Light Pollution –
“Borders” of Lighting Design
Teodor Kyuchukov
Department of Industrial Design
University of Ruse “Angel Kanchev”
Ruse, Bulgaria
tkyuchkov@uni-ruse.bg
Abstract — History, especially the latest, shows that every human
activity is in a state of development. At a certain point however, that
development begins to move out from the socially acceptable norms.
Often the developing process of lighting technology passes the
reasonable limits. The megalomania manifests itself in the light
sctattering and the uncontrolled overlit areas of the natural
environment and the inner spaces. The question that still arises at
present is when the average citizen and the representatives of lighting
industry will identify the existence of light pollution and visual glare
as harm rather than a benefit. Visual culture is educated through the
realization of adequate lighting environment. Several campaigns
wake up and focus public attention and awareness on the light
pollution issue and its impact. The benefit of those campaigns does
not relate to their demonstrational manner, but to the lack of
adequate energy and environmental culture that should corresponds
to the present high-technological progress. It is necessary to rethink
the artificial light, the understanding of the hygiene of lighting,
especially if it is overdosed and unsatisfactorily managed. Aren’t we
on the verge of a new lighting technical age?
Keywords — light pollution; negative effects; sources; “ABCD-
evaluation” concept; irrational ABCD-model; street lighting; levels
of light modeling; light-based information field; engaged light;
intelligent lighting metacommunication; metamob; lighting
environment;
I. INTRODUCTION
Light is a herald of beauty and harmony. Contrary to this
philosophy and the expectations of the majority, modern
picture turns the night into a day. Moreover, the lighting
"improvements" of the night vision in urban areas often
happens to harm the natural rhythm - the starry sky disappear,
the 24-hour circadian rhythm is disturbed. The level of
intellectual development of the way the light is used dictates
the course of human civilization's evolution.
Contemporary lighting systems are still experiencing their
teenage period. Exterior lighting produces a significant amount
of light scattering that in many cases goes beyond the
acceptable limits. The free lighting distribution produced by
the Road Lighting and the Automotive Lighting create the
well-known light scheme that cause light pollution of the
natural environment, light pollution of the urbanized areas,
incl. systemic visual glare that society still tends to perceive as
normal and acceptable.
978-1-7281-2098-0/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE
History, especially the latest, shows that every human
activity is in a state of development. At a certain point
however, that development begins to move out from the
socially acceptable norms (Table I). Often the developing
process of lighting technology passes the reasonable limits.
The megalomania manifests itself in the light sctattering and
the uncontrolled overlit areas of the natural environment and
the inner spaces.
TABLE I. NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF THE ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
Types Additional information
A CHANGE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY due
to light emitted from an artificial light source, independent to
whether or not the norms in charge are exceeded. It comes as a
reuslt of A LUMINOUS FLUX EMITTED TO THE SKY
Light
THROUGH THE DARK PERIOD of the 24-hour period -
Pollution
direct and reflected light emitted in the direction of the sky,
surrounding spaces and buildings.
As defined in [11], "Light pollution means the sum of all the
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF THE ARTIFICIAL LIGHT on
the environment, including the effects of scattered light."
Light EMITTED NOT ON PURPOSE in the surroundings.
Light
Includes light directed to the night sky; light emitted to the
Emission
surrounding spaces; light entering the buildings’ interior.
Lighting THE IMPACT OF LIGHT POLLUTION ON HUMAN,
Imission human activities and on the living nature (animals and plants).
SCATTERED ARTIFICIAL LIGHT IN THE NIGHT
SKY, created by the light emission (light to the night sky).
Light
According to the definition in [11], the light radiance is the
Radiance
result of the direct and indirect reflection of the light scattered
by atmospheric constituents (gas molecules, aerosols,
particulate powders) in the direction of the observation.
Light improperly emitted, avoiding the initailly intended
purpose of the lighting system.
According to the definition in [11], "scattered light" means the
light portion emitted by the lighting system which DOES NOT
Scattering FULFILL THE OBJECTIVES for which the lighting system
Light has been initially designed (the light emitted OUT OF THE
LIGHT AREA, ILLUMINATING THE SKY, which is the
direct and indirect reflection of the atmosphere’s components
(gas molecules, aerosols, particulate powders) in the direction
of observation. "
Light, which REACHES CLOSED PREMISES (residential
Obtrusive
buildings and workplaces), perceived as UNNATURAL,
Light
IRRITATING, DISCOMFORT LIGHT.
A CHANGE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY due
to light emitted from an artificial light source, independent to
Light whether or not the norms in charge are exceeded. It comes as a
Pollution reuslt of A LUMINOUS FLUX EMITTED TO THE SKY
THROUGH THE DARK PERIOD of the 24-hour period -
direct and reflected light emitted in the direction of the sky,
surrounding spaces and buildings.
 II. EXPOSITION
A. Sources of light pollution
Light pollution is a relatively new phenomenon that
defines the harmful impact of uncontrolled outdoor artificial
light. First, astronomers responded [6]. The current state of the
lighting environment is characterized by the fact that an
unjustifiably large proportion of the light output of the outdoor
lighting (by expert judgment is about 30%), and in some cases
more [2,3,4,5,8,9,10,22,23] is not used for its intended purpose
and is scattered in the surrounding space.
The light scattering is associated with a practically
unnecessary use of electricity and hence reaching the result of
the environmental pollution (dust, greenhouse gases, radiation,
etc.). At the same time, the scattering of light leads to the
emergence of light pollution. Consequently, the two negative
consequences are realized simultaneously. The sources of light
pollution are characterized by diversity, which can be
summarized by a classification given in Table 2.
TABLE II. CLASSIFICATION OF THE LIGHT POLLUTION SOURCES
Sources Additional information
External Volcanic activity
Natural Natural fuel sources
Light Sources Other natural light sources
Street and road light
Lighting of open areas (squares, pedestrian zones,
yards, parks, etc.)
Lighting of sports facilities (stadiums,
courts, playgrounds, ski runs, etc.)
Lighting of airports and airbases
Outdoor Lighting of railway and bus stations,
Artificial transport hubs and others.
Lighting Architectural and decorative lighting
Audiovisual performances ("Sound and light")
Advertising and information lighting (including
lighting tables, billboards, etc.)
Vehicles’ exterior lights (road, rail, water, air),
incl. for lighting, signaling, identification,
decoration, etc.)
Other outdoor lighting systems
Fireworks and other similar light effects
with a single action;
Outdoor
Decorative lighting systems
Holiday
Light effects with spotlight and remote action;
Lighting
Lasers
Others
Lighting of premises in industrial, commercial,
public, residential and other buildings
Indoor Illumination of premises with atriums and other
Artificial large glazed surfaces
Lighting of greenhouses and farms
Lighting
Indoor lighting systems emitting light through
other types of openings.
B. Negative impact of light pollution
Outdoor lighting used in the dark period of the 24-hour
period, especially if it is overdosed, dynamic, improperly
managed and directed, with inadequate color of light, leads to
a negative, harmful or even dangerous effect, to violated
functions, conditions and activities. It is shown by a
classification in Table 3.
TABLE III. CLASSIFICATION OF THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF INADEQUATE
OUTDOOR ARTIFICAL LIGHTING IN THE DARK PERIOD OF THE 24-HOUR PERIOD
Types Additional information
A CHANGE OF THE BEHAVIOR AND THE SELF-
CONFIDENCE; DISEASES OF PEOPLE. Conducted
medical research has shown that hormonal disturbances of
melatonin-related suppression associated with cancer risk,
especially in women, are caused in a residential district areas
with bright artificial light at night [16,17]. Good sleep best
restores the natural condition of the body; when oudoor light
Biological
enters the interior, the 24-hour balance is disturbed; stress,
Rhythm of
People
depressive states, sexual dysfunction, bad mood, headache,
premature fatigue, anxiety [12,13,21,27] occur. The overlit
areas violates the sense of privacy and causes worsening of
the vigilance and the mood [28]. The bright night light
activates the sense of self-preservation and provokes
aggression; the systemically disturbed sleep and rest leads to
tension, headache, irritability, general physical and mental
discomfort.
A CHANGE OF THE BEHAVIOR; DISEASES IN
ANIMALS Birds, under the influence of strong light at
night, circulate to exhaustion, lose orientation, and when
Biological migrating they face brightly lit buildings, sing at unusual
hours, and become more cautious when searching for food
Rhythm in during the day [26,31]. Night insects lose orientation [20].
Animals Turtles, instinctively, instead of pointing to the true bright
horizon, move toward the distracted artificial light [17].
Nightlife becomes more cautious when searching for meals
during the bright nights.
Biological A CHANGE IN PLANT DEVELOPMENT
Rhythm of Incorrect development and plant hypertrophy under the
Plants influence of artificial light [32].
VISUAL DISTRACTION AND VISUAL GLARE OF
Roads and THE DRIVERS OF ROAD VEHICLES. It is a
Street prerequisite for road accidents. In addition, bright, light-
colored billboards on the streets may cause diminished
Conditions
vision, which often leads to accidents [29,30].
BREACH OF THE VISIBILITY OF THE
ASTRONOMIC OBJECTS. The light radiated over the
Astronomical
horizon, which after distraction disturbs the natural
observations appearance of the stars and prevents astronomical
observations;
VISUAL DISTRACTION AND VISUAL GLARE OF
Air-flights THE PILOTS. It is a prerequisite for accidents in the
Conditions aviation. Especially dangerous is the action of projector
lighting, laser effects and more.
Conditions VIOLATION OF THE NORMAL AND
for work, ENVIRONMENTAL-FRIENDLY CONDITIONS OF
other WORK AND REST. Including the action of light reaching
private property - for example, artificial light entering
activities and
through the windows of buildings.
holidays
Comfort of DISCOMFORT ACTION. Light with great brightness and
External intrusive color has a harmful effect; outdoor lighting
environment systems incl. advertising lighting, street lighting.
Tourist DISCOMFORT ACTION. Harmful effect caused by light
Activity with high brightness, intrusive color, dynamic impact.
 C. The “ABCD-Evaluation” concept. D. The Irrational “ABCD-Model”.
Light pollution evaluation of the street lighting "Borders" of the lighting design
The picture below shows the significant impact of the
Street lighting is one of the leading lighting systems
negative influence of the artificial lighting, the impact of the
causing the formation of light pollution. Table 4 suggests an
street (and road) lighting in particular. Alternatively, an
“ABCD-Evaluation” concept of the light pollution from street
Irrational ABCD-Model has been proposed as a hypothesis for
lighting with a specification of measures to limit light
overcoming the negative impact of the artificial street lighting
pollution. It is proposed to assess the light pollution according
(Fig.1).
to the impact, functionality, management and aesthetics of the
street lighting systems with the following basic positions:
EXISTING PICTURE
 - light marking of the road and the pedestrian zones;  B C D
B - very well designed lighting system with very low INTERMEDIATE STAGE
brightness and/or with special temporary but controlled use;  B C D
C - uncontrolled emission of light emitted to the sky, HYPOTHETICAL (RECOMMENDED) PICTURE
reaching the surrounding space, entering private property  B C D
through the windows;
D - harmful impact on natural inhabitants. Fig. 1. The Irrational ABCD-Model. Proportional distribution of the existing
picture followed by a smooth transition reaching the recommended
TABLE IV. THE “ABCD-EVALUATION” CONCEPT - EXEMPLARY ASSESSMENT (hypothetical) picture.
OF THE LIGHT POLLUTION CAUSED BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS
AND SITUATIONS AND UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS. The irrational ABCD-model formulated by levels of light
modeling (Table 5) represents a hypothesis about the
Positions Additional information emergence of the so-called a light-based information field
WITHOUT STREET LIGHTING. [34,35] in which the information is exchanged between
A Possibly only with light marking of the road and the pedestrian zones;
Very well designed lighting system with VERY LOW BRIGHTNESS; vehicles and street (road) lighting (by the so-called "engaged
B PORTABLE temporary lighting (e.g. street or road sections in repair); light"), reaching a state of intelligent lighting
HOLIDAY or SEASONAL street lighting; metacommunication (Fig. 2).
LIGHT ENTERING PREMISES from street lighting
through the windows or REACHING private property;
CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF THE LIGHT IMPACT of several The lack of communication between the two types of
lighting systems (the standard street lighting increases its impact due to lighting is a question that has been circulating not quite
the emergence of additional outdoor lighting systems – holiday lighting,
architectural lighting, decorative lighting, advertising lighting, vehicle
recently [33]. In this respect, the idea of intelligent light
lights, etc.); metacommunication is intended to achieve a state of
SIMULTANEOUSLY INCREASING IMPACT of a number of synchronization (joint work) among vehicles and street
outdoor lighting systems (street, architectural, decorative, advertising,
etc.), where the overall impact effect exceeds the impact of light
lighting followed by a state of harmonization between them
systems operating individually - THE LIGHT IS SCATTERING TO (achieved balance) – the emergence of a synergetic interaction
THE SKY surrounding spaces, private property, ENTERING (-LEVEL), (Fig.2), [34,35].
THROUGH THE WINDOWS;
Street lighting with combined impact of SECONDARY
SIMULTANEOUSLY cumulative, and synergistic effects; causing
light scattering directed to the sky, affecting the surrounding space,
C reaching private property by entering the windows;
OVERLIT STREET AREAS, with independent negative effects or in
combination with secondary, cumulative and synergistic effects. Light
scatters to the sky, affetcing surrounding spaces, reaching private
property, entering through the windows without limit. THE IMPACT
COVERS LARGE REGIONS and large masses of people;
STRONGLY OVERLIT AREAS on a large number of streets in large
areas with a large number of occupants. Collaborative action of street
lighting with other outdoor lighting systems (architectural and
advertising lighting, illuminated showcases, vehicle lighting, etc.).
UNCONTROLLED AMOUNT OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT directed
to the sky, to the surrounding space, to the private property, light
entering through the windows. Disturbance of the normal day/night
rhythm of a large number of people in large areas. There is no
perspective for a future change of the light scheme and a reduction of Fig. 2. Levels of light modeling: -level (light comfort); -level (overlit areas
the significant negative impact. or light poverty);  -level (chaotically organized light system), -level
Streets, roads, paths in a special or nature conservation sites where
(engaged light, light-based information field, lighting metacommunication;
D artificial light creates an intolerable and dangerously IRREVERSIBLE
HARMFUL IMPACT on NATURAL INHABITANTS.
metamobile/metamob) – located on the edge between -level and -level.
 TABLE V. LEVELS OF LIGHT MODELING. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE EMERGENCE Thus, the total amount of light emitted by the outdoor lighting
OF INTELLIGENT LIGHTUING METACOMMUNICATION, [34,35]
luminaires is evaluated. A part of the light output emitted by
Levels Additional information the luminaires is used directly for the initailly intended purpose
 (ALFA) LEVEL Light comfort of the lighting systems, and the rest is emitted directly to the
High Border - a presence of overlit "light spot"; night sky (a part of the luminous flux reflected to the sky
"burn-out" of the entire composition; comes from illuminated surfaces of open spaces, terrains).
 (BETA) LEVEL
Low Border - light "cloud" - light poverty,
lack of a clear light scheme.
Table 6 represents the energy-economic indicators of the street
Zero Border - The lighting is following a and architectural lighting in the context of the light pollution
 (GAMMA) LEVEL
chaotic dynamics. [25].
Supreme Border - a hypothesis about the
emergence of so-called a light-based semantic TABLE VI. LIGHT POLLUTION INDICATORS FROM STREET
field in which information is exchanged by the AND ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING
 (DELTA) LEVEL
implementation of the so-called "engaged light",
a state and a form of intelligent light meta- Indicators Street lighting Architectural lighting
communication. Average annual consumption of
642.14977. 106 107.672. 106
electricity, kWh / year
Average annual net quantity of
E. Night natural light light emitted from light sources, 28.19519 5.370164
Tlm.h / year ( 1012)
In the context of the light pollution, the night moonlight Annual average amount of light
should also be taken into account. This factor is still neglected. directed and reflected to the sky, 9.325841 2.175561
Tlm.h / year
It is a well-known fact that the human eye has historically Lost electric energy for light
evolved and adapted to both daylight and night (moon) natural emitted to the sky and creating 164.6472 . 106 27.607221. 106
light pollution, kWh / year
light. It adapts to a wide range of brightness values: from 10÷6 GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions
cd/m2 (night sky) to 105 cd/m2 (clear sunny day with snow from lost electricity to generate 134.84605 22.610313
cover). Hence, the outdoor lighting management should be light pollution, ton CO2 / year

synchronized with both daytime natural and nighttime natural

light. However, as far as the potential of the night light is not
studied enough, the question of its quantitative assessment and
use still stands open. But it is obvious that the moonlight is not
to be underestimated, both psychologically and as a
visualization factor.
There are already solutions to use reflected sunlight
directed at the Earth through huge mirrors located in the space.
The transition from the bright to the dark part of the 24-hour
period shows that the amount of natural day light passes from
high to low brightness, while the two receptors (rod cells that
perform the scotopic (night) vision and cones that perform the
photopic (day) vision) are simultaneously operating and
realizing the so-called "mesopic" vision. Considering the co-
operative behaviour of the two visual sensors allows for the
realization of street lighting with low brightness, lower
consumption of electrical power and respectively lower
electricity costs.
F. Energy- economic indicators of the light pollution in
Bulgaria
According to a representative expert assessment [24,25],
data from the national statistics (Statistical report 2018,
National Statistical Institute (NSI), Sofia, Bulgaria), data from
normalization of the ecological equivalent of electricity, other
publications and personal information, there has been made an
assessment of the light pollution from the light emitted to the
sky from the street and architectural lighting in Bulgaria.
III. CONCLUSION
How far would the over-illumination go? According to many
specialists, incl. psychologists and medics, the majority of our
society has no idea that the uncontrolled artificial lighting in the
dark part of the 24-hour period is not healthy and safe. The
important question here is the when the ordinary citizen and light
industry will identify the existence of light pollution and visual
glare as harm rather than a benefit.
Several campaigns like “The Globe at Night" (on-line project
to measure light pollution), [http://edcommunity.esri.com/gan/]
and the "Earth Hour" [https://www.earthhour.org/], and many
others wake up and focus public attention and awareness on the
light pollution issue and its impact. The benefit of those
campaigns does not relate to their demonstrational manner, but to
the lack of adequate energy and environmental culture that
should corresponds to the present high-technological progress. It
is necessary to rethink the artificial light, the understanding of
the hygiene of lighting, especially if it is overdosed and
unsatisfactorily managed.
Light is needed only when it is useful, safe and pleasant to
people. At least for the time being, Bulgaria is not a leader in the
light pollution in Europe. Logically, the question that arises is:
wether after the global warming and global over-illumination
will not follow?

The assessment is based on the consumed electricity from

these two types of lighting. This energy consumption generates
a luminous flux that is actually emitted by the luminaires.
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