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Chapter 2:Painting

Lesson 1: Introduction about Painting

Lesson 2: Identify tools used for painting
Lesson 3: Types of Paints and material
Lesson 4: Methods of painting
Lesson 5: Mixing different color
Lesson 6: Special type of painting

Prepared by: Abel F.

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Lesson 1: Introduction about painting

 Definition:
 Paints are coating of fluid materials, which are applied
as a final finish to all surfaces such as walls, ceilings,
woodwork, metalwork, etc.
 The process of application of paint as a coating is termed
as painting.
 Paint is composed of pigment suspended in a liquid
 The pigment gives colour and opacity

Objects of Painting

The objects of painting can be summarized as to:

 Protect the surface from weathering effects of the
atmosphere,
 Protect the decay of wood and corrosion of
metals,
 Provide a decorative finish to obtain a clean,
colourful and pleasing surface.

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Characteristics of good paint:

 A good paint should have such a consistency

that it can be applied easily and freely on the
surface with a brush or spray.
 Besides a good paint should be initial cost and
prove economical in the long run.

Paint Coats ( Paint Systems)

 Surface are usually painted with several coats of paints, each coat
performing a specific function.
 Adequate preparation of the surface to be painted is essential for
success and the surface should be smooth.
 A series of coats of paint is known as a paint system
 The paint film is built up with more than one coat. E.g.
.A
priming coat, undercoat and finishing coat.
 The selection of suitable type of each of these coats depends on
the material of the surface and its location (internal & external).
 Each coat must be dry, hard and rubbed down with fine abrasive
paper before the next coat is applied.

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1. Priming Coat: This is the first layer of paint. It must suit the
background and adhere to it and it must be compatible with subsequent
layers.
 A primer may also have to satisfy one or more of the following
requirements:
1. To penetrate porous surface (e.g. wood and plaster)
2. To inhibit corrosion (e.g. on ferrous metals)
3. To seal chemically active surfaces (e.g. on new lime plaster and
cement) and thereby prevent them from disrupting subsequent
layers of paints.
4. To be heat resistant.

2. Under coat: these obscure the primer, bond it to subsequent coats and
build up an adequately thick paint film; they must be of a suitable tint to match
the final coat.
3. Finishing Coat:
 This gives the desired color and finish to the surface.
 Colors are infinite and finishes vary from flat to varnish to oil-gloss (shiny)
to varnish
 Gloss paints are more durable for exterior use than flat paints.
 A flat paint is sometimes adopted for walls, as unlike gloss paints, it does
not emphasizes slight irregularities.
 Textured or rough paint finish can be obtained with special paints.

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Composition of paint

 Clear Finishes (Sometimes known as lacquers or varnishes)

 Clear finishes are transparent and are used to protect and enhance the
appearance of natural or applied surface materials.
 A clear finish is composed of a binder, solvent and additives.
 Paint are composed of similar components, but also require pigments and
extenders to provide color and opacity

 Binders (also know as film formers or mediums)

 The function of binders are:
 to bind together the constituents of the paint or clear finish
 to convert the liquid coating into a solid film
 to provide the liquid with adhesive properties
 to influence the degree of shine
 to provide paints with water- resistant properties

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Binders to day are based on either:

 Drying oils such as linseed oil, soya-bean oil
 Natural resins, which are either extracted from living
trees or the fossilized remains of trees.
 Oleo- resins, which are a combination of oil and resin
 Synthetic resins (which are very widely used today)
and of which polyurethane resin, pllyvinyl acetate
(p.v.a) and emulsions etc.

 Solvents (or thinners)

 Solvents are colorless liquids which are incorporated in the paint or clear
finish.
 Act on the binder to thin the quality of a paint.
 This both improves the ease of application and increase the penetration
of the paint or clear finish.
 The solvent evaporates during the drying-out process.
Examples of solvents include:
 White spirit, which is commonly used with oil and oleo resin paints
 Ethers, which are used with cellulose resins and synthetic finishes
 Water, which is used with cement and emulsions paints

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 Additives:
Most paints and clear finishes contain one or more additives. Some
used are:
a. Driers and hardeners (e.g., Catalysts, oil binders and resin
binders)
b. Flatting agents, which reduce the gloss of the dried film of paint.
c. Anti- skinning agents, which prevent formation of the skin which
sometimes occurs in tins of oil-based paints.

 Pigments:
Pigments are fine powdered materials which provide color and
opacity in paints, and may contribute to the durability of the paint.
Pigments are derived from sources such as:
 chemically treated metals for example titanium dioxide which is
white and is used for interior paints or iron oxide which is yellow
or red and usd in finishing paints.
 colored earths, for example yellow ochre/ yellowish-brown or
burnt umber/ soil contains oxides of Fe and Mg which are used
for all paints.

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 Extenders:
Extenders are finely ground natural materials (mostly natural earth)
which have no effect on the color of paints, but may adjust certain
of the properties of a paint.
Extenders may for example;
 Improve the ease of application of the paints
 Improve the adhesion or bond of the paint to undercoats
 Give body to the paints
 Increase the hardness of the paint film.

Advantage of painting

 Paint preserves, protects and decorates surface and

enables them to be cleaned easily.
 It protects iron and wood from wear and tear and
moisture.
 Paint protects iron from rusting and corrosion.
 Painted surface is clean, smooth and beautiful.
 Reflection of heat and light takes place nicely on
painted surface.

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Lesson 2: Identify tools used for painting

 Tape
 Drop cloth
 Paint tray
 Paint Roller
 Ladder
 Small brushes.

Lesson 3:Types of Paints and material

 There are seven groups of paints:

a) Oil paints
b) Synthetic paints
c) Water paints (Distempering)
d) Emulsion paints
e) Cellulose paints
f) Varnishes
g) Special paints

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1. OIL PAINTS

 These are the traditional type having a linseed oil or dry oil medium.
 They are respectively termed as primes, undercoats and finishing
coats.
 This paint is cheap and easy to apply and it possess good opacity
and low glow.
 It consists of various coats: 1. Priming coat 2. Finishing coat
3. Under coat.
 Priming coat • linseed oil, white lead, a small amount of red lead
and extender (a white pigment used to increase bulk, prevent
sedimentation and improve spreading).
 The lead base is particularly suitable for external work;
 Leadless pigments are for internal use.

Cont.

 Under coats: linseed oil, white lead(tinted if required) and has a

high quality drying oil.
 Finishing coats • oil varnish, pigments of desired color and
perhaps extenders, and thinners; finishes vary from flat to oil-
gloss.

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Cont..

 Surfaces to receive oil paint shall be rubbed down

thoroughly and evenly with abrasive paper and filled
with gypsum as necessary.
 The filler shall be rubbed down and dusted off.
 Oil paint shall be applied in one under coat and two
finish coats or as approved by the Engineer,
( refer: BaTCoDA,124210 )

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2. SYNTHETIC PAINTS

 The medium for these is a chemical compound,

one type being an oil modified alkyd resin.
 They have the advantages over oil paints in
setting more quickly and offering greater
durability where corrosion is a danger.
 They also have a better flow and are easier to
apply.
 Drying is by evaporation of the solvent, by
oxidation and chemical change.

Con..

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 Plastic paint shall be applied in one under coat

and two finishing coats as approved by
Engineer, with thinning and application time as
recommended by the manufacturer.
 Plastic paints shall be identified first for internal
and external work.
( refer: BaTCoDA,12429 )

3. WATER PAINTS

 Water paint also known as DISTEMPERS.

 They are used mainly on internal walls and ceilings and most of
them give a flat finish.
 There are several kinds are prepared on the site by adding water to
make a paste.
 They have a drying oil or varnish medium emulsified in water
containing glue or other fixatives.
 Bartyes is a common pigment along with tinting pigment.
 The cheapest type known as soft or ceiling distemper, contains only
a glue size medium and tinted powdered chalk.

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Con..

 It can be removed by washing or brushing and so is only used for

ceilings.
 Oil bound distemper is a better quality having a mixture of linseed
oil, pigment and extenders.
 It will withstand limited careful washing.

4. EMULSION PAINTS

 An emulsion paint has the pigments and the medium dispersed as

small globules in water.
 Oil , synthetic resin and bitumen are common medium.
 The different emulsion paints are alkyd, bitumen, polyvinyl acetate
and styrene emulsions.
 They are used mainly on walls surfaces.
 Alkyd emulsion paints contain pigments, oil, and synthetic resins,
they give a flat finish.
 Bitumen emulsions are those of bitumen in water plus pigments
and extenders.

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Con…
 They are for use on asphalt and bituminous surfaces.
 Polyvinyl acetate(p.v.a.) emulsion paints have a p.v.a. medium
and give a finish from flat to egg shell gloss.
 Styrene emulsions incorporate the synthetic resin styrene in
several forms and have a medium gloss.

5. CELLULOSE PAINTS

 These are synthetically reproduced from cellulose compounds and

most of them have to be applied as a spray for they dry very
quickly by evaporation of the solvent.
 Apart from some kinds metal powders(aluminium and bronze) they
are not satisfactory for general building work but can be used for
furniture and fittings in houses.
 They are widely used in the motor car industry.

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6. VARNISHES

 Varnishes are used to give a transparent film to a surface.

 These are of two kinds Oil varnish and Spirit varnish Varnishes
are used to give a transparent film to a surface.
1. OIL VARNISH:
 They contain linseed oil or other drying oils, dryers, synthetic or
natural resins and solvents such as white spirit or turpentine.
 They dry by evaporation of the solvent and oxidation of the oil.
 The relative proportions of the oil and the resins control the usage,
if the oil is predominant a more elastic varnish reserved for external
work.
 If the solvent is the major ingredient a high gloss, which dries out
rapidly, is obtained for internal work.
 Copal varnish is a good quality type.

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2. SPIRIT VARNISH:
 Spirit varnish is a solutions of shellac and spirit resins dissolved in
commercial alcohol(methylated spirits).
 The are only suitable for internals surfaces like furniture
 Polyurethane varnish is a type of resin varnish producing a very
durable finish.

7. SPECIAL PAINTS

 There are many types of special paints:

1. ALUMINIUM PAINTS:
 These are often used as a primer on resinous woods like
Columbian and Oregon pine because they have a good sealing
effect.
 They contain aluminum powder in a quick drying medium.
2. ANTI-CONDENSATION PAINTS:
 These containing cork filler.
 They are not a substitute for adequate ventilation( the best
safeguard against condensation).
 They afford some relief by reducing the transfer of heat.

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3. BITUMINOUS PAINTS:
 The medium for these is mostly bitumen.
 They provide a cheap method of protecting steel where
appearance is secondary.
4. CHLORINATED RUBBER PAINTS:
 This contains chlorinated rubber combined with pigments and
special thinner.
 The paints offer good resistance to acids and alkalis and can be
used where fumes from these chemicals arise.
 They are suitable for internal use on brickwork, concrete and
steelwork.

5. FIRE-RESISTANT PAINTS:
 These are used to increase the resistance to fire of wood and
certain building boards.
 There are several proprietary types incorporating ammonium
phosphate.
6. FUNGICIDAL PAINTS:
 These include special ingredients which render them resistance to
mildew and other fungoid attack, useful in humid surroundings.
7. HEAT-RESISTING PAINTS:
 They incorporate special varnishes and pigment which do not
discolor on heating.

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8. IMITATION STONE PAINT:

 This imitates natural stone, it contains stone granules in an oil or
emulsion medium.
9. TEXTURE PAINTS:
 These contain different powders and pigments with glue.
 They used in a stiff consistency to make textured surface on which
patterns can be formed by brush or special implements.
10. WOOD STAINS: • It consists of various shades in oil, spirit or
water medium.

Lesson 4: Methods of painting

Generally:
 All work on which painting is to be applied shall be inspected for
satisfactory installation to enable painting to start.
 Surfaces to receive paint shall be cleaned of all oil, grease, and
loose and powdery material.
 Surfaces to receive paint shall be sufficiently dried before the
application of the paint.
 All removable items fixed on surfaces to receive paint, but not
receiving paint shall be removed before application and re-installed
after completion of work

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Methods of painting…..

1. Painting techniques:
i. By brush:
 Correctly prepared the surface and using a good quality brush,
 the top of the brush is dipped in the paint and the excess
removed by drawing it against the edge of the tin.
 Working from right to left a narrow strip of the work is covered
with vertical brush strokes,
 the area is then “crossed”.
 The surface is then finally “laid off”.
 A strip must be joined to its neighbor as soon as possible and
the work so arranged that the surface is finished without
interruption.

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Cont..

ii. SPRAY PAINTING:

 It is an alternative technique essential for cellulose paint.
 Simple spray equipment comprises a motor and fan giving a
current of air delivered by tube to a container and spray gun.
 The gun has a nozzle from which the paint is forced in a fine
spray when a trigger is depressed.
 An air compressor is used in large equipment.
 Painting by spray is quicker for large areas then brushing.
 It also uses less paint for this has to be thinner.

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2. Measurement on painting

 Measurement of paint is done in square meter up to two

decimal points.
 While taking measurement only length and width are measured
and not the curves.
 Parts of doors and windows are measured in straight and not
in curve and these are measured along with the frame.
 Painting on different surfaces shall each be given separately.
 Painting to internal and external surfaces shall be given
separately.
 Paints to metal surface shall be measured by area or the
weight of the metal to be used.
(Refer more in BaTCoDA, 125)

Precaution on paint material

 Paint materials shall be stored in enclosed spaces, secured

from fire risks.
 Paint materials shall be stored on shelves, or ramps clearly off
the ground.
 Paint containers shall be stacked in a manner preventing
damage to the containers and deterioration of paint materials.
 Paint materials shall remain sealed until used.
 Opened container shall be closed tight to ensure sealed
conditions if paint has been partially used.
 No painting shall be carried out when rain, fog, condensation
is likely to occur, the relative humidity exceeds 85% or the
surface to receive paint or primers is damp.

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PAINTING DEFECTS

1. BLEEDING: Its an disruption and staining of the

painted surface by chemical action. It happens when an
incorrect paint is applied over another such as
bituminous one. The remedy is to remove the old paint
and renew with a like one.
2. BLISTERING: It is a common failure caused by poor
adhesion or by moisture pushing off the paint. It is
prevented by having a dry background , proper prining
and removal of very resionous knots.

3. BLOOMING: It is the mistiness which can appear on

varnished or highly glossed surfaces. It is due to the presence
of moisture, draughts or frost during application or
condensation on newly painted areas. Remedy is to repaint.
4. BRUSH MARKS: These may be due to the paint being too
stiff, by poor workmanship or by brushing over paint which has
partially set. They are removed by rubbing down with
waterproof abrasive followed by repainting.
5. CRACKING: It starts as fine hair cracks and may turn to
flaking. It can be due to lack of elasticity in the finishing coat or.
Unequal elasticity between coats of a paint containing
excessive driers. Remedy is to repaint.

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5. CISSING: It is the shrinking of a paint film

usually in quite small, but sometimes large
areas. It is often due to a greasy undercoat or
lack of key between coats. Repainting is the
cure.
6. FLAKING: It is due to poor adhesion or
presence of moisture during painting or Due to
inadequate cleaning and preparation. Remedy
is the defective areas must be redone.

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☺ ☺

 Which kind of paints are used in

internal and external finishing
works??
‘Mainly for walls and ceilings’

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 What is the process of painting on

wood/iron?
 What are the main features for different
types of distempering inside and
outside the building?

Painting through lime (White washing)

 Lime is used for white washing external and internal walls of

building.
 Due to washing, the surface of wall becomes white and looks
beautiful.
 Lime, which comes in the form of lumps, is converted in to powder
form by spraying it on a solid floor and spraying water on it.
 This process is called slaking or extinguishing.
 White washing cannot prevent fire but it checks spread of the fire.
 Lime washing is very cheap and hence widely used.
 Walls are cleared completely and then painted with brush.
 Amount of water depends upon the type of lime.
 The solution should be like milk.

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COLOR WASHING

 For color wash, the first coat, which is called priming coat is of
lime. Then the required color is mixed with lime for doing the
second coat.
 color washing = slaked lime + coloring pigment
 Gum or glue in the proportion of 100 gm. of gum to 16 liters of
wash should be added.
 The color wash is applied in one or two coats over one coat of
white wash.
 The method of application should be same as for white washing.

 Group 1: Search and visit an Active Project site or Construction site having
Finishing work like Plastering and Pointing. And write a report!!
 Group 2: Search and Visit one Paint Manufacturer and write a report!!
 Group 3: Search and Visit one Gypsum production site or Manufacturer
and write a report!!
 Group 4: Search and Visit one Tile production site or Manufacturer and
write a report!!
 Group 5: Search and Visit one Pre-cast concrete production site or
Manufacturer and write a report!!

N.B: You have also Report Presentation and the presentation schedule will be fix.

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Sections of a Site Visit Report

Title Page:
 The title page should include the title of your visit. The title of your project
should not be overly long – shorter is usually better. Include the name of the
site, the date, and your name. If add your (id) or student number
Executive Summary:
 An executive summary outlines the main features of your report. It is a
shortened version of the whole report, so keep the language simple and
straightforward.
 There are typical sections to an executive summary and this includes a few
sentences on the background and location, a rationale for the report, a statement
on what was observed, and a few sentences that offer conclusions and
recommendations about the report.

Introduction
 The introduction of the report should engage the reader. Rather than a dry
and overly general description of the production site or company, it is better
to set a context at the level of observation. Start your report with a series of
comments on the importance of what is being observed, a problem that
resulted from not following to standards, or with an engineering problem or
solution,
Main Body of Report
 This section usually involves explaining procedures and processes. Some of
these might be Production processes, construction and operation. Ensure
that you check your assignment requirements.

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Recommendations / Reflections
 Most reports include a recommendation section. You might be
required to reflect on your experience. If so, relate what you have
observed with your professional experiences or wider reading and try
and make connections there.
References
 Refer to the literature and read them for preparation for the
assignment. Refer to any class notes, handouts, or any information
when you outline your draft. Explore similar issues form internet.

Phase 1: Plastering and Painting for Internal Wall

Phase 2: Production of Gypsum Board and Gypsum

Frame for ceiling

Phase 3: Production of Terrazzo Tile for floor

Phase 4: Production of Pre-cast Concrete pipe in half

and full for drainage

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Material Quantity
No. Material type Unit Quantity
1 Cement (OPC) Qt. 7
2 Gypsum kg 50
3 Lime Kg 50
4 Fiber kg 1
5 Marble chips kg 2.4
6 Sand M3 2.4
7 Crushed aggregate (01, 02) M3 1.5
8 Plastic Paint Gallon 2

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