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Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Bibhuti Bhusan Das

Narayanan Neithalath Editors

Sustainable
Construction
and Building
Materials
Select Proceedings of ICSCBM 2018
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Volume 25

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Bibhuti Bhusan Das Narayanan Neithalath
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Editors

Sustainable Construction
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123
Editors
Bibhuti Bhusan Das Narayanan Neithalath
Civil Engineering Department School of Sustainable Engineering
National Institute of Technology and the Built Environment
Karnataka, Surathkal Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering
Mangalore, Karnataka, India Arizona State University
Tempe, AZ, USA

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Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering
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Preface

Portland cement concrete is the most widely used construction material in the
world, with about 10 billion tons of the material produced every year. Concrete is
an indispensable constituent of modern-day buildings and infrastructure, which
ensures economic development. Roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, high-rise buildings,
and energy structures rely on concrete for most of the structural elements because
of the cost-effectiveness, durability, and versatility of this material. The world
consumption of portland cement, which is the major manufactured constituent in
concrete, is slated to reach approximately 4.4 billion metric tons by 2020, with
India producing around 270 million metric tons in 2017, which was thrice the
production of the USA. It is well known that the production of portland cement is
not without detrimental environmental consequences—attributed partly to the
release of about 0.8 tons of CO2 for every ton of cement produced and partly to the
impacts of quarrying and the consumption of non-renewable natural resources. This
has resulted in the search for more sustainable means of producing quality concrete
for a large number of applications. Additives such as fly ash, a waste material from
coal-fired power plants, and slag, a waste material from steel manufacturing, have
found use in concrete and have been successfully implemented in concrete con-
struction for over four decades. Of late, newer materials including geopolymers
(or alkali-activated materials) have stretched the limits of fly ash use in concrete to
the point where binding materials can be created without the use of portland
cement. Other partial cement replacement materials are also in use, driven by the
need to improve concrete performance and durability, enhance the sustainability of
concrete, and provide local solutions to the ever-increasing problem of waste
management.
Research and development in the area of sustainable construction and building
materials is expanding at a rapid pace, especially in countries like India and China,
where there is a need for large volumes of concrete and waste or by-product
materials are abundant. With more research comes better and refined understanding
of the influence of materials on the concrete performance as well as its impact on
the environment. This book thus comes at an opportune time, where a large number
of research papers on sustainable construction and building materials, particularly in

v
vi Preface

the Indian context, are compiled for the benefit of researchers, practitioners, and
industries. It is anticipated that the topics and ideas put forward in this publication
will help enhance the visibility of research happening in India on these important
areas and help the industry gain insights into developing new and sustainable
materials for the ever-increasing demand for infrastructural materials.

Tempe, USA Dr. Narayanan Neithalath

Professor
Mangalore, India Dr. Bibhuti Bhusan Das
Associate Professor
Contents

Experimental Study on Self-Compacting Concrete with Replacement

Material’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Patil Abhishek, Pasumarthi Lohith, Nakka Sravan
and D. V. S. P. Rajesh
Performance of Nano-SiO2 and Nano-ZnO2 on Compressive Strength
and Microstructure Characteristics of Cement Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Raje Gowda, H. Narendra, R. Mourougane and B. M. Nagabhushana
Fly Ash Utilization in Lightweight Aggregates for Sustainable
Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Jyoti Kamal and U. K. Mishra
Strength Behaviour of Masonry Blocks Produced
Using Green Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Shriram Marathe, I. R. Mithanthaya and Sahithya Shetty
Interference of Two Shallow Square Footings on Geogrid Reinforced
Crusher Dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Bandita Paikaray, Sarat Kumar Das and Benu Gopal Mohapatra
Use of Foundry Sand as Partial Replacement of Natural Fine
Aggregate for the Production of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Suman Saha, C. Rajasekaran and Ajinkya P. More
Construction Blocks from C&D Debris Using the Innovative
CO2 Sequestration Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
G. S. Rampradheep, S. Anandakumar and M. Diwakar
Durability Studies on Alkali Activated Fly Ash and GGBS-Based
Geopolymer Mortars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
G. Mallikarjuna Rao and C. H. Kireety

vii
viii Contents

A Comparative Study on RCC Structures (Frame, Infill, Bracings,

Wire Frame and Shear Wall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
S. D. Sneha, H. Hema and R. Abishek
Comparative Study on Influence of Lead Rubber Bearing
on RC Structures with Flat Slab and Conventional Slab System
Under Seismic Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
M. S. Mounashree, H. Hema and S. M. Harisha
Corrosion Inhibitors Behaviour on Reinforced
Concrete—A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Chava Venkatesh, Syed Khaja Mohiddin and N. Ruben
A Review of the Mechanical Behavior of Substitution Materials
in Self-healing Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Chereddy Sonali Sri Durga and N. Ruben
Effect of Silica Fume on the Properties of Fly Ash Geopolymer
Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Sanghamitra Jena, Ramakanta Panigrahi and Pooja Sahu
Synthesis of Geopolymer Coarse Aggregates Using Class-F Fly
Ash and Studies on Its Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Arjun Kasi and B. U. Darshan
Optimization of Resources by Real-Time Correlation Study
for Maximizing the Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Ashutosh Agrawal, Bibhuti Bhusan Das and Sanjaya Kumar Malik
Study on Mechanical Properties of Cement Concrete for Partial
Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by Shredded Plastic
and Cement by Fly Ash and Metakaolin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
B. Jeevitha and Neethu Urs
High-Performance Concrete (HPC)—An Innovative Cement Concrete
Mix Design to Increase the Life Span of Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
G. Karthikeyan, M. Balaji, Adarsh R. Pai and A. Muthu Krishnan
Study on Mechanical Properties and Leaching of Heavy Metals
in the Artificially Produced Fly Ash Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
M. Roshan, K. N. Shivaprasad and Bibhuti Bhusan Das
Feasibility of Producing Class F Fly Ash Geopolymer Mortar
with Alkaline Water Containing Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) . . . . . . . 213
Jai Sai Tenepalli and D. Neeraja
Analytical Study on Disintegration of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Raja Sekhar Mamillapalli
Contents ix

An Effect of NaOH Molarity on Fly Ash—Metakaolin-Based

Self-Compacting Geopolymer Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
B. R. Arun, P. S. Nagaraja and J. M. Srishaila
Sustainable Construction and Building Materials—A Review
on Performance of Geopolymer in Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
M. Priyanka and N. Ruben
An Experimental Study on Workability and Strength Characteristics
of M40 Grade Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement
with Nano-TiO2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
M. Suneel, K. Jagadeep, K. K. MahaLakshmi, G. Praveen Babu
and G. V. Ramarao
Studies on Fresh and Hardened Properties of Sugarcane Bagasse
Ash Blended Self-Compacting Concrete Mixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
R Manjunath and Mule Rahul
Experimental Study on Improvement of Bearing Capacity
Using Geosynthetic Stone Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
B. T. Spoorthi, K. V. Vijetha, P. S. Vivek, M. Pradeep and Prasad Pujar
Implication of Concrete with Chemical Admixture Cured
in Low Temperature on Strength, Chloride Permeability
and Microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Avijit H. Ghosh and Bibhuti Bhusan Das
Experimental Investigation on the Properties of Pervious Concrete
Over Fiber-Reinforced Pervious Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Darshan Narayana, Shuaib Ahmed Shariff, Nawaz Ahmed, Umair Ahmed
and Sanaur Rehman
Role of Silica Fume in Producing High Strength Self-Compacting
Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Raju Lokhande and Kirankumar Dindawar
Problem Analysis and Geotechnical Study at Sengulam
Augmentation Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Sinai Michel, K. A. Nimmymol, Jiya Zacharia and Nazrin Nazeer
Graphene in the Domain of Construction: A Review
of Applications and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Sanjukta Sahoo
Experimental Analysis on Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate
by Granite Dust in Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Sonali Upadhyaya, Bharadwaj Nanda and Ramakanta Panigrahi
x Contents

Experimental Investigation of High-Strength Self-Compacting

Fibre-Reinforced Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Aijaz Zende and R. B. Khadiranaikar
Effect of Curing Conditions on Mechanical Properties of Reactive
Powder Concrete with Different Dosage of Quartz Powder . . . . . . . . . . 359
Abbas Ali Dhundasi and R. B. Khadiranaikar
The Effects of GGBFS on Strength Properties of Geopolymer
Concrete Cured at Ambient Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Aslam Hutagi and R. B. Khadiranaikar
Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of 80 MPa Two-Span
High-Performance Concrete Beam Under Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
A. A. Momin and R. B. Khadiranaikar
Techniques for Preparation and Dispersion of Nano-SiO2
in Cementitious System—A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
K. Snehal and Bibhuti Bhusan Das
Life Cycle Costing for the Analysis of Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative
Concretes and Masonry Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
H. K. Sugandhini and Shashwath M. Nanjannavar
Study on Development of Strength Properties of Bio-concrete . . . . . . . . 423
B. S. Shashank, Basavarj Dhannur, H. N. Ravishankar and P. S. Nagaraj
Rice Husk Ash (RHA)—The Future of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Chinnadurai Elakkiah
Effect of Nano-Silica and GGBS on the Strength Properties of Fly
Ash-Based Geopolymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
A. Ravitheja and N. L. N. Kiran Kumar
Compressive Strength Prediction of High-Strength Concrete
Using Regression and ANN Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Sukomal Mandal, M. Shilpa and Ramachandra Rajeshwari
Prediction of Compressive Strength of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete
Using Artificial Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Ramachandra Rajeshwari and Sukomal Mandal
Experimental Investigation on Compressive Strength of LD Slag
Aggregate Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Virendra Kumar, Brajkishor Prasad, Sourav Chakraborty, Prince Singh,
Y. Rama Murthy and Gajanan Kapure
Cost Reduction Techniques on MEP Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
R. P. Akhil and Bibhuti Bhusan Das
Contents xi

Mineralogical Study of Concretes Prepared Using Carbonated Flyash

as Part Replacement of Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Sanjukta Sahoo and Bibhuti Bhusan Das
Effect of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on Mechanical
Properties and Thermal Conductivity of Concretes and Masonry
Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Kudva P. Laxman and Rudresh M. Suralikerimath
Mechanical Properties of Pavement Quality Concrete Produced
with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
B. J. Panditharadhya, Raviraj H. Mulangi, A. U. Ravi Shankar
and Susheel Kumar
Effect of Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates with E-Waste
on Strength Properties of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Shreelaxmi Prashant and Mithesh Kumar
Experimental Investigation on Utilization of Waste Shredded Rubber
Tire as a Replacement to Fine Aggregate in Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Parameshwar N. Hiremath, K. Jayakesh, Roshan Rai,
N. Sujay Raghavendra and Subhash C. Yaragal
Strength Characteristics of Laterized Mortars Using Processed
Laterite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
S. N. Basavana Gowda, C. Rajasekaran and Subhash C. Yaragal
Sustainable Building Management by Using Alternative Materials
and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
H. P. Thanu, H. G. Kanya Kumari and C. Rajasekaran
Effect of Silica Fume on Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Mortar
with Recycled Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Kumar S. Vaibhav, Manish Nagaladinni, M. Madhushree and B. P. Priya
Mechanical Properties of Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Bottle
Crown Caps as Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
D. Yashas Kumar Naik, J. P. Ramya, H. K. Varun Kumar and B. P. Priya
Performance of Deep Excavation for an Underground Metro Station
Constructed by Top-Down Method—A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
T. M. Muhammad Ramees Ali and C. Rajasekaran
Experimental Investigation on the Strength of Concrete by Partial
Replacement of Fine Aggregates by Low-Density Shredded
Polyethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
A. V. Shreyas and Sankaran Venkateswaran
xii Contents

Experimental Study on Performance of M30 Grade Concrete

by Partial Replacement with Fly Ash and Granite Powder . . . . . . . . . . 627
Rajendra Prasad Singh, K. Rajasekhar and S. Adiseshu
Combined Effect of Marine Environment and pH on the Impedance
of Reinforced Concrete Studied by Electrochemical Impedance
Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Sharan Kumar Goudar, Bibhuti Bhusan Das and S. B. Arya
Study on Effect of Sodium Hydroxide Concentration
on Geopolymer Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
S. Jeeva Chithambaram, Sanjay Kumar and M. M. Prasad
Early Cost Estimation of Highway Projects in India Using Artificial
Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
G. Mahalakshmi and C. Rajasekaran
Review Paper on Utilization Potential of Rice Husk Ash
as Supplementary Cementitious Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Arti Chouksey, Nirendra Dev and Sunita Kumari
Replacement of Fine Aggregates by Recycled Construction
and Demolition Waste in Pavement Quality Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
H. C. Puneeth, S. P. Mahendra, M. Rohith and K. Naveenkumar
Fresh and Hardened Properties of Self-consolidating Concrete
Incorporating Alumina Silicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Manish S. Dharek, Prashant Sunagar, K. V. Bhanu Tej and S. U. Naveen
Effect of Various Additives on the Properties of Fly Ash
Based Geopolymer Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Rashik Mustafa, K. N. Shivaprasad and Bibhuti Bhusan Das
Influence of Metakaolin and Red Mud Blended Cement
on Reinforcement Corrosion in Presence of Chloride
and Sulfate Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Sondi Sudheer, Uppara Raghu Babu and B. Kondraivendhan
Durability Studies of Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete . . . . . . 727
Rohini Srikumar, Bibhuti Bhusan Das and Sharan Kumar Goudar
Durability Studies of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Shonu Yadav, Bibhuti Bhusan Das and Sharan Kumar Goudar
Durability Studies on Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Rose Mary George, Bibhuti Bhusan Das and Sharan Kumar Goudar
Comparative Study and Laboratory Investigation of Soil Stabilization
Using Terrasil and Zycobond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Afreen Abulkasim Mulla and K. G. Guptha
 Contents xiii

Partial Replacement of Steel Slag Aggregates in Concrete as Fine

Aggregates (Induction Blast Furnace Slag) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
S. Arjun, T. Hemalatha and C. Rajasekaran
Experimental and Numerical Studies on the Behaviour
of Broad-Gauge Railway Sleepers in Static Bending Condition . . . . . . . 781
Chandrashekhar Lakavath, Rangaswamy Allam and B Kondraivendhan
Methods to Monitor Resources and Logistic Planning
at Project Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793
Pradeep Reddy Challa and Bibhuti Bhusan Das
Can Geopolymer Concrete Replace the Conventional
Concrete?—State of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
Shreelaxmi Prashanth and B. Vijayalaxmi Kedilaya
Ambient Cured Geopolymer Concrete Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
S. Thirugnanasambandam and C. Antony Jeyasehar
Shrinkage Behavior of High-Strength Concrete Using Recycled
Concrete Aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
B. Suguna Rao, Ampli Suresh and Srikanth M. Naik
Influence of Nano-Silica on Characteristics of Cement Mortar
and Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
Jittin Varghese, Athira Gopinath, A. Bahurudeen and R. Senthilkumar
Durability Performance of Structural Light Weight Concrete . . . . . . . . 853
Rudregowda Anilkumar, P. Prakash and Raje Gowda
Mechanical Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
Using Coal-Bottom Ash as Replacement of Fine Aggregate . . . . . . . . . . 863
Sharan Kumar Goudar, K. N. Shivaprasad and Bibhuti Bhusan Das
An Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties
of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
(UHPFRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873
Shivam Gangwar, Suruchi Mishra and H. K. Sharma
Strength Improvement of Cement Mortar by the Addition
of Ureolytic Microorganism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Shashwati Soumya Pradhan and Sunita Sahu
An Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate
by Vermiculate and Cement by Marble Powder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
K. E. Prakash, D. M. Sangeetha and Shakeel Bagwan

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