A Mini project Report On

LASER HOME SECURITY ALARM SYSTEM

Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Technology

By

T.ESWARI (O190457)
S.HEMAVATHI (O190463)
P.MANISHA SAI SRI (O190454)
N.HARATHI (O190455)
P.SREENIVASULU (O191110)
A.VENKATESWARLU (O191121)

Under the guidance of

Dr.M.Sriramulu Naik
Faculty of the department -EEE
Electrical and Electronics Engineering

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF KNOWLEDGE TECHNOLOGIES ONGOLE CAMPUS

2023-2024 2023-2024

1
APPROVAL SHEET

This report entitled “LASER HOME SECURITY ALARM SYSTEM” by T.Eswari(

O190457), S.Hemavathi(O190463), P.Manisha Sai Sri(O190454), N.Harathi(O190455),
P.Sreenivasulu(O191110), A.Venkateswarlu (O191121), approved for the degree of bachelor
of technology in the field of Electrical and Engineering.

Examiners:

……………………

……………………

……………………

Supervisor(s):
……………………

……………………

……………………

Date: …………………...

Place: ………………….

2
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this project, titled “LASER HOME SECURITY ALARM
SYSYTEM” is carried out by us during the year 2024-2025 for the partial fulfilment of the
award of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Rajiv
Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, ongole . I have not submitted the same to any
other University or Organization for the award of any other Degree.

NAMES: SIGNATURES:

T.ESWARI -----------------------

S.HEMAVATHI -----------------------

P.MANISHA SAI SRI -----------------------

N.HARATHI ----------------------

P.SREENIVASULU ----------------------

A.VENKATESWARLU ---------------------

3
 Electrical and Electronics Engineering

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF KNOWLEDGE

TECHNOLOGIES ONGOLE CAMPUS

2024-2025

CERTIFICATE

This is certify to that the report entitled “LASER HOME SECURITY ALARM SYSYTEM
“ by T.Eswari, S.Hemavathi, P.Manisha Sai sri, N.Harathi, P.Sreenivasulu, A.Venkateswarlu
bearing I’d no’s O190457, O190463, O190454, O190455, O191110, O191121 respectively in
the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of bachelor of technology in Electrical
and Electronics Engineering is a bona filed work carried by them under my supervision and
guidance.

Project Internal guide : Dr.M.Sriramulu Naik

4
 Table of contents

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..…6
Acknowledgement …………………………….……………………………………………...7
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………..........8
1.2 Background…………………………………………..……………………........9
CHAPTER 2

2.1 Working and its principle ……………………………………….………………………10

2.2 Objective and circuit diagram ………………………………………………………...…11

2.3 Blockdiagram………………..……………………………………………………………..12
CHAPTER 3
3.1 Components and its description…………………………………………………….….13-21
Components
Laser
LDR Light sensor
Buzzer
BC547 transistors
Resistors
Led
Batteries
Connecting wires
Mirrors
Zero pcb
CHAPTER 4
4.1 Disadvantages and advantages…………………………………………………………22
4.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………......…23
CHAPTER 5
5.1 Result and conclusion…………………………………………………………………....23-24
Reference………………………………………………………………………….…………24

5
 ABSTRACT

Security is a most important factor today. Technology develops day by day in the world.
The crime gang also improves their technology to perform their operation. So technology of
security should be modern with time to protect the crime works. We decide to make a security
project as our project. In this project we have used laser light to cover a large area. We know
laser light goes through long distance without scattering effect. It’s also visible only at source
and incident point, otherwise invisible. These two properties help us to build up a modern
security system, which may name as “laser security”.
When any person or object crossover the laser line the security alarm will ringing and also
the focus light will “on” to focus the entrance of unauthorized person. There is two part of the
system. One is transmitter and other is receiver. The transmitter part is built with a LASER
radiator, a pair of dry cell batteries, an on-off switch and a stand to hold it. The receiver side,
there is a focusing LDR (Light depending Resistor) sensor to sense the LASER continuously.
The LDR sensor also holds with a stand and it connected with the main driver circuit. The
circuit has two parts.
One is filtered the signal of discontinuity ray and others is alarm circuit.When anybody
crossover the invisible ray the main circuit sense the discontinuity by sensor and turn on the
alarm circuit. If once the alarm circuit is on it will still ringing until push the reset button.
There is two option of ringing. One is the duration of ringing depends on preset timer and
another reset manually. Any option can be set by DPDT switch. If anybody wants to bind a
sensitive area with the single ray he has to use mirror at every corner to reflect it. The system
has built with low cost and high performance. The power consumption of the system is very

6
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to all those who have taken keen interest
in directing our efforts towards a successful completion of the mini project.

We wish to register my deepest sense of gratitude and respect to my project guide Mr.
Dr.m.Sriramulu Naik for his constant support and guidance throughout the duration of the
project. The critical analysis and timely suggestion have helpful suggestion have helped us in
coming out with this fruitful result.

We wish to thank faculty of the Department of EEE Mr. Dr.m.Sriramulu Naik for his support
and encouragement. One of the major factors in paving my way through all the difficulties has
been his support and motivation.

At the outset, we would like to thank our Dean of Academics, Director of RGUKT Ongole
,AP for providing all necessary resources for the successful completion of my course work. At
last, but not the least we thank our teammates and other students for their physical and moral
support.

We wish to register my feeling towards my family members who have been Much more
encouraging and understanding.

With sincere Regards,

T.ESWARI

S.HEMAVATHI

P.MANISHA SAI SRI

N.HARATHI

P.SREENIVASULU

A.VENKATESWARLU

7
 INTRODUCTION

Need of security is the basic necessity of any individual. The feeling that we are safe and
everything around us is all right is imperative for a peaceful living. But in this unsafe world,
when crime, terror and threats are on their peak, how can one attain that sense of security?
Here, laser security system provides us with a solution and for this reason more and more
people are installing them in order to stay safe and secure. Various electronic security systems
can be used at home and other important working places for security and safety purposes.

Laser Security alarm is a device used for security purposes. It has a wide application in fields
of security and defense starting from the security of simple house hold material to a very high
valued material of an organization. They once used to be expensive solutions for security
needs. Owing to cost cutting and fast technological advancements, this form of security system
is becoming more. affordable.

Lasers differ from other light sources in a few significant ways. There are two features that are
important for security systems. Unlike a light bulb or flashlight, laser light doesn't spread out,
it is a narrow beam. And laser light is essentially a single color. Because laser light doesn't
spread much, it can be sent it a long way and still have enough energy in a small area to trigger
the security system detector. Because it's a single wavelength, it can put a blocking filter on
the detector to let laser light through without letting background light onto the detector.

laser light travels in a straight line. For instance, to protect the front of the yard, putting the
laser at one comer and the detector at the other corner would do the job. That's not a very
practical configuration, though. More typically, if it is needed to protect the perimeter of a
room, or at least the enhances. So, laser security systems start with a laser pointing to a small
mirror. The first mirror is angled to direct the beam to a second small mirror, and so on until
the final mirror directs the beam to the detector. If the beam is interrupted anywhere between
the laser and the detector, the electronics will put the warning signal.

8
 BACKGROUND

The word LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. These
are available in different types like semiconductor, infrared, GaAs laser diode. This has an
energy wavelength of approximately 900 nanometers with a beam divergence of 3 million
radians i.e. equal to a beam width small beam width. Laser technology products will calculate
distance by measuring the time of flight of very short pulses of infrared light. It is different
from the traditional surveying instrument method of measuring phase shifts by comparing the
incoming wavelength with the phase of the outgoing light pulse.

The Laser security systems are high tech innovations that have gained popularity in home and
office security systems. These are used to be expensive solutions for security needs. Depending
on cost and fast technological advancements laser security systems becoming more adoptable.
The features and specifications of the laser security system can be had in detail from the
security system dealers who provide high end solutions based on requirement. Today, we will
explore the answer to all of these questions. In addition, (in the associated activity) you will
work in the computer lab in small groups to explore specific types of lasers and create
presentations to share our findings with the class. With the conclusion of the presentations,
you should know exactly what type of laser would be best for use in your security system
design. Even further, you will know exactly why we are using a laser based security system to
invisibly detect the presence of a thief.

9
 PRINCIPLE

There are three essential components to a laser security system: a laser, a detector and sensing
circuit. The laser is a concentrated light source that puts out a straight line, 'pencil beam, of
light of a single color. The detector is sensitive to light and puts out a voltage when the laser
light hits it. The detector is connected to the sensing circuit. When the laser beam is interrupted
and cannot reach the detector, its voltage outputchanges, and the circuit sense the change and
put out a warning signal.

WORKING

The basic sensing component of a modern laser security system is an infrared motion detector.
The motion detector contains four parts: the laser, the mirrors, the detector and the sensing
electronics. An infrared motion detector works by projecting a beam of light that shoots across
a space into a series of mirrors and finally into a detector, which emits a particular voltage into
the sensing electronics as long as the laser hits it. When the beam of light is broken, the detector
changes its voltage output into the sensing electronics, which then trigger an alarm.

If infrared sensors are placed strategically, the beams of light will make it impossible for an
intruder to come into the area without the sensor being alerted. The sensor, which is connected
to the basic alarm unit through a wireless connection, then triggers the basic unit to alert the
monitoring service through which the customer purchased the security plan. The monitoring
service will contact the home and, if no response is received, will contact the police. In most
models, the basic unit also sounds a loud alarm, though some systems use a silent alarm that
contacts the police without notifying the suspected criminal.

10
 OBJECTIVE

The core objective of this project is to design a laser security system with laser and light
dependent resistor.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

11
12
 COMPONENTS AND DISCRIPTION

1. LASER: -

A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the
stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "laser" originated as an acronym
for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation".

A laser differs from other sources of light in that it emits light coherently. Spatial coherence
allows a laser to be focused to a tight spot, enabling applications such as laser cutting and
lithography. Spatial coherence also allows a laser beam to stay narrow over great distances
(collimation), enabling applications such as laser pointers. Lasers can also have high temporal
coherence, which allows them to emit light with a very narrow spectrum, i.e., they can emit a
single color of light. Temporal coherence can be used to produce pulses of light as short
as a femtosecond.

13
Applications:

Medicine: Bloodless surgery, Laser healing, surgical treatment, kidney stone treatment, eye
treatment, dentistry.

Industry: Cutting, welding, material heat treatment, marking parts, non-contact measurement
of parts.

• Military: Marking targets, guiding munitions, missile defense, electro- optical

countermeasures (EOCM), alterative to radar, blinding troops.

• Law enforcement: used for latent fingerprint detection in the forensic identification field.

• Research: Spectroscopy, laser ablation, laser annealing, laser scattering, laser interferometer,
lidar, laser capture micro dissection, fluorescence microscopy.

• Product development/commercial: laser printers, optical discs (e.g., CDs), barcode scanners,
thermometers, pointers, holograms, bubble grams.

• Laser lighting displays: Laser light shows.

Cosmetic skin treatments: acne treatment, cellulite and striae reduction, and hair removal

2. LDR LIGHT SENSER (Light Dependent Resistor):

A photo resistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR) or photocell is a light-controlled variable

resistor. The resistance of a photo resistor decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in
other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photo resistor can be applied in light- sensitive
detector circuits, and light- and dark-activated switching circuits.

Photo resistors work based off of the principle of photoconductivity. Photoconductivity is an

optical phenomenon in which the material's conductivity is increased when light is absorbed
by the material. When light falls i.e., when the photons fall on the device, the electrons in the
valence band of the semiconductor material are excited to the conduction band. These photons
in the incident light should have energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor
material to make the electrons jump from the valence band to the conduction band. Hence
when light having enough energy strikes on the device, more and more electrons are excited

14
to the conduction band which results in a large number of charge carriers. The result of this
process is more and more current starts flowing through the device when the circuit is closed
and hence it is said that the resistance of the device has been decreased. This is the most
common working principle of LDR. In the dark, a photo resistor can have a resistance as high
as a few mega ohms (M ohms), while in the light, a photo resistor can have a resistance as low
as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on a photo resistor exceeds a certain frequency,
photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the
conduction band. The resulting free electrons conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.
The resistance range and sensitivity of a photo resistor can substantially differ among
dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique photo resistors may react substantially differently to
photons within certain wavelength bands.

3. BUZZER: -

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical,

and piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and
confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric bell without
the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own actuating current,
causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a
sounding board. The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical
buzzers made.

15
The buzzer consists of an outside case with two pins to attach it to power and ground. When
current is applied to the buzzer it causes the ceramic disk to contract or expand. Changing this
then causes the surrounding disc to vibrate. That's the sound that you hear. Adjust the
potentiometer to increase or decrease the resistance of the potentiometer. If you increase the
resistance of the potentiometer then it will decrease the Volume of the buzzer. If you decrease
the resistance of the potentiometer then it will increase the Volume of the buzzer.

Applications: -

• Annunciator panels

• Electronic metronomes

Game show lock-out device

• Microwave ovens and other household appliances

• Sporting events such as basketball games.

• Electrical alarms

BC547 transistors

The BC547 transistor is an NPN transistor. A transistor is nothing but the transfer of resistance
which is used for amplifying the current. A small current of the base terminal of this transistor
will control the large current of emitter and base terminals. The main function of this transistor

16
is to amplify as well as switching purposes. The maximum gain current of this
transistor is 800A.

The similar transistors are like BC548 & BC549. This transistor works in a fixed DC voltage
in the preferred region of its characteristics which is called the biasing. Further, the series of
this transistor can be divided into three groups based on the current gain like BC547A,
BC547B & BC547C.

Applications

Applications of BC547 transistor include the following.

• This BC547 transistor is used general-purpose, widely used and it is used as an

alternative as well as a substitute to different kinds of transistors. Thus, it can use in
different electronic circuits
• The utmost transition frequency of BC547 is 300MHz so that it will perform well within
RF circuits.
• Amplification of current
• Audio Amplifiers
• Switching Loads < 100mA
• Transistor Darlington Pairs
• Drivers like an LED driver, Relay Driver, etc.
• Amplifiers like Audio, signal, etc..
17
 • Darlington pair
• Quick switching
• PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)

RESISTOR

The main function of resistors in acircuit is to control the flow of current to other components.
Take an LED (light) for example. If too much current flows through an LED it is destroyed.
So a resistor is used to limit the current.

The name itself mention it's function. Resistor is used to resistance the flow of current. When
resistor is placed in a circuit, the current flow decreases when current passes through the
resistor. The part of current energy dissipate in the form of heat in resistor, thus decrease the
total current. Different values of resistors are available according to the amount of
current required.

LED

light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current
flows through it. When current passes through an LED, the electrons recombine with holes
emitting light in the process. LEDs allow the current to flow in the forward direction and
blocks the current in the reverse direction.

Light-emitting diodes are heavily doped p-n junctions. Based on the semiconductor material
used and the amount of doping, an LED will emit coloured light at a particular spectral

18
wavelength when forward biased. As shown in the figure, an LED is encapsulated with a
transparent cover so that emitted light can come out.

BATTERIES

An electric battery is a device consisting of two or more electrochemical cells that convert
stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell contains a positive terminal, or
cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes allow ions to move between the
electrodes and terminals, which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work.
Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode
materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples are the alkaline
battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable device. Secondary (rechargeable
batteries) can be discharged and recharged multiple times; the original composition of the
electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in
vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics. Batteries come in many shapes
and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks
the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone exchanges and
computer data centers.

19
CONNECTING WIRES

Jump wires (also called jumper wires) for solderless bread boarding can be obtained in ready-
to-use jump wire sets or can be manually manufactured. The latter can become tedious work
for larger circuits. Ready-to-use jump wires come in different qualities, some even with tiny
plugs attached to the wire ends. Jump wire material for ready-made should usually be solid
copper, tin-plated wire - assuming no tiny plugs are to be attached to the wire ends. Shorter
stripped wires might result in bad contact with the board's spring clips (insulation being caught
in the springs). Longer stripped wires increase the likelihood of short-circuits on the board.
Needle-nose pliers and tweezers are helpful when inserting or removing wires, particularly on
crowded boards.

Connecting wires allows an electrical current to travel from one point on a circuit to another
because electricity needs a medium through which it can move. Most of the connecting wires
are made up of copper or aluminum.

The definition of connecting wire is a piece of wire used to attach two circuits or components
together. The gauge or size of the wire must be large enough to support the amount
of current flow.

MIRROR

A mirror, also known as a looking glass, is an object that reflects an image. Light that bounces
off a mirror will show an image of whatever is in front of it, when focused through the lens of
the eye or a camera. Mirrors reverse the direction of the image in an equal yet opposite angle
20
from which the light shines upon it. This allows the viewer to see themselves or objects behind
them, or even objects that are at an angle from them but out of their field of view, such as
around a corner. Natural mirrors have existed since prehistoric times, such as the surface of
water, but people have been manufacturing mirrors out of a variety of materials for thousands
of years, like stone, metals, and glass. In modern mirrors, metals like silver or aluminium are
often used due to their high reflectivity, applied as a thin coating on glass because of its
naturally smooth and very hard surface.

ZERO PCB

Zero PCBs allow engineers and hobbyists to create custom circuits and test them out before
moving to a more permanent solution like a fully printed circuit board. The term “zero” in this
context means that there are no predefined or “printed” tracks or connections on the board; the
user defines all connections.

21
CHAPTER 4
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES: -

• These are easy to install and work at both within as well as outside houses. These are very
effective perimeter alarm systems around properties. In indoor systems can utilize the
normal power outlets and jacks making them inconspicuous. At outside these can be easily
be hidden behind the bushes or plants without causing any damage. They consume less
power when compared to the laser system as the whole, which is expensive.

• These laser systems can be installed in homes either by self or by hiring a technical person.
By technological innovations cost of the security systems has been cut to a large extent.
So, making laser systems one among affordable security system options can be very safe.

• Lasers are strong in beam width and can be focused on the perfect target. By using laser
security system one can be safe in the case of harmful effects to the body. As the beam
width used in the laser security systems are not strong beam widths.

• The circuit, construction and setup for the Laser Security System are very simple. If used
with a battery, the laser security system can work even

DISADVANTAGES: -

The laser security system works only if the laser is obstructed. If the intruder passes without
obstructing the laser, it is considered as a failure. In order to secure a larger area, we need more
lasers and corresponding sensors.

22
APPLICATIONS

➤ Laser Security System can be used in safety lockers in our homes, where even if the locker's
code is hacked, it acts as an additional layer of security.

➤ Apart from security systems, this laser-based setup can also be used to check if pets or
babies crossed a certain boundary.

➤ These are easy to install and work at both within as well as outside houses. These are very
effective perimeter alarm systems around properties. In indoor systems can utilize the normal
power outlets and jacks making them inconspicuous. At outside these can be easily be hidden
behind the bushes or plants without causing any damage. They consume less power when
compared to the laser system as the whole, which is expensive.

➤ These laser systems can be installed in homes either by self or by hiring a technical person.
By technological innovations cost of the security systems has been cut to a large extent. So,
making laser systems one among affordable security system options can be very safe.

➤ Lasers are strong in beam width and can be focused on the perfect target. By using laser
security system one can be safe in the case of harmful effects to the body. As the beam width
used in the laser security systems are not strong beam widths.
The circuit, construction and setup for the Laser Security System are very simple. If used with
a battery, the laser security system can work even when there is a power outage.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

When the laser beam falling over the LDR is interrupted by the object in the field of laser net,
hence the LDR develops an output voltage and the alarm rings showing the sign of any
intruders. The Laser Security System has been successfully designed and developed. The
buzzer is turned on as the laser beam falling on the LDR is interrupted. The experimental
model was made according to the circuit diagram and the result was as expected.

The LDR has to be placed in dark place or inside a case so that the other source of light except
the laser beam doesn't affect the LDR. This helps the circuit to work faster and properly.

23
CONCLUSION

Laser security system provides us the security against any crime, theft in our day-to-day life
and so people are installing them in order to stay safe, secure and sound. Various electronic
security systems can be used at home and other important working places for security and
safety purposes. It is a great opportunity and source of saving man power contributing no
wastage of electricity. The "Laser Security System" is an important helping system. Using this
system robbery, thefts & crime can be avoided to large extend. Avoiding thieves results in the
safety of our financial assets and thereby this system provides us protection against all.

The Laser & LDR system is highly sensitive with a great range of working. The system senses
the light emitted by the Laser falling over the LDR connected with the circuit. Whenever the
beam of light is interrupted by any means, it triggers the alarm or siren. This highly reactive
approach has low computational requirement; therefore, it is well suited to surveillance,
industrial application and smart environments.

REFERENCES

❖ YOUTUBE: -

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alQ9v8dyaTs

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RByUATNB6RQ

❖ GOOGLE: -

1. https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/l/81yNQTdA2GL SL.1500 ing

2. https://miro.medium.com/max/797/1*4ky7/9RL4Bg4f9cZFjX7gw.jpeg

3. https://www.androiderode.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/laser-security.png

24