graphics
- Answer: a) To manage computer hardware and software resources

20. Which of the following is not an operating system?

- a) Windows
- b) Linux
- c) Android
- d) Photoshop
- Answer: d) Photoshop

21. What is multitasking in operating systems?

- a) Running multiple applications simultaneously
7
- b) Enhancing graphics performance
- c) Installing new software
 - d) None of the above
- Answer: a) Running multiple applications simultaneously

Additional Questions

22. What was the primary function of the Analytical Engine?

- a) Perform arithmetic calculations
- b) Store data on punched cards
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- c) Control industrial machines

- d) None of the above
- Answer: a) Perform arithmetic calculations

23. Which device is used for data transfer between a USB port and a hard disk?
- a) Bus
- b) Processor
- c) Memory controller
- d) Cache
- Answer: a) Bus

24. Which component manages the flow of data in and out of the computer’s
main memory?
- a) Memory controller
- b) CPU
8 - c) Cache
- d) Bus
 - Answer: a) Memory controller

25. Which generation of microprocessors had a word size of 32 bits?

- a) Fourth Generation
- b) First Generation
- c) Second Generation
- d) Third Generation
- Answer: a) Fourth Generation

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26. What is an example of customised software?
- a) School management software
- b) Web browser
- c) Media player
- d) Word processor
- Answer: a) School management software

27. Which software can a computer not function without?

- a) System Software
- b) Application Software
- c) Utility Software
- d) None of the above
- Answer: a) System Software

9
28. Who invented the tabulating machine?
- a) Herman Hollerith
 - b) Charles Babbage
- c) Blaise Pascal
- d) Alan Turing
- Answer: a) Herman Hollerith

29. What does ROM stand for?

- a) Read Only Memory
- b) Random Access Memory
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- c) Run-time Operating Memory

- d) Remote Operations Manager
- Answer: a) Read Only Memory

30. What is the primary function of application software?

- a) To perform tasks specific to the user's needs
- b) To manage hardware resources
- c) To provide core system functionality
- d) To enhance security
- Answer: a) To perform tasks specific to the user's needs

31. Which operating system is known for its open-source nature?

- a) Linux
- b) Windows
- c) macOS
10
- d) iOS
- Answer: a) Linux
32. Which type of memory is used for permanent storage of data and
instructions?
- a) Secondary Memory
- b) Cache Memory
- c) Primary Memory
- d) Virtual Memory
- Answer: a) Secondary Memory

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33. What is the function of the control bus in a computer system?
- a) Communicate control signals between different components
- b) Transfer data between memory and CPU
- c) Specify memory addresses
- d) None of the above
- Answer: a) Communicate control signals between different components

34. Which generation of microprocessors introduced multicore processors?

- a) Fifth Generation
- b) First Generation
- c) Third Generation
- d) Second Generation
- Answer: a) Fifth Generation

35. What type of software is used to develop new software applications? 11

- a) System
 Software
- b) Application Software
- c) Utility Software
- d) Programming Software
- Answer: d) Programming Software

36. Who is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer?

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- a) Charles Babbage
- b) Blaise Pascal
- c) Alan Turing
- d) John Von Neumann
- Answer: a) Charles Babbage

37. Which of the following is an example of embedded software?

- a) Software in a washing machine
- b) Office suite
- c) Web browser
- d) Media player
- Answer: a) Software in a washing machine

38. What is the primary purpose of an operating system’s kernel?

- a) Manage system resources and hardware
12
- b) Provide graphical user interface
- c) Facilitate user authentication
 - d) Manage network connections
- Answer: a) Manage system resources and hardware

39. What kind of software is an antivirus program?

- a) Utility Software
- b) System Software
- c) Application Software
- d) Development Software

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- Answer: a) Utility Software

40. Which of the following is an example of first-generation computers?

- a) ENIAC
- b) UNIVAC
- c) IBM 701
- d) Apple II
- Answer: a) ENIAC

41. What is the primary characteristic of volatile memory?

- a) Data is lost when power is turned off
- b) Data is permanently stored
- c) It is very slow
- d) It is used for long-term storage
- Answer: a) Data is lost when power is turned off
13

42. Which bus system component is used to specify memory addresses?

 - a) Address Bus
- b) Data Bus
- c) Control Bus
- d) System Bus
- Answer: a) Address Bus

43. Which of the following is a characteristic of fourth-generation computers?

- a) Use of microprocessors
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- b) Use of vacuum tubes

- c) Use of transistors
- d) Use of integrated circuits
- Answer: a) Use of microprocessors

44. Which type of software is used for managing computer hardware and
software resources?
- a) System Software
- b) Application Software
- c) Utility Software
- d) Programming Software
- Answer: a) System Software

45. What is the main function of cache memory?

- a) To store frequently accessed data and instructions
14 - b) To store data permanently
- c) To execute arithmetic operations
 - d) To control peripheral devices
- Answer: a) To store frequently accessed data and instructions

46. What is the role of an operating system in a computer?

- a) Manage hardware resources and provide common services for application
software
- b) Develop new software
- c) Protect the computer from viruses

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- d) Design graphics
- Answer: a) Manage hardware resources and provide common services for
application software

47. Which of the following is a non-volatile memory?

- a) ROM
- b) RAM
- c) Cache Memory
- d) Register
- Answer: a) ROM

48. What does GUI stand for in computer terminology?

- a) Graphical User Interface
- b) General User Interface
- c) Graphical Unified Interface
- d) General Unified Interface 15
- Answer: a) Graphical User Interface
 49. Which component is referred to as the 'brain' of the computer?
- a) CPU
- b) RAM
- c) Hard Disk
- d) Motherboard
- Answer: a) CPU
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50. Which type of software typically includes operating systems, device drivers,
and utilities?
- a) System Software
- b) Application Software
- c) Customised Software
- d) General Purpose Software
- Answer: a) System Software

2 Marks Questions

1. What is the main difference between a microcontroller and a

microprocessor? The main difference between a microcontroller and a
microprocessor is that a microcontroller integrates a CPU with memory and
input/output peripherals on a single chip, whereas a microprocessor is just the
CPU and relies on external chips for memory and peripherals.
2. Why do smart home appliances have a microcontroller instead of a
16
microprocessor embedded in them? Smart home appliances use
microcontrollers because they require integrated control with minimal external
 components, making the system more compact, power-efficient, and cost-
effective.
3. Mention two types of data you deal with while browsing the Internet. Two
types of data dealt with while browsing the Internet are structured data, such as
forms and databases, and unstructured data, such as emails and multimedia
files.
4. What is a nibble in computer memory? A nibble in computer memory is a
group of 4 bits. Examples of nibbles are 1001, 1010, and 0010.
5. Define primary memory in a computer system. Primary memory in a

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computer system refers to the memory that the CPU can access directly to store
data and instructions temporarily during processing. It is essential for running
applications and includes RAM and ROM.
6. What are the two types of primary memory? The two types of primary
memory are Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).
7. Name any two input devices used to enter data into a computer system.
Two input devices used to enter data into a computer system are the keyboard
and mouse.
8. Identify the category (system, application, programming tool) of the
software 'Compiler'. The software 'Compiler' falls under the category of
programming tools.
9. Name the two primary services of the software required to make a
computer functional. The two primary services of the software required to
make a computer functional are the operating system and system utilities.
10. What is the primary role of the system bus? The primary role of the system
bus is to facilitate communication between the CPU, memory, and other
hardware components of the computer. 17
11. Differentiate between RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile memory used to
store data temporarily while the computer is working, losing its contents when
 power is off. ROM is non-volatile memory that permanently stores data,
retaining its contents even when the power is off.
12. What is secondary memory used for? Secondary memory is used for
permanent storage of data and instructions for future use. It is non-volatile and
has a larger storage capacity than primary memory.
13. What are the main components of a computer system? The main
components of a computer system are the CPU, memory (primary and
secondary), input devices, and output devices.
14. What is an operating system's role in device management? An operating
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system's role in device management includes managing hardware resources,

providing a user interface, and enabling the execution of applications.
15. Name any two system software installed on your computer. Two system
software commonly installed on a computer are the operating system (e.g.,
Windows, macOS, Linux) and device drivers.
16. What does the term 'bit' represent in computer memory? The term 'bit'
represents the basic unit of memory in a computer, which can hold a value of
either 0 or 1.
17. Why is the execution time of machine code less than that of source code?
The execution time of machine code is less than that of source code because
machine code is directly executed by the CPU, whereas source code needs to
be translated into machine code first through compilation or interpretation.
18. Name any two secondary storage devices available at your school or home.
Two secondary storage devices commonly available are Hard Disk Drives
(HDD) and Solid-State Drives (SSD).
19. Define 'memory controller' in a computer system. A memory controller is a

18 digital circuit that manages the flow of data going to and from the computer's
memory, coordinating the data transfers between the CPU and memory.
 20. What is the significance of a computer's clock speed? The clock speed of a
computer signifies the number of pulses generated per second by the computer's
clock, determining how fast the CPU can execute instructions. It is measured in
Hertz (Hz).

3 Marks Questions and Answers

1. Categorize the following data as structured, semi-structured, and

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unstructured: Newspaper, Cricket Match Score, HTML Page, Patient
records in a hospital.
o Structured: Cricket Match Score, Patient records in a hospital
o Semi-structured: HTML Page
o Unstructured: Newspaper
2. Explain the need for RAM in a computer system.
o RAM (Random Access Memory) is essential because it stores data
temporarily while the computer is working, allowing quick access to the
operating system, applications, and active data. It is faster than
secondary memory, enabling efficient processing and smooth operation
of programs.
3. What is the difference between proprietary software and freeware
software? Name two software for each type.
o Proprietary Software: Requires purchase and is owned by an entity.
Examples: Microsoft Windows, Tally.
o Freeware: Available for free, but the source code is not provided.
Examples: Skype, Adobe Reader. 19
4. Describe the components of a computer system's block diagram.
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o A computer system consists of the following main components:

▪ CPU (Central Processing Unit): Executes instructions.
▪ Memory: Includes RAM and ROM, stores data and instructions.
▪ Input/Output Devices: Allows user interaction and system
communication (e.g., keyboard, mouse, monitor).
▪ Storage Devices: Provides long-term data storage (e.g., HDD,
SSD).
5. How does the computer understand a program written in high-level
language?
o Programs written in high-level languages are converted into machine
language using translators like assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.
This process involves converting the human-readable source code into
machine code that the computer's CPU can execute.
20 6. Mention any two device drivers installed on your computer and their
functions.
 o Graphics Driver: Manages and controls the graphics card, enabling the
rendering of images, videos, and animations.
o Audio Driver: Manages sound card functionalities, allowing playback
and recording of audio.
7. Explain the term 'system bus' and its components.
o The system bus is a communication pathway used for data transfer
between the computer's central components. It consists of:
▪ Data Bus: Transfers actual data.
▪ Address Bus: Carries memory addresses.

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▪ Control Bus: Sends control signals.
8. How does the operating system manage different I/O devices?
o The operating system uses device drivers to manage I/O devices. It acts
as an intermediary, handling communication between hardware and
software, and managing resources allocation, input/output operations,
and error handling.
9. What is the need for secondary memory in a computer system?
o Secondary memory is needed for permanent data storage. Unlike
volatile primary memory (RAM), secondary memory retains data even
when the computer is turned off. It provides larger storage capacity for
applications, files, and the operating system.
10. List the types of software required for a computer to function and explain
their primary services.
o System Software: Includes operating systems and utility programs that
manage hardware and provide a platform for application software (e.g.,
Windows, Linux).
o Application Software: Performs specific tasks for users, such as word 21
processing, web browsing, and gaming (e.g., Microsoft Office, Google
Chrome).
 11. How does a microprocessor differ from a microcontroller?
o Microprocessor: Designed for general-purpose tasks, lacks built-in
memory and I/O ports, relies on external components.
o Microcontroller: Includes integrated memory and I/O ports, designed
for specific control applications like embedded systems.
12. What are the advantages of using a GUI-based operating system over a
command line interface?
o User-Friendly: Easier to navigate and use with visual icons and menus.
o Multitasking: Allows multiple applications to run simultaneously in
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separate windows.
o Accessibility: More accessible for users with limited technical
knowledge.
13. Describe the role of memory management in an operating system.
o Memory management allocates and deallocates memory to processes,
ensuring efficient memory use, avoiding conflicts, and managing
swapping between RAM and disk storage for optimal performance.
14. How does a file management system protect data in secondary memory?
o The file management system protects data by implementing access
controls, encryption, backup, and recovery mechanisms, ensuring data
integrity and preventing unauthorized access.
15. Explain the difference between input and output devices with examples.
o Input Devices: Used to input data into the computer (e.g., keyboard,
mouse).
o Output Devices: Used to output data from the computer (e.g., monitor,
printer).

22 16. What is the function of the memory controller in a computer system?

 o The memory controller manages data flow between the CPU and
memory, coordinating read/write operations, and ensuring efficient
access and usage of memory resources.
17. Describe the significance of binary numbers in computer memory.
o Binary numbers are the fundamental language of computers,
representing all data and instructions as combinations of 0s and 1s. This
binary representation allows precise and efficient processing by digital
circuits.
18. Explain the process of data transfer between components through the

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system bus.
o Data transfer involves sending data from the source component to the
destination via the data bus, with the address bus specifying the
destination address and the control bus managing the transfer process
and timing.
19. What are the characteristics of primary memory?
o Volatile: Loses data when power is off (e.g., RAM).
o Fast Access: Provides quick read/write speeds.
o Limited Capacity: Smaller storage capacity compared to secondary
memory.
20. Discuss the evolution of personal computing devices from desktops to
wearable gadgets.
o Personal computing has evolved from large, stationary desktops to
portable laptops, tablets, and smartphones, culminating in wearable
gadgets like smartwatches. This evolution reflects advancements in
miniaturization, computing power, and connectivity, enabling seamless
integration into daily life. 23

5 Marks Questions
 1. Draw and explain the block diagram of a computer system, detailing the
functionality of each component.
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o Block Diagram Components:

▪ Input Unit: Converts user data into a form the computer can
process.
▪ Output Unit: Converts processed data from the computer into a
human-readable form.
▪ Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer,
consisting of the Control Unit (CU) and Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU).
▪ Memory Unit: Stores data and instructions for processing.
▪ Secondary Storage: Stores data permanently (e.g., hard drives).
24 ▪ System Bus: Transfers data between components within the
computer.
 o Functionality:
▪ Input Unit: Accepts data from the user.
▪ Output Unit: Displays processed data to the user.
▪ CPU: Executes instructions and processes data.
▪ Memory Unit: Temporary storage for quick access.
▪ Secondary Storage: Long-term data storage.
▪ System Bus: Facilitates data transfer between CPU, memory,
and peripheral devices .
2. Describe the primary roles of the operating system in resource

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management, including memory, file, and device management.
o Process Management: Allocates CPU to various processes to ensure
efficient processing.
o Memory Management: Allocates and deallocates memory space as
needed by processes, ensuring optimal use of memory.
o File Management: Manages creation, deletion, and access control of
files stored in secondary storage.
o Device Management: Controls and coordinates input and output
devices through device drivers.
o Security and Access Control: Protects system resources and data from
unauthorized access .
3. Compare and contrast the functionalities of RAM and ROM in a computer
system.
o RAM (Random Access Memory):
▪ Volatile Memory: Loses data when power is off.
▪ Function: Temporary storage for data and programs in use.
▪ Speed: Faster access compared to secondary storage. 25
o ROM (Read-Only Memory):
▪ Non-Volatile Memory: Retains data even when power is off.
 ▪ Function: Permanent storage for system firmware and
bootloader.
▪ Speed: Slower than RAM but faster than most secondary
storage .
4. Discuss the importance of secondary memory and list various types of
secondary storage devices.
o Importance:
▪ Non-Volatile Storage: Retains data permanently.
▪ Large Storage Capacity: Can store large amounts of data
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compared to primary memory.

▪ Cost-Effective: Cheaper per gigabyte than primary memory.
o Types of Secondary Storage Devices:
▪ Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
▪ Solid State Drives (SSD)
▪ Optical Discs (CD/DVD)
▪ USB Flash Drives
▪ Memory Cards
▪ Cloud Storage .
5. Explain the process by which a computer converts high-level language code
into machine code, including the roles of compilers and interpreters.
o High-Level Language: Easier for humans to write and understand (e.g.,
Python, Java).
o Translation Process:
▪ Compiler: Translates entire high-level code into machine code
at once. Produces an executable file.
▪ Interpreter: Translates and executes code line by line, without
26
producing an intermediate machine code file.
o Steps:
 ▪ Source Code: Written in high-level language.
▪ Compilation/Interpretation: Converts source code to machine
code.
▪ Execution: Machine code is executed by the CPU .
6. What are the key differences between proprietary software and freeware
software? Provide examples of each and discuss their benefits and
drawbacks.
o Proprietary Software:
▪ Ownership: Owned by a company or individual.

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▪ Cost: Usually requires purchase or subscription.
▪ Examples: Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop.
▪ Benefits: Often comes with support and regular updates.
▪ Drawbacks: Expensive and may have restrictive licensing.
o Freeware Software:
▪ Ownership: Free to use but still owned by the creator.
▪ Cost: Free of charge.
▪ Examples: Google Chrome, VLC Media Player.
▪ Benefits: No cost and easy to access.
▪ Drawbacks: May lack support and updates, and could have
security vulnerabilities .
7. Illustrate the data transfer process between CPU, primary memory, and
secondary storage through the system bus. Describe each step in detail.
o Steps:
▪ Data Request: CPU requests data from secondary storage.
▪ Transfer to Main Memory: Data is transferred from secondary
storage to RAM. 27
▪ Bus Utilization: Data transfer uses the system bus, including the
data bus, address bus, and control bus.
 ▪ CPU Access: CPU accesses data from RAM for processing.
▪ Data Storage: Processed data is either sent to output devices or
stored back in secondary storage.
o System Bus Roles:
▪ Data Bus: Transfers actual data.
▪ Address Bus: Carries memory addresses for data.
▪ Control Bus: Carries control signals for coordination .
8. Discuss the significance of the system bus in a computer system, including
the functions of the data bus and address bus.
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o System Bus: Essential for data transfer between CPU, memory, and
peripherals.
o Data Bus: Transports data between system components.
o Address Bus: Specifies memory locations for data access.
o Control Bus: Coordinates and controls data transfer processes.
o Significance: Ensures efficient and synchronized communication
within the computer, affecting overall system performance .
9. Explain how the operating system manages different I/O devices, including
the role of device drivers and security measures implemented by the OS.
o Device Management:
▪ Device Drivers: Software that allows the OS to communicate
with hardware devices.
▪ Function: Translate OS commands into device-specific
instructions.
o Security Measures:
▪ Access Control: Limits which devices can be accessed by

28 which users.
▪ Encryption: Protects data being transferred to and from
devices.
 ▪ Device Isolation: Prevents unauthorized devices from
interacting with the system.
o Significance: Ensures reliable and secure operation of hardware devices
.
10. Describe the evolution of computer memory from primary to secondary
memory, including the different types and their respective roles in data
storage and processing.
o Primary Memory:
▪ RAM: Volatile memory for active data processing.

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▪ ROM: Non-volatile memory for essential system instructions.
o Secondary Memory:
▪ Evolution: From magnetic tapes and floppy disks to HDDs and
SSDs.
▪ Role: Long-term storage for data and programs not actively in
use.
o Types:
▪ HDDs: Magnetic storage, larger capacity, slower access.
▪ SSDs: Flash storage, faster access, more durable.
▪ Optical Discs: Used for media storage and distribution.
▪ Flash Drives: Portable storage for data transfer.
o Importance: Enables large-scale data storage and retrieval, supporting
overall system functionality .
11. How do microprocessors and microcontrollers differ in terms of
architecture and application? Provide examples of their usage in different
devices.
o Microprocessor: 29
▪ Architecture: General-purpose CPU.
▪ Usage: Desktop computers, servers.
 ▪ Example: Intel Core i7.
o Microcontroller:
▪ Architecture: Integrated CPU with memory and I/O
peripherals.
▪ Usage: Embedded systems, appliances, automotive systems.
▪ Example: Arduino, PIC microcontroller.
o Differences:
▪ Microprocessors: Focus on performance and flexibility.
▪ Microcontrollers: Focus on control-oriented applications and
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efficiency .
12. Analyze the role of the memory management system in an operating
system and its impact on the performance of a computer system.
o Role:
▪ Allocation and Deallocation: Manages memory space for
processes.
▪ Swapping and Paging: Ensures efficient use of memory and
prevents fragmentation.
o Impact on Performance:
▪ Efficiency: Optimizes memory usage, reducing overhead and
latency.
▪ Multitasking: Enables smooth execution of multiple processes.
▪ Stability: Prevents memory leaks and crashes, enhancing
system reliability .
13. What is the significance of the clock speed in a microprocessor, and how
does it affect the performance of a computer system?
o Clock Speed:
30
▪ Definition: Number of cycles a CPU executes per second,
measured in GHz.
 ▪ Significance: Higher clock speeds typically mean faster
processing.
o Impact on Performance:
▪ Speed: Directly influences the rate at which instructions are
executed.
▪ Efficiency: Determines the responsiveness of applications.
▪ Overall System Performance: Higher clock speeds enhance
the capability to handle complex tasks and multitasking .
14. Describe the concept of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured

PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE

data with examples and their relevance in data management systems.
o Structured Data:
▪ Definition: Organized in fixed formats (e.g., databases).
▪ Examples: SQL databases, spreadsheets.
o Semi-Structured Data:
▪ Definition: Partially organized but not fixed.
▪ Examples: Email metadata, HTML documents.
o Unstructured Data:
▪ Definition: No predefined structure (e.g., text, images).
▪ Examples: Social media posts, multimedia files.
o Relevance:
▪ Data Management Systems: Different approaches required for
storing, processing, and analyzing each type.
▪ Importance: Effective handling of all types essential for
comprehensive data analysis and decision-making .

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