ZERO LIQUID DISCHARGE

TECHNOLOGY
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Zero Liquid discharge refers to the installation of facilities and system which will enable
industrial effluent for absolute recycling of permeate and converting solute (dissolved
organic and inorganic compounds/salts) into residue in the solid form by adopting the
method of concentration and thermal evaporation.

ZLD will be recognized and certified based on two broad parameters that are, water
consumption versus wastewater re-used or recycled (permeate) and corresponding
solids recovered (percent total dissolved/suspended solids in effluents).

Index
WATER/WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

REVERSE OSMOSIS

MULTI EFFECT EVAPORATOR

PAN TYPE EVAPORATOR

ZERO LIQUID DISCHARGE

AGITATED THIN FILM DRYER

TECHNOLOGY STRIPPER

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WATER/WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANT
Water/Wastewater Treatment Plant is the process design to treat and reuse
or/and safely dispose of industrial wastewater into the environment.

Treatment Level and Mechanism in ETP

Preliminary Treatment
Screening- Screen with the opening of uniform size (max 10mm) is used to separate
physical impurities such as plastic, cloth, tissues, etc.Sedimentation- Suspended solids
are removed from water using gravity.Clarification- Solids separated from fluids.

Primary Treatment
Physical and Chemical Treatments are used in -
a. pH Control
b. Coagulation
c. Flocculation

Secondary Treatment
Biological and Chemical Treatments are used in
a. Aerobic Process
b. Anaerobic Process

Tertiary Treatment
The final cleaning process to remove remaining inorganic compounds in the wastewater
before they can be either released into the environment or used to further treatment.
a. Alum
b. Chlorine
REVERSE OSMOSIS
RO (Reverse Osmosis): Osmosis – Tendency of a solvent having a lower concentration
of solute to move towards a solvent having a higher concentration of solute via a semi-
permeable membrane.

Osmosis gives rise to what we call ‘Osmotic Pressure’.

Osmotic Pressure refers to how hard water could ‘push’ to get through the barrier in
order to diffuse to the other side.

Reverse Osmosis: It works by reversing the principle of Osmosis. When in a solution of

solvent (water) and mixed molecules, only the pure solvent (water) is allowed to pass
through a porous, semi-permeable membrane, filtering the larger solute molecules, the
method is called Reverse Osmosis.

Here, the pressure applied to press the solute molecules through the semi-permeable
membrane is greater than the osmotic pressure. The solvent (water) molecules moves
from a highly concentrated solution to a less concentrated solution, leaving behind
impurities. The desired liquid is a pure solution with a very low content of solute present
in it.
MULTI EFFECT
EVAPORATOR

Single and Multi Effect Evaporator (MEE) is used for

Industrial evaporation which is employed for the
large scale production of concentrated solutions,
playing a critical role in the manufacturing of a
variety of products in the process industry,
including organic and inorganic chemicals, specialty
and fine chemicals, polymers, fertilizers, pulp &
papers, pharmaceuticals, and foods. Nowadays
evaporation is also widely used to produce water
and to treat effluents and wastewater, often
allowing the recovery of valuable products.
Scope of evaporation system is to concentrate a
solution of a non-volatile solute and a volatile
solvent (usually water) by evaporation of the last
one, obtaining thick liquid or crystalline slurry or a
distillate.
TYPES OF EVAPORATORS

Forced Circulation Evaporator

Forced Circulation Evaporator is the universal
type, used to concentrate scaling and/or viscous
liquors & when crystallizers are consequent to
concentration. In this equipment, concentrating
liquor is kept circulating by high flow pump
through the heat transfer surface & evaporation
of heated liquor takes place in the vapour body by
flashing.

Falling Film Evaporator

In Falling Film Evaporator, liquid is distributed at
the top of the tubular heat-exchanger & flows
downward creating a film. The turbulence of
descending film, created by the vapour generated
by boiling, results in high heat transfer
coefficients & reduced contact times. There is no
static head to affect the temperature driving
force, so that the unit can operate at very low T
between heating system and liquor.

Natural Circulation Evaporator

Natural Circulation Evaporator is the compact,
straightforward design used for not scaling
solution not leading to crystallization. Suitable for
the low-to-medium concentration duty range. It
may have an external or internal heat exchanger.
For the evaporation of products that are not
sensitive to high temperatures and where large
evaporation ratios are required.
PAN TYPE EVAPORATOR
It is usually recommended where the effluent load is less than 5 kiloliters/day. Just as
the name suggests, it consists of a Pan in which the effluent is fed continuously and
gets evaporated on a continuous basis. The heating media of a Pan Type Evaporator
can be Electricity, Thermic Fluid, LPG, CNG, Steam. Water thus evaporated is
condensed in a Surface Type Condenser and the entire system is maintained under
vacuum by a Water Ring Vacuum Pump.

Types of Pan Type Evaporator

Electrical based
Steam-based
LPG/CNG based
Thermic Fluid based
AGITATED THIN FILM
DRYER
ATFD is a type of dryer which is used to produce a dry substance/product. It is used in
various application industries such as Pharmaceutical, Food industries, Specialty
Chemical Industries, Effluent Treatment Plants-Zero Liquid Discharge.

Design & Process Description: Agitated Thin Film Dryer is a vertical, jacketed cylindrical dryer.
Inside this vertical cylinder, a shaft runs throughout the length. This shaft is fitted with specially
designed blades and the shaft rotates at variable RPM through a gearbox.

Blades are designed in such a way that while rotating, they touch the ID (Inside Diameter) of the
vertical shell.

The thick liquid is fed to ATFD through a feed distributor which is mounted at the top of the
cylindrical shell. Liquid enters tangentially through this feed distributor and slides down along
with the ID of the shell.

Shell is maintained at a high temperature through heating media from a jacket. This heating media
can either be motive steam or thermic fluid.

As the liquid slides down, water gets evaporated and the solid residue gets accumulated on the ID
of the shell. This accumulated solid is scrapped by rotating blades and it falls down in the form of
dry powder and ultimately collected from the bottom of ATFD.
STRIPPER
It is used for industrial applications that need to remove the volatile content from the
feed stream.

When the boiling points of the contaminants in a feed stream are different, the
contaminants that have boiling points below 100 °C need to be removed before feeding
them into an evaporator.

Stripper or Desorption involves the removal of volatile components from a liquid by

contact with steam and or an inert gas such as nitrogen.
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 JET VACUUM SYSTEMS PVT. LTD.
Plot no. 05/5A/6, Shah +91 89800 24792
Industrial Park-1, Manjusar- info@jetvacuumsystems.in
Savli Road, Vadodara,
www.jetvacuumsystems.in
Gujarat, India - 391775