Unit 4

Societal Impacts
 Digital footprint, net and communication etiquettes, data protection, intellectual property rights (IPR),
plagiarism, licensing and copyright, free and open source software (FOSS), cybercrime and cyber laws, hacking,
phishing, cyber bullying, overview of Indian IT Act.
 E-waste: hazards and management.
 Awareness about health concerns related to the usage of technology.
Digital Footprint
A digital footprint is data that is left behind when users have been online. There are two types of digital footprints
which are active and passive.

An active digital footprint is, where the user has deliberately shared information about themselves either by using
social media sites or by using websites.

Examples of active digital footprints

 Posting on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter and other social media platforms
 Filling out online forms, i.e. when signing up to receive emails or texts
 Agreeing to install cookies on our devices when prompted by the browser
A passive digital footprint is made when information is collected from the user without the person knowing this is
happening.

Examples of passive digital footprints

 Websites that install cookies in our device without disclosing it to us
 Apps and websites that use geo location to pinpoint our location
 Social media, news channels and advertisers that use our likes, shares, and comments to profile us and to
serve up advertisements based on our interests
How digital footprint is being used for marketing purposes?
 Digital footprints are also known as cyber shadow, electronic footprint, or digital shadows are generally
collected with the help of tracking cookies. These cookies are created while using popular sites. Whatever we
search is stored in these along with our dates, GPS relevant data. These are shared by actual site we are
visiting to the popular sites.
 Popular sites analyze these data and revert back in the form of advertise later on. For e.g. we search for a flight
from x location to y location for a particular date.
 Popular sites Next day if we open search engine, ads automatically popups even if we have booked out tickets.

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Why we should care about Risk due to digital How to manage digital footprints?
managing our digital footprint? For footprint-
following four reasons-
1. To protect our reputation  Privacy concern  Enter name into several search engines
2. To make safe personal information  Scam  Double-check privacy settings, but don't trust them

3. To prevent financial loss  Identity theft  Create strong, memorable passwords

4. To preserve our freedom  Fake websites  Keep all our software up to date.
 Review our mobile use. Delete useless files (temp.)

 Build reputation through behaviour.

Net or communication etiquettes

Netiquette is short for "Internet etiquette" or "communication etiquettes" over internet. It is Just like etiquette - a
code of polite behaviour in society. Netiquette is a code of good behaviour on the Internet. It includes several
aspects of the Internet, social media, email, online chat, web forums, website comments, multiplayer gaming and
other types of online communication.
Do Don’t
 Keep messages and posts brief  Don’t posting inflammatory /offensive comments shout

 Use discretion  Don’t respond to Internet Trollers

 Protect personal Information  Don’t post private or embarrassing

 Obey copyright laws  Don’t post images/comments

 Help others
 Respect other people's privacy
 Verify facts before reposting
 Check messages and respond promptly
 Thank others who help you online
 Show good sportsmanship when playing online games
 Don’t name-call or express offensive opinions
 Don’t exclude people or talk behind their backs
 Don’t stick to the topic
 Don’t spam others by sending large amounts of
unsolicited email.

Data protection
Data protection refers to the practices, safeguards and binding rules put in place to protect our personal information
and ensure that it remain in control. In short, we should be able to decide whether or not we want to share some
information, which has access to it, for how long, for what reason and be able to modify some of this information,
and more.
Consequences of Unprotected Data / Data breaches How we can protect our personal data online
 Suffer from security break /attack  Through encrypt our data
 Physical data loss  Keep passwords private
 Hit with a virus  Don't over share on social networking sites
 Targeted by hackers  Use security software
 Suffer from DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service)  Avoid phishing emails
 Lose of money  Be wise about Wi-Fi
 Intellectual property at risk  Be alert to impersonators
 Damage downtime  Safely dispose of personal information

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 Intellectual Property (IP)
Intellectual Property (IP) is a property created by a person or group of persons using their own intellect for ultimate
use in commerce and which is already not available in the public domain.

Examples of IP Property which are, an invention relating to a product or any process, a new design, a literary or
artistic work and a trademark (a word, a symbol and / or a logo etc.)

Intellectual Property Right (IPR)

Intellectual Property Right (IPR) is the legal right granted by the Government, to the owner(s) of the intellectual
property or applicant(s) of an intellectual property (IP) to exclude others from exploiting the IP commercially for a
given period of time, in lie of the discloser of his/her IP in an IPR application.

Why should an IP be protected?

 IP is an assets and can be exploited by the owner for commercial gains any manner.
 IP owner may intend to stop others from manufacturing and selling products and services which are dully
protected by him.
 IP owner can sell and/or license the IP for commercial gains.
 IP can be used to establish the goodwill and brand value in the market.
 IP can be mention in resumes of its creator and thus show competence of its creator.
 IPR certificate establishes legal and valid ownership about an intellectual property.

Kinds of IPRs
 Patent (to protect technologies - The Patent Act)
 Trade Mark (to protect words, signs, logos, labels – The Trade Mark Act)
 Design (to protect outer ornamental configuration – The Designs Act)
 Geographical Indications (GI) (to protect region specific product – The Geographical Indications of Goods Act)
 Copyright (to protect literary and artistic work – The Copyright Act)
IPRs are protected in accordance with the provisions of legislations of a country specific. In India, IPRs can be
protected and monopolized as per the act. Some of them are:-
1. The Patent Act, 1970,
2. The Designs Act, 2000,
3. The Trade Mark Act, 1999,
4. The Geographical Indications of Goods Act, 1999,
5. The Copyright Act, 1957,
6. Protection of Integrated Circuits Layout and Designs Act, 2000,
7. Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act, 2001, and also Trade Secret
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 Plagiarism

Plagiarism is “the act of presenting the words, ideas, images, sounds, or the creative expression of others as it is your
creation or your own.” The word plagiarism is derived from the Latin word plagiare, which means to kidnap or
abduct.

Why is it important to understand Plagiarism?

 Plagiarism is stealing of intellectual property
 Plagiarism is cheating
 Plagiarism is an Academic offence
 Plagiarism is Academic theft!

Two Types of Plagiarism

Intentional Plagiarism Unintentional Plagiarism
 Copying other’s work  Not knowing how to acknowledge or incorporate
 Borrowing/buying assignments sources of information through proper paraphrasing,
 Cut, paste from electronic resources summarizing and quotation
 Downloading essays/text from the Internet and  Careless copying or cutting and pasting from
presenting as our own work electronic databases
 Quoting excessively
 Failure to use our own “voice”

How to avoid plagiarism?

 Use your own ideas
 Cite the sources - When someone else's ideas are used, always acknowledge the sources and tell your reader
WHERE THE IDEAS ARE FROM?
 Rewrite other's ideas in your own words
 Take careful notes
 Develop your writing skills
Software License

A software license is a document that provides legally binding guidelines to the person who holds it for the use and
distribution of software.

It typically provides end users with the right to make one or more copies of the software without violating
copyrights. It also defines the responsibilities of the parties entering into the license agreement and may impose
restrictions on how the software can be used. Software licensing terms and conditions usually include fair use of the
software, the limitations of liability, warranties and disclaimers and protections.

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 Benefits of Using Licensed Software

 Using unlicensed software against the law

 The right software license can save our money
 We can receive around-the-clock license support
Software Copyright
Software copyright is used by software developers/software companies/proprietary software companies to prevent
the unauthorized copying of their software’s. Free and open source licenses also rely on copyright law to enforce
their terms.
Reason for copyright our software
 Our work (software development) is an asset Protect our rights.
 It protects our software structures.
 It protects software code, sequencing and organization.
 It enhances protection against license agreements.
Difference between licensing and copyright
Copyright is a type of intellectual property protection and licensing is a kind of risk control measure that can be
applied to control copyright loss exposure, so the licensor (copyright owner) can grant permission that usually takes
the form of a licensing agreement to use its copyrighted material. This agreement specifies the exact material to be
used, purposes the work could be used for and the duration of the license.

Free and Open Source software (FOSS)

FOSS is a kind of software that all allows users to not only freely run the program for any purpose, but also provides
users access to its source code. Moreover, it also allows us to modify as we wish, as well as freely distribute copies of
the original version or their altered version.

Following criteria must be met for FOSS

 Source code must be included.
 Anyone must be allowed to modify the source code.
 Modified versions can be redistributed.
 The license must not require the exclusion of other.
 It must be free.
Example of Free and Open source software
 As Operating system – Linux, Ubuntu
 As DBMS – MySql, Mongodb, SQlite
 As Programming language – Java, PHP, Python
 As Internet Browser / Web Server – Chromium, Firefox / Apache Http Server, Apache Tomcat

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 Types of Software based on use:

 Free Software: Free Software is those which are freely accessible, freely used, changed, improved, copied and
distributed. It provides all types of freedom. The term ‘Free’ means ‘Freedom’ at very little or No cost. The
Source Code is also available with Free Software.
 Open Source Software: Open Source Software can be freely used, changed, improved, copied and Re-distributed
but it may have some cost for the media and support for further development. Source Code is also available with
OSS. It can be modified and redistributed with some guidelines. The License may restrict source-code from being
distributed and modification to maintain the Author’s integrity. A software which is FREE as well as OPEN, called
Free & Open Source Software (FOSS) or Free Libre & Open Source Software (FLOSS).
 Proprietary Software: These Software are neither open nor freely available. They must have some cost and
Source code is also not given since it is property of the developer organization. No change, copy and distribution
are allowed.
 Freeware: These are available free of cost. They can be used, copied, distributed but no modification is allowed
because Source Code is not available.
 Shareware: These software are freely used, copied and distributed for a certain period of time. After expiry, you
have to purchase or uninstall them. Modification is not possible due to non-availability of the source code. These
are the demo version and freely distributed for trial purpose.

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 Cyber Crime
Any crime that involves a computer and a network is called a “Computer Crime” or “Cyber Crime. Or in other term, it
is a crime in which a computer is the object of the crime (hacking, phishing, spamming) or is used as a tool to commit
an offense (child pornography, hate crimes).
Steps to protect yourself against cyber crime
 Make sure your security software is current – and update it regularly.
 Lock or log off your computer when you step away.
 Go offline when you don’t need an internet connection.
 Consider sharing less online.
 Think twice about using public Wi-Fi.
 When in doubt, don’t click.
Types of Cyber Crime
 A computer is the target of the attack — for example, a data violate on a bank site
 A computer is the weapon for an attack — for example, a denial of service (DoS) attack
 A computer is an accessory to a criminal act — for example, digital identity theft which leads to theft of funds
from a bank account

Hacking
Hacking is the process of gaining unauthorized access into a computing device, or group of computer systems. This is
done through cracking of passwords and codes which gives access to the systems.

Difference between hacker and cracker is that a cracker breaks the security of computer systems, and a hacker is a
person who likes to explore computer systems and master them.

Types of Hackers

Black hat hackers or crackers- these are individuals with extraordinary computing skills, resorting to malicious /
destructive activities. Black hat hackers use their knowledge and skill for their own personal gains probably by
hurting others.

White hat hackers- these are those individuals who use their hacking skills for defensive purposes. This means that
the white hat hackers use their knowledge and skill for the good of others and for the common good. Ethical hacking
also known as penetration testing or white-hat hacking, involves the same tools, tricks and techniques that hackers
use, but with one major difference that Ethical hacking is legal.

Grey-Hat Hackers- These are individuals who work both offensively and defensively at different times. Their
behaviour can’t be predicted. Sometimes they use their skills for the common good while in some other times he
uses them for their personal gains.

Hacking Process

 Foot Printing – Who is lookup, NS lookup, IP lookup

 Scanning - Port Scanning, Network Scanning
 Gaining Access - Password Attacks, Social Engineering, Viruses
 Maintaining Access - OS Back Doors, Trojans, Clears Tracks

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 Required Skills of an Ethical Hacker

 Microsoft: Skills in operation, configuration and management.

 Linux: Knowledge of Linux/Unix, security setting, configuration and services.
 Network Protocols: TCP/IP, how they function and can be manipulated.
 Firewalls: Configurations and operation of intrusion detection systems.
 Project Management: Leading, planning, organizing and controlling a penetration testing team.
 Routers: Knowledge of routers, routing protocols and access control lists Mainframes.

What do hackers do after hacking?

 Clear logs and hide themselves.

 Install root kit (backdoor) - The hacker who hacked the system can use the system later. It contains Trojan virus,
and so on.
 Patch Security hole- The other hackers can’t intrude.
 Install IRC related program - identd, irc, bitchx, eggdrop, bnc
 Install scanner program- mscan, sscan, nmap
 Install exploit program.
 Install denial of service program.
 Use all of installed programs silently.

How to Prevent Hacking?

 Download software from authorized websites.

 Scan all types of hard drives before running.
 Do not use easy guessing or weak passwords.
 Never store or share login information.
 Do not click on random email attachments.
Phishing
Phishing is a cyber attack that uses disguised email as a weapon. The attackers masquerade as a trusted entity of
some kind, The goal is to trick the email recipient into believing that the message is something they want or need —
recipient fills/send sensitive information like account no, username, password etc., then attacker use these.

How to prevent phishing?

 Always check the spelling of the URLs before click
 Watch out for URL redirects, that sent to a different website with identical design
 If receive an email from that seems suspicious, contact that source with a new email, rather than just hitting
reply
 Don't post personal data, like your birthday, vacation plans or your address or phone number, publicly on social
media

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 Cyber bullying

Cyber bullying is the use of technology to harass, threaten or humiliate a target. Examples of cyber bullying is sending
mean texts, posting false information about a person online or sharing embarrassing photos or videos.

Cyber bullying differs from in person bullying:

 More difficult to recognize – Bullying conducted via text or online medium can more easily go unnoticed.
 More relentless – Cyber bullying doesn’t end at school and can reach at child home.
 More enduring – It leaves a paper trail that can follow both the bully and the victim for years.

Different Types of Cyber Bullying

 Doxing – publishing revealing personal information about an individual online, for purposes of defaming,
humiliating or harassing the victim.
 Harassment – posting threatening, hurtful or intimidating messages online, or sending them directly to
someone, with the intention of harming that person.
 Impersonation – creating fake accounts or gaining access to a person’s real social media accounts and posting
things to damage the victim’s reputation.
 Cyber stalking – tracking and monitoring a person’s online activity, and using the internet to stalk or harass an
individual.
How to Prevent Cyber Bullying?
 Be aware of child’s online activities
 Watch for the following signs of cyber bullying in children
 Refusal to allow to see what they are doing online
 Avoidance of discussing what they are doing online
 Sudden, unexplained increase or decrease in online activity
 Deactivating social media accounts
 Emotional responses (including sadness, anger, happiness) linked to their device usage
 Adults should also teach children to recognize and be aware of the signs of cyber bullying themselves

Cyber Law

Cyber law as it is the part of the legal systems that deals with the cyberspace, Internet and with the legal issues. It
covers a broad area, like freedom of expressions, access to and utilization of the Internet and online security or
online privacy. Generically, it is known as the law of the web.

What is the importance of Cyber Law?

Cyber law plays a very important role in this new era of technology. It is important as it is concerned to almost all
aspects of activities and transactions that take place either on the internet or other communication devices.
Whether we are aware of it or not, but each action and each reaction in Cyberspace has some legal and Cyber legal
views.

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 The Information Technology Act of India, 2000

The Information Technology Act of India, 2000 According to Wikipedia “The Information Technology Act, 2000 (also
known as ITA-2000, or the IT Act) is an act of the Indian Parliament (no. 21 of 2000), it was notified on 17th October
2000. It is the most important law in India that deals with the digital crimes or cyber crimes and electronic
commerce. It is based on the United Nations Model Law on Electronic Commerce 1996 (UNCITRAL Model)
recommended by the General Assembly of United Nations by a resolution dated 30 January 1997”.

Some key points of the Information Technology (IT) Act 2000 are as follows:

 Act has given birth to new business to companies to issue digital certificates by becoming the Certifying
Authorities.
 This Act allows the government to issue notices on internet through e-Governance.
 E-mail is now considered as a valid and legal form of communication.
 Digital signatures are given legal validity within the Act.
 The communication between the companies or between the company and the government can be done through
internet.
 Addressing the issue of security is the most important feature of this Act. It introduced the construct of digital
signatures that verifies the identity of an individual on internet.
 In case of any harm or loss done to the company by criminals, the Act provides a remedy in the form of money to
the company.
Important Sections under Information Technology Act of India, 2000

The Information Technology Act, 2000 provides legal recognition to the transaction done via an electronic exchange
of data and other electronic means of communication or electronic commerce transactions. Some of sections under
IT act 2000 are given below.

Section Offence Penalty

67A Publishing images containing sexual Imprisonment up to seven years, or/and with fine up to Rs.
acts 1,000,000/-
Imprisonment up to five years, or/and with fine up to Rs.
67B Publishing child porn or predating 1,000,000/- on first conviction. Imprisonment up to seven
children online years, or/and with fine up to Rs. 1,000,000/- on second
conviction.
67C Failure to maintain records Imprisonment up to three years, or /and with fine.
68 Failure/refusal to comply with orders Imprisonment up to three years, or / and with fine up to
Rs. 200,000/-
69 Failure/refusal to decrypt data Imprisonment up to seven years and possible fine.
70 Securing access or attempting to Imprisonment up to ten years, or / and with fine.
secure access to a protected system
71 Misrepresentation Imprisonment up to three years, or / and with fine up to
Rs. 100,000/-

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 E-Waste

Whenever an electronic device covers up its working life, or becomes non-usable due to technological advancements
or becomes non-functional, it is not used anymore and comes under the category of e-waste or electronic waste. As
the technology is changing day by day, more and more electronic devices are becoming non-functional and turning
into e-waste. Managing such non-functional electronic devices is termed as e-waste management.

Ewaste Hazards

On Environment On Human Health

 Acidification of soil  Lung cancer
 Air pollution  DNA damage
 Pollution of ground water  Asthmatic bronchitis
 Landfills with lead and heavy metals  Chronic damage to the brain
 Damage to heart, liver and spleen

E-waste management
E-waste management can be defined as the practical and holistic approach and the founding pillar of cutting down
waste from our mother earth. It is reusing and recycling of e-waste which is no longer in use and can be saved for
some of its components. We are on the verge of a technological breakthrough with the introduction of AI and we
need to dispose of toxic e-waste from our home before we pile up more and more e-waste. We are in dire need of
introducing a customer awareness campaign because of lack of interest and knowledge regarding e-waste.
Proper disposal of used electronic gadgets
E-waste is a growing problem for us in India. As a 132cr strong economy, we produce e- waste in large quantities. It is
very important to dispose of waste in a pragmatic manner.
Ways to dispose of e-waste
 Give back to your electronic companies and drop off Points
 Visit civic institutions
 Donating your outdated technology
 Sell off your outdated technology
 Give your electronic waste to a certified e-waste recycler

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 Awareness of Health concerns related to the usage of technology
Physical Problems:
 Repetitive Strain Injury: The pain exists even when resting and that the lightest work becomes hard to do.
 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: This is an illness caused by injuries that occur due to force on the median nerve found
in the wrist. Its symptoms can occur as tingling in hands and fingers and the feeling of lethargy, sudden pain in
wrists and arms and sometimes even in shoulders, neck and in the body
 Computer Vision Syndrome: Experts stated that people blink their eyes more frequently while using a computer
than they do at other times and that they face some problems related to this situation.
 Radiation: Computer screens produce radiations of various types. There have always been doubts that
Individuals will have illnesses such as headaches and inattentiveness.
 Sleeping disorders and decrease in productivity.
 Loss of attention and stress.
Psychological Problems:
 Fear of technology
 Computer anxiety
 Internet addiction
 Egosurfing: An illness of regularly searching for one’s own name on the web and checking what
information is available about one’s own on the net.
 Infornography: The word, derived from pornography and information, describes the state of “trying to
soothe hunger for information on the net.”
 Blog streaking: A desire to spread information online that shouldn’t be known by everybody.
 YouTube - Narcissism: Constantly uploading one’s own videos in order to introduce and make himself or
herself known to others.
 Google-Stalking: Trying to get information about all his or her relatives or acquaintances in the web.
 Photolurking: Looking at the photo albums of others’ on the net.
 Wikipediholism: Contributing to the internet encyclopaedia, Wikipedia, sending some one’s own
writings and revising the present texts.

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