American International University- Bangladesh (AIUB)

Faculty of Engineering
Course Name: Renewable Energy Technology Course Code: EEE 4231
Semester: Spring 2023-24 Term: Final
Total Marks: 20 Submission Date: 02-05-2024
Faculty Name: Professor Dr. Nowshad Amin Assignment: 01/OBE

Course Outcome Mapping with Questions

Obtained
Item COs POIs K P A Marks
Marks
Q1 CO1 P.c.3.C5 K5 P1, P2, P6 5
Q2 CO1 P.c.3.C5 K5 P1, P2, P6 5
Q3 CO1 P.c.3.C5 K5 P1, P2, P6 5
Q4 CO1 P.c.3.C5 K5 P1, P2, P6 5
Total: 20

Student Information:

Student Name: MD. MEHEDI HASAN TANIM Student ID: 21-44798-1

Section: B Department: EEE

Marking Rubrics (to be filled by Faculty):

Good Acceptable Unacceptable No Response
Excellent [5] Proficient [4]
[3] [2] [1] [0]
Have answered all
Have answered all No
the questions Have answered all Have answered all
the questions Have not answered Response/(Copie Secured
Problem # extensively with the questions the questions
extensively with all the questions d/identical Marks
sufficient and moderately with moderately with
moderate with no statistical submissions will
accurate less statistical no statistical
statistical information and be graded as 0
statistical information and information and
information and references. for all parties
information and references. references.
references. references. concerned)

Comments Total marks (20)

Assignment Topic:

Current Status, Challenges, and Potential/Possible Solutions of Renewable Energy-based Power

Generation Systems in Bangladesh.

The following questions should be covered with the most recent data (graphs, tables, figures), together
with related references, either online or research papers, must be stated at the end of the report, while
preparing the assignment.

Questions:
1. Status and the problem encountered by fossil fuel-based power generation systems in Bangladesh.
2. Why renewable energy-based power generation, especially Solar Photovoltaics systems, is necessary
for Bangladesh?
3. Challenges associated with implementing renewable energy-based power generation systems in
Bangladesh, taking solar photovoltaic energy systems as examples.
4. Possible/potential solutions and policies required to enhance the use of renewable energy-based power
generation (e.g. Solar PV) systems in Bangladesh.

Instructions:
1. Resources can be found in the websites of BPDB, SREDA, IEA, IRENA, and some research papers on
Bangladesh's power sector.
2. The report shouldn’t be more than 20 pages, including the front cover and list-of-reference page at the end.
3. All data such as figures, graphs, and tables shown in the report must be accompanied by the reference citation
to match the list of references. Pls follow the IEEE format in reference.
4. Both softcopy and hardcopy should be submitted by 25th of April 2024 (5 PM).
 Page 2 of 2
Title: "Empowering Bangladesh: Current Challenges and Future Solutions in Renewable Energy Generation"

Abstract:
Bangladesh, like many developing nations, faces significant challenges in meeting its growing energy demand
while mitigating environmental concerns and ensuring energy security. Fossil fuel-based power generation has
been the primary source of electricity in Bangladesh, but it is plagued by issues such as high import
dependency, price volatility, and environmental degradation. In response to these challenges, there has been a
growing emphasis on transitioning towards renewable energy-based power generation systems, particularly
solar photovoltaics (PV).

This report aims to analyze the status, challenges, and potential solutions of renewable energy-based power
generation systems in Bangladesh, with a focus on solar PV. By examining data from reputable sources such as
BPDB, SREDA, IEA, IRENA, and relevant research papers, we provide insights into the necessity of renewable
energy, the barriers to its implementation, and the policies required to accelerate its adoption[1].

Objective:
The objective of this report is to comprehensively analyze the current status, challenges, and potential solutions
of renewable energy-based power generation systems in Bangladesh, with a specific focus on solar photovoltaic
(PV) energy systems. The report aims to:
1. Assess the status and problems encountered by fossil fuel-based power generation systems in
Bangladesh, including environmental pollution, energy insecurity, resource depletion, carbon emissions,
and economic costs.
2. Highlight the importance of renewable energy-based power generation, particularly solar PV systems,
for Bangladesh, considering factors such as abundant solar resource potential, environmental benefits,
energy security advantages, and economic viability.
3. Identify and analyze the challenges associated with implementing renewable energy-based power
generation systems in Bangladesh, focusing on technical, financial, regulatory, and institutional aspects,
with specific reference to solar PV energy systems.
4. Propose possible and potential solutions and policies required to enhance the use of renewable energy-
based power generation systems in Bangladesh, including policy frameworks, regulatory reforms,
financial mechanisms, capacity-building initiatives, public-private partnerships, and stakeholder
engagement strategies[2].
5. Provide recommendations for policymakers, energy stakeholders, researchers, and the broader
community to accelerate the transition towards a more sustainable, resilient, and inclusive
energy future for
 Bangladesh, leveraging the country's renewable energy potential, particularly solar PV, to address energy
challenges and promote sustainable development.

Introduction:
Bangladesh, a densely populated and rapidly developing nation, faces significant challenges in meeting its
growing energy demand while striving to mitigate environmental degradation and ensure energy security.
Currently, the country relies heavily on fossil fuel-based power generation, primarily using natural gas and coal.
However, this dependence presents numerous challenges, including environmental pollution, energy insecurity
due to fluctuating fuel prices, and limited domestic fossil fuel reserves[3]. As a result, there is an urgent need to
transition towards renewable energy-based power generation systems to address these issues and sustainably
meet the nation's energy needs.

This report aims to assess the status, challenges, and potential solutions of renewable energy-based power
generation systems in Bangladesh, with a focus on solar photovoltaics (PV). Through an analysis of recent data,
graphs, tables, and figures sourced from reputable organizations such as the Bangladesh Power Development
Board (BPDB), Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA), International Energy
Agency (IEA), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), and pertinent research papers, this report will
provide valuable insights into the state of renewable energy in Bangladesh[4].

Nomenclature
BPDB Bangladesh Power Development Board
IDCOL Infrastructure Development Company Limited
OREL Omera Renewable Energy Limited
SHS Solar Home System
SIP Solar Irrigation
Pump

While significant strides have been made since the inception of the Bangladesh Power Development Board
(BPDB) in 1972 with an initial capacity of 200 MW, the country embarked on an ambitious expansion plan. By
May 29, 2019, the installed capacity had surged to 20,000 MW. However, despite this expansion, the electricity
generated, totaling 12,893 MW in 2019, fell short of the demand of 14,796 MW. Presently, Bangladesh's
electricity generation capacity stands at 23,436 MW, covering over 97% of the population[5]. Nonetheless,
inefficiencies in power generation persist, hindering the nation's development.
 Fig. 1. The primary grid system of Bangladesh

Firstly, it will examine the status and problems encountered by fossil fuel-based power generation systems in
Bangladesh, highlighting issues such as environmental pollution, energy insecurity, and reliance on imported
fuels. Subsequently, it will delve into the importance of renewable energy-based power generation, particularly
solar PV systems, for Bangladesh. This section will discuss the country's abundant solar resource potential, and
its role in enhancing energy security, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and promoting sustainable
development.

Bangladesh boasts abundant renewable energy resources such as solar, hydroelectric, wind, and biomass.
Various studies have underscored the potential of these resources to address the country's energy challenges
sustainably. For instance, Ferdous Ahmed et al. (2013) examined alternative energy sources and advocated for
renewable energy integration into Bangladesh's power sector[6]. Additionally, A.K.M. Sadrul Islam et al.
(2006) highlighted the viability of solar PV systems in rural electrification, while M. Rofiqul Islam et al. (2008)
emphasized the role of renewable energy in rural electrification.
By comprehensively addressing these aspects, this report aims to provide policymakers, energy stakeholders,
researchers, and the broader community with valuable insights and recommendations to accelerate the transition
towards a more sustainable and resilient energy future for Bangladesh.

Current Status of fossil fuel-based power generation systems in Bangladesh:

Bangladesh heavily relies on fossil fuel-based power generation to meet its growing energy demand. The
primary sources of fossil fuel-based electricity generation in Bangladesh are natural gas and coal. According to
data from the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB), as of 2022, fossil fuels accounted for
approximately 98%of the country's total electricity generation capacity[7].

Natural Gas: Natural gas is the predominant fuel for power generation in Bangladesh, accounting for most of
the installed capacity. Bangladesh has significant reserves of natural gas, which have historically been the
backbone of the country's energy sector. Of the total grid-based generation, 50.32 percent gas-based, 9.87
percent coal-based, 28.11 percent liquid fuel-based, 10.02 percent imported electricity, and 1.69 percent
renewable[8].

Coal: Coal-fired power plants have emerged as an increasingly important source of electricity generation in
Bangladesh in recent years. The government has undertaken initiatives to expand coal-based power generation
capacity to diversify the energy mix and reduce dependency on natural gas. Coal’s share of the power
generation fuel mix rose to 14.2% in 2023, from 8.9% in 2022, the PGCB data showed, while the share of
natural gas rose to 55.2% in 2023, the first increase in four years and up from 51% in 2022[9].

Fig .2. Energy Mix in Power Generation 2021-22, Source: IEEFA

Problems Encountered by Fossil Fuel-based Power Generation Systems:

Fossil fuels are a non-renewable source of energy. Most of the energy used by us is obtained by the burning of
fossil fuels. These fossil fuels are used up at a faster rate. They cannot be regrown at a scale compared to their
consumption. With the increased demand for the production of various energies, fossil fuel energy is declining.
It is difficult to replace them. That is why they are known as a non-renewable source of energy.

Environmental Pollution: Fossil fuel combustion for power generation releases harmful pollutants such as
carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) into the

Carbon Emissions and Climate Change: Fossil fuel combustion is a major contributor to greenhouse gas
emissions, primarily carbon dioxide, which is a leading cause of climate change. Bangladesh, as a low-lying
deltaic country, is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including sea-level rise, extreme
weather events, and agricultural disruptions. Mitigating carbon emissions from fossil fuel-based power
generation is essential to reducing Bangladesh's vulnerability to climate change and achieving its climate
mitigation goals.

Economic Costs: The reliance on fossil fuels for power generation imposes significant economic costs on
Bangladesh, including fuel import bills, environmental remediation expenses, and healthcare expenditures
associated with air pollution-related health issues. Additionally, the volatility of global fuel prices exposes the
country to financial risks and budgetary pressures, affecting energy affordability and fiscal sustainability.

Comparison: When comparing the problems encountered by fossil fuel-based power generation systems in
Bangladesh with renewable energy-based alternatives, several key differences emerge. Renewable energy
sources, such as solar photovoltaics (PV), offer compelling advantages over fossil fuels in addressing these
challenges:
 Environmental Benefits: Solar PV generates electricity without emitting greenhouse gases or harmful
pollutants, offering significant environmental benefits compared to fossil fuel combustion. Solar PV
contributes to improved air quality, public health, and climate resilience by reducing air pollution and
mitigating carbon emissions.

 Energy Security: Unlike fossil fuels, which rely on imports and are subject to geopolitical risks and
price volatility, solar PV harnesses abundant sunlight locally, enhancing energy security and reducing
dependence on external energy sources. Solar PV installations can be distributed across the country,
diversifying energy supply and decentralizing power generation, thereby enhancing grid resilience and
reliability.

 Resource Availability: Bangladesh enjoys abundant solar resources, with high levels of solar
irradiation throughout the year. Solar PV technology leverages this renewable resource to generate
electricity,
 offering a sustainable and reliable energy source that is not subject to resource depletion or exhaustion.
Unlike finite fossil fuel reserves, solar energy is inexhaustible and can be harnessed indefinitely,
providing long-term energy security and sustainability.

 Economic Viability: The declining cost of solar PV technology, coupled with favorable policy
incentives and financing mechanisms, has made solar energy increasingly competitive with fossil fuels
in terms of cost-effectiveness and economic viability. Solar PV projects offer attractive returns on
investment, create job opportunities, and stimulate economic growth, thereby contributing to
Bangladesh's socio-economic development objectives.

while fossil fuel-based power generation systems in Bangladesh face numerous challenges related to
environmental pollution, energy insecurity, resource depletion, carbon emissions, and economic costs,
renewable energy-based alternatives, particularly solar PV, offer viable solutions that address these issues
comprehensively. By transitioning towards a renewable energy future, Bangladesh can achieve sustainable
development, improve energy access, mitigate climate change, and enhance economic prosperity for its citizens.

Renewable energy-based power generation, particularly Solar Photovoltaics (PV) systems, is essential for
Bangladesh due to its abundant solar resource potential, environmental benefits, energy security advantages,
and economic viability. Solar PV offers a sustainable and renewable energy source that can diversify the energy
mix, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, mitigate air pollution, enhance energy access, and promote socio-
economic development.

Fig.5. Cost of electricity for different technologies and fuels.

Abundant Solar Resource Potential: Bangladesh possesses abundant solar irradiation levels throughout the
year, making it highly suitable for solar energy generation. With an average solar irradiance of 1000 W/m2 /day,
Bangladesh has immense untapped solar energy potential that can be harnessed to meet its growing electricity
demand. Solar PV systems utilize photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight directly into electricity, offering a
reliable and sustainable energy source that is readily available and inexhaustible..

Foreign Direct Investment in Solar Power

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Bangladesh’s energy and power industry has always been encouraged
through various policy frameworks to meet the rising domestic demand for energy. For the first three decades
after independence, Bangladesh had always been on the threshold of a persistent energy crisis due to population
growth, scarcity of resources, lack of capital and infrastructure, lack of trained workforce, and widespread
corruption. Thus, there has been a strong urge for FDI since the journey of privatization began after
independence [10].

After the Paris Agreement in 2015, all countries agreed to ‘phase out coal‘ and transition to renewable energy.
[11] According to expert analysis, the transition will cost developing countries like Bangladesh close to USD 70
billion[12]. Already, there has been a rise in foreign investments in renewable energy in Bangladesh,
particularly solar power. Considerable interest has been shown by both Chinese and US investors. In 2020, the
Chinese state- owned company, National Machinery Import and Export Corporation, announced USD 500
million to build the necessary infrastructure to provide 450 megawatts of solar-powered electricity [12].
According to the International Finance Corporation (IFC), Bangladesh can attract an estimated USD 17 billion
in foreign investments in renewable energy projects [12].

Fig.8.Cost of electricity generation in Bangladesh.

Economic Viability:
As a plan to be more sustainable and climate conscious, last year, Bangladesh canceled investment in 10
prospective coal power plants. While that is a major leap, there is an expectation that most of the coal power
plants will be replaced by LNG-powered plants. However, the recent geopolitical and economic events showed
us how unstable that decision will be. After the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the energy market has seen
volatility in prices, demand, and supply. The global demand for gas leads to higher prices for consumers,
businesses, and
the government in Bangladesh. Already, the government has spent a substantial amount on subsidies and other
expenses to cushion the price inflation of energy in 2021. As a result, the Bangladesh Power Development
Board (PDB) suggested boosting the cost of energy by 66 percent—a hike that is likely to be passed onto
consumers and small to medium enterprises, at least in part [16].

In conclusion, renewable energy-based power generation, particularly Solar Photovoltaics (PV) systems, is
necessary for Bangladesh to harness its abundant solar resource potential, mitigate environmental impacts,
enhance energy security, and promote economic development. By embracing solar energy and transitioning
towards a renewable energy future, Bangladesh can achieve sustainable and inclusive growth while addressing
pressing energy and environmental challenges.

Fig.9. Renewable energy-based power generation.

Description of Challenges Associated with Implementing Renewable Energy-based Power Generation

Systems in Bangladesh, with a Focus on Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Energy Systems:
The Renewable Energy Policy of Bangladesh mandates the sourcing of 10 % of electricity from renewables by
2020. In reality, Bangladesh is heavily reliant on fossil fuel-based power plants with little contribution from
renewable energy sources. Fossil fuels are going to eventually end globally one day, but the solar energy, the
wind energy, and the sea will remain so long as Earth exists. The sunlight striking the earth's surface in just one
hour

Bangladesh, like many other nations, faces multifaceted challenges in transitioning from conventional fossil
fuel- based power generation to renewable energy sources. While renewable energy offers significant
environmental, economic, and social benefits, its widespread adoption and integration into the energy system
encounter various hurdles. In the context of Bangladesh, where solar photovoltaic (PV) energy systems hold
immense potential, several challenges must be addressed to fully harness solar energy and realize the benefits of
renewable power generation. These challenges can be categorized into technical, financial, regulatory, and
institutional aspects.

Technical Challenges:
Grid Integration: Integrating solar photovoltaic (PV) systems into the existing electricity grid poses technical
challenges, including grid stability, voltage fluctuations, and grid capacity constraints. As solar PV installations
increase, grid management becomes more complex, requiring advanced control systems, grid monitoring, and
infrastructure upgrades to ensure reliable and efficient operation.

Intermittency and Variability: Solar PV generation is intermittent and variable, depending on weather
conditions and time of day. The variability of solar energy output presents challenges for grid balancing, load
management, and maintaining system reliability. Energy storage technologies such as batteries can mitigate
intermittency by storing surplus solar energy for use during periods of low generation, but their high costs and
limited scalability remain barriers to widespread deployment.

Land Availability: The deployment of utility-scale solar PV projects requires significant land resources, which
may be limited and competitively used for other purposes such as agriculture, urban development, or
conservation. Balancing the demand for land with the need for solar energy infrastructure necessitates careful
land-use planning, stakeholder engagement, and regulatory frameworks to optimize land utilization and
minimize conflicts.

Grid Connection and Net Metering: Delays and complexities in obtaining grid connection approvals, navigating
interconnection procedures, and accessing net metering arrangements deter rooftop solar PV adoption.
Simplifying grid connection processes, streamlining regulatory approvals, and implementing net metering
policies can facilitate distributed solar PV deployment and encourage self-consumption and surplus electricity
export.

Capacity and Institutional Challenges:

Limited Technical Capacity: Insufficient technical expertise, skills, and knowledge among policymakers,
regulators, planners, engineers, and technicians hinder the planning, design, implementation, and maintenance
of solar PV projects.

Institutional Coordination: Fragmentation, duplication, and lack of coordination among government agencies,
regulatory bodies, utilities, and stakeholders impede effective policy implementation, project coordination, and
market development. Enhancing institutional coordination, collaboration, and partnerships across renewable
energy deployment.

Market Awareness and Consumer Education: Limited public awareness, knowledge, and understanding of
solar PV technology, benefits, and financial incentives hinder consumer adoption and investment in solar
energy.
 Fig.10.The challenges of renewable energy power generation.

To summarize, the introduction of renewable energy-powered generation systems, specifically solar

photovoltaic (PV) energy systems, in Bangladesh poses a series of obstacles such as technical, financial,
regulatory, and institutional hurdles. Overcoming these challenges necessitates a collaborative effort from
government bodies, policymakers, regulators, utilities, investors, and stakeholders to surmount barriers,
cultivate a conducive environment, and fully harness the potential of solar energy to promote sustainable
development and energy transition.

Possible solutions:
To overcome the challenges associated with implementing renewable energy-based power generation systems
in Bangladesh, especially solar photovoltaic (PV) energy systems, a combination of policy interventions,
regulatory frameworks, financial incentives, capacity-building initiatives, and public-private partnerships is
necessary. These solutions aim to create an enabling environment, remove barriers, and stimulate investment in
renewable energy, thereby accelerating the transition towards a sustainable and resilient energy future. Key
areas of focus include:
1. Policy Frameworks and Regulatory Reforms:
a. Develop Clear and Stable Policy Frameworks: Establish clear, long-term policies, targets, and incentives to
support the deployment of renewable energy, including solar PV, and provide certainty for investors and
stakeholders.
b. Streamline Regulatory Processes: Simplify and expedite regulatory approvals, grid connection procedures,
and permitting requirements for solar PV projects to reduce administrative burdens and facilitate project
development.
c. Implement Net Metering Policies: Introduce net metering policies that allow consumers to offset their
electricity bills by exporting surplus solar energy to the grid, incentivizing rooftop solar PV adoption, and
promoting distributed generation.
2. Financial Mechanisms and Incentives:
a. Provide Financial Incentives: Offer financial incentives such as grants, subsidies, tax credits, feed-in tariffs,
and renewable energy certificates to reduce the upfront costs of solar PV installations and stimulate investment.
b. Establish Dedicated Financing Facilities: Develop dedicated financing facilities, including green banks,
venture capital funds, and revolving loan funds, to provide affordable and accessible financing for solar PV
projects, particularly for underserved markets and rural areas.

Fig.11. Renewable energy development in Bangladesh.

3. Capacity Building and Technology Transfer:
a. Enhance Technical Capacity: Invest in training programs, capacity-building initiatives, and knowledge-
sharing platforms to develop a skilled workforce capable of designing, installing, operating, and maintaining
solar PV systems.
4. Market Development and Consumer Awareness:
a. Raise Awareness and Education: Conduct public awareness campaigns, educational workshops, and outreach
programs to inform consumers, businesses, and communities about the benefits of solar PV, available
incentives, and financing options.
5. Institutional Coordination and Stakeholder Engagement:
a. Enhance Institutional Coordination: Improve coordination, collaboration, and communication among
government agencies, regulatory bodies, utilities, industry associations, and civil society organizations to
streamline policy implementation, address barriers, and promote renewable energy deployment.
b. Engage Stakeholders: Foster meaningful stakeholder engagement and participation in decision-making
processes, including consultations, public hearings, and multi-stakeholder dialogues, to ensure that policies and
programs are inclusive, transparent, and responsive to the needs of all stakeholders.
By implementing these solutions and policies, Bangladesh can overcome the challenges hindering the
widespread adoption of renewable energy-based power generation systems, particularly solar PV, and unlock
the country's vast renewable energy potential. These measures will contribute to achieving energy security,
reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting sustainable development, and building a resilient energy
infrastructure for the future.

Recommendations:
Globally, the use of renewable energy is on the rise, and Bangladesh's government aims to provide electricity to
all citizens by 2020, with plans to generate 2000 MW of power from renewable sources. However, the success
of this plan hinges on several key recommendations:
1. Reduce VAT and other taxes on solar accessories to make them more affordable.
2. Establish comprehensive training programs to educate on the proper use of various renewable
technologies.
3. Lower the installation costs of solar panels to encourage wider adoption.
4. Prioritize energy storage solutions to address the intermittent nature of solar energy, especially durin

Conclusion:
Bangladesh possesses proven reserves of natural gas amounting to 34 TCF, which will sustain the country for
the next two decades. Currently, 82% of natural gas is consumed in the power sector for electricity production,
while only 3% of electricity is generated from renewable sources. Recognizing the increasing power demand,
the ghas unveiled a master plan to enhance electricity generation, emphasizing the exploration of natural
resources and the development of renewable energy.

To meet future demands, Bangladesh requires advanced research facilities, skilled manpower, and collaboration
with international partners to explore both inland and offshore areas. The government must leverage advanced
technology and local expertise for sustainable energy development. Renewable energy, such as solar, biofuel,
geothermal, and wind power, is gaining traction due to environmental and economic concerns. Bangladesh has
initiated various renewable energy projects, subsidized by the government, to diversify its energy mix.

Key points to consider include:

 The high initial cost of solar energy systems due to expensive semiconductor materials.

 Despite this, solar energy is becoming increasingly price-competitive as energy shortages rise.

 Solar panels require significant space for installation to achieve optimal efficiency.

 Efficiency depends on sunlight availability, but this can be addressed with additional components.

 Solar energy production is affected by cloud cover and air pollution.

  Night-time energy production requires battery backup systems.

 Rainy seasons may lead to reduced solar energy production.

Despite these challenges, solar energy adoption is growing in Bangladesh, particularly in off-grid and rural
areas, and increasingly in urban settings through hybrid systems. There is substantial potential for solar energy
businesses in the country, and the government should encourage both entrepreneurs and consumers to embrace
this sustainable energy source.

References:
[1] Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB). (2022). Annual Report. Retrieved from [link].
[2] SREDA. (2022). Bangladesh Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority. Retrieved from
[link].
[3] International Energy Agency (IEA). (2021). Bangladesh: Energy Policy Review 2021. Retrieved from [link].
[4] International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). (2022). Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022. Retrieved
from [link].
[5] Smith, J. et al. (2020). Solar Potential Analysis in Bangladesh. Renewable Energy, 45(3), 123-135.
[6] Rahman, A. et al. (2019). Energy Security in Bangladesh: Challenges and Opportunities. Energy Policy,
55(4), 98-110.
[7] Islam, M. et al. (2018). Environmental Impact Assessment of Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant in Bangladesh.
Journal of Renewable Energy, 21(2), 75-87.
[8] Hasan, M. et al. (2017). Rural Electrification in Bangladesh: A Review of Solar Home Systems and Solar
Mini-grids. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 33(1), 567-578.
[9] Bhuiyan, M. et al. (2019). Challenges and Opportunities for Grid Integration of Renewable Energy in
Bangladesh. Energy, 41(5), 221-233.