8th Chemistry

IIT / NEET - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION PHYSICS VOL - I - CLASS 8
SYNTHETIC FIBRES
1 & PLASTICS
Chapter out line
Introduction of natural and synthetic fibers
Preparation of synthetic fibers
Uses of synthetic fibers and characteristics
Properties of plastics and types of plastics ,4R principle
Classification of polymers on the basis of structure
Classification of polymers on the basis of molecular forces
www.mercuryeducation.com 1
SYNTHETIC FIBRES AND PLASTICS
Synthetic fibres Plastics

names of plastics types of plastics
Properties of synthetic
fibres Thermosetting
PVC plastics
Names of
synthetic fibres Polythene
Hand
Bakalite
picking
Nylon, rayon, polyester,Terylene,

Acrylic, etc.,
Properties of plastics
Hand picking
Hand
Handpicking
icking
non-biodegradable
non-reactive
SYNTHETIC FIBRES & PLASTICS LECTURE - 1

Learning Objectives
When you have completed this lecture you should be able to :

Know the uses of synthetic fibers and characteristics
Know about the properties of plastics and types of plastics ,4R principle
Synthetic materials are kinds of materials obtained from the synthesis of chemicals.
The chemicals used for synthetic materials are obtained from petroleum and natural
gas(methane)
Petroleum and natural gas is compound of hydrogen and oxygen called hydrocarbon.
Monomers are simple chemical molecules of hydrocarbon.
When monomers join end to end form a long chain of monomers called polymers. The process
of the formation of polymers is called polymerization.
Cellulose [beet root] is polymers of glucose while Hemoglobin is polymers of amino acid.
Fibres are thin thread like materials used to prepared cloths.
Fibres obtained on mixing natural and synthetic fiber are called semi synthetic fibre e.g. rayon
Rayon:
Rayon is synthetic fibres obtained from cellulose.
Rayon are of three types: Viscose Cupreammonium (cupro) and acetate rayons.
Viscose Rayon:
In industry cellulose dissolved in mixture of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and CS2 (carbon
disulphide) to get Viscous liquid [semi solid] called viscose.
Viscose is forced to spinnerets [an apparatus having small holes like shower] into an acid
bath [through solution of acid like H2SO4] . Thus filaments of rayon are obtained which is
spun into thread.
Cupro Rayon:
Cupro Rayon are obtained on dissolving cellulose into solution of CuSO4 and NH4 . The dissolve
solutions forced to spinnerets into an acid bath to get filaments of cuprammonium rayon are
obtained which is spun into thread.
Acetate Rayon:
Acetate Rayon is obtained on dissolving cellulose into solution of Acetate and H2SO4.
Rayon in our daily life
Rayon mixed with cotton or silk to make smooth and silky cloth in textile industry.
Rayon mixed with wool to make carpet.
Rayon are also used for making reinforced tyre, bangles and surgical dressing
The name Nylon derived from the New York [NY] and London[LON] as Nylon was first
produce in both places at same time.
Nylon
Nylon (polyamides) was first prepared in 1935 chemically.
Nylon are prepared using cyclic hydrocarbon Benzene(C6H6)
Nylon has silk like texture and high tensile strength[Drawn into long thin straps]
Nylon in our daily life
Nylon is mainly used for making ropes, woman’s wear, fishing net, sari socks and tie
Polyester:
Polyster is obtained from polymer of ethene. It has maximum stretchable strength.
Terylene, Dacron are kinds of Polyster used for dress, cloth and curtain.
Terylene mixed with cotton and wood to produce terycot and terry wool respectively.
Polysters are also used for making sail for sail boat and conveyor belts.
Acrylics:
Acrylics fibres are obtained on dissolving acetylene[C2H2] into suitable solvent like HCN and
then forced to spinneret because acetylene decompose without melting.
Acrylics in our daily life
They are light and soft like wool. The y are crimpy (wavy) and straight like Polyster thus
appear to be bulky and look like wool.
They are resistant to weather as they are not easily acted upon by moisture.
Advantages of synthetic fibres
Having long lasting luster and do not turn yellow with age
Easy to clean and dry up quickly
Durable and do not shrink on washing
They are less expensive than cotton
They do not depend on plants or animal like cotton
Dis advantages of synthetic fibres
They get electrically charged in dry weather and cause skin irritation
They melt and form sticky beads on heating. There is always a risk of getting burn in kitchen
They are hydrophilic as do not absorb sweat and moisture thus uncomfortable to wear.
They are non bio degradable and cause pollution.
They are good absorber of radiant heat and not fit in summer.
Good to more good
To make make wide spread use of synthetic material it is mixed with natural fibre. There are
called blend fibre.
SYNTHETIC FIBRES & PLASTICS

PRACTICE SHEET -1
Single Response Type:

1. The purest natural form of cellulose is :-
A) rayon B) cotton C) wool D) silk
2. Rayon clothes are comfortable to wear in:-
A) winters B) rainy season C) both A & B D) summers
3. Rayon is made from :-
A) wood pulp B) bark of the tree C) dry leaves D) petroleum products
4. Acrylic fibres are advantageous over :-
A) cotton B) wool C) silk D) jute
5. The polymers in which smaller units are linked to each other in straight arrangement are
called :-
A) Cross-linked polymers B) Branched polymers
C) Linear polymers D) All the above
6. Among the following a synthetic polymer is :-
A) Cellulose B) chitin C) rayon D) Silk

LEVEL - I
1. Fibres are :
A) Natural B) Artificial C) Synthetic D) All are correct
2. PVC is :
A) Polyvenyl chloride B) Paravenyl chloride C) Paravinyl chloride D) Polyvinyl chloride
3. Cellulose is used to prepare :
A) Acrylic B) Polyethylene C) Rayon D) Nylon
4. Best alternative to wool is :
A) Rayon B) Nylon C) Acrylic D) Bakelite
5. Statement incorrect for synthetic fibres is/are:
A) very expensive B) non-biodegradable C) long lasting D) all the above
LEVEL - II
6. First synthetic fibre formed from natural material is:
A) Polyester B) Nylon C) Acrylon D) Rayon
7. First man-made fibre produced chemically is:
A) Terylene B) Nylon C) Polyester D) Rayon
8. Which of the following fibres are made from petroleum products?
A) decron B) acrylon C) terylene D) all of them
9. A strand of a substance is called :
A) thread B) fibre C) fabric D) yarn
10. Which one is artificial silk?
A) Fibroin B) Nylon C) Rayon D) Teflon
LEVEL - III
11. ____ is blended with wool for making carpets.
A) Rayon B) Polystyrene C) Polyester D) Nylon
12. _____ is blended with wool to give terrywool.
A) polyester B) acrylic C) rayon D) Nylon
13. Fibre as soft as wool is :
A) Decron B) Acrylic C) Nylon D) Rayon
14. Many fibres are twisted to form :
A) yarn B) fabric C) fibre D) Thread
15. Raw materials for the synthetic fibres are derived from :
A) plant products B) animal products C) petroleum productsD) only coal
LEVEL - IV
16. Name NYLON was derived from:
A) New Yorkshire & London B) New York & London
C) New Jersey & London D) New Delhi(Y) & London
17. Yarn is twisted to form :
A) fibre B) plastic C) thread D) fabric
18. A man- made fibre obtained from natural source is :
A) Polyester B) Acrylic C) Nylon D) Rayon
19. The first fully synthetic fibre is :
A) Rayon B) Acrylic C) Jute D) Nylon
20. Woollen apparels can be made from :
A) Acrylic B) wool C) terylene D) both wool & Acrylic
LEVEL - V
21. Necklace : bead :: synthetic fibre : _____
A) polymer B) tetramer C) monomer D) dimer
22. Synthetic polymers are :
A) good conductor of heat B) biodegradable
C) bad conductor of heat D) chemically reactive
23. Fabrics are made with :
A) yarn B) all polymers C) thread D) either yarn or thread
24. Synthetic fibres get electrically charged in dry weather. This electric charge:
A) helps in production of electricity B) can be used to prevent electric shock
C) cause skin problems D) cause easy earthing
25. Which of the following is not found in both natural as well as artificial forms :
A) Wool B) Jute C) Silk D) Rubber
Assertion and reason type:

1. Statement - I : Rayon is made from methanol.
Statement - II : Nylon is also known as artificial silk.
A) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are true.
B) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are false.
C) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
D) Statement I is false, Statement II is true..
Linked comprehensive type:
Synthetic materials are kinds of materials obtained from the synthesis of chemicals.The
chemicals used for synthetic materials are obtained from petroleum and natural gas(methane)
2. A regenerated synthetic fibre is :-
A) Rayon B) Nylon C) Terylene D) Polythene
3. The first fully synthetic fibre is :-
A) Rayon B) Nylon C) Acrylic D) Polyester
4. Polyester is a long chain polymer of a chemical substance called :-
A) Aldehyde B) Ester C) Alcohol D) Ethene
Multi Correct Choice Type:
5. Which of the following are types of rayon?
A) Viscous rayon B) Cupro rayon C) Acetate rayon D) Nylon
Matrix Matching Type:
6. Column-I Column-II
Fibre articles made
a) Jute p) Bristles for brushes
b) Polyester q) Surgical dressings
c) Rayon r) Bags
d) Acrylic s) Sails for boats
e) Nylon t) Sweaters
Fibre Property characteristic
a) Cotton p) Silky texture
b) Nylon q) Plant fibre
c) Rayon r) Feels like wool
d) Polyester s) Does not absorb water
e) Acrylic t) Absorbs very little water
SYNTHETIC FIBRES & PLASTICS LECTURE - 2

Learning Objectives

Know the classification of polymers on the basis of structure
Know about the classification of polymers on the basis of molecular forces
PLASTIC
Plastic : Any material which can be molded into any desirable shape on heating is called
plastic
Petroleum product such that Ethane, propane, benzene ,toluene etc are used for
manufacturing plastic.
Types of Plastic
i) Thermoplastic ii) Thermosetting
Thermosetting Plastic
Thermosetting plastics are kind of plastic which once moulded cannot moulded again by
heating.
Thermosetting plastics are kind of plastic whose polymers form highly cross linked chain on
heating.
Bakellite , melanin, Formaldehyde are some of the examples of Thermosetting Plastic
Thermoplastic Plastic
Thermoplastic are kind of plastic which can be moulded again and again by heating and
easily reused.
PVS, Polysterine , nylon , polythine are some of the examples of Thermoplastic Plastic
Polymers of thermoplastic Plastic have long chain without cross linked to each other.
Characteristics of plastic
Plastic has much less toughness as compared to metal
It possess light weight
It is not affected by acids and bases.
Plastic are non bio degradable as it is weather resistant
Plastic are bad conductor of heat and electricity
Plastic melts on heating

Some of the common plastics are
a. Polythene
it is obtained from polymerization of ethene. it is non bio degradable .
it is a kind of thermosetting plastic
it is insoluble in any solvent
it is light weight
it is anti corrosion and insulator
it is used for making bag ,adhesive tap, electric wire cover and can
b. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
it is use for making sole of shoe
it is use for making covering of electric wire
it is use for making sanitary fittings
c. Polysterine
It is a polymer of polythene .
it is highly transparent
it is use for making cups of hot drink , toy etc.
it is use for safe packaging of expensive items
it is use for making Styrofoam[themocole]
it is use as insulating material in refrigerator
d. Teflon
It is prepared by using tera- fluroethene.
Heat and chemical are not effective on Teflon
it is use for making non stick cooking were
it is use for making corrosive proof coating in industry
e. Bakelite
it is use for making electrical switches and plug
it is use for making gear wheel
it is use for making table top
it is use for making comb, pen bodies and photograph records
f. Melanin
It is hard and highly polished polymers used for making unbreakable kitchen were.
SYNTHETIC FIBRES & PLASTICS

PRACTICE SHEET -2

1. Which of the following is not a part of 4R’s formula :-
A) reduce B) recycle C) recover D) reinvent
2. Synthetic plastics lead to :-
A) water pollution B) air pollution C) solid waste pollution D) all the above
3. A plastic which can be softened on heating and moulded repeatedly is called :-
A) thermoplastic B) thermosetting plastic C) thermolabile plastic D) both B & C
4. The synthetic plastic used for making insulation cover in electrical wires/cables is :-
A) Bakelite B) Melamine C) Polyvinyl chloride D) Polystyrene
5. Plastics are :-
A) cheaper B) durable C) nonreactive D) all the above
6. All are polyester fibres except:-
A) Melamine B) Terylene C) Decron D) Terene
7. Recycled plastic can be produced from :
A) Used thermosetting plastic B) Unused thermosetting plastic
C) All synthetic fibres D) Used thermoplastic
Very Short Answer Questions
8. Give examples which indicate that nylon fibres are very strong.
9. What is polythene?
10. Name the plastic whose sheets are used for packing liquids.
11. Name one naturally occurring polymer.
12. Name the fibre used for making parachutes and ropes for rock climbing.
13. Which synthetic fiber is known as artificial silk?
14. Which is the first fully synthetic fibre?
15. Write one disadvantage of synthetic fibre.
16. What are esters?
17. What are the advantages of nylon?
18. Write uses of bakelite.
19. Write uses of melamine.
20. How is rayon different from synthetic fibres?
Short Answer Questions
21. Why plastic finds such a variety of uses?
22. Should the handle and bristles of a tooth brush be made of the same material? Explain your
answer.
23. Why electrical wires have plastic covering, and handles of screw drivers are made of plastic?
24. What type of cookware is used in microwave oven and why?
25. How is plastic useful in healthcare industry?
26. Why is nylon used for making parachutes and ropes for rock climbing?
27. What is polymer?
28. Why nylon is called fully synthetic fibre?
29. What is polyester?
30. Write one use of acrylic.
31. Suggest some ways in which we can contribute towards reducing the use of plastic materi-
als?
32. Explain why plastic containers are favoured for storing food.
33. What is PET? Write its uses.
34. Give examples to show that plastics are noncorrosive in nature.
Or
Why are the chemicals in the laboratory stored in plastic containers?
Or
Why are plastic containers used to store chemicals in labs?
35. Why should recycled plastic not be used for the storage of food?
Or
Why is recycled plastic not suitable for storage of food items?
Or
Can recycled plastics be used in food containers? Why or why not?
Long Answer Questions
36. Explain why some fibres are called synthetic.
37. Give three advantages of polythene over natural materials.
38. ‘Manufacturing synthetic fibres is actually helping conservation of forests’. Comment
39. What properties of plastics make them so useful?
40. Why is a plastic bucket preferred over an iron bucket?
41. What are some uses of nylon?
42. Why is acrylic fibre more popular than wool?
43. Name two polyester fabrics and write their uses.
44. Why should we not wear synthetic clothes while working in in the kitchen or in a laboratory?
45. Differentiate between natural and synthetic fibres.
46. “Even though plastics are very useful, they are not environment friendly.” Justify the state-
ment.
47. ‘Avoid plastics as far as possible’. Comment on this advice.
48. Suggest some ways to solve plastic pollution.
Or
How can pollution due to plastics be solved?
49. Explain the difference between the thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics.

LEVEL - I
1. Which of the following set of features belong to thermoplastics ?
A) Hard and strong B) Hard and less brittle C) Soft and brittle D) Soft and less brittle
2. The oldest synthetic plastic is :
A) Polythene B) Bakelite C) Polyester D) Melamine
3. The lightest plastic material is :
A) Bakelite B) Polythene C) Polyester D) Polypropylene
4. When plastics are burnt they release:
A) toxic gases B) nitrogen gas C) oxygen gas D) biogas
5. Which of the following is incorrect regarding plastics:
A) durable B) non biodegradable C) non recyclable D) resistant to weather
LEVEL - II
6. _____ is widely used for making non stick pans and containers.
A) PVC B) Melamine C) Bakelite D) PTFE
7. Remoulding can be done of :
A) Formaldehyde B) Melamine C) Polyvinyl chloride D) Bakelite
8. Unbreakable kitchenware is made from :
A) PTFE B) PVC C) melamine D) Bakelite
9. Which of the following is a thermosetting plastic ?
A) Nylon B) Polyester C) Melamine D) PTFE
10. Such plastic which gets deformed easily on heating is called:
A) Thermostable plastic B) Both thermoplastic & thermosetting plastic
C) Thermoplastic D) Thermosetting plastics
LEVEL - III
11. The first true plastic was :
A) Rayon B) Polystyrene C) Bakelite D) Melamine
12. Uniform of firemen have a coating of :
A) Bakelite B) Jute C) Cotton D) Melamine
13. The first thermosetting plastic was:
A) Melamine B) Haematite C) PVC D) Bakelite
14. The thermosetting plastic formed by condensation of phenol and formaldehyde is :
A) Melamine B) Bakelite C) Nylon D) Teflon
15. PTFE is better known as :
A) Rayon B) Teflon C) Dacron D) Nylon
LEVEL - IV
16. Which of the following is a thermoplastic?
A) Nylon B) Bakelite C) Melamine D) all the above
17. A non biodegradable fibre will cause :
A) cleaner air B) better environment C) pollution D) high productivity
18. Plastics are poor conductor of heat thus on bringing closer to flame:
A) They remain unaffected
B) They melt
C) They change from thermoplastic to thermosetting plastic
D) They change colour but not shape
19. Which of the following set of features belong to thermosetting plastics ?
A) Hard and more brittle B) Strong and soft
C) Soft and less brittle D) Hard and less brittle
20. Plastic means :
A) Incapable of being moulded B) Capable of conducting heat and electricity
C) Capable of being moulded D) Incapable of conducting heat and electricity
LEVEL - V
21. All electrical wires used in household fittings contain a plastic covering because plastics are :
A) Non durable B) Bad conductors of electricity
C) Good conductors of electricity D) Semi conductors of electricity
22. Thermosetting plastics contain cross-linked polymeric chains so they can be used :
A) Only thrice B) Only twice C) Many times D) Only once
23. Plastics that can be reclaimed from wastes are :
A) Thermoplastics B) Thermosetting plastics
C) Both thermoplastics & thermosetting plastics D) None of them
24. Main source of raw material for producing plastics is :
A) CNG B) Crude oil C) Refined oil D) LPG
25. Plastic buckets are used to store water because :
A) plastics are bad conductor of electricity B) plastics are poor conductor of heat
C) plastics are insoluble in water D) plastics are soluble in water

1. Statement - I : PVC is a thermoplastic.
Statement - II : Like synthetic fibres, plastics are also polymers
A) Both Statement-I, and Statement-II are true.
B) Both Statement-I, and Statement-II are false.
C) Statement I is true, Statement II is false. D) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
Plastics are such materials which can be moulded into a desired form. A variety of day to day
usable articles are prepared from plastics such as- comb, toothbrush, chair, table, bottle etc.,
2. We should never dispose off polythenes in the sewage system because:
A) Makes sewage non biodegradable B) Release toxic fumes and gases
C) Chokes drains and soil D) All of them
3. The 4th R added to 3R concept is :
A) Reduce B) Reverse C) Refuse D) Reuse
4. The scratch proof and corrosion resistant low friction protective coating on metal surface is :
A) Dacron B) Formica C) Nylon D) Teflon
5. Plastics are classified as thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic based on their behaviour :
A) on passing electricity B) on ironing C) on heating D) on cooling
6. Which of the following are thermosetting plastics?
A) PET B) Polythene C) Melanine D) Bekalite
7. Column I Column II
Synthetic plastic Property/characteristic
a) Polyethylene p) quite inert
b) PVC q) lighter than polythene
c) Polystyrene r) high polish polymer
d) Teflon s) tougher than polythene
e) Melamine t) impermeable to water
a) Plastics p) first fully synthetic fibre
b) Cotton cloth q) PET bottles
c) Nylon r) non biodegradable
d) Polyester s) thermosetting plastic
e) Bakelite t) biodegradable
Synthetic plastic use/article made
a) Bakelite p) Thermocole
b) Melamine q) Shoes
c) Teflon r) Combs
d) Polystyrene s) Unbreakable dinner set
e) PVC t) Nonstick cookware

1. Which of the following is thermoplastic?
A) A Nylon B) Polyethylene C) Terylene D) All of these
2. Which one among the following is a thermosetting plastic?
A) PVC B) PVA C) Bakelite D) Perspex
3. Shellac secreted by lac insects is:
A) Natural plastic B) Natural resin C) Natural elastic D) Any of these
4. Which one among the following is a thermosetting plastic?
A) PVC B) PVA C) Bakelite D) Perspex
5. Which one of the following is a thermosetting plastic?
A) Melamine B) Polythene C) PVC D) Nylon
6. The thermosetting plastic among these is:
A) PVC B) bakelite C) teflon D) nylon
7. Melamine are:
A) Thermosetting B) Thermoplastic C) Both A and B D) None of these
8. Nylon is obtained from:
A) coal B) air C) water D) all of the above
9. What kind of silk is rayon?
A) Natural silk B) Synthetic silk C) Mulberry silk D) None of the above
10. Burning of plastic causes:
A) water pollution B) air pollution C) sound pollution D) all of these
11. Plastics are mainly used by everyone because:
A) They are cheap B) Easy to handle C) Light weight D) All of the above
12. Which of the following substance is biodegradable?
A) Cloth B) Thermosetting plastic
C) Thermoplastic D) PVC pipes
13. A material which is not easily decomposed by natural processes is termed as:
A) biodegradable material B) non-biodegradable material
C) recycled material D) natural material
14. Why plastic containers are favoured for storing food?
A) Plastics are light in weight
B) Plastic is a strong and durable material
C) Plastics are easy to handle
D) All of the above
15. Which of the following are uses of plastics in health care industry?
A) Packaging of tablets B) Stitching wounds
C) Syringes D) All of the above
16. Like synthetic fibres, plastic is also a:
A) polymer B) polythene C) polycot D) acrylic
17. Which synthetic fibre is used in making ropes for rock climbing and parachutes ?
A) Nylon B) Rayon C) Polycot D) Jute
IIT / NEET - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION CHEMISTRY VOL - I - CLASS 8
2 METALS & NON -

METALS
Chapter Out Line

Differences between metals and non-metals
Physical Properties of Metals
Chemical Properties of Metals
Chemical Properties of non-Metals
Extraction of metals
Corrosion of metals and prevention of corrosion
Conversion of concentrated ore into crudemetal, extraction of highly reactive metals
METALS AND NON - METALS LECTURE - 1

Learning Objectives
Know about characteristics of metals and non-metals
Know the difference between metals and non-metals.
Introduction : As there are 119 elements in the periodic table, to make easier to know about
each elements they are divided into metals, non-metals and metalloids based on their properties.
Metals : A metal is a chemical element which is a good conductor of both heat and
electricity and form cations (positively charged ions) by losing electrons from their outermost
shell and ionic bonds with non-metals.
In general metals are lustrous, crystalline solids of high strength and high melting and boiling
points
ii) good conductors of heat and electricity.
iii) Malleable and ductile and electropositive i.e., they form positive ion by losing electrons.
Common examples of metals are: Na, k,Mg,Ca,Al,Zn,Fe, Cu,Ag,Au and Pt
Though a liquid under ordinary conditions, Hg is a metal a sit is electro positive, lustrous and
a good conductor of heat and electricity.
The images of some metals are given below for an idea.
Platinum Silver Palladium gold
Toxcity of metals
METALS
Non-metals : The elements (except hydrogen), which form negatively charged ions by
accepting electrons in their valence shell and form acidic or neutral oxides are called non-
metals. There are 22 non-metals and these include six noble gases. Bromine is the only liquid
non-metal at room temperature.
In general,
i) Non-metals are not lustrous, bad conductors of heat and electricity, brittle if solid and
electronegative, i.e., they form negative ions by gaining electrons.
Ex: There are much fewer non-metals than metals. Common examples are C,N,P,O,S, the halogens
and the noble gases.
We should remember that hydrogen, graphite and iodine are non-metals, though i) hydrogen
is electro positive,
ii) graphite is lustrous and good conductor of electricity and iodine is lustrous.
Position of metals in the periodic table:
Group Metals
IA The alkali metals
IIA The alkaline earth metals
(III-VIII)B The transition metals
IB The coinage metals(called so because they were used to make coins
earlier)
IIB The zinc-group metals
Lower part of Metals like Al,Sn, Pb etc.,
(III-VI)A
Non-metals : The non-metals are 24 in number, of which 12 are solids(B,C,Si, Ge,P, As,Sb
,S,Se ,Te, I,At) , one is a liquid(Br) and 11 are gases(H,N,O,F,Cl,He,Ne,Ar,Kr,Xe,Rn).Except
H, which is in group IA, the non-metals are placed in groups(III-VIII)A.
Physical characteristics of metals and non-metals:
Metals Non-metals
Metals have a lustre, known as They have no lustre i.e., they are dull
Metallic Luster .They can be polished. looking. Usually they cannot b e polished.
Exceptions: Graphite and iodine are
lustrous.
2.Metals in general are hard crystalline 2.Non-metals exist as gases or soft
solids of high strength. solids.
Exceptions: Hg is a liquid and Na and Exceptions: Diamond is a hard solid
K are soft metals, easily cut by a knife and bromine is a liquid.
3.Metals, in general have high 3.Non-metals have low densities.
densities.
Exceptions: Na and K have low
densities. They are lighter than water.
4. Metals usually have high melting and 4.Non-metals usually have low melting
boiling points. and boiling points.
Exceptions: Na and K have low Exceptions :Diamond and graphite
melting and boiling points. have very high melting and boiling
points.
5. Metals are malleable.(i.e., they can 5. Solid non-metals are brittle rather
Be hammered into sheets) and than malleable and ductile.
ductile(i.e., they can be drawn into
wires.) Silver and gold have
extraordinary malleability.
6.Metals are good conductors of heat. 6. Non-metals are bad conductors of heat.
Exception: Diamond is a good
conductor of heat.
7.Metals are good conductors of 7. Non-metals in general bad conductors of
electricity. electricity. Exception: Graphite is a
Ag and Cu are the best conductors, good conductor of electricity.
followed by Al and Fe.
Important Points
A metal is a chemical element which is a good conductor of both heat and electricity and
form cations (positively charged ions) by losing electrons from their outermost shell and ionic
bonds with non-metals.
In general metals are lustrous, crystalline solids of high strength and high melting and boiling
points
good conductors of heat and electricity.
Malleable and ductile and electropositive i.e., they form positive ion by losing electrons.
Common examples of metals are: Na, k,Mg,Ca,Al,Zn,Fe, Cu,Ag,Au and Pt
The elements (except hydrogen), which form negatively charged ions by accepting electrons
in their valence shell and form acidic or neutral oxides are called non-metals. There are 22
non-metals and these include six noble gases. Bromine is the only liquid non-metal at room
temperature.
In general, Non-metals are not lustrous, bad conductors of heat and electricity, brittle if solid
and electronegative, i.e., they form negative ions by gaining electrons.
New Words
Lustrous: bright, burnished, glistening, glorious, glossy, polished, shiny, shining, shiny.
Brittleness: Tendency of a material to fracture or fail upon the application of a relatively
small amount of force, impact, or shock. Opposite of toughness.
Sonorous: Producing sound , ull or loud in sound.
Malleability: The elements which can be shaped or formed by hammering or pressure is
called malleability.( Can be beaten into sheets)
Ductility: The property of metal which permits it to be reduced in cross sectional area without
fracture.( Can be drawn into wires)
Tensile strength: The resistance of a material to a force tending to tear it apart, measured as
the maximum tension the material can withstand without tearing.
Ionic bond: An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond formed through an electrostatic attraction
between two oppositely charged ions. Ionic bonds are formed between a cation, which is
usually a metal, and an anion, which is usually a non-metal.
METALS AND NON-METALS

PRACTICE SHEET -1

1. Which element is a metalloid?
A) Titanium B) Selenium C) Potassium D) Polonium

2. Which elements are found on the left to middle of The Periodic Table?
A) Metals B) Nonmetals C) Metalloids D) Candles
3. Which of these elements is unlikely to be found native?
A) gold B) platinum C) aluminium D) silver
4. Some students conducted a laboratory investigation to learn more about the physical proper-
ties of different elements. They observed four samples and recorded their observations in the
table . Based on these observations, which sample is most likely a nonmetal?
A) Sample 1 B) Sample 2 C) Sample 3 D) Sample 4

5. A student is given a sample of an unknown substance. He is asked to determine if it is classi-
fied as a metal, a metalloid, or a nonmetal. He discovered that the unknown element con-
ducted some heat and electricity, had a shiny luster, and broke easily. This element is most
likely a
A) metal B) nonmetal C) metalloid D) cannot be determined
6. How do metals differ from nonmetals?
A) metals are shiny, nonmetals are dull
B) metals are good insulators, nonmetals are good conductors
C) metals are powdery
D) nonmetals are shiny
7. At room temperature metals are ____________.
A) plasma B) gases C) liquid D) solid
8. What are the three major categories of the periodic table?
A) Alpha, Beta & Gamma B) Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids
C) Metals, Semi-metals and Metalloids D) Non-Metals, Semi-Metals and Metalloids
9. Which of these grouping of elements could have the characteristic of luster (shiny)?
A) Metal B) Nonmetal C) metalloids D) Both metals and metalloids
10. When an object changes shape when struck by a hammer.
A) luster B) malleable C) brittleness D) ductile

Conceptual reasoning type:
11. Is the property involved in the shining of diamond and lustre of metals the same?Justify.Hint:
Structure of diamond and bonding in diamond makes diamond to shine.
12. “Graphite cannot be used as a lubricant in space.”Give reasons.Hint: Layered structure of
grapite, Factors that make graphite act as a lubricant. Conditions in space and relate conditions
in space to factors that help graphite to act as a lubricant.

LEVEL - I
1. The property of metals by which they can be beaten in to thin sheets is called-
A) malleability B) Ductility C) conduction D) Expansion
2. The property of metal by which it can be drawn into wires is called
A) ConductivityB) malleability C) Ductility D) Decorating
3. The metals that produce ringing sounds, are said to be-
A) malleable B) sonorous C) Lustrous D) hard
4. Which metal is found in liquid state room temperature?
A) Fe B) Zn C) Hg D) Al
5. Which of the following statements are correct?
A) All metals are ductile B) All non metals are ductile
C) Generally metals are ductile D) some metals are ductile
6. The liquid metal is:
A) Magnesium B) Copper C) Mercury D) Zinc
7. The liquid Non metal is?
A) Iodine B) Chlorine C) Bromine D) Sulphur
LEVEL - II
8. Which one of the following is metal?
A) C B) N C) Na D) O
9. Which one of the following is non metal?
A) Zn B) Al C) Fe D) N
10. All materials shown property of malleability expect
A) Iron B) Graphite C) Aluminium D) Silver
11. Which one of the following is a good conductor of electricity?
A) Iron B) Plastic C) Wood D) Glass
12. Which of the following can be beaten in to thin sheets?

A) Zinc B) Phosphorus C) Sulphur D) Oxygen
LEVEL - III
13. Heat conduction is the property of
A) Non-metal B) Metal C) Metalloids D) All of these
14. Which of the following elements occurs in free in nature?
A) Co B) Fe C) Ni D) Pt
15. Of these, the most ductile metal is ___________.
A) Al B) Au C) Cu D) Ag
16. Of these, the least dense metal is ___________.
A) Hg B) Au C) Cu D) Na
LEVEL - IV
17. Which metal is found in plants?
A) Fe B) Cr C) Mg D) CO
18. Which one of the following is the good conductor of electricity?
A) Iron rod B) Sulphur C) Coal piece D) Wood
19. Which material show shiny appearance?
A) Coal B) Sulphur C) Aluminium D) Carbon
20. Which material is hard in nature?
A) Iron B) Coal C) Oxygen D) Wood
LEVEL - V
21. Among the following which pair is soft metals?
A) Sodium, potassium B) Potassium, magnesium
C) Magnesium, Calcium D) Magnesium, Manganese
22. Identify the odd one among the following with respect to tensile strength as well as ductility
A) Gas carbon B) Diamond C) Graphite D) Carbon fibre
Assertion and reasoning type:

1. Assertion : An atom that loses its out electron or electrons readily is active metal.
Reason : when they combine chemically with metal atoms, nonmetal atoms tend to gain
electrons to become negative ions
A) Both assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
B) Both assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
C) Assertion is correct, Reason is incorrect.
D) Assertion is incorrect, Reason is correct.
2. Assertion : If a substance is magnetic, it is most likely a metal.
Reason : Pure sodium has luster, bends easily, and conducts electricity. Based off these prop-
erties, it would be classified as non metal.
A) Both assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
B) Both assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
Linked Comprehensive Type:
I. Any substance which cannot be further subdivided into simpler substances, by any physical
or chemical means, is called an element. For the convenience of study, the elements have been
divided into two major groups, i.e., metals and non-metals.
3. At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, most elements are :
A) Liquids B) Gases C) Metallic solids D) Non-metallic solids
4. What is just so typical of NON-metals?
A) Malleable. B) Form acidic oxides.
C) Good conductors of electricity. D) None of these
5. Which of the following is true of all metals?
A) They react with acids to form Hydrogen
B) They are denser than water
C) They conduct electricity
D) They're silver in colour.
II. A metal is a chemical element which is a good conductor of both heat and electricity and
form cations (positively charged ions) by losing electrons from their outermost shell and ionic
bonds with non-metals.
6. Which property makes metals suitable for making bells?
A) good conductor B) shiny C) sonorous D) high density
7. Metalloids _____________
A) have no properties of metals.
B) have no properties of nonmetals.
C) have some properties of both metals and nonmetals.
D) none of the above
8. How would this element be classified?
A) Metal B) Nonmetal C) Metalloid D) Metamorphic
9. The elements argon, krypton, and xenon are all non-metals. What property would these
elements have in common?
A) Good conductor of thermal energy B) Poor conductor of electricity
C) Shiny, lustrous surface D) Soft and malleable
Multi answer Type:
10. Which of the following are correct statements?
A) The boiling point and melting point of metals are high.
B) Metals are found in solid state exception – mercury.
C) The metal has shining surface.
D) Non-Metals are brittle rather than malleable and ductile.
11. Which all of the following are properties used to classify elements as metals, non-metals, and
metalloids?
A) texture B) conductivity C) luster D) malleability
Matrix matching type:
12. Column - I Column - II
a) non malleable metal p) Zinc
b) hardest non-metal q) Graphite
c) Lustrous non-metal r) Potassium
d) Very active metal s) Diamond
a) Metal p) Zinc
b) Non-metal q) Oxygen
c) Semi metal r) Silicon
d) coinage metals s) IB group
t) IA group
Subjective type:
14. Why sodium is stored in kerosene but not in water?
15. Mention t specific properties of metals and non-metals.
16. Mention the physical properties of aluminum.
Integer type:
17. Alkaline earth metals belong to _________group in the periodic table.

Learning Objectives
Know about the chemical properties of metals
Know about the comparison of properties of metals and non metals
Know about the concentration of ores by chemical methods,
purification of crude metal
Metal activity series: In the reactivity series, less reactive metal is placed below the series
and more reactive metal is placed above it.Thus, as we move down, the metal in the reactivity
series becomes less reactive. Therefore, in a metal displacement reaction, it is seen that a more
reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its solution. From potassium to lead in the
reactivity series present above the hydrogen and copper to gold are below the hydrogen. The
elements above the hydrogen are more reactive than hydrogen and hence they can easily
replace hydrogen or the elements present below the hydrogen in reactivity series. The elements
present below hydrogen in the reactivity series are less reactive than hydrogen and can not
replace hydrogen.
Chemical characteristics of metals and non-metals: The chemical behaviour of metals is

more easily understood with the help of the activity series.(i.e., the electro chemical series).
As you know, metals are electro positive and the higher an element is placed in the activity
series, the more electro positive or active it is.
Reaction with air (Oxygen) : Metals react with oxygen to form oxides.
(i) Potassium ans sodium which are highly electropositive, catches fire in air or oxygen, but
ca,Mg which are less electropositive comparatively, react with oxygen when heated. Still less
electro positive metals like Al, Zn,Fe and Cu are oxidised slowly when heated in air. Among
the noble metals, only Ag is oxidised by O2 to some extent-others like Au and Pt are not.
Sodium metal reacts with the oxygen of air at room temperature to form a basic oxides
sodium oxide and sodium peroxide.
4M + O2  2M2O (M=K,Na) (K2 O,Na 2O)
(ii) Magnesium burns vigorously in air giving out a brilliant flame and forming magnesium
oxide (MgO) , a white mass.
2Mg  O2  2MgO  Magnesium oxide 
(iv) 2M + O2  2MO
(M = Zn,Fe,Cu,Hg) (ZnO, FeO, CuO, HgO)
(vi) 4M + 3O2  2M2O3
(M = Al,Fe) (Al2O3, Fe2O3)
The acid-base character of metal oxides: Metal oxides can be divided into three classes on
the basis of their acid-base character.
Oxides of metals are basic, amphoteric and acidic in nature.
ACID -BASE CHARACTER OF OXIDES OF METALS
Basic Amphoteric Acidic
Examples:K2O,Na2 O,MgO, ZnO,Al2O3 Cr2O3,MnO3,Mn2O7
CaO, FeO,Fe2O3,CuO etc.,
They react with acids to They react with acids as well as They dissolve in water to
form salt and water. bases to form salts and water form acids.
Na2O + 2HCl  2NaCl ZnO +2HCl  ZnCl2+H2 O CrO3+H2O  H2CrO4
+ H2 O
CuO + 2HCl  CuCl2 + ZnO+2NaOH  Na2ZnO2 +H 2CrO3+H2O  H2 Cr2O
H2O 2O 7
(di chromic acid)

Al2O3 + 6HCl  2AlCl3 + Mn2O7+H2 O  2HMn
3H2O O4
Al2O3 +2NaOH  2Na2AlO2 + (Paramagnetic acid)
H2O
Most metal oxides are basic though some are acidic and some are amphoteric.
The action of halogens: Halogens act on metals to form mostly ionic halides. Fluorine, chlorine
and bromine act more vigorously than iodine.
2Li + F2  2LiF; 2Na + Cl2  2NaCl; 2Al + 3Br2  2AlBr3
The action of nitrogen: Many metals like Li, Mg,Ca,Sr, Ba and Al react with nitrogen on
heating to form nitrides. Most nitrides are ionic.
6Li + N2  2Li3N; 3Mg + N2  Mg3N2; 2Al + N2  2AlN
The action of sulphur: Many metals are attacked by hot sulphur or sulphur vapour to form
metal sulphides. Most sulphides are ionic.
Fe + S  FeS; Cu + S  CuS
The action of water on metals: Metals above ‘H ‘in the activity series, except Pb, displace H2
from H2O. Again, the higher the metal in the series, the more vigorously does react with
water. As we move down the series, the reaction becomes less vigorous, and heating becomes
essential. Thus, K,Ca and Na displace H2 from cold water, a burning piece of magnesium
continues to burn in steam, and Fe displaces H2 only when steam is passed over red-hot iron.
2 K  2H2O  2 KOH  H2  Heat
2 Na  2H2O  2 NaOH  H2  Heat
Ca  2H2O  Ca  OH 2  H2
3 Fe  4H2O  Fe3O4  4 H2
Burning Mg  2H2O  Mg  OH   H2

2
 Hot water 
Magnesium metal does not react with cold water. Magnesium reacts with hot water to form
magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen.
Metals like aluminium, zinc and iron do not react with either cold water or hotwater. They
react with steam to form a metal oxide and hydrogen gas.
Zinc reacts with steam to form zinc oxide and hydrogen : Zn  H2O  ZnO  H2
Note: Reactivity order of metals with water is K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe
Metals like Lead, Nickel, Copper, Silver, Gold and Platinum do not react with water (or even
steam).
Reaction of metals with acids:
3Cu + 8HNO3(dil)  3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
4Zn + 10HNO3(dil)  4Zn(NO3)2 + N2O +5H2O
Mg + 2HNO3 (dil)  Mg(NO3)2 + H2
Mn + 2HNO3(dil)  Mn(NO3)2 +H2
Cu + 4HNO3(conc)  Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + H2O
Zn + 4HNO3(conc)  Zn(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 5H2O
Important Points
Sodium and potassium are most reactive of all elements. They combine very quickly with the
oxygen in the air, hence they cannot be stored freely in the air.
Basic metal oxides turns red litmus to blue litmus.
Amphoteric metal oxides reacts with both acids as well as bases to form salts and water.
Calcium hydroxide is known as slaked lime.
Calcium reacts with cold water to form calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Alkalies have no action on lithium, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel and Noble metals.
Beryllium dissolves in alkalies with evolution hydrogen.
New Words
Metallic oxides which show acidic and basic behaviour are known as amphoteric oxides.
Ex :Al2O3, ZnO,Cr2O3,CrO2 and MnO2 .
Metal oxides which shows basic as well as acidic behaviour are known
Note: as amphoteric oxides. Eg: Al O ; ZnO ; Cr O ; CrO ; MnO
2 3 2 3 2 2

PRACTICE SHEET -2

1. Properties that can be measured or observed only when matter undergoes a change to become
an entirely different kind of matter.
A) Evaporation B) Density
C) Physical Properties Of Matter D) Chemical Properties of Matter
2. Which property is an example of a chemical property?
A) The ability to burn B) The ability to dissolve
C) The ability to evaporate D) The ability to melt
3. Silver is a white metal that is an excellent conductor. Silver tarnishes when exposed to air and
light. The density of silver is 10.49 g/cm3 The melting point is 962oC and the boiling point is
2000oC. A chemical property of silver is
A) melting point B) boiling point C) density D) tarnishing
4. Juan observes these properties of an unknown substance. The substance is white, has a
crystaline structure, dissolves in water and burns when a flame is applied. What is a chemical
property of the substance?
A) color B) crystaline structure C) dissolves D) burns
5. Which is NOT a physical property?
A) odor B) reacts with bleach C) sinks in water D) density
6. What two conditions make iron rust
A) Water only B) air only C) water and air D) Hydrochloric acid
7. What element in air reacts with Iron to make Iron Oxide?
A) Carbon B) Helium C) Oxygen D) Nitrogen
8. Which metal is the most reactive?
A) Copper B) Iron C) Calcium D) Nickle
9. Metals that react quickly/strongly with water and acids are called:
A) Reactive B) Unreactive C) Dangerous D) Corrosive
10. How can you test to show that when a metal reacts with water, hydrogen gas is produced?
A) Relights a glowing splint B) A lit splint produces a squeaky pop
C) Puts out a burning splint D) Is cold to the touch

LEVEL - I
1. The solution of ash of magnesium ribbon is-
A) Acidic B) Basic C) Neutral D) All of these
2. Sodium metal is stored in-
A) Water B) Alcohol C) Kerosene D) Ether
3. Which one of the following metal reacts vigorously with oxygen and water?
A) Sodium B) Potassium C) Calcium D) Magnesium
4. Which metal is present in Calcium Hydroxide?
A) C B) O C) Ca D) H
5. What is the chemical formula of copper sulphate?
A) CuSO4 B) CuCO3 C) CuCl2 D) CuO
6. Metals form?
A) Acidic oxides B) Basic oxides C) Amphoteric oxides D) None
7. The metal that form Amphoteric oxide is?
A) Cobalt B) Sodium C) Zinc D) Calcium
8. Which metal reacts less vigorously with water?
A) Calcium B) potassium C) sodium D) Aluminium
9. When zinc is added into the blue colour copper sulphate solution,it turns?
A) Red B) Cyan C) Blue D) Transparent
10. Which of the following metals will not react with oxygen,even when heated very strongly in
air?
A) Zn B) Al C) Ag D) Fe
LEVEL - II
11. Which gas are produced when metal react with acids?
A) Oxygen B) Nitrogen C) Hydrogen D) Carbon dioxide
12. Gold is used in-
A) Thermometers B) Fuel C) Jewellery D) Machinery
13. Which one of the following metal is used thermometers?
A) Copper B) Mercury C) Aluminium D) Iron
14. Aluminium foil used for wrapping-
A) Food B) Clothes C) Plastic D) Wires
15. Which metal is present in Calcium Hydroxide?
A) C B) O C) Ca D) H
16. Moist air is the combination of-
A ) H 2 O+CO2 +O2 B) H2O+ CO+O2 C) H2O+CO2+H2 D) H2O+O2+H2
17. 3Cu + 8HNO3  3Cu(NO3)2 + X + 4H2O.Identify X.
A) NO B) NO2 C) N2O D) N2
18. Two moles of sodium metal react with one mole of oxygen molecule to produce
A) Sodium oxide B) Sodium peroxide
C) Sodium hydroxide D) Sodium peroxy acid
19. The chemical formula of permanganic acid is :
A) K2 Cr2 O7 B) HMnO4 C) KMnO4 D) K2MnO4
LEVEL - III
20. Hydrogen gas produce when metal react with-
A) Acid B) Base C) Salt D) Both acid & base
21. The metal reacting readily with cold water is ___________.
A) Au B) Ag C) Na D) Mg
22. Which one of the following does not react with acids?
A) Cu B) Ni C) Cr D) O
23. An iron nail is dipped in copper sulphate solution. It is observed that:
A) The colour of the solution remain unchanged .
B) The colour of the solution becomes red .
C) The colour of the solution turns to light green .
D) None of these
LEVEL - IV
24. Which of the following pairs will give displacement reaction?
A) NaCl solution and copper metal B) MgCl2 solution and aluminium metal
C) FeSO4 solution and silver metal D) AgNO3 solution and copper metal
25. Copper sulphate (CuSO4) possesses :
A) Red colour B) Blue colour C) Green colour D) Yellow colour
26. Metallic oxides are:
A) Acidic is nature B) Neutral C) Basic in nature D) Either acidic or basic
27. Metals react with mineral acids to form:
A) Salt + hydrogen B) Salt + HCl C) Salt + water D) Salt + Oxygen
28. The basic oxides reacts with acids o produce:
A) Salt B) Water C) Gas D) Both A and B
29. Which of the following materials show property of malleability except:
A) Iron B) Graphite C)Aluminium D) Silver
30. The solution of ash obtained after burning magnesium ribbon in air will turn.
A) Red litmus to blue because it is acidic in nature.
B) Blue litmus to red because it is basic in nature.
C) blue litmus to red because if is acidic in nature.
D) Red litmus to blue because it is basic in nature.
31. Sodium metal is stored in ___x___ because it reacts vigoursly to produce ___y___ Choose the
correct option for x and y
X Y
A) Water Acidic oxide
B) Alcohol Neutral oxide
C) Kerosene Basic oxide
D) Air tight container Acidic carbonate
32. Metal ___x___ reacts vigorously with water to produce gas__y__which burns with the “pop”
sound Choose the correct option for x and y.
X Y
A) Sodium Oxygen
B) Magnesium Oxygen
C) Sodium Hydrogen
D) Sodium Sodium oxide
LEVEL - V
33. ‘X’ reacts with oxygen to form a compound ‘Y’. ‘Y’ on reaction with water forms a new
substances ‘Z’ that turns blue litmus red. Identify X, Y and Z respectively .
A) Non-metal, nonmetallic oxide and acid
B) Metalloid, metalloid oxide, neutral oxide
C) Metal, metallic oxide, neutral solution
D) Metal, metallic oxide, base
34. When Copper turnings are added into the transparent silver nitrate solution,it turns?
A) Remains blue B) Reddish brown C) Black D) No effect
35. The metal that reacts with hydrogen to form its respective hydride is:
A) Calcium B) Sodium C) Potassium D) All of these
36. An iron nail is dipped in copper sulphate solution. It is observed that
A) The colour 0f the solution remain unchanged
B) The colour 0f the solution becomes red .
C) The colour 0f the solution turns to light green
D) None of these
37. Name the salts that are formed when,
N) Hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide.
E) Acidic zinc oxide reacts with sodium hydroxide
T) Basic zinc oxide reacts with sulphuric acid.
A) N:Table salt ; E: Sodium sulphate; T: Sodium zincate
B) N:Table salt ; E: Sodium zincate; T: Zinc sulphate
C) N:Sodium zincate ; E: Table salt; T: Zinc sulphate
D) N:Zinc sulphate ; E: Table salt; T: Sodium zincate
38. What happens when dilute sulphuric acid is poured on a copper plate?
A) No reaction takes place B) Zinc sulphate formed
C) Copper chloride formed D) Copper sulphate formed
39. Zinc replaces copper from _X__ solution because it is __Y___than copper. Substitute X and Y
with correct option.
X Y
A) Zinc sulphate Less reactive
B) Copper sulphate more reactive
C) Copper sulphate more reactive
D) Copper sulphate Less reactive
40. Most metallic oxides are-
A) Acidic is nature B) Neutral in nature C) Basic in nature D) Amphoteric in nature
41. The sulphuric acid turns blue litmus paper into-
A) Red B) Green C) Yellow D) Dark blue

1. Assertion : Aluminium oxide is an example of metallic amphoteric oxide.
Reason: Aluminium oxide react with acids as well as bases to form salt and water.
A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation ofAssertion.
B) Both Assertion and Reasonare correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
2. Assertion : When copper and magnesium sulphate are mixed together, there is no reaction.
Reason: Magnesium is more reactive than copper
A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation ofAssertion.
B) Both Assertion and Reasonare correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
Metal oxides can be divided into three classes on the basis of their acid-base character. Oxides
of metals are basic, amphoteric and acidic in nature.
3. Metal A when dipped in solution of salt of metal B ,then metal B is displaced . this shows that
A) Metal A is more reactive than metal B B) Metal B is more reactive than metal A
C) Metal A and metal B are equally reactive D) None of these
4. Which of the following pairs will give displacement reaction?
A) NaCl solution and copper metal B) MgCl2 solution and aluminium metal
C) FeSO4 solution and silver metal D) AgNO3 solution and copper metal
5. What happens when iron fillings are added to dilute hydrochloric acid?
A) Iron salt and water is produced. B) chlorine gas is evolved.
C) Iron oxide is formed. D) Hydrogen gas is evolved.
Metals above ‘H ‘in the activity series, except Pb, displace H2 from H2O. Again, the higher the
metal in the series, the more vigorously does react with water.
6. What gas is produced when sodium reacts with water?
A) Hydrogen B) Carbon dioxide C) Carbon monoxide D) Water vapour
7. What can you conclude if a metal doesn't fizz when added to water or an acid?
A) It has low reactivity
B) It may react with a stronger acid
C) It has high reactivity
D) There is no metal present
8. How can you tell that a metal is reacting with water?
A) Colour change B) Bright light C) Fizzing D) It gets colder
9. Which of the following are basic metallic oxides ?
A) MgO B) CaO C) Na2O D) Mn2O7
10. Which of the following are chemical properties?
A) rusting B) boiling C) rotting D) burning
a) Fe + S  p) FeS
b) 2Li + F2  q) 2LiF
c) 6Li + N2  r) 2AlN
d) 2Al + N2  s) 2Li3N
a) When sodium reacts with hydrochloric acid p) KSO4
b) When potassium reacts with sulphuric acid q) NaCl
c) When magnesium reacts with copper sulphate r) MgSO4 and Cu
d) correct descending order of reactivity of metal s) Al, Fe, Cu, Au
t) Mg, Al, Pb, Zn
Subjective type:
13. Write about the nature of metallic oxides.
14. What happens to the conductivity of metals with increase in temperature?
15. Mention some specific chemical properties of metals.
16. Does copper also get rusted? How?
Integer type:
17. XMg + N2  Mg3N. Identify the value of X.

Learning Objectives
Know about the chemical properties of non-metals.
Reaction of non-metals with Oxygen: Non-metals are electronegative elements, i.e., they
gain electrons to form negative ions. Electronegativity decreases down a group and increases
along a period. Among many factors, it plays an important role in deciding the behaviour of
a non-metal.
Reaction with hydrogen: Non-metal react with hydrogen to form covalent compounds like
NH3,H2O,H2S and HCl.
i) N2 + 3H2  2NH3 ii) S + H2  H2S
iii) O2 + 2H2  2H2O iv) Cl2 + H2  2HCl

Reaction with oxygen: On heating non-metal with oxygen, they form covalent oxides.
Ex: i) 2H2 + O2  2H2O; ii) C + O2  CO2; iii) 2C + O2  2CO
iv) S  O2  SO2 v) P4 + 3O2  P4O6 v
i) P4 + 5O2  P4O10
The gases oxides are SO2 , NO3 , NO2 , CO which causes air pollution.
Acid base character of non-meallic Oxides: Most of the non-metallic oxides are acidic and
dissolve in water to form acids. Such oxides are called acid anhydrides. Non-metallic oxides
react with water to form acidic solutions.
Examples : CO2  H2O  H2CO3 (Carbonic acid)
SO2  H2O  H2SO3 (Sulphurous acid); SO3  H2O  H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid)
P2 O5  3H2O  2H3 PO4 (Phosphoric acid)
Exceptions:H2O,CO,N2O and NO are neutral oxides.
Reaction with chlorine:
On heating with chlorine, non-metals like H,P and S form covalent chlorides.
H2 + Cl2  2HCl 2P + 3Cl2  2PCl3
2S + Cl2  S2Cl2 2P + 5Cl2  2PCl5

Reaction with concentrated HNO3 and H2 SO4 :
When non-metals are heated with oxidising agents like conc.HNO3 or H2SO4, non-metals
form their oxides or oxoacids.
i) C + 4HNO3  2H2O + 4NO2 + CO2 ii) S + 4HNO3  2H2O + 4NO2 + SO2
iii) C + 2H2SO4  2H2O + 2SO2 + CO2 iv) P4 + 20HNO3  4H2O + 20HNO2 + 4H3PO4
C O M P A R IS O N O F T H E C H E M I C A L P R O P E R T I E S O F M E T A L S A N D N O N -
M E T A LS
M etals N o n -m e t a l s
M e t a ls a r e e l e c tr o p o s i ti v e i .e . , t h e y N o n - m e t a l s a r e e l e c tr o n e g a t iv e ,
l o s e e l e c t r o n s t o fo r m p o s i t iv e i o n s . i .e ., th e y g a i n e l e c t r o n s t o f o r m
n e g a t iv e i o n s .
O x id e s o f m e t a ls a r e u s u a l l y b a s i c O x id e s o f n o n - m e t a ls a r e e i t h e r
i n n a tu r e e x :N a 2 O , C a O a n d F e O a c i d i c , e x : C O 2 ,S O 2 ,S O 3 ,P 4O 6 a n d
P 4O 10 o r n e u t r a l e x : H 2O ,C O , N 2O
a n d N O b u t n o t b a s ic .
C h lo r i d e s , o x i d e s a n d s u l p h i d e s o f C h lo r id e s , o x i d e s an d s u lp h i d e s
m e t a ls a r e i o n i c c o m p o u n d s . of n o n -m e ta ls are c o v a le n t
co m p o u n d s.
C h lo r i d e s o f m e t a ls a r e u s u a ll y n o t C h lo r id e s of n o n -m e t a ls a re
h y d r o ly se d , ex: N a C l, KC l an d u s u a ll y h y d r o l y s e d . E x : P C l 3 a n d
C a C l2. P C l 5.
A f e w m e t a l s fo r m h y d r i d e s , s o m e N o n - m e ta ls f o rm c o v a le n t
o f w h i c h a r e io n i c , e x : N a H a n d h y d r id e s , e x : H 2 O ,N H 3 ,H 2 S an d
C a H 2 a n d s o m e c o v a le n t, e x : B e H 2 . H Cl
M e t a l s h ig h e r t h a n H i n t h e a c t i v i t y N o n - m e ta ls d o n o t d is p la c e H 2
s e r ie s , e x : K , C a , N a , M g , A l , Z n f r o m d i lu t e H C l / H 2 S O 4
an d F e d is p la ce H 2 fro m d i lu t e
H C l/ H 2 S O 4 .
M e t a l s h ig h e r t h a n H i n t h e a c t i v i t y N o n - m e ta ls u s u a l ly do n ot
s e r i e s d is p la c e H 2 f r o m H 2 O . d is p la c e H 2 fr o m H 2O .
M e t a ls a r e r e d u c i n g a g e n t s a s t h e y T h e m o re e l e c t r o n e g a ti v e non -
m ak e e l e c tr o n s a v a i la b le fo r m e t a l s a r e o x id iz in g a g e n t s as
r ed u c in g o t h e r s u b s ta n c e s . th e y ta k e u p th e e le c t ro n s t h a t a
r e d u c in g a g e n t l o s e s .
C h lo r i d e s , o x i d e s a n d h y d r o x i d e s C h lo r id e s , o x i d e s a n d h y d r o x i d e s
o f m e t a l s u n d e r g o e le c t r o l y s is . of n o n -m e ta ls u s u a ll y do n ot
u n d e r g o e l e c t r o l y s is .
Reactivity series of metals:

i) In reactivity series, the most reactive metal is placed at the top whereas the least reactive
metal is placed at the bottom.
Eg : Potassium is the more reactive metal.
The metals silver and gold are less reactive.
ii) All the metals which have been placed above hydrogen in the reactivity series lose electrons
more readily than hydrogen and hence they are more reactive the hydrogen. Thus, the metals
which are more reactive than hydrogen are can displace hydrogen from its compounds like
water and acids to form hydrogen gas.
iii) All the metals placed below hydrogen in the reactivity series lose electrons, less readily than
hydrogen they are less reactive than hydrogen. Thus, the metals which are less reactive than
hydrogen are can’t displace hydrogen from its compounds like water and acids.
iv) When a more active metal is placed in the aqueous salt solution of a less active metal, the less
active metal precipitates out.
Eg : CuSO4  Fe  FeSO4  Cu
If a strip of copper metal is placed in zinc sulphate (Iron (II) sulphate) solution, then no
reaction occurs. This is because copper metal is less reactive than zinc or Iron metal and
hence cannot displace zinc from zinc sulphate solution and Iron from Iron sulphate solution.
If we put silver metal in copper sulphate solution even then no reaction takes place. This is
because silver metal is less reactive than copper metal and hence can’t displace copper from
copper sulphate solution.
Source of inspiration
Lother mayer (1830-1895)
Julius Lothar von Meyer (August 19, 1830 - April 11, 1895) was a German
chemist. He was contemporary and competitor of Dmitri Mendeleev to
draw
up the first periodic table of chemical elements.
He noted, as did J. A. R. Newlands in England, that if they are arranged in
the order of their atomic weights they fall into groups in which similar
chemical and physical properties are repeated at periodic intervals; and in
particular he showed that if the atomic weights are plotted as ordinates
and the atomic volumes as abscissae, the curve obtained presents a series
of maxima and minima, the most electro-positive elements appearing at
the peaks of the curve in the order of their atomic weights.
Important Points
Non-metals combine with oxygen (normally on burning or heating) to form their oxides.
These oxides are having acidic or neutral in nature.
Examples of acidic oxides : CO2 , SO2 , SO3 etc.,
Generally non-metallic oxide turns blue litmus to red litmus.

Non-metallic oxides react with water to form acidic solutions.
Non-metals do not react with dilute mineral acids.
Carbon is unaffected by alkalies.
Phosphrous (white or yellow) dissolves in caustic alkalies on boiling in an inert atmosphere
and forms phosphine.
New Words
Acid: It is a chemical species that donates protons or hydrogen ions and/or accepts electrons.
Examples : Hydrochloric acid, Sulphuric acid
Base: A base is a chemical species that donates electrons or hydroxide ions or that accepts
protons. Types of bases : NaOH, KOH and CsOH etc.

PRACTICE SHEET -3

1. Which table below correctly lists the properties of metals and nonmetals?
I) II) III) IV)
A) I B) II C) III D) IV
2. Halogens react with metals to form
A) Halides B) Oxides
C) halogen compounds D) hydrogenated compounds
3. Most acidic among following is
A) HF B) HCl C) HBr D) HI
4. Hydrogen at the moment of its generation (newly born hydrogen) is generally called
A) Protium B) Nascent hydrogen C) Atomic hydrogen D) Heavy hydrogen
5. Which element is kept in water?
A) Phosphorus B) Sodium C) Sulphur D) Silicon
6. Which non-metallic element reacts with dioxygen at room temperature to form its corre-
sponding oxide?
A) Carbon B) Phosphorus C) Sulphur D) Nitrogen.

LEVEL - I
1. Oxides of non metals are _______ in nature
A) Basic B) Acidic C) Neutral D) All of these
2. What is the chemical formula of sulphurous acid?
A) H2SO4 B) SO2 C) SO3 D) H2SO3
3. The sulphuric acid turns blue litmus paper into:
A) Red B) Green C) Yellow D) Dark blue
LEVEL - II
4. What is the product when sulphur reacts with oxygen?
A) Sulphuric acid B) Sulphur trioxide C) Sulphurous acid D) Sulphur dioxide
5. When sulphur dioxide is dissolve in water then-
A) Sulphur is formed B) Sulphur trioxide is formed
C) Sulphuric acid is formed D) Sulphurous acid is formed.
6. Which one of the following can’t be drawn into wires?
A) Fe B) Al C) Cu D) Coal
7. Which substance is present in fuel?
A) Copper B) Iron C) Gold D) Carbon
8. Which non-metal catches fire if the exposed to air
A) Sodium B) Phosphorous C) Calcium D) Uranium
LEVEL - III
9. Which non-metal catches fire if the exposed to air?
A) Sodium B) Phosphorous C) Calcium D) Uranium
10. Which one of the following gas burns with the “pop” sound?
A) Oxygen B) Hydrogen C) Chlorine D) Hydrogen sulphide
11. Which non metal is essential for our life and inhale during breathing?
A) H B) O C) C D) N
12. Non metals used in:
A) Aeroplanes B) making machinery C) Water boilers D) Fertilisers
13. Which one of the following is applied on wounds as an antiseptic?
A) Metals B) Non metals C) Metalloids D) All of these
14. Phosphorus on reaction with concentrated nitric acid produces __________ and _______.
A) phosphoric acid, nitric oxide B) phosphorus acid, nitric oxide
C) Phosphorus acid, nitrogen dioxide. D) Phosphoric acid, nitrogen oxide.
15. Which of the following is an example of neutral oxide?
A) CO2 B) P4O10 C) SO2 D) CO
LEVEL - IV
16. Which of the following are gaseous oxides ?
A) SO2 B) CO C) SO3 D) All of these

17. What is the formula of sulphurous acid?
A) H2SO3 B) H2SO4 C) H2CO3 D) H3PO3
18. Which of the following are ionic compounds?
A) NaCl B) CaO C) MgS D) All of these
LEVEL - V
19. Which one of the following are very reactive non metals?
A) Sodium B) Potassium C) Carbon D) Phosphorous
20. Which gas produced by piece of burning charcoal?
A) CO2 B) CO C) H2S D) O2
Assertion and reasoning Type:

1. Assertion : The metal that form amphoteric oxide is zinc.
Reason : Calcium metal reacts less vigourasly with water comparative to sodium and potassium
A) Both Assertion A and Reason (R) are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
B) Both Assertion A and Reason (R) are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
C) Assertion A is correct, Reason (R) is incorrect.
D) Assertion is incorrect, Reason(R) is correct.
2. Assertion : Non-metals do not react with dilute mineral acids.
Reason : Generally non-metallic oxide turns blue litmus to red litmus.
A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
B) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
I. Most of the non-metallic oxides are acidic and dissolve in water to form acids. Such oxides
are called acid anhydrides. Non-metallic oxides react with water to form acidic solutions.
3. A non-metallic oxide which is neutral in nature ?
A) CO2 B) CO C) P2O5 D) none of these
4. H2 O
A) turns dry blue litmus paper red B) turns moist blue litmus paper red
C) turns moist red litmus paper blue D) none of these
5. Moist air is the combination of:
A) H2O+CO2+O2 B) H2O+ CO+O2 C) H2O+CO2+H2 D) H2O+O2+H2
II. Non-metals are electronegative elements, i.e., they gain electrons to form negative ions.
Electronegativity decreases down a group and increases along a period. Among many factors,
it plays an important role in deciding the behaviour of a non-metal.
6. Non-metals are bad conductors of electricity. Because:
A) They are non-malleable B) They are non-ductile
C) They form negative ions. D) They have no free electrons in their outermost shell.
7. Chlorine on reacting with _________NaOH forms sodium chloride and sodium chlorate.
A) cold and dilute B) Cold and concentrated C) Hot and dilute D) hot and concentrated
8. Bromine is a
A) black solid B) red liquid C) colourless gas D) highly inflammable gas
Multi answer Type:
9. Which of the following non-metals form covalent hydrides?
A) Nitrogen B) Chlorine C) Oxygen D) Sulphur
10. Which of the following are incorrect statements?
A) Chlorides of non-metals are easily hydrolysed.
B) Oxides of non-metals are acidic and basic in nature.
C) Non metals form ionic compounds.
D) Non -metals displace hydrogen from HCl easily.
11. Which of the following are non metallic oxides?
A) SO2 B) CO2 C) NO2 D) NO
a) P4 + 5O2  p) P4O10
b) P4 + 3O2  q) P4O6
c) P2O5  3H2O  2H3 PO4 r) 2H3PO4
d) 2P + 5Cl2  s) 2PCl5

a) Metal found in plants p) Mg
b) non metal is essential for our life and inhale during breathing q) O
c) gas produced by piece of burning charcoal r) CO2
d) substance is present in fuel s) C
Subjective type:
14. Why phosphorus is stored in water?
15. Compare a metal with non-metals in respect of the following properties giving at least one
example in each case.
i) Acid-base character of the oxides. ii) Displacement of hydrogen from dilute acids.
iii) Reduction of the oxides by C,CO and H2. iv) Formation of ions.

Learning Objectives
Know the terms used in metallurgy.
Know metallurgy of aluminium and zinc.
OCCURRENCE OF THE ELEMENTS

Elements in Atmosphere:
The atmosphere mainly contains nitrogen (78.09%), oxygen (20.95%), and other gases (about
1%).
Elements in Sea: Sea is the major source of elements like Br, I, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn, Au ete.,
Elements in earth Crust (Lithosphere):
Elements occur in two states in the earth crust.They are:
i. Free or Native state: Less reactive metals or noble metals with least electropositive
nature are present in free or native state like, copper, silver, gold, platinum etc.,
Most Abundant Elements in the Lithosphere:
O Si Al Fe Ca Na
% 48.60 26.30 7.73 4.75 3.45 2.74
ii. Combined State (Minerals): Reactive metals occur in combined state known as minerals.
Those minerals from which metals can be profitable extracted are called ores. These metals
are generally associated with rocky materials, sand, clay etc., known as Gangue or Matrix or
Muggets.
Common terminology used in metallurgy:
Impurities: Undesirable element or substance commonly or naturally contained in something
that lowers the thing's quality or value, but (depending on its amount) may or may not make
it unfit for its intended use.
Minerals : Naturally occurring elements and compounds are called Minerals.
Ore : Minerals when high percentage of metal that can be extracted profitably is known as
Ore.
Guange or matrix : The rocky impurities that are present in the ore, that are needed to be
removed are called gangue or matrix. Example :- Silica, mud etc.,
Flux : In electrometallurgy, flux is the substance added to get rid of the matrix or gangue.
Slag : When flux is added to the ore it result in a fusible compound called slag.
Smelting : Heated up the ore of a base metal to obtain that base metal in presence of a reducing
agent , is know as smelting . Example :- Tin and copper are extracted by smelting.
Classification of Ores of Elements:
Free or Native Ores: Copper, silver, gold and platinum exist in free state.
Oxide Ores: Bauxite (Al2)3.2H2O) of aluminium, haematite (Fe2O3) if iron, zincite (ZnO) of
Zinc, pyrolussite (MnO2) of manganese, tin stone (SnO2) of tin are main oxide ores.
Carbonate ores: Calcite (CaCO3) of calcium, dolomite (MgCO 3 .CaCO3 ) of magnesium,

malachite [CuCO3.Cu(OH3)] of copper, azurite [2CuCO3.Cu(OHO2] are main carbonate ores.
Sulphide ores: Iron pyrites (FeS2) of iron, galena (PbS) of lead, copper pyrites (CuS.FeS) of
copper, cinnabar (HgS of mercury, zinc blends (ZnS) of zinc are the main sulphide ores.
Sulphate ores:Barytes (BaSO4) of barium, anglesite (PbSO4) of lead, zypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)
of calcium are the main sulphate ores.
Halide Ores: Carnallite (KCl.MgCl2.6H2O) of potassium, rock salt (NaCl) of sodium, cryolite
(Na3AlF6) of aluminium, horn silver (AgCl) of silver, fluorspar (CaF2) of calcium are the main
halide ores.
Silicate Ores: Silicon does not occur in free state but it is commonly found combined with
oxygen known as silicates.
Many elements like Fe, Mg, K, Na, Ca, Al are found combined with silicates.
Important Ores of Fe, Cu, Sn, Pb, Mg, Al, Zn and Ag:
Ores of Fe: Magnetite: Fe3O4; Limonite: 3Fe2O3 .3H2O;
Iron pyrite: FeS2; Haematite: Fe2O3 Copper pyrite: CuFeS2;
Spathic iron: FeCO3
Ores of Cu: Cuprite or Ruby copper : Cu2O; Copper flance: Cu2S;
Malachite: Cu(OH)2 ,CuCO3,; Azurite: Cu(OH)2.2CuCO3
Ores of Sn: Cassiterite : SnO2; Tin pyrite: SnS2.Cu2S.FeS
Ores of Pb: Galena: PbS; Anglesite:PbSO4 ;
Stolzite: PbWO4 ; Cerrusite:PbCO3 ; Wulfenite: PbMnO4 .
Ores of Mg: Magnesite: (MgCO3); Dolomite: (MgCO3.CaCO3);
Kieserite: (MgSO4.H2O) Asbestos: [CaMg3(SiO3)4] etc.,
Ores of Al: Alunite or alum stone K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.4Al(OH)3. Bauxite: Al2O3.2H2 O
Corundum: Al2O3 ; Cyrolite: Na3AlF6 ;
Diaspore: Al2O3.H2O; Feldspar:KAlSi3 ;
Kaolinite: Al2O3.2SiO2 .2H2O; Mica: K2 O.3Al2 O3.6SiO2 .2H2 O
Ores of Zn: Zinc blends or Sphalerite: Zns;
Zincite or Red zinc: ZnO; Calamine or Zinc spar: ZnCO3
Franklinite: ZnO.Fe2O3 Willemite: Zn2SiO4
Ores of Ag:
Argentite or silver glance: Ag2S; Pyrgurite: 3Ag2S.Sb2S3
Proustite: 3Ag2S.As 2O3 ; Horn silver: AgCl
Ores of Au: Syvanite: AgAuTeO2 ; Bismithaurite: BiAu2; Calverite: AuTe2
Extraction of Metals (Metallurgy):

The process of extraction of pure metal from its ore is called metallurgy.
It involves following processes;
Crushing of Ore: Big lumps of ore obtained from earth crust are crushed into smaller pieces
with the help of jaw crushers and grinders. This process is known as crushing of ore.
Removal of impurities from the crushed ore: It is known as concentration or dressing
of ore.
(i) Hand Picking: Selected pieces of ores are picked up.
(ii) Levigation – Washing: The crushed ore is washed in a stream of water. The lighter impurities
are swept away while heavier ore particles settle down. Iron ores and tin ores are concentrated
by this method (i.e., mainly oxides and carbonates ores). It is also known as gravity separation
or hydraulic washing.
(iii) Magnetic Separation: The process is meant for the separation of magnetic ore from impurities.
In this method the powdered ore is placed over leather belt which moves over two rollers one
of which is magnetic.
When the crushed ore is passes over magnetic roller, magnetic ore particles are attracted by
it and fall below it while impurities fall away from the magnetic roller.
For example: Chromite [Fe(CrO2)] from siliceous gangue, rutile (TiO2) from chlorapatite and
wolframite (FeWO4) from cassiterite are separated by this method.
(iv) Froth Floatation Process: This process is commonly used for sulphide ores and is based upon
different wetting characteristics of ore and gangue particles.
Here, finely powdered ore is mixed with water, pine oil (frother) and ethylxanthate or
potassium ethyl xanthate (collector) in a big rank. The whole mixture is agitated with air. The
ore particles wetted with oil come in froth, are taken off while impurities wetted with water
settle at the bottom.
Here, the foaming agent is pine oil and froth stabilizers are cresol and anisole etc., Collectors
are ethylxanthate and potassium ethylxnthate etc., the activator is CuSO4 while the depressant
is KCN.
(v) Chemical Method (Leaching): In this method the powdered ore is treated with a Suitable
chemical reagent which dissolves the ore while impurities remain insoluble in that reagent.
For example: Bauxite is separated from Fe2O3, SiO2, TiO2 with the help of NaOH is which
Al2O3, gets dissolved which rest are insoluble.
Example: Al2O3+2NaOH 
 2NaAlO2+H2 O
NaSiO2+2H2 O 
 Al(OH)3  +2NaOH
Electrostatic separation is used for the separation of PbS from zinc sulphide.
3. Calcination: Calcination is the process of heating the ores below their melting points in absence
of air to remove volatile impurities like water, CO2 and organic matter etc.,
Example: CaCO3 
 CaO + CO2 
Lime stone Calcium oxide
Al2 O3.2H2O 
 Al2O3+ 2H2O 
Bauxite Alumina
During calcination the ore becomes porous, volatile impurities are removed and carbonate
ore decomposes into oxides.
4. Roasting: Roasting is the process of heating the ore in excess of air in order to convert
metals into their oxides and water insoluble sulphides into water soluble sulphates. It is also
called de-electronation of ores.
Example: 2FeS (Pyrite) + 3O2 

 2FeO + 2SO2
2HgS ( Cinnabar) + 3O2 
 2HgO+2SO2
During roasting volatile impurities are removed S, As, Sb are removed as SO2, As2O3, Sb2O3
respectively and sulphides ores are converted into their oxides.
Both calcination and roasting occur in mainly reverberatory furnace.
5. Reduction of Metal Oxides into Free Metal:
It is possible as follows:
(i) Reduction with Carbon (Smelting): Reduction of oxides of less electropositive metals like Pb,
Fe, Zn, Sn and Cu is carried out by heating them with coal or coke in a blast furnace in
presence of limited air at a temperature range nearly 200 o C-15000 C.
Example: ZnO( Zinc oxide)+ Cà(Coke) 

 Zn + CO
PbO ( Lead monoxides)+ Cà (coke) 
 Pb (lead) + CO
Flux: It is the substance added to remove non-fusible impurities from roasted or calcined ore
as fusible substance known as slag.
Flux+non-fusible impurity 
 Fusible slag
Acidic flux is used to remove basic impurities, example silica (SiO2), Borax etc.,
Basic slag is used to remove acidic impurities . Examples: CaO, MgO, Fe2O3, etc.,
(ii) Reduction with Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide produced by heating coke in limited
supply of oxygen, is also used as a reducing agent.
Fe2O3(Ferric oxide ) + 3CO  2Fe( Iron) + 3CO2


(iii) Reduction With Highly Electropositive Metal: Some metal oxides which are not reduced by
carbon, like chromium trioxide (Cr2O3), titanium chloride (TiCl4), manganese oxide (Mn3O4)
are reduced by using highly electropositive metals like Na, K, Al, Mg etc., It is also called
electrometallurgy.
(iv) Self Reduction: Sulphide ores of less electro – positive metals like Hg, Cu, Pb and Sb undergo
self reduction.
Example: 2HgS + 3O2 

 2HgO +2SO2
2HgO + HgS 
 3Hg + SO2
(v) Reduction by electrolysis: Alkali and alkaline metals are extracted by thus method. For
example sodium metal is obtained by the electrolysis of fused sodium chloride.
(vi) Reduction by Water Gas: 2NiO + CO + H2 

 2Ni + CO2 + H2O
(vii) Alumino-Thermic Reduction: It involves reduction of Fe2O3, Cr2O3, Mn3O4 with the help of
thermite mixture (Fe2O3 + Al in 3:1 ratio).
(viii) Hydro metallurgy: It is based on the fact that more electropositive metals displace less
electropositive metals from their salts. This process is also called wet process.
Refining or Purification of Metals: The metals obtained after reduction may still Contain
some objectionable impurities which are removed by refining using the following methods.
(a) Physical Methods:
(i) Liquation: this method is meant for refining of readily fusible metals like Sn, Pb and Bi having
less fusible impurities.
Example: Zn-Pb mixture is separated by placing crude Zn in the upper part of the sloping
hearth maintained ar the temperature just above the melting point of Zinc. The nonfusible
mass of Pb remains behind the hearth while Zn melts and flows down.
(ii) Distillation: volatile metals like zinc and mercury are refined by distillation. Here, crude
metal is heated in retort as a result, pure metal gets distilled and impurities are left in
the retort.
(iii) Zone Refining (Fractional Crystallization) : Highly pure metal is obtained by this method.
Example: Ge, Si, Ga etc.,
It is based on the fact that metal and impurities have difference in the solubilities.
A circular heater fitted around a rod of impure metal is slowly moved along the length of the
rod. At the heated zone, the rod melts and as the heater moves on, impurities pass into the
molten zone while the pure metal crystallizes.
(iv) Park’s Distribution Process: This process is used for extraction of Ag and Au from Pb.
The principle underlying this process is that out of two phase system of molten zinc and
molten lead, silver and gold are more soluble in molten zinc. Zn-Ag alloy this formed freezes
out first and is removed and zinc is distilled off.
(b) Chemical Methods: These include cupellation, polling, Van-Arkel, electrorefining etc.,
(i) Cupellation: By this method, the impurity of lead is removed from silver.
(ii) Poling: It is used for the metals having impurities of their oxides. For example Cu2O is removed
from blister copper; SnO2 from tin.
(iii) Van-Arkel method: It is used mainly for the purification of Ti and Zr (space technology
metals) using iodine. It is called vapour phase refining.
500 K
Ti (Impure metal)+ 2I2  1700 K Ti ( Pure metal ) +2I
 TiI4   2
(iv) Mond Process: It is used to purify Ni using carbon monoxide.
330 -350 K
Ni + 4CO  Ni(CO)4 450 -470 K Ni+4CO 
Ni(CO)4 
(v) Electrorefining: High electropositive metals like Cu, Ag, Au, al, Zn, Sn, Pb are purified by
this method. Here, pure metal get deposited at cathode while impurities get deposited at
anode after electrolysis.
Important Points
Compounds of metals which occur in nature with other materials such as sand, rock and
clay as impurities and which are obtained by mining are called minerals.
The minerals from which metals can be profitably extracted are called ores.
India has rich mineral resources like Iron, Manganese, Copper, Aluminium, Tin, Chromium,
Limestone, Monazite, Lead and Zinc etc.
The method of extraction of the metals from their ores and the preparation of alloys is called
metallurgy.
Certain basic operations are usually required for the extraction of metals from theirores. They
are
I. Dressing or concentration of the ore,
II. Extraction of the metal.
III. Purification or Refining.
The removal of unwanted impurities by mechanical and other physical methods is known
as ore dressing or concentration
Extraction of the metals from its ores involves one or more of the following processes.
1. Calcination 2. Roasting and 3. Smelting.
Calcination is a process in which ore is subjected to the action of heat in the absence of air.
Roasting is heating the ore in the presence of air.
Roasting is generally used for sulphite ore to convert them fully or partially into the oxides.
Smelting reduces the ore into molten metal by heating it with flux at high temperature.
Flux is a material which combines with the impurities (gangue) and convert them to a
fusible material called slag.
Purification of copper, zinc, lead and nickel is done by electrolysis of aqueous solutions
containing their ions. Metal ions are positively charged.

PRACTICE SHEET -4

1. What is an ore?
A) a solid metal
B) a rock cantaining a metal combined with other elements
C) an element
D) an object used to row a boat
2. Which of these elements is unlikely to be found native?
A) gold B) platinum C) aluminium D) silvers
3. What is the removal of oxygen from a substance called?
A) reduction B) extraction C) electrolysis D) oxidation
4. What is the name of the process that uses electricity to separate the elements in a compound?
A) reduction B) electrolysis C) extraction D) mining
5. A type of rock that contains minerals and metals
A) ore B) metal C) malleable D) gem

7. The most abundant metal in the earth crust is :
A) Na B) Ca C) Al D) Fe
8. Heating of ores with flux to remove non-fusible mass is called :
A) Smelting B) Calcination C) Roasting D) Cupellation
9. Impurities physically associated with minerals are :
A) Slag B) Flux C) Alloy D) Matrix
10. Which consists of only one element?
A) Marble B) Sand C) Diamond D) Glass

LEVEL - I
1. Which of the following method is used to make powder for brittle metals?
A) Mechanical pulverisation B) Electrolytic process
C) Chemical reduction D) Atomization
2. Which method is used to make powder of metals having low melting point?
A) Mechanical pulverisation B) Electrolytic proces
C) Chemical reduction D) Atomization
3. The substance for which ore is mined is called:
A) Gaunge B) Constraint C) Value D) Oxide
4. The amount of iron in the earth crust is:
A) 0.5% B) 50% C) 8.1 % D) 5%
5. Magnetic separation is used for separating:
A) Magnetic values B) Magnetic and non-magnetic values
C) Non-magnetic values D) None of these
LEVEL - II
6. Flotation is the process used in :
A) Physical metallurgy B) Extractive metallurgy
C) Both physical and extractive metallurgy D) Not used in the metallurgy
7. Oxidation is a combination between an element and
A) Hydrogen B) Ozone C) Helium D) Oxygen
8. Flotation method uses:
A) Acid B) Alcohol C) Water D) None of these
9. Properties of wrought iron is determined by:
A) Carbon and magnesium B) Magnesium and manganese
C) Aluminium and carbon content D) Carbon and manganese
10. The iron obtained from blast furnace is termed as :
A) Cast iron B) Wrought iron C) Pig iron D) Nodular iron
LEVEL - III
11. Granulated zinc is made by:
A) Pouring molten zinc into water B) Pouring molten zinc into molten nickel
C) Displacing Zn from a ZnSO4 solution D) Zone refining
12. The chemical processes in the production of iron from haematite ore involve:
A) Oxidation B) Reduction C) Oxidation followed by reduction
D) Reduction followed by oxidation
13. The main function of roasting is:
A) Reduction B) To remove volatile matter
C) Oxidation D) To make slag
14. Alloy is an example of :
A) Gel B) Aerosol C) Solid sol D) Emulsion
LEVEL - IV
15. Which of the following pair consists of ores of the same metal?
A) Bauxite, Limonite B) Haematite, Siderite C) Galena, Cerrusite D) both (B) and(C)
16. Electrometallurgical process is employed to extract?
A)Fe B)Pb C) Na D)Ag
17. A non-metallic oxide which is neutral in nature is
A) CO2 B) CO C) P2O5 D) None of these
18. What is not true about calcinations?
A) To remove all organic matter B) To convert ore into metal
C) To remove moisture from the ore D) To decompose carbonates and hydroxides
LEVEL - V
19. Which represents calcination?
A) 2Ag+2HCl+[O]  2AgCl+H2O B) 2Zn+O2  2ZnO
C) 2ZnS + 3O2  2ZnO + 2SO2 D) MgCO3  MgO+CO2

20. The heating of steel to red hotness and then cooling is called :
A) Tempering of steel B) ‘Roasting of steel
C) Calcination of steel D) None
21. The second most common element on the earth is :
A) Silicon B) Hydrogen C) Nitrogen D) Oxygen
22. Metals are refined by using different methods. Which of the following metals are refined by
electrolytic refining?
(i) Au (ii) Cu (iii) Na (iv) K
A) (i) and (ii) B) (i) and (iii) C) (ii) and (iii) D) (iii) and (iv)
23. Galvanisation is a method of protecting iron from rusting by coating with a thin layer of
A) Gallium B) Aluminium C) Zinc D) Silver
24. Which of the following can undergo a chemical reaction?
A) MgSO4 + Fe B) ZnSO4 + Fe C) MgSO4 + Pb D) CuSO4 + Fe
25. Which one of the following figures correctly describes the process of electrolytic refining?
A) B) C) D)
Assertion and Reasoning Type:

1. Assertion: Heating of carbonate ores to remove carbon is called as Fluxing
Reason: Slag is used in making Amalgam
A) Both Assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect. D) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct
2. Assertion: The negatively charged ions migrate toward the anode.
Reason: electrolysis is the name of the process that uses electricity to separate the elements in
a compound
A) Both Assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect.
D) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct
I. The method of extraction of the metals from their ores and the preparation of alloys is called
metallurgy. General Principles of Metallurgy is certain basic operations are usually required
for the extraction of metals from their ores. They are
I. Dressing or concentration of the ore, II. Extraction of the metal.
III. Purification or Refining.
3. In metallurgical process, the flux used for removing acidic impurities is :
A) Silica B) Sodium chloride C) Limestone D) Sodium carbonate
4. Which process is used for benefication of ores?
A) Process of removal of impurities B) Process of heating ore at high temperature
C) Extraction of metal from ore D) None of the above
5. what is not true about roasting?
A) to convert sulphides into oxides B) to remove volatile impurities
C) to dry the ore D) to convert the the ore into fine powder
II. The process of extraction of pure metal from its ore is called metallurgy.
It involves following processes;Crushing of Ore and more are there.
6. The correct statement is :
A) Dolomite is the ore of zinc B) Galena is the ore of mercury
C) Pyrolusite is the ore of iron D) Cassiterite is the ore of tin
7. Heating of carbonate ores to remove carbon is called as :
A) Roasting B) Calcination C) Smelting D) Fluxing
8. The most abundant element in the earth crust is :
A) O B) Si C) H D) C
Multi Response Type:
9. Which of the following metals are not extracted only by electrolysis?
A) Zn B) Al C) Fe D) Cu
10. Metallurgy is the process of :
A) Concentrating the ore B) Roasting the ore
C) Extracting the metal from the ore D) Adding carbon to the ore in blast furnace
11. What is the ore of aluminium called?
A) Baxite B) Bauxite C) Cryolite D) Malachite
Match the following/ Matrix Matching:
a) Mond’s process p) Nickel
b) Poling q) Tin
c) Cupellation r) Copper
d) Electro-refining s) Silver
a) Ores of Pb p) Galena
b) Ores of Au: q) Syvanite
c) Ores of Fe: r) Magnetite
d) Ores of Al: s) Alunite
Subjective Type :
14. Write about the metallurgy of aluminium in the earth crust ?

1. Which of the following is displaced by 'Cu'?
A) Fe2+ B) Ag+ C) Zn2+ D) Al3+
2. Which of the following metals does not displace H2 gas from dilute HCl or dilute H2SO4?
A) Mg B) Cu C) Zn D) Al
3. The metal reacting readily with cold water is ___________.
A) Au B) Ag C) Na D) Mg
4. Of these, which metal will lose electrons most readily and form cations?
A) K B) Zn C) Cu D) Au
5. Of these, which ion will get reduced most readily?
A) K+ B) Zn2+ C) Cu2+ D) Ag+
6. Which of the following metals is extracted only by electrolysis?
A) Zn B) Al C) Fe D) Cu
7. Which oxide of a metal gets reduced only by coke and not by H2 gas or CO gas?
A) Fe2O3 B) PbO C) ZnO D) CuO
8. The gases used in different types of welding would include
A) oxygen and hydrogen
B) oxygen, hydrogen, acetylene and nitrogen
C) oxygen, acetylene and argon
D) oxygen and acetylene
9. When an iron nail gets rusted, iron oxide is formed
A) without any change in the weight of the nail
B) with decrease in the weight of the nail
C) with increase in the weight of the nail
D) without any change in colour or weight ofthenail
10. The correct decreasing order of the reactivity of different metals is :
A) K > Na > Mg > Ca > Al > Zn B) K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn
C) K > Na > Ca > Mg > Zn > Al D) K > Na > Mg > Ca > Zn > Al
11. Which type of elements are used in computer chips, lasers, and transistors?
A) Metals B) Nonmetals
C) Metalloids D) Metals and Metalloids
12. Which of the following correctly lists the 3 main groups of elements from greatest conductiv-
ity to least conductivity?
A) Nonmetal->Metalloid->Metals
B) Metalloids->Metals->Nonmetals
C) Metals->Metalloids->Nonmetals
D) Nonmetals->Metals->Metalloids
13. The word “luster” refers to which property of matter?
A) The ability to conduct electrical or thermal energy
B) Capable of being drawn out into thin wires
C) The way a surface appears when it reflects light
D) Suitable for being shaped by beating or rolling
14. The elements argon, krypton, and xenon are all nonmetals. What property would these ele-
ments have in common?
A) Good conductors of thermal energy
B) Unreactive
C) Soft and malleable
15. This element belongs to the metalloid group although some authors classify it as a nonmetal
A) Polonium B) Astatine C) Tellurium D) Germanium

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IIT / NEET - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION PHYSICS VOL - I - CLASS 8

Preparation of synthetic fibers

Uses of synthetic fibers and characteristics

Properties of plastics and types of plastics ,4R principle

Classification of polymers on the basis of structure

Classification of polymers on the basis of molecular forces

SYNTHETIC FIBRES AND PLASTICS

Synthetic fibres Plastics

Nylon, rayon, polyester,Terylene,

SYNTHETIC FIBRES & PLASTICS LECTURE - 1

When you have completed this lecture you should be able to :

SYNTHETIC FIBRES & PLASTICS

Single Response Type:

Single Response Type:

Assertion and reason type:

SYNTHETIC FIBRES & PLASTICS LECTURE - 2

When you have completed this lecture you should be able to :

Plastic melts on heating

SYNTHETIC FIBRES & PLASTICS

Single Response Type:

Single Response Type:

Assertion and reason type:

Single Response Type:

2 METALS & NON -

Chapter Out Line

Physical Properties of Metals

Chemical Properties of Metals

Chemical Properties of non-Metals

Corrosion of metals and prevention of corrosion

Conversion of concentrated ore into crudemetal, extraction of highly reactive metals

METALS AND NON - METALS LECTURE - 1

Platinum Silver Palladium gold

METALS AND NON-METALS

Single Response Type:

A) Titanium B) Selenium C) Potassium D) Polonium

A) Sample 1 B) Sample 2 C) Sample 3 D) Sample 4

10. When an object changes shape when struck by a hammer.

A) luster B) malleable C) brittleness D) ductile

Single Response Type:

12. Which of the following can be beaten in to thin sheets?

Assertion and reasoning type:

A) Metal B) Nonmetal C) Metalloid D) Metamorphic

METALS AND NON - METALS LECTURE - 2

Chemical characteristics of metals and non-metals: The chemical behaviour of metals is

2Mg  O2  2MgO  Magnesium oxide 

(di chromic acid)

2 K  2H2O  2 KOH  H2  Heat

2 Na  2H2O  2 NaOH  H2  Heat

3 Fe  4H2O  Fe3O4  4 H2

Burning Mg  2H2O  Mg  OH   H2

4Zn + 10HNO3(dil)  4Zn(NO3)2 + N2O +5H2O

Mg + 2HNO3 (dil)  Mg(NO3)2 + H2

Mn + 2HNO3(dil)  Mn(NO3)2 +H2

Cu + 4HNO3(conc)  Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + H2O

Zn + 4HNO3(conc)  Zn(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 5H2O

METALS AND NON-METALS

Single Response Type:

Single Response Type:

Assertion and reason type:

b) 2Li + F2  q) 2LiF

c) 6Li + N2  r) 2AlN

d) 2Al + N2  s) 2Li3N

METALS AND NON - METALS LECTURE - 3

iii) O2 + 2H2  2H2O iv) Cl2 + H2  2HCl