LABORATORY MANUAL

On
“ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY”
(107009)
Semester – I / II
Prepared by:Ms.Pawar A.D.

NAME OF LABORATORY: ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE

SNJB’s Late Sau. Kantabai BhavarlaljiJainCollege of Engineering,

Chandwad

A.Y. 20 -- 20

1
 SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. Jain College of Engineering,
Chandwad.

VISION

To transform young aspirant learners towards

creativity and professionalism for societal growth
through quality technical education.

MISSION

1.To share values, ideas, beliefs by encouraging

faculties and students for welfare of society.

2.To acquire the environment of learning to bridge

the gap between industry and academics.

3.To enhance diverse carrier opportunities among

students for building nation.

4.To transfer the suitable technology, particularly for

rural development.

2
 SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. Jain College of Engineering,
Chandwad.
SEMESTER:I/II

CLASS: FE SUBJECT-ENGG.CHEMISTRY PATTERN: 2019

Summary: This course covers technology used to improve water quality,

electroanalyatical techniques, synthetic organic polymers, fuels and combustion,
spectroscopic techniques and corrosion science.

After successful completion of the course, Experiment Target/

COs BL
student should be able to Mapped Threshold
Apply the different methodologies for analysis of
CO1 water and techniques involved in softening of 3 Applying 1,2 50%
water as commodity
CO2
Select appropriate electro analytical technique 3,5 50%
3 Applying
and method of material analysis.

CO3 Demonstrate the knowledge of advanced 3 Applying

6 50%
engineering materials for various engineering
applications.
CO4 4 Analyzing
Analyze fuel and suggest use of alternative 7 50%
fuels.
CO5 Identify chemical compounds based on their 3 Applying 4 50%
structure.
CO6
Explain causes of corrosion and methods for 2
8 50%
minimizing corrosion. Understanding

Program Dependent Program Independent Outcomes Program Specific

CO/PO Outcomes (Professional Skills) Outcomes
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PS PS
PO1 PO2 PO3 PSO3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 O1 O2
2 1 2 - - - 2 2 2 - - 3
CO1 - - -

CO2 2 2 2 3 -
- 2 - 2 2 2 - - - -

CO3 2 1 1 3
- - - 3 2 2 - - - - -

CO4 2 2 1 3
- 2 - 3 2 2 - - - - -

CO5 2 1 2 3
- 2 - 2 2 2 - - - - -

CO6 2 2 1 3
- 1 - 3 2 2 - - - - -

15/
9/6= 9/6=1. 7/4= 12/ 12/ 18/
CO 12/6=2
1.5 5
-
1.75 - 6=2.
6=2 6=2
- -
6=3
- - -
5

3
 Engg.Chemistry Lab Rubrics

Poor (1) Satisfactory (2) Excellent (4)

Good (3) Max
SN Criteria (Does not meet (meets few (exceeds
(Meets all expectations) Marks
expectations) expectations) expectations)
1 6 9 12 15
Ready to work
Team Work/ Observe precisely, even after lab
Little effort to
involvement in actively supports Take lead to perform the hour, spare time 15
perform the
practical others to perform the practical. Helps Classmates. in lab in free
practical.
practical. hours or lunch
break.
10 15 20 25
Good
understanding of
Understanding
experiment/chem
of experiment/ Partial understanding Good Understanding of
No understanding ical reactions.
instruments/eq of experiment. Cannot experiment, Can handle the
2 of Equipment/ Questions are
uipment, handle equipment’s/instruments/Co
wrong set answered 25
chemical equipment’s/instrum rrect set up./Explain
up/Reactions completely and
reactions etc. ents. reactions
correctly.
accurately
handles the tools/
6 9 12 15
Regularity/Tim Lab report Lab report
Lab report submitted
ely Submission submitted not as Lab report submitted as submitted as 15
not as directed, but on
3 directed, and after directed, and on time. directed, and
time.
long time. before time.
10 15 20 25
Chemical
Lab report, reactions, graphs, Chemical
chemical tables contain reactions, graphs,
Graphs, tables,
reactions errors or are Observation
chemical reactions Chemical reactions, graphs,
Figures, poorly tables, figures and
OK, some still missing Observation table are
4 Graphs, constructed, have all answers 25
Observation some important or properly filled. All answers
missing titles, written properly
required features in written properly,
Table, charts, captions or and in detail with
reactions.
calculations, numbers, units good handwriting
result etc. missing or and sequence
incorrect, etc
8
12 16 20

All important
5
points are
Lack of interpreted
Interpretation Some of the results 20
understanding of correctly and
of result, Viva have been correctly Almost all of the results have
result. No discussed,
and Conclusion interpreted and been correctly interpreted
understanding of Additional insight
discussed; Few and discussed. Most
concept. is also mentioned.
questions answered questions are answered and
Questions not Most of questions
but not related to understood.
answered are answered
topic.
properly correctly and
discussed very
well.
Total Marks 100

4
 INDEX

Expt. Name of Experiment Page Date of Date of Assessment Sign of

No. No Performance Submission Teacher
Marks

1 To determine hardness of water

by EDTA method

2
To determine alkalinity of water
3
To determine strength of strong
acid using pH meter

4 To determine maximum
wavelength of absorption of
CuSO4, verify Beer’s law and
find unknown concentration of
given sample.
5 Titration of a mixture of weak
acid and strong acid with strong
base using conduct meter

6
Preparation of Polystyrene/
urea-formaldehyde resin/
Phenol formaldehyde resin
7 Proximate analysis of coal

8
To coat copper on iron plate
using electroplating
Preparation of urea - formaldehyde
resin Preparation of urea -
formaldehyde resinV

Preparation of urea - formaldehyde

Total Marks Out Of 80
resin Preparation of urea -
formaldehyde resin Certificate
This is to certify that Mr./Ms. --------------------------------Roll No:-----student
of FE Branch------,has completed the above said experiments for semester-
I/II of the academic year

Examination No:

Ms. A.D. Pawar Mr.S.B. Chavan Dr.R.G.Tated

Subject In-charge Head of Dept Principal

5
 Laboratory Safety Regulations
A.GENERAL LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

 Follow lab timings strictly.

 Use instruments of the lab properly.
 Use fans and tubes of the lab only if required.
 Do not disturb arranged set of practical.
 Never work alone in the laboratory.
 Never begin working, until your instructor arrives.
 Never bring smoking materials, food or drink into the
chemistry lab.
 Many laboratory chemicals are poisonous. Never taste a
chemical or a solution.
 Do not use broken or cracked glass equipment’s.
 Read the label carefully before removing a chemical from a
container.
 Do not pipette out any concentrated acids, alkali’s and buffer
solutions.
 While diluting H2SO4, pour the acid very slowly into water
with constant stirring. Do not add water to the acid
 Use tongs wherever necessary especially when you have to
pick up hot objects.
 Arrange the stools properly after use.
 Handle apparatus with care and wash them thoroughly
before and after use.
 At once report all accidents to your teacher.
 Get your write up checked regularly and in time.
 First-aid kit is available for emergency use only in the
laboratory. Band-aids for minor cuts are also available in the
First-aid kit. Notify your instructor or the technicians if you
use safety items.

6
B.GENERAL LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

 To avoid spattering of acids which can cause burns, always add

acid to water. Never add water to acid.
 Before taking any reagent, you must read carefully the label on
the bottle. Many chemicals have similar names however they
may exhibit different properties viz. concentration level, etc.
 To avoid unnecessary waste, obtain only the required amount of
chemicals in an experiment. Your instructor will tell you the
proper procedure for dispensing liquids and solids.
 Never return unused chemicals to the reagent bottle without
prior permission of the instructor.
 Follow scrupulously the instructor’s instructions in case of
disposing the chemicals. Dispose of non-hazardous, water
soluble substances in the sink, and
 put insoluble materials such as filter paper in waste basket.
 Broken glass must be put into the containers specified for that
purpose.
 Before leaving the Laboratory please ensure, clean off the
surface. Remove matches & papers, and wipe down the surface
with wet cloth.

C. EYE PROTECTION
 If you get an irritating substance in your eye, move quickly
to the eye washer and wash your eyes thoroughly for at least
15 minutes. Do not take this incidence as a common one.
 Have someone notify the instructor of the accident so that
you can be taken to the nearby Health Center immediately
 Remove contact lenses while performing experiment in the
laboratory.
D.FIRE HAZARD
 In case of fire bring the fact immediately in the notice of
concerned laboratory instructor.
 Do not dry chemicals in a drying oven or heat any materials
with an open flame unless specifically directed to do so by
the laboratory instructor.

7
E. CONTACT & INGESTION HAZARD
 If you spill a corrosive substance on your skin or clothing,
wash it off with plenty of water for 15 minutes. Notify the
instructor of any spillage as soon as possible; he/she will
provide any necessary secondary treatment and will arrange
for your transportation to the Health Center, if necessary.
 Never eat, drink, or taste anything in the laboratory.
 Smoking & use of cell phones are strictly prohibited in the
laboratory.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT BY STUDENT

I have read and understood the Laboratory Safety Regulations.

The details have been called to my attention by the instructor in
charge of my laboratory section. I agree to abide by these
regulations in the interest of my own safety and that of my other
batch mates.
Name: __________________________ Roll No.: ________
Lab Day& Hour: __________________

Student’s Signature & Date Instructor’s Signature & Date

8
 SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. Jain College of Engineering, Chandwad.
Department of Applied Science
Subject: Engineering Chemistry (107009)
Experiment No.- _______
Title: ___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Name of Student-_________________________________________Roll No-___________
Div: -___________
Date of Completion: __________________Date of Submission: __________________

S.N. Criteria Possible Obtained

Marks Marks

1 Team Work/ involvement in practical 6, 9, 12, 15

2 Understanding of experiment/ 10, 15, 20, 25

instruments/equipment, chemical
reactions etc.

Regularity/Timely Submission
3 6, 9, 12, 15

4 Lab report, chemical reactions Figures, 10, 15, 20, 25

Graphs, Observation Table, charts,
calculations,result etc.

5 Interpretation of result, Viva and 8, 12, 16, 20

Conclusion

Total

Prof. Pawar A.D.

(Subject Teacher)

9
 Experiment No.1
Hardness Estimation

Learning Outcome: 1) The importance of EDTA particularly in the

determination of water hardness.

2) Carry out complex metric titration and related calculations.

Learning Objective:1:To perform a complex metric titration to

determine the hardness water from various source .

Aim:-To estimate the total hardness of given sample of water

by EDTA method.

Apparatus:
Burette, pipette, Conical flask, Beaker, white tile, volumetric flask .

Chemicals:-
EDTA, ZnSO4, Buffer solution, (pH-10), Eriochrome Black-T
indicator.

Theory:-
Water sample which does not produce lather rapidly with soap is
known as hard water.On heating it leave deposits of scales on the
walls of the containers. The total hardness is due tothe presence of
dissolved carbonates, sulphates, chlorides & nitrates of magnesium
& calcium. The relation between the types of water sample &
degree of hardness can be given by following table. This anion is
strong chelating agent and can be represented as H 2Y2.The EDTA
forms a stable complex in basic medium thus alkaline buffer of
NH4OH & NH4Cl (pH-10) is used.

10
 Hardness description of water
Hardness as ppm of CaCO3
sample
Soft 0-75
Moderately hard 75-150
Hard 150-300

Very hard. Above 300

The hardness which can be easily removed on heating is known as

temporary hardness. It is due to the bicarbonates of calcium and
magnesium which get decomposed on heating as insoluble carbonates and
hydroxides which can be removed by filtration.
∆
Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + H2O+CO2

This hardness is also known as bicarbonate hardness. The hardness which

cannot be removed by heating is known as permanent hardness. The sum
of temporary hardness is known as total hardness
To determine the total hardness of given water sample disodium salt of
ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid is used as it forms strong 1:1 complex with
divalent metal ions.

NaOOCH2C CH2COOH
N-CH2-CH2-N

HOOCH2C CH2COONa

The disodium salt of EDTA ions in water as –

— OOCH2C CH2COOH
N-CH2-CH2-N + 2Na+

HOOCH2C CH2COO —

11
 This anion is strong chelating agent and can be represented as
H2Y2.The EDTA forms a stable complex in basic medium thus alkaline
buffer of NH4OH & NH4Cl (pH-10) is used.

The Complex made by EDTA4- with Ca2+ ion.

In this complex metric titration, Eriochrome Black T is used as an

indicator. The indicator forms less stable wine red co lour complex with
metal ions. (Less stable with respect to metal ion-EDTA complex) which
dissociates on titration with EDTA solution. On dissociation, a strong 1:1
metal ion EDTA complex is formed & indicator is set free which gives its
blue co lour to the solution.

M2+ +Hin2- ---------------- Min- + H+

Indicator Metal-Indicator complex
(Blue) (Wine red)

12
Preparation of solutions:

1. 0.01M EDTA solution: Weigh 0.0306gm of disodium salt of EDTA in

a beaker and dissolves it in a little water. Transfer this solution to a
250ml volumetric flask and dilute with distilled water to the mark.
Stir well.

2. 0.01M ZnSO4 Solution: weigh accurately 0.718gm Zinc sulphate

transfer it in a beaker & dissolve it if small quantity of water & dilute
it upto 250ml volumetric flask.

3. Eriochrome Black-T: Add 0.2 gm A.R. grade solid Eriochrome black-

T in 15ml of triethanolamine& 5ml of ethanol.

4. Ammonium hydroxide buffer (pH=10):Dissolve 68gm A.R.grade

NH4Cl in
distilledwater Add 572ml of liquor ammonia & dilute to litter.

Procedure:-
PART-A
Standardization of EDTA solution:

Fill burette with approximately 0.01M EDTA solution. Pipette out

25ml of 0.01M ZnSO4 solution in a conical flask. Add one test tube
of buffer solution (pH=10) & add 5 drops of EriochromeBlack-T
indicator, titrate the solution against EDTA solution. At the end
point co lour changes from wine red to sky blue. Repeat for 3 to 4
times & note constant burette reading as “X” ml.By using this
reading, find out exact molarity of EDTA solution.

PART-B
Estimation of total hardness of given water sample:

Fill the burette with EDTA solution. Pipette out 25ml of water
sample in conical flask. Add on test tube of buffer solution
(pH=10) & 5 drops of Eriochrome black-T indicator. Titrate the
solution against6 EDTA solution. At the end point co lour changes
from wine red to sky blue.Repeate for 3 to 4 times &note constant
burette reading as Y ml By using this reading calculate the total
hardness of water sample.
13
Observation tables & calculations:-

PART-A: Standardization of EDTA solution.

Observations:

Burette: 25ml EDTA solution (approx.0.01M)

Pipette: 25ml 0.01 M ZnSO4.7H2O
Indicator: Eriochrome black-T
End point: Wine red to sky blue

Equations:
Zn2+ + HIn2 ZnIn- + H+ Metel ion Indicator complex
Blue Indicator (wine red)

ZnIn- +H2Y2ZnY2 HIn2 + H+

Metal ion Indicator EDTA Complex Blue

14
Observation table:

Sr. Burette Reading Volume of Indicator End Point

No. (In ml) solution by
pipette(In ml)
1. 25ml
Wine Red
2. 25ml
EBT
3. 25ml To
Sky Blue

X = _____________________________ml.

Calculation:-
ZnSO4 = EDTA
M1V1 = M2V2
0.001 X 25 = M2 x “X”

0.01
x25
M2 
C.B.R.

Thus exact molarity of EDTA = M2 M.

PART-B:-To find out total hardness of given water sample

Observations:

Burette: M.EDTA solution (approx.0.01M)

Pipette: 25ml of water
Indicator: Eriochrome black-T
End point: Wine red to sky blue
15
 Ca2+ + HIn2- CaIn- + H+
Metal ion Indicator Blue Indicator complex

CaIn- + H2Y2- CaY2-+ HIn2- + H+

Observation table:

Sr. Burette Reading Volume of Indicator End Point

No. (In ml) solution by
pipette(In ml)
1. 25ml
Wine Red
2. 25ml EBT To
3. 25ml Sky Blue

Y = __________________ml

Calculation:
Total hardness

1 mole EDTA = 1 mole (Ca2+) = 1 mole CaCO3.

1 mole EDTA = 100 gm CaCO3
Thus 1000 ml 1 molar EDTA = 100 gm of CaCO 3
1 ml 0.01 M EDTA = 1 mg of CaCO3
YxM 2 mg.ofCaCO3
Y ml M2 M EDTA =
0.01

= ---------------------------

= -----------------------mg of CaCO3 = “A” mg of CaCO3

25 ml water sample contains ‘A’ (------) mg of CaCO3

1000 ml water sample contains 40 A (------) mg of CaCO3.

16
But 1 mg of CaCO3 (100 mg) per liter of water is 1 ppm of CaCO3 1 ppm.

Thus hardness of water sample is = 40 x A ppm

= 40 x ----------ppm.

= -------------------------ppm.

Result:-

Sr.No. Description Value

1. Molarity of EDTA solution

…………..……………..M.
Total hardness of a given sample
2.
of water …….……………..ppm.

17
 SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. Jain College of Engineering, Chandwad.
Department of Applied Science
Subject: Engineering Chemistry (107009)
Experiment No.- _______
Title: ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Name of Student-____________________________________________Roll No-___________
Div: -___________
Date of Completion: __________________Date of Submission: __________________

S.N. Criteria Possible Obtained

Marks Marks

1 Team Work/ involvement in practical 6, 9, 12, 15

2 Understanding of experiment/ 10, 15, 20, 25

instruments/equipment, chemical
reactions etc.

3 Regularity/Timely Submission 6, 9, 12, 15

4 Lab report, chemical reactions Figures, 10, 15, 20, 25

Graphs, Observation Table, charts,
calculations,result etc.

5 Interpretation of result, Viva and 8, 12, 16, 20

Conclusion

Total

Prof. Pawar A.D.

(Subject Teacher)
18
 EXPERIMENT NO: - 2

Alkalinity of water sample

Learning Objective:

1) To determine the alkalinity of the water sample.

2) To compare the alkalinity of the lake water and distilled water.

Learning Outcome 1) Using dye indicators measure phenolphthalein

alkalinity and total alkalinity.

2) Calculate hydroxide, carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity

AIM:- To determine alkalinity of a given water sample.

Apparatus required:-Burette, pipette, conical flask, beaker, measuring
flask and droppers.

Chemicals:-N / 50 HCl solution, phenolphthalein and methyl orange

indicator.

Theory:-1) Alkalinity is a measure of capacity of water to neutralize acids.

Alkalinity in water is due to the presence of following ions: Alkalinity of
water is due to the presence of OH-,CO3--,and HCO3-in ppm.
2) Water becomes alkaline due to OH-,CO3--,and HCO3-in ppm. CO3 & OH-
ions together,CO3--& HCO3 -ion together.
3) In neutralization titration H+ ions of Hydrochloric acid Neutralize OH-,
CO3--, and HCO3 ions present in given sample of water.
4) Suitability of alkaline water –When alkaline water is used in Boiler to
generate steam or when comes in contact with metallic structures, it
creates problem like corrosion
5) When acid solution added in alkaline water following reactions are takes
place

1. OH- + H+ →H2 O
2. CO32- + H+ → HCO3-
3. HCO3- + H+ → H2 O +CO2

19
Procedure:-
1. Rinse and fill the burette with N/50 HCl solution.
2. Remove air bubble if present in the burette and adjust zero level
correctly.
3. Take 25 ml of sample water in conical flask with the help of
pipette & add 2 to 3 drops of Phenolphthalein indicator.
4. Titrate the content of conical flask against N/50 N HCl solution
until Pink colour just disappears.
5. Then, add 2 to 3 drops of Methyl orange indicator in the same
solution of conical flask.
6. Continue the titration till a sharp colour change from yellow to
Orange occurs.
7. Note the total volume of N/50 N HCl from the beginning of the
titration.

Observations—

1. For phenolphthalein indicator-

1. In burette : - 0.02N HCl solution

2. In flask : - 25 ml water sample
3. Indicator : - Phenolphthalein.
4. End point :- Pink to colorless

2. For Methyl orange indicator:-

1. In burette :- 0.02 N HCl solution

2. In flask :- Same solution from Phenolphthalein end point.
3. Indicator :- Methyl orange
4. End Point :- Yellow to orange.

Precautions-

20
1. The burette, pipette and conical flask should be rinsed with distilled water.

2. After rinsing with distilled water burette and pipette should be rinsed with desired
solution

3. Funnel should be removed from burette during titration.

Observation table:

Calculations:
Here,
P=Phenolphthalein end point= Y-X=------ml

M=Methyl Orange end point= Z-X=------ml

Phenolphthalein alkalinity
Volume of Hydrochloric acid (phenolphthalein end point) = (Y-X)……….. ml
21
Strength of Hydrochloric acid = ………… N

Volume of water sample-A = …………. ml (Concordant Value)

VacidX NacidX 50 X 1000

Phenolphthalein alkalinity (P) = -------------------------------------

Vwater sample

= ------------ ppm

Methyl Orange or Total Alaklinity

Volume of Hydrochloric acid (methyl orange end point) =(Z-X) ……………….. ml

Strength of Hydrochloric acid = ……………… N

Volume of water sample-A = ………… ml (Concordant Value)

VacidX NacidX 50 X 1000

Methyl Orange alkalinity (M or T) = -------------------------------------

Vwater sample

=-----------ppm

22
The types of alkalinities present in the samples are calculated using the
equations given in the following table and the results are tabulated.

Result—
1. Alkalinity with respect to OH- = ______________ppm.

2. Alkalinity with respect to CO3- - = ______________ppm.

3. Alkalinity with respect to HCO3 - = ______________ppm.

4. Total alkalinity in terms of CaCO3 =_____________ppm

23
 SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. Jain College of Engineering,
Chandwad.
Department of Applied Science
Subject: Engineering Chemistry (107009)
Experiment No.- _______
Title: ___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Name of Student-________________________________________Roll No-___________
Div: -___________
Date of Completion: __________________Date of Submission: __________________

S.N. Criteria Possible Obtained

Marks Marks

1 Team Work/ involvement in practical 6, 9, 12, 15

2 Understanding of experiment/ 10, 15, 20, 25

instruments/equipment, chemical
reactions etc.

Regularity/Timely Submission
3 6, 9, 12, 15

4 Lab report, chemical reactions Figures, 10, 15, 20, 25

Graphs, Observation Table, charts,
calculations,result etc.

5 Interpretation of result, Viva and 8, 12, 16, 20

Conclusion

Total

Prof. Pawar A.D.

(Subject Teacher)

24
 Experiment No.3
pH metric titration

Learning objective: Determination of concentration of HCl solution by

titrating it against standard NaOH solution using a pH-meter.

Learning outcome: Use of PH- meter for determination of concentration

of HCl.

Aim: Determination of concentration of HCl solution by

titrating it against standard NaOH solution using a pH-meter.
CHEMICALS: N/10 HCl, N/10 NaOH, Solutions of pH=4&9

APPARATUS: pH meter, burette, pipette, beakers, measuring cylinder,

Glass electrode.

THEORY: When an alkali is added to an acid solution, the pH of the solution

increases slowly, but at the vicinity of the equivalence point, the rate of
change of pH of the solution is very rapid. From the sharp break in the
curve, we can find the equivalence point, from which the strength can be
calculated by normality equation.

PROCEDURE: First standardize the pH meter with a buffer of pH 4& 9.

1-Take 50ml of HCl solution in a 100 ml. beaker so that the glass electrodes
is completely dipped. Note the pH of pure acid solution.

2-Now add ---- ml of N/10NaOH from the burette in the beaker. Stir the
contents well. Note the pH of the solution.

3-Now go on adding NaOH solution from the burette and note the pH of the
solution after each addition of ---- ml of N/10 NaOH.

4-After equivalence point there will be sudden change in pH value i.e it will
jump to basic range.

5-After completion of experiment draw a graph between volumes of NaOH

added vs pH values.

6-Join two curves and find the volume of N/10 NaOH required to neutralize
at pH=7 which is equivalence point.
25
OBSERVATION: Volume of HCl taken =50ml

Normality of NaOH solution=N/10

SR. NO. VOL. OF PH SR. NO. VOL OF PH

N/10 N/10NAOH
NAOH
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

1. GRAPH: pH against Volume of NaOH added

26
Volume of N/10NaOH Solution used from burette (ml) to neutralize 50 ml
of HCl solution(From Graph) =V2ml

CALCULATIONS:N1V1= N2V2

(HCl sample)=(NaOHsolution)

N1= (1/10xV2ml)/10ml

Strength HCl solution

= N1x36.5 gm/litre

= N1×36.5 ×1000mgm/litre

= N1×36.5×1000ppm

27
RESULT: The strength of the given HCl solution = .................ppm .

PRECAUTION

1. pHmeter should of switched on 15 minutes before performing the

experiment .

2. pH meter should be standardized properly .

3. Temperature should be kept at 25oc.

4. Each time equal amount of NaOH should be added.

28
29
30
 SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. Jain College of Engineering, Chandwad.
Department of Applied Science
Subject: Engineering Chemistry (107009)
Experiment No.- _______
Title: ___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Name of Student-____________________________________________Roll No-___________
Div: -___________
Date of Completion: __________________Date of Submission: __________________

S.N. Criteria Possible Obtained

Marks Marks

1 Team Work/ involvement in practical 6, 9, 12, 15

2 Understanding of experiment/ 10, 15, 20, 25

instruments/equipment, chemical
reactions etc.

3 Regularity/Timely Submission 6, 9, 12, 15

4 Lab report, chemical reactions Figures, 10, 15, 20, 25

Graphs, Observation Table, charts,
calculations,result etc.

5 Interpretation of result, Viva and 8, 12, 16, 20

Conclusion

Total

Prof. Pawar A.D.

(Subject Teacher)

31
 Experiment No.4
Determining the Concentration of a Solution: Beer’s Law

Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of spectrophotometry.

State the Beer-Lambert Law

Learning Outcomes: To find unknown Concentration in given sample.

AIM: - To determine maximum wavelength of absorption of CuSO4, verify

Beer’s law & find unknown Concentration in given sample.

CHEMICALS: - 0.01 M CuSO4 sol. unknown CuSO4 ,liquor ammonia , Distilled

water .

APPARATUS.- 100 ml volumetric flask , pipette , Curettes , beakers .

INSTRUMENTS :- Colorimeter

THEORY = Colorimetry deals with measurement of colored intensity. the color of

a substance due to
absorbance of light waves of certain wavelength if a solution does not
absorb light .it is transparent& colorless .if it absorb light completely
it looks completely black. the absorption
of light by solution results in excitation of electrons in its molecule
The advantage of colorimetric analysis is that, it requires much less
time and it is more accurate than chemical analysis. Colorimetry is
used to determine only low concentrations
,usually less than 2%

Fundamentals lows of Colourimetry :-

When light (monochromatic or polychromatic) is incident upon
homogeneous
medium, a part of radiant power of the incident light (Po) is reflected
(Pr) , a part is absorbed by
the medium(Pa) and the remainder transmitted (P)
Po=Pr+ Pa+P
Where Po=Radiant power of incident light
Pr = radiant power of reflected light
Pa = radient power of absorbed light
32
 P = radient power of transmitted light
If a comparison cell or the same cell is used during analysis , the value of Pr
which is very small
(4%) can be eliminated for air- glasses interfaces .Under this condition, the
above relation
becomes.
P0 = Pa +P

Two fundamental laws underline the practice of colorimeter

Lambert’s law -Beer’s law
The combined form of these law is called as Beers – Lamberts law .
These are given below

Lambert’s Law: - This law can be stated as follows.

When a beam of monochromatic light is allowed to pass through a
transparent medium is , the rate of decrease in radient power with the
thickness of of medium is directly proportional to the radiant power of the
incident light .

Mathematically, the can be stated as follows;

-dp /db a P

-dp /db = klP

Where dp is the change in radiant power when light of radiant power
of P passes through an infinitesimally small thickness of sample .
db,
k1 the proportional constant and minus sign indicates that the
radiant power decrease as
the light path increases.
on integrating the above equation between limits b=0 and b=b and P=Po & P=P
we get,

P/Po =e-k1b here P/Po= T= Transmittance of solution

or log10 Po/P= [K1 /2.303 b, here log 10 Po/P=A = Absorbance of

solution .
A=k1 b, where k1 = k1 /2.303
i.e. absorbance of solution is directly proportional to the path length of the
solution.

33
Beers Law :-
when a beam of monochromatic light is allowed to pass through a
transparent medium, the rate of decrease of radiant power with the
concentration of the medium is directly proportional to the radiant power
of the incident light.

Mathematically , the law may be stated as follows:

-dp /dc aP

OR -dp /dc = k2p

where dp is the change in radiant power when light of radiant of P

passes through an
infinitesimal concentration of sample dc ,
k2 the proportionality constant and minus sign indicates that radiant
power decreases as
the concentration increases .

On integrating the above equation between limits P=P 0 And P=P And C=0 and C=
C we get,

P/P0= e –k2b

here P/P0 = T =transmitting solution .

Or log10 P0/P [ K2 /2.303 ] C,

here log10 P0/P= A = absorbance of solution .

A=k2C, Where k2 = k2/2.303

i.e. absorbance of solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the
solution.

Lambert – Beer’s law :-

The Lamberts law states that the

Absorbance = constant thickness of medium

Beer’s law states that ,

Absorbance = constant concentration of the medium

The combined law may be given by the relation –

Absorbance =Constant thickness of the medium conc. of medium

34
That is A=Constant bc

thus the Lamberts - Beers law stated as :

When a beam of monochromatic light is allowed to pass through transparent

medium .The absorbance
of the medium is directly proportional to the thick ness and concentration of the
medium. [Aά b C]

When a beam of monochromatic light is allowed to pass through a transparent

medium , the of
decreases of radiant power with the thickness and concentration of the medium
is directly
Proportional to the radiant power of the incident light.

Thus A=abc

When the concentration is expressed in gl-1 and thickness in cm , above equation is

called absorptive
and represented by the symbol ‘£’
thus A=£bc

The molar absorptive is the absorbance of the solution measured in a cell of one
cm thickness and with
Concentration of one molar per liter . It is a constant independence
of concentration ,length of path and radiant power of incident light .
Now for the given thickness of the medium and system the medium
A=abc

Takes the form A= constant c or A έ A and therefore the

Lambert – Beer’s law stated as:-

3 .For the given system and the thickness of the medium. The absorbance of the
solution
Is directly proportional to the concentration of an absorbing species.

35
 PROCEDURE:-

Part -1 :Preparation of four different concentration of 0.01 M

CuSO4 Solution

Flask Conc. of CuSO4 M solution Liquor Total

No. Solution taken for NH3 volume
(M) dilution Added after
(ml) (ml) dilution
(ml)
1 0.006 60 25 100
2 0.004 40 25 100
3 0.002 20 25 100
4 0.001 10 25 100
5 Unknown given 25 100

Part – II: - Determination of λmax .

To select filter, use 0.006 M CuSo4 solution from above solution & use blank
(reference sol.)
As distilled water + 25 liq. NH3 .try all filters available in the lab. Select
the one with which the exp.solution has the maximum absorbance
(O.D.)call the wave length of this filter as λmax

Filter No. Wavelength in nm Absorbance (A)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Part –III –To find out absorbance (optical density) for known and unknown
solutions at λmax.
1:Place the appropriate filter corresponding to λmax value in the filter
Compartment.

2:Take the reference (blank) solution (25 ml liquor ammonia diluted to 100 ml)
in the cuvette clean it from outside and inside it into sample compartment .
36
3. Adjust the meter reading to 100% transmittance with the help of course and
find set 100 knobs.

4: Remove the cuvette, wash with distilled water . Put the 0.006 M feso4 –NH3
complex solution from flask no.1 in it .Clean it from outside and insert it into
sample compartment. Read the absorbance of the solution on meter scale .

5:Repeat the procedure for remaining known and unknown solutions to record
their absorbance values .

OBSERVATION TABLE :-

Flask no. Concentration of CuSO4 Absorbance or O. D.

1 0.006 M
2 0.004 M
3 0.002 M
4 0.001 M
5 Unknown

GRAPH -

Optical
density
concentration

Plot the graph as

1) Absorbance against wavelength
2) Absorbance against conc.

37
RESULT :-

1 λmax -------------------- nm.

2 Concntration of unknown ---------------------mol /lit.
CuSO4 solution

38
39
40
 SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. Jain College of Engineering, Chandwad.
Department of Applied Science
Subject: Engineering Chemistry (107009)

Experiment No.- _______

Title: ___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Name of Student-____________________________________________Roll No-___________
Div: -___________
Date of Completion: __________________Date of Submission: __________________
S.N. Criteria Possible Obtained
Marks Marks

1 Team Work/ involvement in practical 6, 9, 12, 15

2 Understanding of experiment/ 10, 15, 20, 25

instruments/equipment, chemical
reactions etc.

Regularity/Timely Submission
3 6, 9, 12, 15

4 Lab report, chemical reactions Figures, 10, 15, 20, 25

Graphs, Observation Table, charts,
calculations,result etc.

5 Interpretation of result, Viva and 8, 12, 16, 20

Conclusion

Total

Prof. Pawar A.D.

(Subject Teacher)
41
 Experiment No.5
Conduct metric Titration

Learning Objective: Measurement of conductance Acid-Base solution by

using conduct-meter.

Learning Outcome: Use of conduct- meter for measurement of

conductance of various acid –base solutions during titration.

AIM: -
Titration of mixture of weak acid & strong acid with strong
base by using conduct meter.

APPARATUS: -
Conduct meter, Conductivity cell, water etc.

CHEMICALS:-
N/2 (exact) NaOH,N/10(0.1approx)HCl& N/10 (approx)CH 3COOH

DIAGRAM :-

PROCEDURE:-

1) Connect the apparatus as shown earlier in circuit diagram.

2) Take 20 ml of mixture of acid solution into the clean conductivity cell
dilute it by about 20ml of conductivity water & see that the
electrodes are covered by solution.
3) Place the cell in the constant temp bath.
42
 4) Fill the burette with N/2 NaOH solutions adjust the burette end so
that it is just above the alkali solution.
5) Measure the initial reading of acid solution.
6) From burette add 0.2 ml solution of NaOH each time to the solution in
the cell.stirr well note the conductance of the cell. This way takes
about 20 readings.

Observation Table:

ml.ofNaOH Conductance
Sr.No.
Added (1/R)

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)

43
 23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)

GRAPH-
Plot the graph of Conductance VS ml of NaOH added

CONCULSION:-
The conductance decreases as the reaction approaches the end point,
after end point of neutralization of HCl conductance slowly increases up to
end point CH3COOH and after neutralization of CH3COOH conductance
again increases as alkali added.

44
45
 SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. Jain College of Engineering, Chandwad.
Department of Applied Science
Subject: Engineering Chemistry (107009)
Experiment No.- _______
Title: ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Name of Student-____________________________________________Roll No-___________
Div: -___________
Date of Completion: __________________Date of Submission: __________________
S.N. Criteria Possible Obtained
Marks Marks

1 Team Work/ involvement in practical 6, 9, 12, 15

2 Understanding of experiment/ 10, 15, 20, 25

instruments/equipment, chemical
reactions etc.

3 Regularity/Timely Submission 6, 9, 12, 15

4 Lab report, chemical reactions Figures, 10, 15, 20, 25

Graphs, Observation Table, charts,
calculations, result etc.

5 Interpretation of result, Viva and 8, 12, 16, 20

Conclusion

Total

Prof. Pawar A.D.

(Subject Teacher)

46
 Experiment No.6
Preparation of Polymers

Learning objective: 1)To study synthesis of synthetic organic polymers.

2) Give the beginning student an opportunity for

teamwork in research.

Learning Outcome: Fabricate polymer based materials (e.g. Urea

formaldehyde resin) which is used to form electrical Insulator parts.

AIM – To Prepare Polystyrene & Phenol Formaldehyde

Resins, Study its characters.

A] AIM:-
To Prepare Polystyrene Resin

APPARATUS:-
Beakers, test tube etc.

CHEMICALS:-
Styrene, oil bath, nitrogen, benzene, methanol.

THEORY:-
Polystyrene is one of the lightest plastic materials. Bulk and suspension
polymerization are the most commonly used techniques. The monomer
styrene is obtained from benzene and ethylene.

PROCEDURE:-

To a test tube add 25 gm styrene. Flush the test tube with nitrogen and
stopper it. Immerse the tube in an oil bath & heated at 125 - 1300C for 24
hours. Cool the test tube and then break it to give polystyrene. Dissolve the
polystyrene so obtained in benzene and then add methanol till polystyrene
precipitates. Filter the precipitate of pure polystyrene and dry it at 50-60 0
C in an oven the give 22.5 gm of the product (about 90% yield).

47
Reactions –

PROPERTIES OF PLOYSTYRENE:-
1. It is transparent and light.
2. It has excellent moisture resistant property.
3. It has low softening range and is brittle.
4. It has good electrical insulation characteristics.
5. It has high Refractive Index.

USES OF POLYSTYRENE:-

1. Inmoulding of articles like toys, combs, buttons, radio and television

parts etc.
2. It finds use in food containers, food packaging, imbralla handles etc.
3. Due to high Refractive Index, it is used in optical component

48
B] AIM:-
Preparation of phenol formaldehyde resin

Apparatus:.
Breakers, heating assembly etc.

Chemicals:
Glacial acetic acid, 40% formaldehyde solution, conc. HCl solution.

THEORY:-
Phenolic resins are the condensation products of phenol and formaldehyde.
They are
also known as phenoplasts and PF resins. They are thermosetting resins.

PROCEDURE:-

Place 5 ml of glacial acetic acid and 2.5 ml of 40% formaldehyde solution in

a 500 ml beaker and 2 gm of phenol. Wrap a cloth or towel loosely round
the beaker. Pass dry HCl gas (or less preferably a few ml of conc. HCl) into
the mixture carefully. Within 5 minutes, a large mass of pink plastic is
formed.

REACTION:-
Step-1:- Formation of novolac
Step-2- Formation of Phenol formaldehyde resin:-
Initial reaction results in the formation of linear polymer novolac. During
moulding, hexamethylenetetramine is added, which converts the fusible
novolac into hard, infusible cross -linked structure Bakelite.

49
 Bakelite

50
PROPERTIES OF BAKELITE :-
1. They are rigid hard, scratch resistant, infusible substance.
2. They are attacked by alkalis.
3. They possess excellent electrical insulation character.
4. They have good chemical and abrasion resistance.

USES OF BAKELITE:-

1. They find use for good electrical, automotive, radio and TV parts,
adhesives for grinding wheels, bearings, paints and varnishes etc.
2. They are used for handles of cooker and saucepans..
3. They are used for production of ion - exchange resins.

C] To prepare urea formaldehyde resin.

Apparatus required:-Beaker, glass rod, funnel, filter paper and chemical

balance.

Chemicals:-Urea, formaldehyde sol., conc. H2SO4, distilled water.

Theory:- Amino resins are condensation products obtained by the

reaction of formaldehyde with nitrogen bearing compounds such as aniline,
amides for ex:- melamine formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde etc.

Urea formaldehyde is prepared by condensation reaction between

urea and formaldehyde in acidic or alkaline medium.

The first product formed during the formation of resin is

monomethylol and dimethylol ureas.

51
A fully cross-linked urea formaldehyde resin can be represented as:-

Procedure:

1. Place about 5 ml of 40% formaldehyde solution in 100 ml beaker.

2. Add about 2.5 g of urea with constant stirring till saturated solution is
obtained.

3. Add a few drops of conc. H2SO4, with constant stirring.

4. A voluminous white solid mass appears in the beaker. 5. Wash the white
solid with water and dry it in the folds of filter paper.

5. Weight the yield of product

Precautions: 1.While adding concentrated H2SO4, it is better to stay little

away from the beaker since the reaction sometimes becomes vigorous.

2. The reaction mixture should be stirred continuously.

52
Observations:

Mass of the beaker (W1) =---------g.

Mass of the beaker with urea formaldehyde (W2) = --------g.

Therefore mass of urea formaldehyde (W2 – W1) = --------g.

Result:-The yield of urea formaldehyde = -------g

Properties:

1. They have good electrical insulating properties.

2. They are resistant to oil, grease and weak acids.

3. They are hard, resist abrasion and scratching.

4. They have good adhesive properties.

Uses:

1. They are used adhesive applications for the production of plywood and
laminating.

2. They are used for the manufacture of cation exchange resins.

3. These also find use in the manufacture of electrical switches, plugs and
insulating foams.

4. Their applications also include the treatment of textile fibers for

improving their shrink and crease resistance

53
 SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. Jain College of Engineering, Chandwad.
Department of Applied Science
Subject: Engineering Chemistry (107009)
Experiment No.- _______
Title: ___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Name of Student-___________________________________________Roll No-___________
Div: -___________
Date of Completion: __________________Date of Submission: __________________
S.N. Criteria Possible Obtained
Marks Marks

1 Team Work/ involvement in practical 6, 9, 12, 15

2 Understanding of experiment/ 10, 15, 20, 25

instruments/equipment, chemical
reactions etc.

3 Regularity/Timely Submission 6, 9, 12, 15

4 Lab report, chemical reactions Figures, 10, 15, 20, 25

Graphs, Observation Table, charts,
calculations, result etc.

5 Interpretation of result, Viva and 8, 12, 16, 20

Conclusion

Total

Prof. Pawar A.D.

(Subject Teacher)

54
 Experiment No.7
Proximate Analysis of Coal
Learning Objective: To study analysis of coal sample

Learning Outcomes: Estimation of different constituents

(moisture,volatile matter,ash,carbon)from coal sample.
Aim:
To estimate of percentage of Moisture, Volatile matter & ash content
in a given sample of coal.

Apparatus:
Porcelain crucible, silica crucible, Desiccators, pair of tounge etc.

Chemicals:
Alcohol, coal powder etc.

Instrument:-
Heating Oven, muffle furnace.

Theory:
To decide the quality & grade of coal, the percentage of different
Constituents of coal, is subjected to analysis.
The analysis of Coal is of two types.
Proximate analysis.
Ultimate analysis

Proximate analysis is determination of moisture content, volatile

Content, ash content and fixed carbon content. This give information about
the practical utility of coal. Moisture content is the loss in weight of coal
when heated in the crucible at 1050C-110 0C for 1 hour. During burning of
coal, moisture evaporates & is removed as steam. Some amount of heat is
required for this, which is taken during the burning of fuel. Calorific value
of fuels reduced due to Presence of moisture in fuel.

Excess moisture also makes the coal heavy, thereby increasing the
transport charges. Therefore, lesser the moisture content better is the
quality of coal The volatile matter is not a constituent of coal, but consist of
a Complex of gaseous & liquid products resulting from thermal
55
decomposition of coal substance. The volatile matter content of coal is
related to the length of the flame forming tendency and ignition
characteristics .Higher volatile matter in coal gives long flame, high smoke
& relatively low heating value. Coal with high volatile matter is suitable for
the manufacture of coal gas .Coal with low volatile content burns with a
shorter flame.
Coal containing volatile matter between 20 % & 30 % are most suited for
the production of metallurgical coke. Ash content of coal is the weight of
the residue (ash) left after burning known quantity of fry coal in open
crucible at 7000C to 8000C in muffle furnace. Ash reduces heating value of
coal. Due to the excess amount of as, clinker formation takes place which
chokes the inter spaces of grills on which coal is burnt. So air supply
becomes irregular. Clinkers are non-fusible and non-conducting
substances. So the temperature is lowered. also disposable of ash is a big
problem. So for a good quality of coal, percentage of ash should be
minimum.
After the determination of moisture, volatile matter & ash content, the
remaining material is known as fixed carbon. The percentage of fixed
carbon helps in designing the furnace & the shape of the fire box because it
is the fixed carbon that burns, in the solid states. Higher the percentage of
fixed carbon greater is the calorific value; smaller is the percentage of
volatile matter better the quality of coal. Hence high percentage of fixed
carbon is desirable.

Procedure:

Part A: Moisture Content

1. Take 0.5 gm of powdered coal in previously weighed silica
crucible.
2. Heat the sample in electric oven at about 105 0C to 1100C for about
an hour.
3. Take out the crucible, cool it in a desiccators and weigh it.
4. Repeat the procedure of heating, cooling & weighing the crucible
till
Constant weight is obtained.
5. Note down the constant weight.

Part B: Volatile matter:

56
 1. Take 0.5 gm of air dried coal sample in previously weighed Silica
crucible & covered it with a lid.
2. Heat the crucible containing coal sample along with lid in a Muffle
furnace maintained at a temperature of 9250C for exactly 7
minutes.
3. After 7 minutes, remove the crucible from the furnace & keep on
Cold iron plate to ensure rapid cooling avoiding oxidation of the
Contents.
4. Transfer the warm crucible to desiccators & cool to room
temperature& weight again.
5. The loss in weight calculated as percentage minus of the
percentage Moisture gives the volatile matter.

Part C: Ash Content

1. Take 0.5 gm of powdered air dried coal in previously weighed silica

crucible.
2. Heat the crucible in muffle furnace at 7000C to 8000C, stir the residue
and ignite It for half an hour at same temperature for complete
combustion.
3. Moisten it with two drops of alcohol, continue ignition for another 15
minutes.
4. Cool & note the constant weight.

Part D: Fixed carbon

The sum total of percentage of volatile matter, moisture & ash

Subtracted from 100, gives the percentage of fixed carbon..

57
Observation and Calculation.

Part A: Moisture Content

Observation

Sr.No. Description Value

1. Weight of empty crucible + lid W1gm=gm
2. Weight of crucible & coal +lid W2gm=gm
3. Weight of crucible & coal after W3gm=gm
heating.

Calculation:
Loss in weight of coal
% Moisture = _____________________ x 100
Weight of coal

(W2 – W3)
= ---------------------x100
(W2 – W1)

= --------------------------------------x100

=---------------------------------------x100

= ------------------------- %.

58
Part B: Volatile matter:-

Observation

Sr.No. Description Value

1. Weight of empty crucible + lid W4gm=gm
2. Weight of crucible & coal +lid W5 gm=gm
3. Weight of crucible & coal after W6gm=gm
heating.

Calculations:
(W5 – W6)
(Moisture + volatile matter) = ___________________x 100
(W5 - W4)

(W5 – W6)
% Volatile matte = __________________x 100---% Moisture
(W5 – W4)

= __________________x 100. ---- % Moisture

% Volatile matte = ____________________%

59
Part C: Ash Content

Observation

Sr.No. Description Value

1. Weight of empty crucible + lid W7gm=
2. Weight of crucible + coal+ lid W8 gm=
3. Weight of crucible + ash + lid W9 gm=

(W9 – W7)
% Ash content = _________ x 100
(W8 – W7)

= ____________ x 100

= ______________ %
Part D: Fixed carbons

% fixed carbon = 100 – [% moisture + % volatile matter + Ash

content]

= 100 – [----- + --- - + ---------]

= ------------- %
Result:-

Sr.No. Description Percentage

1. Moisture %

2. Volatile matter %
3. Ash %
4. Fixed carbon. %

60
 SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. Jain College of Engineering, Chandwad.
Department of Applied Science
Subject: Engineering Chemistry (107009)
Experiment No.- _______
Title: ___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Name of Student-____________________________________________Roll No-___________
Div: -___________
Date of Completion: __________________Date of Submission: __________________
S.N. Criteria Possible Obtained
Marks Marks

1 Team Work/ involvement in practical 6, 9, 12, 15

2 Understanding of experiment/ 10, 15, 20, 25

instruments/equipment, chemical
reactions etc.

Regularity/Timely Submission
3 6, 9, 12, 15

4 Lab report, chemical reactions Figures, 10, 15, 20, 25

Graphs, Observation Table, charts,
calculations,result etc.

5 Interpretation of result, Viva and 8, 12, 16, 20

Conclusion

Total

Prof. Pawar A.D.

(Subject Teacher)

61
 Experiment No.8
Electroplating

Learning objective: Understand how electrolysis is used in the processing

of copper ores.

Learning Outcome: Apply basic chemistry principles to understand the

process of electrolysis.

AIM:
To coat copper and zinc on iron plate using electroplating.
APPARATUS:

Equipment:
Copper plate, Zinc rod, iron plate, Glass Beaker, Copper Wires, Stop Watch,
12 Volt Battery ,Drier, Electronic Balance.

Chemicals:
10% Copper Sulphate Solution, 10%zinc sulphate solution 1% Sulphuric
Acid, Dilute HCl.

THEORY:

Faraday’s First law of Electrolysis

The amount of the substance deposited at an electrode is

directly proportional to the Quantity of electricity passed through the
solution of an electrolyte.
Therefore
W ά Q

W ά It

W= ZIt
Z= W/It Z= Electrochemical equivalent

62
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Clean the Cathode, iron Plate using polish paper, dilute HCL and then
wash with water.
2. Dry it in oven or by using air drier.
3. Weight the iron Cathode.
4. Set up the Apparatus as indicated in diagram.
5. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
6. Adjust the required current between 0.5 to 1.5 ampere and pass the
current for twenty minute.
7. Remove the iron cathode and dry it.
8. Weight the cathode accurately.
9. Tabulate the observation.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr.No. Observations Symbol Value

1 Weight of iron cathode before W1 -------------g.
deposition
2 Weight of iron cathode after W2 -------------g.
deposition
3 Weight of copper on cathode W=W2-W1 -------------g.
deposited

63
RESULT:

Weight of copper on cathode deposited -----------------------g.

64
 APPENDIX – I
Atomic Masses of Elements:

Element Symbol At. No. At. Wt.

Aluminum Al 13 26.98
Arsenic As 33 74.92
Barium Ba 56 137.34
Calcium Ca 20 40.08
Carbon C 6 12.011
Chlorine Cl 17 35.453
Chromium Cr 29 63.54
Copper Cu 24 51.996
Fluorine F 9 18.998
Gold Au 79 196.967
Hydrogen H 1 1.008
Iodine I 53 126.904
Iron Fe 26 55.847
Lead Pb 82 207.19
Magnesium Mg 12 24.312
Manganese Mn 25 54.938
Mercury Hg 80 200.59
Nitrogen N 7 14.007
Phosphorus P 15 30.974
Potassium K 19 39.102
Silver Ag 47 107.870
Sodium Na 11 22.990
Sulphur S 16 32.064
Tin Sn 50 118.69
Zinc Zn 30 65.37

65
 APPENDIX – II
Equivalent weights of substances used in volumetric Analysis

Titration and Substances used Formula Eq. Wwights

ACID – ALKALI TITRATIONS:

1. Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 M.W./2 = 53.06
2. Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 M.W./1 = 84.00
3. Potassium carbonate K2CO3 M.W./2 = 69.00
M.W./1 =
4. Potassium bicarbonate KHCO3 100.00
5. Sodium hydroxide NaOH M.W./1 = 40.00
M.W./1 =
6. Barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2.8H2O 157.75
7. Oxalic acid (hydrated) H2C2O4.2H2O M.W./2 = 63.03
8. Hydrochloric acid HCl M.W./1 = 36.46
9. Sulphuric acid H2SO4 M.W./2 = 49.04

APPENDIX – III

(A) Strength of Aqueous solutions of Concentrated Acids and

Bases.

Approxim
ate Volume for
Molecular Molecular % of making 1 litre
Compound solute Specific Molari
formula weight by ty of approx 1M
gravity
weight solution (ml)
Hydrochloric
acid HCl 36.5 35 1.18 12 84
Nitric acid HNO3 63.0 70 1.42 16 63
Sulphuric acid H2SO4 98.0 96 1.84 18 56
Acetic acid CH3COOH 60.0 100 1.05 17.5 58
Phosphoric
acid H3PO4 98.0 >85 1.70 14.7 68
Sodium
hydroxide NaOH 40.0 50 1.48 19 53
Ammonia NH3 17.0 28 0.90 15 67

66
(B) Preparation of Dilute Acids and Bases

Dilute 285 ml of glacial acetic acid of 1.05 sp. gr to one

Dil.acetic acid litre with distilled water, to give 5N solution.
Dil.hydrochloric Dilute 89 ml of conc. HCl of 1.18 sp. gr to one litre with
acid distilled water to produce 1N solution.
Dilute 315 ml of conc. HNO3 of 1.12 sp. gr to one litre
Dil.nitric acid with distilled Water to produce 5N solution.
Pour 28 ml of conc. H2SO4 with 1.84 sp.gr slowly and
with stirring into 500 ml and dilute to one litre with
Dil.sulphuric acid distilled water to get 1N solution.
Sodium hydroxide Dissolve 400 gms of solid NaOH in one litre of water.

67
 APPENDIX – IV

Weights of substances required to prepare one litre of a solution

of given normality in volumetric analysis.

Weight substance to be dissolved for

Mol Eq.wt. N/10 N/20 N/30

S.No. Substance wt
Sodium hydroxide
1 (NaoH) 40 40 4.000 2.000 1.3333
Anhydrous sodium
2 carbonate (Na2CO3) 106 53 5.300 2.6500 1.7667
Oxalic acid
3 (H2C2O4.2H2O) 126.08 63.04 6.3040 3.1520 2.1013
Potassium
dischromate
4 (K2Cr2O7) 294.2 49.03 4.9030 2.4515 1.6343
Potassium
permanganate
5 (KMnO4) 158.03 31.606 3.1606 1.5803 1.0535
Mohr’s salt or Ferrous
6 ammonium sulphate 392.10 392.10 39.2100 19.6050 13.0700
Copper sulphate
7 (CuSO4.5H2O) 249.71 249.71 24.9710 12.4855 8.3237
Sodium thiosulphate
8 (Na2S2O3.5H2O) 248.20 248.20 24.8200 12.4100 8.2735
9 Silver nitrate (AgNO3) 169.30 169.90 16.9900 8.4950 5.6635
Ammonium
thiocyanate
10 (NH4CNS) 76.10 76.10 7.6100 3.8050 2.5367

68
 APPENDIX – V

Indicators used

pH at colour
Sl. Approximate Suitable change of
No. Titration pH range at indicators indicator
Methyl orange 3.1 – 4.4
Strong acid against strong Litmus 4.5 – 8.3
1 base 4 to 10 Phenolphthalein 8.0 – 9.6
Strong acid against weak Methyl orange 3.4 – 4.4
2 base 3.5 to 7 Methyl red 4.2 – 6.3
Weak acid against strong
3 base 6.5 to 10 Phenolphthalein 8.0 – 9.6
No sharp
inflection at
Weak acid against weak equivalence
4 base point None

Strength of common acids and Bases.

Name/Reagent Specific gravity Normality Volume in ml _
H3PO4 (Phosphoric acid) 1.7 41.1 N 24
H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid) 1.84 36 N 27.8
HNO3 (Nitric acid) 1.42 16 N 62.5
CH3COOH (Acetic acid) 1.05 17 N 58.8
HCl (Hydrochloric acid) 1.19 12 N 83.3
NH3 (Aqueous ammonia) 0.9 14.3 70

69
70