NATURAL HAZARDS, MITIGATION AND ADAPTION: SUBDUCTION ZONES IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN

GEOLOGIC PROCESS
(1) EARTHQUAKES
- The unpredictability and uncertainty of
geologic hazards make it an ever-present
danger.
-What are the effects of the actions of the
plates as they move? -ridges, trenches,
mountain formation, landslide, tsunami,
earthquake, volcanic eruption.
(2) MOVING EARTH THE PHILIPPINE SEA PLATE
Active fault- any fault that is likely to have
another earthquake some time in the
future.
Subduction zone- areas where tectonic
plates converge.
ACTIVE FAULTS IN THE PHILIPPINES:

(3) EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

NOTE: Palawan is not inside the subduction
trench.
The Valley Fault System in Metro Manila:
- The west valley fault movement is
mainly horizontal.
- Last major earthquake last 1658.
- A large earthquake in the WVF can
significantly affect Metro Manila and
vicinity. (Big one)
PRIMARY EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS:
-Ground Shaking
-Liquefaction
-Surface Rupture
-Landslides
SECONDARY EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS:
- Tsunami
-Seiche
-Flooding
-Fire
(4) EARTHQUAKE READINESS
SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING EARTHQUAKE:
1. Animal Behavior- animals often
exhibits behaviors of becoming
disturbed and very sensitive before
an earthquake hits.
2. Change in Atmospheric Conditions
- Strange changes in color or glow of
the sky (white, blue, light orange)
 3. Electromagnetic Disturbance
- There are speculations that there is
a relationship between magnetic
and electrical charges in rock
material and earthquake.
4. Boom Sound- a trembling sound
occurs before and during
earthquakes.
BEFORE EARTHQUAKE:
1. Make an earthquake
preparedness plan.
2. Discuss earthquake preparedness
plan with your family.
3. Secure Hazards
4. Learn about earthquake risk in
your area
5. Practice the duck, cover, and
hold
6. Protect your properties
7. Secure important documents
DURING EARTHQUAKE:
AFTER EARTHQUAKE:
- Once the shaking stops, take a deep
breathe, check your surroundings,
and remember to check for injuries
on your person and the ones beside
you. Watch out for aftershocks that
may occur and stay calm.
SOME OF THE BIGGEST RECORD OF
EARTHQUAKE IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY:
(1) JULY 16, 1990 – NUEVA ECIJA
Magnitude: 7.9
Casualty: 1621 (estimated)
Damage: Php 15 billion
(2) OCTOBER 15, 2013- BOHOL
Magnitude: 7.2
Damage: 2 billion (infrastructure)
SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION
- Volcanic tremors
- Ground swells
- Increased steaming activity
- Localized landslides
- Crater glow
- Increased temperature of hot
springs, wells, and crater lakes.
- Dying up of vegetation
- Variation of chemical content of
springs
- Dying up of springs/wells
- Development of new thermal areas
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
- Lava flow- mildly explosive when
released.
- Pyroclastic flow and surges- rock
material, hot gas, and ash.
- Gas emissions- hydrogen sulfide,
sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide,
hydrogen chloride, hydrogen
fluoride.
- Ash fall- rock, mineral, and
fragments created during explosions
and separation of magma into
smaller pieces.
 - Lahar- mudflows or flow of volcanic Mount Hibok-Hibok explosion
debris
- Tephra falls and ballistic projectiles-
fragments of volcanic rock ejected
into air by explosion.
- Debris Avalanche- landslide
triggered by intrusion of magma.
- Volcanic tsunami- high water waves
triggered by disruption of the
seafloor. HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA

CLIMATE PATTERNS IN CDO AND PH

Equal part sunny=Equal part rainy (climate
patterns)
DIFFERENT WEATHERS EXPERIENCE IN THE PH
-Equal 6 months sunny and 6 months rainy.
Weather updates: day to day weather
reports.

MONSOONS:
Mount Pinatubo explosion Summer- wind is directed to land which
creates thunderstorms.
Winter- typhoons form over water because
the wind is directed to the water mass.
TROPICAL CYCLONES:
Hurricanes- forms in the upper continents
Cyclones- forms below the continent.
THUNDERSTORMS:
-tropical cyclones that forms over land
-common during summer time
aftermath: -strong winds and heavy rains and lightning
strikes
-more often upland
-lightning causes thunder
“Hydrometeorological phenomena can
cause severe damages to an affected
area especially if the people are not
Taal Volcano explosion prepared.”
aftermath: -especially when the people are not
prepared.
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
Storm surges- the most destructive
hydrometeorological hazard. It is the rise of
the normal sea level caused by the winds
that are directed towards the shore.
Wind damage- is the most obvious hazard
of cyclones and thunderstorms since these
are characterized by strong winds.
Flood- the hazard brought about by heavy
rains in places that are far from coastal
areas.

MARINE AND COASTAL PROCESSES:

➢ Biliran, Leyte, and Samar are prone

to storm surges that typhoon may
possibly bring.

PROBLEMS:
COASTAL EROSION
-The wearing down of coastlines by the
movement of wind and water.
-Flooding, animal habitants destroyed, and
loss of land.
SUBMERSION
-Happens because of the changes in the
sea level.
SALTWATER INTRUSION
-The movement of saltwater into the fresh
water aquifer.
-it intrudes
MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION
-Manila Bay Rehabilitation
-It is good because if we can rehabilitate
Manila Bay, then we can rehabilitate other
coastal.