12th Tamil Full Study Material 2023-24

https://www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.
in
tpNtfhde;j tpj;ahya nkl;hpf; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp

gz;izf;fhL gphpT
nfhilf;fhdy; gphpT
12 - k; tFg;G
n
l.i
da
ka
vi
jkpo; - tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G
(Gjpaghlj;njhFg;G - 2023-2024)
2024)
al
.k
ngah; : __________________________
w
thpir vz; : __________________________

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PREPARED BY COMPILED BY
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P.VAHEESWARAN M.COM., M.PHIL. DCA., B.ED

B.ED., P.SARATH
SARATH KUMAR
KU M.A.B.ED.,
VICE-PRINCIPAL, PG ASSISTANT OF TAMIL

PG ASSISTANT OF COMMERCE & ACCOUNTANCY
VIVEKANANDA VIDYALAYA MATRIC HR SEC SCHOOL
PANNAIKADU PIRIVU, KODAIKANAL, DINDIGUL DT.
CELL: 9791324143 CELL: 7200598380
EMAIL: npvasu92@gmail.com
PREPARED BY: Mr. P.VAHEESWARAN M.COM.,MPHIL.,DCA.,B.ED., 1
Please send your Materials & Question Papers to kalvikadal.in@gmail.com (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
https://www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
KfTiu
khzt ez;gh;fSf;F>
ehd; jkpo; Mrphpah; my;y. vdJ khzth;fSf;fhf vdJ ghlq;fshd Commerce,
Accountancy, Economics, Computer Application – y; ey;y kjpg;ngz;fis ngw
Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fj;jpy; vspikahd Kiwapy; material – ia njhFj;J ntspapl;Ls;Nsd;.
Mdhy; jkpo; ghlj;ij nghUj;j tiu khzth;fs; ahUk; mjpf ftdKk; mf;fiuAk;
nrYj;Jtjpy;iy. jha;nkhop jkpopy; khzth;fs; mf;fiu nrYj;jTk;> vdJ khzth;fs; jkpo;
ghlj;jpy; mjpf kjpg;ngz;fis ngw itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fj;jpy; vLj;j Kaw;rpN
pNa ,e;j
material cUthf;f fhuzk;. ngUk;ghYk; English Medium khzth;fSf;F jkpo; ghlk; kpfTk;
n
fbdkhfNt cs;sJ. mjpf kjpg;ngz;fis ,of;fTk; NehpLfpwJ. vdJ khzth;fs; jkpo;
ghlj;jpy; ey;y kjpg;ngz;fis ngw vLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Kaw;rpapy;> vdJ ghzpapy; vdJ
l.i
khzth;fSf;F Vw;wthW jahh; nra;j ,e;j njhFg;ig midj;J khzth;fSk; gad;ngw Ntz;Lk;
vd;w Nehf;fj;jpNyNa ntspapl;Ls;Nsd;. vdJ ,e;j njhFg;gpy; VNjDk; gpiofs; Fiwfs;
da
,Ue;jhy; rhpnra;J nfhs;sTk;.
murpd; Gjpa ghlj; jpl;l njhFg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j tpdh tpil njhFg;ig
vd;dhy; ,ad;w mstpw;f;F kpf vspikahf cUthf;fpAs;Nsd;. ey;y kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw ,jpy;
cs;sij gbj;J> vOj;Jg;gpio ,y;yhky; vOjpdhy; epr;rakhf ey;y kjpg;ngz;fis ngw
KbAk;.
ka
khzt ez;gh;fNs!! Neuj;ij rhpahf gad;gLj;jp nfhs;Sq;fs;. rhpahd Neuj;jpy;
rhpahd Kiwapy; gbj;J ntw;wp ngw;W mLj;j fl;l epiyf;F nry;y Ntz;ba ,Wjp epiyapy;
vi
cs;sha;. Neuj;ij tPzhf;fhNj! mLj;J vd;d nra;a Nghfpwha; vd;gij Kjypy; jPh;khdp.
kjpg;ngz;fis ngWtjpNyNa a ftdj;ij it. Kad;why; KbahjJ vJTkpy;iy. fbdkhf jhd;
al
,Uf;Fk;. f~;lg;gl;L gbj;jhy; ey;y Kd;Ndw;;wj;ij miltha;.

gs;sp gUtj;jpy; eP ngWk; ntw;wpNa cd; tho;f;if KOtijAk; jPh;khdpf;f
NghfpwJ vd;gij ed;whf ftdk; nfhs;. jpdKk; fhiyapy; gbg;gjw;f;F Kd; cd; ,yf;F vd;d
.k
vd;gij ,U epkplk; Nahrpj;J ghh;. eP nry;tJ rhpahd ghijah vd;W rpe;jp!!!! ey;y ghijNa
ey;y Kbit jUk;. ey;y kjpg;ngz;fis ngWtNj cd; Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;fl;Lk;. mJNt cd;
w
tho;f;if vd;Dk; ghijf;F ey;topfhl;Lk;. gs;sp tho;f;ifapd; filrp epiyapy; cs;sha;!!!!

,q;F eP ngWk; kjpg;ngz;fNs cd; mLj;j fl;l ghijia cUthf;f Nghfpd;wd vd;gij
epidtpy; vg;nghOJk; it.
w
cd; ngw;Nwhhpd; ciog;igAk; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghh;. gpwF gbf;f Muk;gp. ftdk;

rpjwhky; gbg;gpy; ftdj;ij nrYj;Jtha;. gpwF ePahfNt Kaw;rp nra;J ey;y kjpg;ngz;fisAk;
w
ngWtha;.
cq;fSf;fhf ehq;fs;!!!!
cd; ntw;wpNa vq;fs; ntw;wp!!!!!
cq;fs; ntw;wpapy; ngUikg;ghl ehq;fSk; fhj;jpUf;fpNwhk;!!!!!!!
WISH YOU ALL THE BEST FOR YOUR EXAMINATION
Mrphpah;
,ay; - 1
caphpDk; Xk;gg; gLk;
m. ,yf;fzj; Njh;r;rpnfhs;:
1. gpioahd njhliuf; fz;lwpf:
m. fhisfisg; G+l;b taiy cOjdh; M). kiykPJ Vwpf; fy;ntl;Lfisf; fz;lwpe;jdh;
,). fhisapy; G+j;j ky;ypif kdk; tPrpaJ. <). new;gaph;fs; kioePhpy; Ko;fpd
2. Ngr;Rj;jkpopy; mike;j njhliuj; Njh;f:
m). mtUf;F ey;yJ nfl;lJ ey;yhj; njhpAk; M). Gj;jff; fz;fhl;rp eilngWfpwJ.
n
,). twl;rp vy;yh ,lq;fisAk; ghjpj;Js;sJ. <).kapy;fs; tpwypaiwg; Nghy; MLfpd;wd.
3. Kbe;jhy; juyhk;> Kbj;jhy; juyhk; - ,t;tpU nrhw;nwhlh;fs; czh;j;Jk; nghUis mwpe;J
l.i
njhlh; mikf;fTk;.
 Kbe;jhy; - ,ad;why;
da
 ViofSf;F Kbe;jhy; nghUSjtp juyhk;.
 Kbj;jhy; - Kbj;Jtpl;lhy;
 Ntiyia Kbj;Jtpl;lhy; Cjpak; juyhk;.
4. jkpopy;; gpioapd;wp vOJtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kaw;rpfs; ahit>
 vOj;Jfisj; njspthf cr;rhpj;Jg; gof Ntz;Lk;.
ka
 tha;tpl;L my;yJ kdjpw;Fs;NsNa nrhy;ypg; gof Ntz;Lk;.

vi
Ntfkhf vOjhky; epjhdkhf vOjpg; gof Ntz;Lk;.
 Fwpy;> neby; NtWghl;bidg; Ghpe;J vOj Ntz;Lk;.
ek;ik msg;Nghk;
al
gyTs; njhpf:
1. ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; nkhopiaAk; xUNrug; NgRfpd;w ,yf;fz E}y;
.k
m). ahg;gpUq;fyf;fhpif M). jz;bayhq;fhuk; ,). njhy;fhg;gpak; <). ed;D}y;

2) kPz;Lke;jg; goikeyk; GJf;F jw;F ftpQh; Fwpg;gpLk; goikeyk;
w
f) ghz;bahpd; rq;fj;jpy; nfhYtpUe;jJ c) nghjpifapy; Njhd;wpaJ q) ts;sy;fisj; je;jJ

m) f kl;Lk; rhp M) f> c ,uz;Lk; rhp ,) q kl;Lk; rhp <) f>q ,uz;Lk; rhp
3. “kpd;Ndh; jdpahop ntq;fjpnuhd;W VidaJ jd;Ndh; ,yhj jkpo;” - ,t;tbfspy; gapd;W
w
te;Js;s njhileak;
m). mbNkhid> mbvJif M). rPhN ; khid> rPh;vJif
w
,). mbvJif> rPh;Nkhid <). rPh;vJif > mbNkhid

4. fUj;J 1: ,ay;G tof;fpy;> njhluikg;G vd;gJ vOtha;> gadpiy vd;W tUtNj kuG
fUj;J 2: njhluikg;G> rq;fg; ghly;fs; gytw;wpy; gpwo;e;J tUfpwJ.
m). fUj;J 1 rhp M). fUj;J 2 rhp ,). ,uz;L fUj;Jk; rhp <). fUj;J 1 rhp 2 jtW
5. nghUj;Jf:
m). jkpo; mofpay; - 1).guyp R. ney;iyag;gh;
M). epyTg;G+ - 2). jp.R.eluh[d;
,). fpil - 3). rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;
<). ca;Ak; top - 4). fp.uh[ehuazd;

m). 4> 3> 2> 1 M). 1> 4> 2> 3 ,). 2> 4> 1> 3 <). 2> 3> 4> 1
FWtpdh:
1. eil mofpay; gw;wp njhy;fhg;gpak; $Wk; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 eilg;ngw;wpaYk; vd;Wk;
 eil etpd;nwhOFk; vd;Wk;
 rpy nrhw;nwhlh;fis njhy;fhg;gpak; $WfpwJ
2. glhmk; <j;j nflhm ey;ypirf; flhm ahidf; fypkhd; Ngf - ,r; rq;ff; ftpijapd;
mbfspy; Xir eakpf;f nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpf;fhd ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;GfisAk; vLj;J vOJf
n
glhmk;> nflhm> flhm – nra;Aspir msngil
3. ftpQh; rpw;gp vtw;iw tpae;J ghl jkpopd; Jiz Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;?
l.i
 fjputd; khiy Neuj;jpy; kiwAk; nghOJ thdk; nre;epwkha; fhl;rpaspf;Fk;.
 mt;thW ciof;Fk; njhopyhsh;fspd; iffs; rptg;gha; fhzg;gLk;.
da
 ,ij tpae;J ghl jkpopd; Jiz Ntz;Lk;.
4. tpbay;> tdg;G - ,U nrhw;fisAk; xUq;fpizj;J njhlh; mikf;f.
tpbay; thdk; tdg;G epiwe;jJ. ka
rpWtpdh:
1. rq;fg; ghly;fspy; xypf;Nfhyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU gz;ghFk; - tpsf;Ff.
 ,irNahLk; ,irf;fUtpNahLk; jhd; ftpij gpwf;fpwJ.
vi
 XirAk; nghUSk; ,ize;j ftpij fiytbtk; nfhs;fpwJ.
 ,jidNa me;jf; ftpijapd; xypg;gpd;dy; vd;fpNwhk;.
al
 ,g;gz;igr; rq;fg; ghly;fs; gytw;wpy; fhzyhk;.

 “fLe;jL jhid %tpUq;$b” vd;w GwehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; td;ikahd czh;r;rpia
.k
fhl;l f> j> l> w vd;w vOj;J mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 rpy xypfs; kw;Wk; rpy nrhw;fs; jpUk;g tuy; jd;ik ngw;wpUf;fpwJ
2. nrk;ghpjp kiyNkl;by; jiyiar; rha;g;ghd; nre;epwj;Jg; G+f;fhlhk; thdnky;yhk; njhlh;
w
ntspg;gLj;Jk; fhl;rp eaj;ij tpsf;Ff.

 rpte;j fjph;fis cila #hpad;> khiy Neuj;jpy; kiyfSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; jd; jiyiar;
w
rha;j;J kiwthd;.
 mt;Ntisapy; #hpa fjph;fs; gl;L thdk; vq;Fk; nre;epwkha;f; fhl;rpaspf;Fk;.
w
 mf;fhl;rpapid fw;gid eaj;NjhL $w vz;zpa ftpQh; “rpte;j thdj;ij –nre;epwj;Jg;

G+f;fs; epiwe;j fhL” vd;W tUzpf;fpwhh;.
3. “Vq;nfhypePh; Qhyj;J ,Usfw;Wk;” - ,lQ;Rl;b nghUs; tpsf;F.
 ,lk;: jz;bayq;fhug; ghlypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ
 nghUs;: cyfj;jpd; Gw ,Uis mfw;WtJ
 tpsf;fk;: cyfj;jpd; Gw ,Uis mfw;WtJ #hpad;. kf;fspd; mwpahik vd;Dk; ,Uis
 mfw;WtJ jd;dpfupy;yhj jkpo;.
4. gpd;tUk; ,U ghf;fspd; fUj;JfspYs;s Ntw;Wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk; kPz;Lke;jg; goikeyk; GJf;F jw;F
tOty fhy tifap dhNd. nka;rpyph;f;fj; jkpo;f;FapNy $tp th! th!
- ed;D}y; - rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;
gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk;:
 tof;nfhype;j goikiag; Gwe;js;sp> GJikf;F Gj;Japh; Cl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ ed;D}y;.
 ,J midtuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba xd;W.
kPz;Lke;jg; goikeyk; GJf;F jw;F
 GJik vd;w ngauhy; tof;nfhype;j jkpNo! kPz;Lk; goik eyk; ngw;W nka;rpyph;f;f>
n
Fapy;Nghy; $tp th! th! vd;fpwhh; rpw;gp.
 ,J rpe;jpf;f Ntz;ba xd;W.
l.i
,U ghf;fspd; Ntw;Wik:
 Kd;dJ goik mopj;J GJik Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ.
da
 gpd;dJ vtw;iwAk; goiknad js;sptplhNj! goikapYk; rpy rpwg;Gfs; cz;L vd;fpwJ.
 ey;y caph;g;G cz;L vd;fpwJ
neLtpdh: ka
1. ftpijapd; eiliaf; fl;likf;Fk; mofpay; $Wfis vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpsf;Ff.
 Kd;Diu
 eil mofpay;
vi
 nkhoprhh; fiy
 xypg;gpd;dy;-xypf;Nfhyk;
al
 nrhw;Gyk;
 njhlhpay; Nghf;F
 KbTiu
.k
Kd;Diu:
ftpij eiliaf; fl;likf;Fk; mofpay; $Wfs; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
w
eil mofpay;:
 ,jd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F njhy;fhg;gpak; jhd; jsk; mikj;J jUfpwJ.
w
 eil vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; mbg;gil fUj;J.

nkhoprhh; fiy:
w
 ctik> cUtfk; Nghd;wit nkhopapd; tof;Ffis fiyapd; tof;fhf ftpij

tsh;f;fpwJ.
xypg;gpd;dy;-xspf;Nfhyk;:
 njhd;ikahd nkhopfs; irif kw;Wk; ,irapy; ,Ue;J njhlq;FfpwJ.
 nkhoprhh;e;j ftpijfs; ,ir kw;Wk; ,irf; fUtpfNshL gpwf;fpd;wd.
 XirAk; nghUSk; ,ize;J fiytbtk; nfhs;fpd;wd.
 v.fh: “Ee;ij je;ijf;F ,td; je;ij je;ij”.
 rpy nrhw;fs; kw;Wk; rpy xypfs; jpUk;g tuy; jd;ik ngw;W miktJ xypf;Nfhyk;.
nrhw;Gyk;:
 xU nghUis Fwpf;Fk; gy nrhy;yhfTk;> gy nghUis Fwpf;Fk; xU nrhy;yhfTk;
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J ghliy rpwg;gpg;gJ.
njhlhpay; Nghf;F:
 ciueil tof;FfisAk; Ngr;R tof;FfisAk; nra;jpfs; kw;Wk; czh;Tfspd;
mbg;gilapy; vLj;J $WtJ.
KbTiu:
 eil mofpay;> nkhoprhh; fiy> xypg;gpd;dy;-xypf;Nfhyk;> nrhw;Gyk;> njhlhpay; Nghf;F
n
Mfpaitfs; jhd; ftpij eiliaf; fl;likf;Fk; mofpay; $Wfs; vd;gij
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nlhk;.
l.i
2. ghujpapd; fbjk; thapyhf ePq;fs; mwpe;J nfhz;l nkhopg;gw;W> r%fg;gw;W Mfpatw;iw
tpthpf;f.
 Kd;Diu
da
 nkhopg;gw;W
 r%fg;gw;W
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu:
ka
 jkpo; ,d;gj;ij kPl;lTk; czh;j;jTk; gpwe;j Gytd; ghujp.
 mthpd; nkhopg;gw;iwAk;> rKfg;gw;iwAk; mth; vOjpa fbjk; thapyhf fhz;Nghk;.
vi
nkhopg;gw;W:
 jkpo;> jkpo;> jkpo; vd;W jkpio tsh;g;gNj flikahf nfhs;.
al
 Mdhy; Gjpa nra;jp> Gjpa Nahrid vd jkpopy; Vwpf; nfhz;Nl Nghf Ntz;Lk;.
 jkpo; fy;tp $lq;fspy; etPd fiyfs; vy;yhk; gapw;rp ngw;W tpsq;fl;Lk;.
.k
r%fg;gw;W:
 “jkpo;ehL tho;f> jkpo;ehl;by; Neha;fs; jPh;f” vd r%fj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiw nfhs;fpwhh;.
 MZk; ngz;Zk; xU caphpd; ,U jiyfs;.
w
 mit xd;NwhL xd;W jho;e;jjpy;iy.

 ngz;iz mbik nra;jtd; jd; fz;izf; Fj;jpf; nfhz;ltd; Mthd;.
w
 ,t;thW mthpd; r%fg;gw;iw tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

KbTiu:
w
 jd; ,dj;ijAk; nkhopiaAk; ghlhj ftpij “Nthpy;yhj kuk; $by;yhj gwit”.

 mijj;jhd; ghujpAk; jk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; %yk; nra;jpUf;fpwhh; vd ,f;fl;Liu %yk;
tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
3. jkpopd; rPhpsikj; jpwk; tpae;J ftpQh; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; $Wtdtw;iwj; njhFj;J
vOJf.  Kd;Diu
 Vw;wJiz
 $z;ljid cilj;J vOe;j rpq;fk;
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu:
 jkpo;nkhop ek; milahsk;> ek; gz;ghl;bd; ePsk;.
 Njhd;wpa fhyk; Kjy; Ngrg;gl;L vOjg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
Vw;w Jiz:
 #hpad; khiy Neuj;jpy; kiy KfLfspy; kiwthd;.
 mg;NghJ thdk; nre;epwf;flha; fhl;rpaspf;Fk;.
 mJNghy ciof;Fk; njhopyhsh;fs; iffs; rpte;J Njhspd; kPJ tpah;it Jspfs;
tPw;wpUf;Fk;.
 ,f;fhl;rpia tpae;J ghl “Vw;w Jiz” jkpo;nkhop kl;LNk vd;fpwhh; ftpQh; rpw;gp.
n
$z;ljid cilj;J vOe;j rpq;fk;:
l.i
 ftpQh;fspd; ftpij ntwpf;F nghUj;jkhd czthf tpsq;ff; $baJ jkpo;nkhop.
 ghz;ba ehl;by; Kr;rq;fj;jpy; nfhYtpUe;jJ jkpo;.
 ghhp Kjyhd filnaO ts;sy;fis <d;wts; jkpo;.
da
 mjw;F jkpNo! nka; rpyph;f;Fk;gbahf $z;il cilj;J ntsptUk; rpq;fk; Nghy; rPwpf;
nfhz;L th.
 cd; rPhpsik jpwk; jhd; vd;d vd;W ftpQh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
KbTiu:
ka
 goikahd nkhop vd;whYk; mjd; rPhpsik Nghw;WjYf;FhpaJ.
 mij vd;Wk; mopahky; GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ.
vi
4. “nrhy;Nyhtpaq;fs;” vd;Dk; ftpij E}y; cq;fs; gs;sp Mrphpauhy; vOjg;gl;L cq;fs;
gs;spapy; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. mt;ntspaPl;L tpohtpw;fhd epfo;r;rp epuiy cUthf;fp ed;wpAiu
al
vOJf.
nrhy;Nyhtpaq;fs;
.k
(ftpij)
E}y; ntspapl;L tpoh
ehs;: 05-11-2020 5.00 (gp.g)
w
,lk;: muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> nrd;id.

epfo;r;rp epuy;:
w
 jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J (khzth;fs;)

 Fj;J tpsf;Nfw;wy; (jpUkjp. ftpjh)
w
 tuNtw;Giu (jiyik Mrphpah;)

 E}iy ntspapLgth; (ftpQh; ituKj;J)
 tho;j;Jiu (ftpQh; Afghujp)
 fUj;Jiu (gh. tp[a;)
 ed;wpAiu (jpU.tpf;Nd~;)
 ehl;Lg;gz; (khzth;fs;)
ed;wpAiu:
 midtUf;Fk; ftp tzf;fk;.
 ,e;E}y; ntspapl;L tpohtpw;F tUifje;J E}ypid ntspaPl;L NgUiu Mw;wpa ftpQh;
ituKj;J mth;fSf;Fk;>
 tho;j;Jiu ey;fpa ftpQh; Afghujp mth;fSf;Fk;>
 fUj;Jiu ey;fpa ftpQh; gh.tp[a; mth;fSf;Fk;>
 vk;gs;spapd; jiyikahrphpah; kw;Wk; midj;J Mrphpah;fSf;Fk;>
 NkYk; vk;gs;sp khzt khztpah;fSf;Fk; kpf;f ed;wpia njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.
ed;wp!! tzf;fk;!!!.
n
*******
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:
l.i
1. nre;jkpo;> nre;epwk;> nrk;ghpjp – gz;Gj;njhiffs;
2. rpte;J – tpidnar;rk;
da
3. tpah;it nts;sk; - cUtfk;
4. Kj;JKj;jha; - mLf;Fj;njhlh;
5. cah;e;Njhh; - tpizahyizAk; ngah; ka
6. ntq;fjph; - gz;Gj;njhif
7. ,yhj - ,ilf;Fiw
cWg;gpyf;fzk; :
1. rha;g;ghd; = rha; + g; + g; +Md;
vi
rha; - gFjp> g;-re;jp> g;-vjph;fhy ,ilepiy> Md; - glh;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
2. tpk;Kfpd;w = tpk;K + fpd;W + m
al
tpk;K – gFjp> fpd;W – epfo;fhy ,ilepiy> m-nganur;r tpFjp.

3. tpae;J = tpa + j; (e;) + j; +c
.k
tpa – gFjp> j; -re;jp> e;-MdJ tpfhuk;> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> c-tpidnar;r tpFjp.

4. ,Ue;jha; = ,U + j; (e;) + j; +Ma;
w
,U – gFjp> j;-re;jp> (e;-MdJ tpfhuk;)> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> Ma;-Kd;dpiy xUik

tpidKw;W tpFjp.
w
5. te;J = th(t) + j; (e;) + j; + c

th – gFjp> t vdf; FWfpaJ tpfhuk;> j; - re;jp> e; MtJ tpfhuk;>
w
j; -,we;j fhy ,ilepiy> c-tpidnar;r tpFjp

6. cah;e;Njhh; = cah; + j; (e;) + j; + Xh;
cah; - gFjp> j;-re;jp> e; - MdJ tpfhuk;> j;-,we;j fhy ,ilepiy>
Xh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp> Mh; vd;gjd; <w;wanyOj;jhd “M” “x” Mfj; njhpAk;
Gzh;r;rp tpjp:
1. nrk;ghpjp = nrk;ik + ghpjp
tpjp: <WNghjy; - nrk; + ghpjp – nrk;ghpjp
2. thdnky;yhk; = thdk; + vy;yhk;

tpjp: cly;Nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng – thdnky;yhk;.
3. cd;iday;yhy; = cd;id + my;yhy;
tpjp: ,<I top at;Tk; - cd;id + a; + my;yhy;
tpjp: cly;Nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng – cd;iday;yhy;.
4. nre;jkpNo = nrk;ik + jkpNo
tpjp: <W Nghjy; - nrk; + jkpNo
tpjp: Kd;dpd;w nka; jphpjy; - nre;jkpNo
5. Mq;ftw;Ws; = Mq;F + mtw;Ws;
n
tpjp: caph;thpd; cf;Fws; nka; tpl;NlhLk; - Mq;f; + mtw;Ws;
l.i
tpjp: cly;Nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng – Mq;ftw;Ws;.
6. jdpahop = jdp + Mop
da
tpjp: , < I top at;Tk; - jdp + a; + Mop
tpjp: cly;Nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng – jdpahop
7. ntq;fjph; = ntk;ik + fjph; ka
tpjp: <W Nghjy; - ntk; + fjph;
tpjp: Kd;dpd;w nka; jphpjy; – ntq;fjph;
jkpohf;fk; jUf:
vi
1. Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere.
fw;Nwhh;f;F nrd;w ,lnky;yhk; rpwg;G
al
2. A new language is a new life.

xU Gjpa nkhop vd;gJ xU Gjpa tho;f;if Nghd;wJ
.k
3. If you want people to understand you, speak their language.

kf;fs; cd;id Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lkhdhy; mth;fspd; nkhopapy; eP NgR
4. Knowledge of languages is the doorway to wisdom.
w
nkhopfspd; mwpNt Qhdj;jpd; topj;jlk;

5. The limits of my language are the limits of my world
w
vd; nkhopapd; vy;iyNa vd; cyfj;jpd; vy;iy

,yf;fpa eak; ghul;Lf:
w
Kr;rq;fq; $l;b
KJGyth; jikf; $l;b
mr;rq;fj; Js;Ns
msg;ghpa nghUs; $l;b
nrhw;rq;f khfr;
RitkpFe;j ftp$l;b
mw;Gjq;f nsy;yhk;
mike;j ngUkhl;b!
- fz;zjhrd;
,yf;fpa eak; ghul;Ljy;

ikaf;fUj;J:
 nghUs; epiwe;j ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilj;Jf; nfhz;L GJg;nghypTld; jpfo;fpwhs; jkpo;
ngUkfs; vd fz;zjhrd; jkpo; nkhopia Nghw;wp ghbAs;shh;.
Nkhid eak;: “Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid”
K : Kr;rq;fq; - KJGyth;
m : mr;rq;fq; - msg;ghpa
vJif eak;: “,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif”
r; : Kr;rq;fq - mr;rq;fq;
n
w; : nrhw;rq;f - mw;Gjq;f
,iaG eak;: “filrp vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG”
l.i
b : jikf; $l;b - nghUs; $l;b
b : ftp$l;b - ngUkhl;b!
da
mzp eak;:
,g;ghliy mzpeaj;Jld; ftpQh; fz;zjhrd; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
re;j eak;: ka
,g;ghliy re;j eaj;Jld; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ctikj; njhlh;fisr; nrhw;nrhlh;fspy; mikj;J vOJf:
1. jhkiu ,iy ePh;Nghy
vi
rhJf;fs; ‘jhkiu ,iy ePh;Nghy’ ,y;yw tho;tpy; gw;ww;Wf; fple;jdh;
2. fpzw;Wj; jtis Nghy
al
ehl;L elg;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;shky; ‘fpzw;Wj; jtis Nghy’ tho;tJ mwpTf;F

mofy;y.
3. vypAk; G+idAk; Nghy
.k
ehDk; vd; jq;ifAk; ‘vypAk; G+idAk; Nghy’ vg;nghOJk; rz;ilapl;Lf; nfhs;Nthk;.

4. mr;rhzp ,y;yhj Njh; Nghy
w
Nghjpa Mrphpah;fs; ,y;yhjjhy; khzth;fspd; fy;tpahdJ “mr;rhzp ,y;yhj Njh;Nghy”

js;shLfpwJ.
w
5. cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdp Nghy:

kuk; tsh;j;jhy; kio tUk; vd;gJ “cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdp Nghy” ahtUk; mwpe;j xd;Nw.
w
************
gbg;Nghk; gad;gLj;JNthk;
Subscription cWg;gpdh; fl;lzk; Archive fhg;gfk;
Fiction GidT Manuscript ifnaOj;Jg; gpujp
Biography tho;f;if tuyhW Bibliography E}y; epuy;
mwpit tphpT nra;

ghujpapd; fbjq;fs; uh.m. gj;kehgd;
n
,yf;fz cyfpy; Gjpa ghh;it lhf;lh; nghw;Nfh
jkpo; mofpay; jp.R. eluh[d;
l.i
fhl;L thj;J e. gpr;r%h;j;jp
ney;Y}h; mhprp mfpyd;
da
Rtnuhl;bfs; e. Kj;Jrhkp
,se;jkpNo ka rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;
jkpo; nkhopapd; eil mofpay; jp.R. eluh[d;
jk;gp ney;iyag;gUf;F ghujpahh;
vi
al
***************
.k
w
w
w
,ay; - 2
nga;nadg; nga;Ak; kio
,yf;fzj; Njh;r;rpnfhs;:
1. jkpopy; jpizg;ghFghL ………… mbg;gilapy; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
m). nghUl;Fwpg;G M). nrhw;Fwpg;G ,). njhlh;f;Fwpg;G <). vOj;Jf;Fwpg;G
2. “cah;jpiz vd;kdhh; kf;fl; Rl;Nl
m/wpiz vd;kdhh; mtuy gpwNt” - ,e;E}w;gh ,lk; ngw;w ,yf;fz E}y; ……….
m). ed;D}y; M). mfj;jpak; ,). njhy;fhg;gpak; <). ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;
n
3. ahh;? vJ? Mfpa tpdhr;nrhw;fs; gadpiyaha; mike;J> czh;j;Jk; jpizfs; KiwNa………
m). m/wpiz> cah;jpiz M). cah;jpiz> m/wpiz
l.i
,). tpuTj;jpiz> m/wpiz <). tpuTj;jpiz> cah;jpiz
4. nghUj;jp tpilj; Njh;f:
da
m). mtd; mts; mth; - 1). csg;gLj;jhj jd;ikg; gd;ik
M). ehq;fs; Kaw;rp nra;Nthk; - 2). csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
,). ehk; Kaw;rp nra;Nthk; - 3). jd;ikg; gd;ikg; ngah;fs;
ka
<). ehq;fs;> ehk; - 4). gjpypL ngah;fs;
m). 4> 1> 2> 3 M). 2> 3> 4> 1 ,). 3> 4> 1> 2 <). 4> 3> 1> 2
5. nkhopapd; nrhw;nwhlh; mikg;ig tpsf;fp nfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjTtd vit?
 jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; Mfpad nkhopapd; nrhw;nwhlh; mikg;ig tpsq;fpf;
vi
nfhs;tjw;f;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wd.
6. cah;jpizg; gd;ikg; ngah;fs;> gd;ik tpFjp ngw;WtUkhW ,uz;L njhlh;fis vOJf.
al
 khzth;fs; Njh;T vOjpdh;.

 cwtpdh;fs; jpUkz tpUe;jpy; fye;J nfhz;ldh;.
.k
ek;ik msg;Nghk;
gyTs; njhpf:
w
1. nghUj;Jf:
m). Fuq;Ffs; - 1). fd;Wfisj; jtph;j;jd
M). tpyq;Ffs; - 2). kuq;fspypUe;J tPo;e;jd
w
,). gwitfs; - 3). Fspuhy; eLq;fpd

<). gRf;fs; - 4). Nka;r;riy kwe;jd
w
m). 1> 3> 4> 2 M). 3> 1> 4> 2

,). 3> 2> 1> 4 <). 2> 1> 3> 4
2. euk;GfSf;Fs; tPiz kPl;bf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;W ma;ag;g khjtd; Fwpg;gpLtJ
m). #hpa xspf;fjph; M). kio Nkfq;fs;
,). kioj;Jspfs; <). ePhe
; piyfs;
3. nts;sr; rkntspfs; mopaf; fhuzk;
m). gUtepiy khw;wk; M). kzy; ms;Sjy;
,). ghiwfs; ,y;yhik <). epyj;jbePh; cwpQ;rg;gLjy;
4. ngha;ah thdk; GJg;ngay; nghope;njd – jbj;j nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G

m). tpizj; njhif M). chpr;nrhy;njhlh;
,). ,ilr;nrhy; njhlh; <). <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
5. cyf ehLfs; khw;W Mw;wiy Nehf;fpr; nrd;why; kl;LNk Gtp ntg;gkakhjiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;j
KbAk; - ,j;njhlh; czh;j;jtJ
m). fhh;gd; mw;w Mw;wy; gad;ghNl NjitahfpwJ M). gRikf;Fby; thAf;fs; mjpfkhfpwJ
,).fhyepiy khWgLfpwJ <). Gtpapd; ,af;fk; NtWgLfpwJ
FWtpdh:
1. MSf;nfhU kuk; tsh;g;Nghk.; vd;Dk; Kof;fj;njhlh; thapyhf vtw;iw typAWj;Jtha;?
n
 kioiag; ngw kuk; tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
 G+kpapd; gRikiag; ghJfhg;gjpy; xt;nthU kdpjUk; gq;nfLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gdtw;iw
l.i
typAWj;JNtd;.
2. ,depiu – gphpj;Jg; Gzh;r;rp tpjp vOJf?
da
 ,depiu = ,dk; + epiu
 tpjp: kt;tPW xw;wope;J caPhpW xg;gTk;.
3. kdpjd; jd; Nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if tsq;fis fLikahfr; Nrjg;gLj;jpajd; tpisit
ka
,d;W re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd; - ,U njhlh;fshf;Ff.
 kdjpd; Nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if tsq;fisf; fLikahf Nrjg;gLj;jpdhd;.
 mjd; tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;.
vi
4. efuk; gl;il jPl;ba nts;is itukhfpwJ – tpsf;fk; jUf.
 nga;j kioahy; efuj;jpd; khRf;fs; mfw;wg;gw;wd.
al
 kiof;fhykhapDk; jpBnud ntspg;gl;l #hpa ntspr;rj;jhy; efuk; GJg;nghypT ngWfpwJ.

 efuk; gl;il jPlb
; a nts;is itukha; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
.k
rpWtpdh:
1. ePh;epiyfspypUe;J cjLfs; Ftpj;J cwpQ;RfpwJ xspf;fjph;fs; - ,f;ftpijapd; mb> J}q;Fk;
gdpePiu ,d;W re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd; - ,U njhlh;fhsf;Ff.
w
 gdpj;Jspfis fjputd; cwpQ;Rtjhf ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly; ghLfpwJ.

 ePhe
; piyfspy; cs;s ePhpid fjputdpd; xspf;fjph; cwpQ;Rtjhf ma;ag;gkhjtd;
w
ghbAs;shh;.
 ma;ag;g khjtd; ftpijapy; ,lk;ngWk; ,jo;Ftpj;J cwpQ;RfpwJ vd;gJ fjputdpd;
w
ntg;g Mw;wypd; tPhpaj;ij czh;j;JfpwJ.

 ,J ftpij cUthd fhyj;jpd; tsh;r;rpiaf; fhl;LfpwJ.
2. thilf; fhyj;jpy; Nfhtyh;fs; vt;thW ghJfhg;igj; Njbdh;?
 thilf; fhyj;jpy; jho;thd gFjpfspy; ngUfpa nts;sj;ij ntWj;j Nfhtyh;fs;> jhk;
gofpa epyj;ij tpl;Ltpl;L NtnwhU ,lj;jpw;F ,lk; ngah;ej
; dh;.
 vUik> gR> ML Mfpa mepiufs; Nklhd epyq;fspy; Nkatpl;ldh;.
 mq;F gyUld; Nrh;e;J nfhs;sp neUg;gpdhy; iffSf;Fr; #Nlw;wp Fspiu Nghf;f
Kaw;rpj;jdh;.
 ,t;thW thilf; fhyj;jpy; Nfhtyh;fs; ghJfhg;igj; Njbdh;.
3. kionts;sg; ghjpg;gpypUe;J fhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;iffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

 Fsk;> Fl;il> Vhp> MW> tbfhy; tha;f;fhy;fs;> nts;sr; rkntspfs; Nghd;wtw;iw
mopj;Jf; fl;blq;fis fl;lf;$lhJ.
 Mw;wpy; msTf;F mjpfkhf kzy; ms;sf;$lhJ.
 mt;thW kzy; ms;Stjhy; nts;sr; rkntspfs; mope;J Nghfpd;wd.
 ePh;epiyfis J}h;thhp Kiwahfg; guhkhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ePh;topg; ghijfis cUthf;fp mij Kiwahf guhkhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 r%ff; fhLfs; tsh;g;Gj; jpl;lq;fisr; nray;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
4. Nghplh; Nkyhz;ik Mizak; - tpsf;fk; jUf.
n
 eLtz; muR 2005 Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; 23-k; ehs; Njrpa Nghplh; Nkyhz;ik Mizaj;ij
l.i
mikj;jJ.
 Gay; nts;sk;> epyeLf;fk;> twl;rp> Rdhkp> epyr;rhpT> jPtpgj;J> #whtsp> gdpg;Gay;>
Kjyhd tpgj;Jf;fs; epfOk; NghJ ,e;j Mizak; cjTfpwJ.
da
 ,jw;fhfNt gy;NtW FOf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.
 khepyk;> khtl;lk;> Cuhl;rp> rpw;W}uhl;rp vd midj;J epiyfspYk; FOf;fs; mikj;J
Nghplh; fhyq;fspy; nrayhw;w Nghplh; Nkyhz;ik Mizak; toptif nra;fpwJ.
ka
neLtpdh:
1. nefpop jtph;j;J epyj;ij epkph;j;J vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Rw;Wr;#oy; Mh;tyh;
gRikjhrdhUld; ePq;fs; elj;jpa fw;gidf; fye;Jiuahliyj; njhFj;J vOJf.
vi
ehd; : tzf;fk; Iah
gRikjhrdhh: tzf;fk; th….. tbNty;.. vd;d gzp nra;fpwhha;
al
ehd; : ehd; gj;jphpf;ifapy; gzpahw;WfpNwd;. jq;fsplk; xU tpsf;fk; ngw te;Njd;.

gRikjhrdhh;: mg;gbah! Nfs;.
ehd; : nefop vd;why; vd;d? mij gw;wp nrhy;Yq;fs;.
.k
gRikjhrdhh;: gpsh];bf; jhd; nefop. fpNuf;f nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J te;jJ. ,e;j cyif
mopj;J tUk; uhl;~rd; mJ.
ehd; : Mdhy; ,jd; gad;ghL mjpfkhfp tpl;lNj Iah!!
w
gRikjhrdhh;: Mk;! Nfs;!! kz;tsk; mopfpwJ. ePh;kl;lk; FiwfpwJ.

ehd; : mg;gbah Iah!!
w
gRikjhrdhh;: Mkhk;. kl;fhJ vd vhpj;jhy; mJ XNrhd; glyj;ij ghohf;FfpwJ.

,jdhy; gy Neha;fs; tUfpwJ.
ehd; : ,jw;F jPh;T vd;d Iah?
w
gRikjhrdhh;: ,jw;F jPhT; . nefop gad;gLj;j $lhJ. nefpopia mwNt jtph;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
muR fl;lhak; jil tpjpj;J tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;g;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
ehd; : tpopg;Gzh;T gad; jUkh Iah?
gRikjhrdhh;: epr;rakhf! Foe;ijfsplk; tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;g;gLj;jpdhy; ehisa cyfk;
ey;yjha; mikAk;.
ehd; : kpf;f ed;wp Iah!! nefpop gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fis nfhLj;J Ghpa itj;jikf;F ed;wp
Iah!!!
gRikjhrdhh;: ed;wp kfNd!! gzp rpwf;fl;Lk;!! tho;j;Jf;fs;
2. neLey;thilapy; ef;fPuu; fhl;Lk; kiof;fhy tUzidiar; nrhy;ypy; tbf;f.

 Kd;Diu
 kiof;fhy tUzid
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu:
 neLey;thilapy; ef;fPuh; fhl;Lk; kiof;fhy tUizia gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
kiof;fhy tUzid:
 kiyia tyg;gf;fkhf #o;e;J vOe;j NkfkhdJ cyfk; FspUkhW kio nghope;jJ.
 jho;thd gFjpfspy; ngUfpa nts;sj;ij ntWj;J epiufs; Nklhd ,lq;fSf;F nrd;wd.
 gofpa ,lj;ij tpl;L NtW ,lk; ngah;e;jjhy; tUj;jk; mile;jdh;.
n
 mth;fs; jiyapy; #bapUe;j fhe;js; kyh;fs; frq;fpaJ.
 tpyq;Ffs; Fsph; kpFjpahy; Nka;r;riy kwe;jd.
l.i
 Fuq;Ffs; eLq;fpd.
 kuq;fspy; jq;fp ,Ue;J gwitfs; epyj;jpy; tpOe;jd.
da
 gRf;fs; ghYz;z te;j fd;Wfis jtph;j;jd.
 kiyiaNa Fspur; nra;tjha; ,Ue;jJ mf;Fsph;fhy es;spuT.
KbTiu: ka
 kiof;fhyj;jpy; Fsph;fhy es;spuT gw;wp neLey;thilapy; ef;fPuu; tUzpj;j epfo;it
gw;wp mwpe;J nfhz;Nlhk;.
3. nghWg;Gzh;r;rpapd;wp ,Ue;j Ciuj; jd; nghWg;Gzh;thy; khw;wpa kUjdpd; gz;G
vi
eyj;ij tpthpf;f.
Kjy; fy;
(cj;jk Nrhod;)
al
 Kd;Diu
 kUjdpd; mr;rk;
 kUjdpd; Nahrid
.k
 kUjdpd; tUj;jk;
 kUjdpd; Kaw;rp
 KbTiu
w
Kd;Diu:
w
 gaph;fis tho itg;gJ kio.

 mk;kio nts;skha; khWifapy; gaph;fisNa ,y;yhky; Mf;FfpwJ.
w
 nts;sk; Njq;fhky; ,Uf;f top nra;ahjJ kdpjdpd; Fw;wk;.

 ngU nts;sj;jpy; ,Ue;J gapiuAk; CiuAk; jdpkdpjdhy; fhg;gw;w KbAk; vd;gij
rhjpj;J fhl;ba kUjdpd; nraiy ,f;fij tpsf;FfpwJ.
kUjdpd; mr;rk;:
 tlfiuapy; epd;W ghh;j;j kUjDf;F jpf;nfd;W ,Ue;jJ.
 fz;Zf;F vl;ba J}uk; tiu gr;ir gNry; vd;W ,Ue;j tay;ntsp ve;Neuj;jpYk;
nts;sj;jpy; %o;Fk; epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ.
 xUehs; %o;fpdhy; NghJk; midj;Jk; mOfptpLNk vd;W kUjd; mr;rg;gl;lhd;.
kUjdpd; Nahrid:
 fhl;lkzf;F nrbfis mfw;wpdhy; cghpePh; ntspNaWk; gaph;fSk;> fpuhKk; jg;gpf;Fk; vd;W
epidj;jhd; kUjd;.
 Chpy; cs;s midtUk; xd;whf ,ize;J Rj;jk; nra;jhy; tha;f;fhy; Rj;jkhfp nts;sk;
tbAk; vd;W kUjd; $wpdhd;.
kUjdpd; tUj;jk;:
 kUjd; $wpa Nahridia Chpy; cs;sth;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy.
 Mapuk; ,uz;lhapuk; nrythFk; vd;W epidj;J ahUk; ,e;j Nahridf;F Kd;tutpy;iy.
 ,jdhy; kUjd; tUj;jkile;J tPL jpUk;gp jd; kidtpaplk; ele;jij $wpdhd;.
n
 ,e;j Ch; ,y;iynad;why; NtW Ch;. Ngha; Ntiyia ghh; vd;W fj;jpdhs; kidtp.
kUjdpd; Kaw;rp:
l.i
 ,uT J}f;fj;jpy; gaph;fs; ‘vd;id fhg;ghj;J’ vd;W nfQ;Rtij Nghy; ,Ue;jJ.
 kWehs; fhiy kUjd; jdpahsha; nrbfis mWj;J Rj;jk; nra;jhd;.
da
 mij ghh;j;J mtd; kidtpAk; mtDf;F cjtpdhs;.
 tha;f;fhypy; kUjidAk; mtd; kidtpiaAk; ghh;j;j Cuhh; xt;nthUtuhf tha;f;fhypy;
,wq;fp Rj;jk; nra;jdh;. ka
 kUjdpd; Kjy; Kaw;rp kw;wthpd; njhlh; Kaw;rpf;F fhuzkha; mike;jJ.
KbTiu:
 jdf;nfd;W vJTk; ,y;yhj epiyapYk; gaph;fisAk; fpuhkj;ijAk; fhg;gw;w epidj;j
vi
kUjdpd; nray; ghul;Lf;FhpaJ.
 ,d;iwa r%f Nkk;ghl;bw;F midthplKk; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba Fzk; kUjdpd; Fzk;.
4. Gay; jhf;fj;jpdhy; FbapUg;GfSf;F mUfpy; mWe;Jfplf;Fk; kpd; ,izg;Gfisr;
al
rhpnra;af; Nfhhp cq;fs; Ch; kpd;thhpag; nghwpahsh;fSf;Ff; fbjk; vOJf.

mDg;Gdh;:
.k
Ch; nghJkf;fs;>
gz;izf;fhL gphpT>
nfhilf;fhdy;>
w
jpz;Lf;fy;.
ngWeh;:
w
kpd;thhpa nghwpahsh;>
jkpo;ehL kpd;rhu thhpa mYtyfk;>
w
nfhilf;fhdy;>
jpz;Lf;fy;.
kjpg;gpw;Fhpa Iah>
nghUs;: kpd; ,izg;Gf;fis rhpnra;a Ntz;Ljy; rhh;ghf.
tzf;fk;. vq;fs; gFjpapy; Rkhh; 500 FbapUg;Gfs; cs;sd. rkPgj;jpy; Vw;g;gl;l f[h
Gayhy; epiwa ,lj;jpy; kpd; fk;gpfs; mWj;J fplf;fpd;wd. vq;fs; Ch; KOtJk; ,Uspy; Ko;fp
fplf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; vq;fs; gFjp kf;fs; nra;tjwpahJ jpifj;J epw;fpd;whh;fs;. vdNt jaT
nra;J kpd; ,izg;Gfis rhpnra;J nfhLf;FkhW gzpTld; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpNwhk;.
ed;wp
,g;gbf;F
Ch; nghJkf;fs; rhh;ghf
(mmmmmm)
ciwNky;Kfthp:
ngWeh;:
kpd;thhpa nghwpahsh;>
jkpo;ehL kpd;rhu thhpa mYtyfk;>
nfhilf;fhdy;>
jpz;Lf;fy;.
,yf;fzFwpg;G:
n
1. tis, - nrhy;ypir msngil
l.i
2. ngha;ah - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
3. GJg;ngay; - gz;Gj;njhif
4. nfhLq;Nfhy; - gz;Gj;njhif
da
cWg;gpyf;fzk;:
1. fyq;fp = fyq;F + ,
fyq;F – gFjp> , - tpidnar;r tpFjp.
Gzh;r;rp tpjp:
ka
1. ,depiu = ,dk; + epiu
tpjp: kt;tPW xw;wope;J caphPW xg;gTk;.
vi
,d + epiu - ,depiu.
2. GJg;ngay; = GJik + ngay;
al
tpjp: <WNghjy; = GJ + ngay;

tpjp: ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg kpFk;. GJg;ngay;
.k
kaq;nfhypr; nrhw;fis XNu njhlhpy; mikj;J vOJf.

1. jiy> jis> jio
w
KUfs; jiofisj; jisj;Jj; jiyapy; J}f;fp te;jhd;.

2. fiy> fis> fio
fiof;$j;jhb Mlj; njhlq;fpaJk; fiyepfo;r;rp fisfl;baJ.
w
3. miy> mis> mio

miyfly; Xuk; ifia mise;J nfhz;L ele;jtid mtd; ez;gd; mioj;jhd;.
w
4. tpiy> tpis> tpio

KUfd; tpise;j ney;iy ey;y tpiyf;F tpw;f tpioe;jhd;.
,yf;fpa eak; ghul;Lf:
ntl;b abf;FJ kpd;dy; - fly;
tPuj; jpiunfhz;L tpz;iz apbf;FJ:
nfhl;b apbf;FJ Nkfk; - $
$ntd;W tpz;izf; FilAJ fhw;W
rl;lr;rl rl;lr;rl ll;lh – vd;W
jhsq;fs; nfhl;bf; fidf;FJ thdk;

vl;Lj;jpirAk; ,ba – kio
vq;qdk; te;jjlh jk;gp tPuh!
- ghujpahh;
,yf;fpa eak; ghul;Ljy;
ikaf;fUj;J:
 vl;Lj; jpirAk; ,be;J tpOtJ Nghy; kio te;jJ vd ,t;thpfspy; kio nga;Ak;
Kiwia ghujpahh; tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
n
nt : ntl;b - tPuj;
v : vl;L - vq;qdk;
l.i
l; : ntl;b - nfhl;b
da
l; : rl;l - vl;L
,g;ghlypy; ,iaG eak; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. ka

mzp eak;:
,g;ghliy mzpeaj;Jld; ftpQh; fz;zjhrd; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
re;j eak;:
vi
,g;ghliy re;j eaj;Jld; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fPo;f;fhZk; miog;gpjiog; gj;jpahf khw;Wf:
Nghplh; Nkyhz;ikf; fUj;juq;fk;:
al
ehs;: mf;Nlhgh; 2 Neuk;: fhiy 10 kzp

,lk;: fiythzh; muq;fk;> nrd;id.
.k
epfo;r;rp epuy;
tuNtw;Giu : jpUkjp murp>
w
nrQ;rpYitr; rq;f xUq;fpizg;ghsh;

Kd;dpiy: jpU mKjd;> ,aw;if Ntshz; coth;
w
jiyikAiu: jpU. ,katukgd;> Nghplh; Nkyhz;ik ,af;Feh;

fUj;juq;fj; jiyg;Gfs;
w
 ,aw;ifr; rPw;wq;fSk; - gUtfhy khw;wq;fSk; - Kidth; nrq;Fl;Ltd;

 Nghplh;fis vjph;nfhs;SjYk; jPh;TfSk; - jpU. Kfpyd;
 ePh;topg;ghijfisg; ghJfhj;jy; - jpUkjp ghj;jpkh
 Nghplh;f; fhyq;fspy; nra;af;RbaJk; nra;af; $lhjJk; - jpU. tpd;nrd;l;
ed;wpAiu: gh;tPd>; gRikg;gil khzth; jiyth;
ehl;Lg;gz;.
miog;gpjio gj;jpahf khw;Wjy;:

nrd;idapy; cs;s fiythzh; muq;fj;jpy; fle;j 2.10.2019 md;W fhiy 10 kzpf;F
Nghplh; Nkyhz;ikf; fUj;juq;fk; eilngw;wJ. jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J ghlYld; njhlq;fg;gl;L
jpUkjp.murp nrQ;rpYitr; rq;f xUq;fpizg;ghsh; mth;fs; tuNtw;W Ngrpdhh;. ,t;tpohtpw;F
,aw;if Ntshz; coth; jpU. mKjd; Kd;dpiy tfpj;jhh;. Nghplh; Nkyhz;ik ,af;Feh;
jiyikAiu Mw;wpdhh;. Kidth; nrq;Fl;Ltd; mth;fs; ,aw;ifr; rPw;wq;fSk; - gUtfhy
khw;wq;fSk; vd;w jiyg;gpYk;> jpU. Kfpyd; mth;fs; Nghplh;fis vjph;nfhs;SjYk;
jPh;TfSk; vd;w jiyg;gpYk;> jpUkjp ghj;jpkh mth;fs; ePh;topg;ghijfisg; ghJfhj;jy; vd;w
jiyg;gpYk;> jpU. tpd;nrd;l; mth;fs; Nghplh;f; fhyq;fspy; nra;af;RbaJk; nra;af; $lhjJk;
vd;w jiyg;gpYk; rpwg;Giuahw;;wpdhh;fs;. gRikg;gil khzth; jiyth; gh;tPd; mth;fs;
n
ed;wpAiu ey;fpdhh;. ,Wjpapy; ehl;Lg;gz; ,irf;f fUj;juq;fk; ,dpNj epiwT ngw;wJ.
l.i
Gjph;f;Nfw;w tpilia mwpf:
m). milkio nga;j mLj;j ehs;
gilgilaha; te;jjhk;
da
guq;fp ehl;L tpkhdk;
vjphp RlhkNyNa
,wnfhbe;J ,we;jjhk; - vd;d? ka tpil: <ry;
M). jz;zPUk; kioAk; ,y;yhky;
gaph; gr;iraha; ,Uf;fpwJ
ghf;F ntw;wpiy Nghlhky;
vi
tha; rptg;gha; ,Uf;fpwJ – vd;d? tpil: fpsp
fbjk; vOJf:
al
kio nga;Ak; NghJ> kpd;fk;gq;fs;> kuq;fs;> Fsk;> Fl;il> Vhp> MW Mfpadtw;wpw;F mUfpy;
nry;yhjpUj;jy;> ntspapy; nry;Yk;NghJ fhyzp mzpjy;> nfhjpf;f itj;j ePiuNa gUFjy;>
thdpiy mwpf;iffisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;> muR vLf;Fk; Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;iffSf;F
.k
Xj;Jioj;jy; Nghd;w kiof;fhyg; ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;J midj;J tFg;G

khzth;fSf;Fk; tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;g;gLj;Jk; epfo;r;rp xd;iw Vw;ghL nra;AkhW cq;fs; gs;sp
w
jiyikahrphpaUf;Ff; fbjk; vOJf.

nfhilf;fhdy;
01.06.2023
w
mDg;Geh;:
nj. Rjh;rd;
w
12-k; tFg;G fiy gphpT

tpNtfhde;j tpj;ahya nkl;hpf; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp>
gz;izf;fhL gphpT> nfhilf;fhdy;.
ngWeh;:
jiyikahrphpah; mth;fs;>
tpNtfhde;j tpj;ahya nkl;hpf; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp>
gz;izf;fhL gphpT> nfhilf;fhdy;.
kjpg;gpw;Fhpa Iah>
nghUs;: kiof;fhy ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffs; gw;wp tpopg;gzh;T epfo;r;rp Vw;ghL –

njhlh;ghf.
tzf;fk;. mz;ikapy; nga;j kio ek;%hpy; Vw;gLj;jpa Nrjq;fis ePq;fs; mwptPh;fs;.
,oe;j ,og;Gfis vz;zp Jbf;fpwJ vq;fs; kdk;. ,jw;F fhuzq;fis vz;zpg; ghh;j;jhy; xd;W
kl;LNk> mJ tpopg;Gzh;T ,y;yhjNj MFk;. kiof;fhyq;fspy; ehk; filgpbf;F Ntz;ba>
ftdpf;f Ntz;ba> jtph;f;f Ntz;ba nray;fs; vd;d vd;w tpopg;Gzh;T ekf;F Njit. ,e;j
tpopg;gzh;it gw;wp ek; gs;sp khzth;fSf;F njhptpj;jy; mtrpak;. vdNt tpopg;Gzh;it
Vw;g;gLj;Jk; epfo;r;rp ek; gs;spapy; eilngw Vw;ghLfs; nra;a Ntz;LkhW jq;fis gzpTld;
Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpNwd;.
n
ed;wp
,g;gbf;F
l.i
jq;fs; fPo;g;gbe;Js;s khztd;
nj. Rjh;~d;
ciwNky; Kfthp:
da
ngWeh;:
jiyikahrphpah; mth;fs;>
tpNtfhde;j tpj;ahya nkl;hpf; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> ka
gz;izf;fhL gphpT – 624210>
nfhilf;fhdy;.
vi
Gbg;Nghk; gad;gLj;JNthk;
Platform eilNkil Ticket Inspector gazr;rPlL
; mYtyh;
al
Train task ,Ug;Gg; ghij Level Crossing ,Ug;Gg; ghijia flf;Fkplk;

Railway signal njhlh;tz;b topf;Fwp Metro Train khefuj; njhlh;tz;b
.k
mwpit tphpT nra;

w
gj;Jg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhh;

,aw;iff;F jpUk;Gk; ghij krhdh /GNfhfh
w
Rw;W#oy; fy;tp g. utp

fUg;G kyh;fs; eh. fhkuhrd;
w
thdk; trg;gLk; gpugQ;rd;

gpwnfhU ehs; Nfhil ma;ag;g khjtd;
neLey;thil ef;fPuh;
Kjy;fy; cj;jkNrhod;
*************
,ay; - 3
Rw;wj;jhh; fz;Nz cs
1. nghUs; Fog;gkpd;wp vOJtjw;Fhpa fhuzq;fSs; nghUe;Jtijj; Njh;f.
m). Njitahd ,lq;fspy; ,ilntspapy; tplhky; vOJjy;
M). Njitaw;w ,lq;fspy; ,ilntsp tpl;L vOJjy;
,). epWj;jf;FwpaPLfis chpa ,lq;fspy; ,l;L vOJjy;
<). ty;ypd nka;fisj; Njitahd ,lq;fspy; ,lhky; vOJjy;
n
2. ty;ypdk; kpFk;> kpfhj; njhlh;fspd; nghUswpe;J nghUj;Jf.
m). ghiy ghbdhd; -- 1). Njiu vd;Dk; caphpdj;ijg; ghh;j;jhd;
l.i
M). ghiyg; ghbdhd; - 2). Njhpidg; ghh;j;jhd;
,). Njiu ghh;j;jhd; - 3). ghypidg; ghbdhd;
<). Njiug; ghh;j;jhd; - 4). ghiyj; jpiz ghbdhd;.
da
m). 4> 1> 3> 2 M). 2> 3> 1> 4 ,). 4> 3> 1> 2 <). 2> 4> 1> 3
3. NtnwhU nghUs; mikAkhW nrhw;fisr; Nrh;j;J njhluikf;f.
khzth;fSk; thpirapy; epd;W mwptpay; fz;fhl;rpiaf; fz;ldh;.
ka
mwptpay; fz;fhl;rpia khzth;fs; thpirapy; epd;W fz;ldh;.
4. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhy;YUGfisg; gphpj;Jk; Nrh;j;Jk; ,UNtW njhlh;fis mikf;f. \
 Kd; mtd; Kd;te;J $wpdhd;
vi
mtd;Kd; te;J $wpdhd;.
 jhNd mtd;jhNd te;J nfhLj;jhd;
mtd; jhNdte;J nfhLj;jhd;
al
 nfhz;L vOjpf;nfhz;L te;jhd;

vOjpf; nfhz;L te;jhd;
.k
 tpl;lhd; gzj;ij rk;ghjpj;Jtpl;lhd;.

gzj;ij rk;ghjpj;J tpl;lhd;.
w
5. fhw;Gs;sp ,lhky; vOJtjdhy; Vw;g;gLk; nghUs; kaf;fj;jpw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.

 mtd; mz;zd; tPlL
; f;Fr; nrd;whd;
 mtd; mz;zd;> tPlL
w
; f;Fr; nrd;whd;.
6.ry ry> te;J te;J> fy fy> tpk;kp tpk;kp ,tw;wpy; ,ul;ilf; fpstpj; njhlh;fis vOjp
mtw;iw vOJk; Kiwiaf; $Wf.
w
 ,ul;ilf;fpstpj; njhlh;fs;: ry ry> fy fy

 ,ul;ilf;fpstpj; njhliug; gphpj;J vOjf;$lhJ. Nrh;j;Nj vOj Ntz;Lk;.
 v.fh: ryry> fyfy
7. jpUtsh;r;nry;td;> jpUtsh; nry;td; - ,tw;wpy; rhpahd njhlh; vJ? mjw;fhd ,yf;fz
tpjp ahJ?
 jpUtsh;nry;td; vd;gNj rhpahd njhlh;
 Vnddpy; tpidj;njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.
ek;ik msg;Nghk;
gyTs; njhpf:
1. rq;f ,yf;faj;jpy; ,y;yhj nrhw;fs;> rq;fhyr; r%fj;jpy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;Js;sd.
mit……….
m). mwNthh;> JwNthh; M). jpUkzKk; FLk;gKk;
,). kd;wq;fSk; mitfSk; <). epjpaKk; Rq;fKk;
2. nghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;f
m). chpikj;jhfk; - 1. ghurPff; ftpQh;
M). mQ;Qhb - 2. G+kzp
n
,). IyhTj;jpd; &kp - 3. gfjtr;ry ghujp
<). jkpoh; FLk;g Kiw – 4. rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp
l.i
m). 2> 4> 3> 1 M). 3> 4> 1> 2 ,). 2> 4> 1> 3 <). 2> 3> 4> 1
3. ,tw;iw thapf;Nf nrd;W ,d;Kfj;Jld; tuNtw;ghahf vd;W IyhYj;jpd; &kp Fwpg;gpLtJ
da
m). tf;fpuk; M). mtkhdk; ,). tQ;rid <). ,it midj;jk;
4. ‘cth cwt e;J $Lk;
cLgjp> ,utp Xj;jhh;’ – ahh;? ahh;? ka
m). rlhA> ,uhkd; M). ,uhkd;> Ffd; ,). ,uhkd;> RfhPtd; <). ,uhkd;> rthp
5. ‘vq;fs; je;ijahh; ehnld;w Ngr;rpdpNy – xU
rf;jp gpwf;FJ %r;rpdpNy – vd;Dk; ghujpapd; ghly; ntspg;gLtj;JtJ
vi
m). jdpf;FLk;gKiw M). tphpe;j FLk;g Kiw
,). jha;topr; r%fKiw <). je;ijtopr; r%fKiw
FWtpdh:
al
1. Gf;fpy;> jd;kid – rpWFwpg;G vOJf?

 jw;fhypfkhfj; jq;Fk; ,lk; Gf;fpy;.
.k
 fztDk; kidtpAk; jdpahf thOkplk; Gf;fpy;.

2. epiyahik Fwpj;J rthp Fiuf;Fk; fUj;J ahJ?
w
 mstw;w fhyk; ehd; Nkw;f;nfhz;bUe;j jtk; gypj;jJ.

 vd; ngha;ahd cyfg;gw;W mope;jJ.
w
 vd; gpwtp xope;jJ.

3. vjph;ghuj epfo;Tfis IyhYj;jpd; &kp vt;thW cUtfg;Lj;Jfpwhh;?
w
 Mde;jk;  mw;gj;jdk;
 kdr;Nrhh;T  tpopg;Gzh;T
4. Jd;G csJ vdpd; md;Nwh Rfk; csJ’ vd;w ,uhkdpd; $w;W gpd;tUk; ,U gonkhopfspy;
vjw;Fg; nghUe;Jk;?
m). epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njhpAk; M). rpW JUk;Gk; gy;Fj;j cjTk;
m). epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njhpAk;
5. rq;ffhyj;jpy; jha;topr; r%fKiwapy; ngz;fs; ngw;wpUe;j chpikfs; ahit?
 rq;f fhyj;jpy; fzr; r%fj;jpw;F jhNa jiyik jhq;fpdhs;.
 Fyj;njhlh;r;rpf;F jhNa mr;rhuk; vd;gjpdhy;> ngz; Foe;ijfspd; gpwg;G nghpJk;

tpUk;gg;gl;lJ.
 NkYk; nrhj;Jhpik toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 ngz;fs;> jpUkzj;jpw;Fgpd;Gk; jd; ,y;yj;jpNyNa jq;fp FLk;gj;jpid elj;jpLk;
jhaKiw ,Ue;jJ.
rpWtpdh:
1. gz;ila tphpe;j FLk;gj;jpd; njhlh;r;rpNa ,d;iwa $l;Lf; FLk;gk; - tpsf;fk; vOJf.
 jdpf;FLk;g mikg;G tphpT ngw;W ngw;NwhUld; thOk; tphpe;j FLk;g mikg;G Kiw
cUthdJ.
n
 fztd;> kidtp> kfd; MfpNahUld; je;ijAk; Nrh;e;J tho;e;j Kiwia GwehD}w;Wg;
ghly; $WfpwJ.
l.i
 tphpe;j FLk;gk; gw;wpa ,f;fUj;ij njhy;fhg;gpaKk; tpsf;FfpwJ.
 njhd;ik kpf;f tphpe;j FLk;gj;jpd; njhlh;r;rpNa ,d;iwa $l;Lf;FLk;gk;.
da
2. FfNdhL Ituhfp> tPlzNdhL vOtuhd epfo;Tfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lf.
,uhkd; tPlzdplk;>
 ehq;fs; ehy;tuhf ,Ue;Njhk;. gpd; FfNdhL ItuhNdhk;.
ka
 gpwF Rf;fputNdhL cwT nfhz;L mWtu;fshNdhk;.
 cs;sj;jhy; md;G nfhz;L vd;NdhL Nrh;e;j tPlzdhfpa cd;NdhL Nrh;j;J vOtuhNdhk;.
3. tUgth; vtuhapDk; ed;wp nrYj;J - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.
vi
,lk;:
 IyhYj;jpd; &kpapd; ‘tpUe;jpdh; ,y;yk;’ ftpijapy; ,lk; ngw;w thp ,J.
al
nghUs;:
 cd; ,y;yj;jpw;F tUgth; vtuhapDk; mtUf;F ed;wp nrYj;J.
tpsf;fk;:
.k
 kdpj ,Ug;G tpUe;jpdh; ,y;yk;.

 Xt;nthU fhiyAk; xU GJ tuT.
w
 vjph;ghuhj tpUe;jhspfshf te;j nry;Yk; Mde;jk;> kdr;Nrhh;T> tpopg;Gzh;T

Mfpatw;iw tuNtw;W tpUe;Njhk;G.
w
 xt;nthU tpUe;jpdiuAk; nfsutkhf elj;J.

 mtkhdk;> tQ;rid Mfpatw;iw thapYf;Nf nrd;W tuNtw;ghahf.
w
 Xt;nthUtUk; topfhl;bahf mDg;gg;gLtjhy; tUgth; vtuhapDk; ed;wp nrYj;J

vd;fpwhh; &kp.
4. jhAk; je;ijAk; gzpf;F nry;Yk; ,d;iwa #oypy; FLk;g cWg;gpdh; vd;w Kiwapy; ePq;fs;
FLk;gj;Jf;Fr; nra;Ak; cjtpfs; ahit?
 FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhu Njitfisr; rkhspf;f jhAk; je;ijAk; gzpf;F nry;Yk;
,d;iwa #oypy; FLk;gg; gzpfis midtUk; gfph;e;J nfhs;tJ mtrpakhfpwJ.
 ehDk;> vdJ tPl;Lg;ghlq;fis nra;tNjhL> vd; jk;gp –jq;ifah; tPl;Lg;ghlq;fs;
nra;tjw;F cWJizahf ,Ug;Ngd;.
 vdJ cilfis ehNd Jitj;Jr; nfhs;Ntd;.

 ehd; rhg;gplg; gad;gLj;Jk; jl;L Kjyhd nghUl;fis ehNd fOtp Rj;jk; nra;Ntd;.
 tPl;il J}a;ikahf itj;jpUg;gjpy; mk;khTf;F cjtp nra;Ntd;.
5. rlhAitj; je;ijahf Vw;W> ,uhkd; Mw;wpa flikia vOJf.
 mfpy; fl;ilfisAk;> re;jd fl;ilfisAk; ,uhkd; nfhz;L te;J itj;jhd;.
 jUg;ig Gw;fis xOq;Fgl mLf;fpdhd;.
 G+f;fis nfhz;L te;J J}tpdhd;.
 ed;dPiuAk; vLj;J te;jhd;.
 jd; je;ijahfpa rlhAit jd; iffshy; J}f;fp nfhz;L te;jhd;.
n
neLtpdh:
l.i
1. FLk;gk; vd;Dk; rpwpa mikg;gpypUe;Nj kdpj r%fk; vd;Dk; gue;j mikg;G fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ
– vt;thW tpsf;Ff.  Kd;Diu
 FLk;gk;
da
 jha; kw;Wk; je;ij topf; FLk;gk;
 jdpf; FLk;gk; - tphpe;j FLk;gk;
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu: ka
 FLk;gk; vd;w rpwpa mikg;gpy; ,Ue;Nj kdpj r%fk; vd;Dk; gue;j mikg;G
fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 FLk;gNk kdpj r%fj;jpd; mbg;gil myfhf cs;sJ.
vi
FLk;gk;:
 FLk;gk; vd;w nrhy; mikg;gpw;F jpUkzNk mbg;gil.
 FLk;gk; vd;w nrhy; jpUf;Fwspy; jhd; tUfpwJ.
al
 Flk;ig> FLk;G> fLk;G Mfpait FLk;g mikg;NghL njhlh;Gilait.

 FLk;gk; vd;why; $bthOjy; vd;W nghUs;.
.k
jha; kw;Wk; je;ijtopf; FLk;gk;:

 ngz; jpUkzk; Md gpd;dUk; jd; ,y;yj;jpNyNa thOk; Kiw ,Ue;Js;sJ.
 kidtpapd; ,y;yj;Jf;F nrd;W fztd; tho;e;jhd;.
w
 Mdhy; Mz; rKfj;jpy; ngz; jpUkzj;jpw;F gpwF fztd; tPl;by; tho Ntz;Lk;.
jdpf;FLk;gk; - tphpe;j FLk;gk;:;
w
 jha;> je;ij> Foe;ij %tUk; cs;s FLk;gk; neUf;fkhdJ.

 ,J jdpf;FLk;g Kiw MFk;.
w
 ,d;iwa r%fj;jpy; mjpfkhf ,f;FLk;gKiw fhzg;gLfpwJ.

 fztd;> kidtp> kfd; MfpNahUld; je;ijAk; Nrh;e;J thOk; Kiw tphpe;j FLk;gk;
MFk;.
 ,f;FLk;g Kiw gw;wpa fUj;ij njhy;fhg;gpak; tpsf;FfpwJ.
 tphpe;j FLk;gj;jpd; njhlh;r;rp $l;Lf;FLk;gk;.
KbTiu:
 rq;f fhy r%fk;> FLk;gk; vd;w mikg;ig mbg;gilahf nfhz;lij rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;
$Wfpd;wd.
 ,d;iwa r%fKk;> $l;Lf;FLk;gk;> jdpf;FLk;gk; Nghd;wtw;iw nfhz;ljhf cs;sJ.
 ,k;Kiw jkpo;r;r%fj;jpd; milahsk;.
2. gz;gpd; gbkkhfg; gilf;fg;gl;l ,uhkd;> gpw caph;fSld; nfhz;bUe;j cwT epiyiag;

ghlg;gFJp top epWTf.  Kd;Diu
 FfDld; cwT
 rlhAtpd; cwT
 rthpaplk; cwT
 Rf;hptdpd; cwT
 tPlzdplk; cwT
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu:
 fk;gh; jhd; gilj;j fhg;gpaj;jpd; jiytdhd ,uhkid gz;gpd; gpwg;gplkhf fUJfpwhh;.
 md;G nfhz;ltdha; ,uhkd; tpsq;Ffpwhd; vd ,f;fl;Liu tpsf;FfpwJ.
n
FfDld; cwT:
l.i
 fhl;bw;F nrd;w ,uhkDf;F fq;if fiuia flf;f cjtpatd; Ffd;.
 me;j cjtpapdhy; ,uhkd; Ffid jd; rNfhjudha; Vw;whd;.
rlhAtpd; cwT:
da
 rPijia rpiwnaLj;Jr; nrd;w ,uhtzDld; rz;ilapl;L fhak; mile;jhh; rlhA.
 ,uhkdplk; ele;jij $wp caph; Jwe;jhh; rlhA.
 jd; je;ijapd; ez;guhd rlhAit je;ijahf Vw;W ,Wjp rlq;F nra;jhh; ,uhkd;.
ka
rthpaplk; cwT:
 ,uhkdplj;jpy; mjpf md;Gk; gf;jpAk; nfhz;lts; rthp.
 rthpapd; cgrhpg;G %yk; rthpapd; jtj;ij mwpe;J nfhz;lhd; ,uhkd;.
 mtsplk; ,t;tsT fhyk; eykhf ,Ue;jha; my;yth vd;W $wp el;G ghuhl;bdhd;.
vi
Rf;ht
P dpd; cwT:
 fp~;fpe;ijapy; mDkdhy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;ltd; Rf;htP d;.
al
 P dplk; “cd;fpis ,dp vd;fpis”> “vd; Rw;wk; ,dp cd; Rw;wk;” vd $wp rNfhjudhf
Rf;ht
Vw;whd;.
.k
tPlzdplk; cwT:
 ,uhkdplk; milf;fyk; Njb te;j ,uhtzdpd; jk;gp tPlzd;.
 jd; cld; gpwe;jtdhf vz;zp ,yq;ifia mtDf;F nrhe;jkhf;fpdhd;.
w
 FfNdhL Ith; gpd;dh; Rf;hptNdhL mWth; MNdhk;.

 cs;sj;jpy; md;G nfhz;l cd;NdhL Nrh;e;J vOtuhNdhk;.
w
KbTiu:
 ,t;thW Ntlh;fs;> thduq;fs;> muf;fh;fs; vd caphpy; Ngjk; ghh;f;fhky; gofpajhy; ,uhkd;
w
gz;gpd; gbkkhf tpsq;fpdhd;.

3. chpikj;jhfk; fijapy; rNfhjuh;fs; ,UtUk; xd;wpizahky; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; …… fijia
njhlh;e;J vOjp gbf;f.
 Kd;Diu
 ghfg;gphptpid
 ek;gpf;if fpiuak;
 Kj;ijadpd; Nfhgk;
 nts;isr;rhkpapd; fjwy;
 fz;zPh;g; G+f;fs;
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu:
 G+. khzpf;fthrfk; mth;fspd; rpwe;j gilg;Gfspy; xd;W chpikj; jhfk;.
 mf;fijapd; ehafh;fshhd Kj;ijahTk; nts;isr;rhkpAk; ,izahky; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;
vd;d ele;jpUf;Fk; vd;gij fw;gid eaj;Jld; njhlh;Nthk;.
ghfg;gphptpid:
 Kj;ijaDk; nts;isr;rhkpAk; rNfhjuh;fs;.
 Kj;ijad; kidtp %f;fk;khs;.
 jpUkzk; MdJk; kidtpapd; Ngr;ir Nfl;L nrhj;jpy; gq;F Nfl;lhd; nts;isr;rhkp.
 jd; jk;gpjhd; Ngrpdhd; vd epidj;jhYk; mtd; Ngrpa Ngr;R neQ;rpy; Ks;sha;
Fj;jpaJ.
n
ek;gpf;if fpiuak;:
l.i
 nts;isr;rhkp 2 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dh; gq;fhUrhkpaplk; 200 &gha; fld; thq;fpapUe;jhd;.
 flid jpUg;gp nfhLf;f Kbahjjhy; jd; epyj;ij vOjpf; nfhLj;jhd; nts;isr;rhkp.
Kj;ijadpd; Nfhgk;:
da
 jd; jk;gp epyj;ij gq;fhU rhkpf;F vOjpf; nfhLj;jJ gw;wp %f;fk;khs; $wpaij Nfl;L
kdk; tUe;jpdhd;.
 nts;isr;rhkp Ngrpa Ngr;R Kj;ijadpd; kdjpy; Mwhj tLtha; ,Ue;jJ.
ka
 ,jdhy; jd; jk;gpf;F Kj;ijad; cjt Kd; tutpy;iy.
nts;isr;rhkpapd; fjwy;:
 nts;isr;rhkp gq;fhUrhkpaplk; thq;fpa flid vg;gbahtJ milj;J tpLtjhf $wp
nfQ;rpdhd;.
vi
 Mdhy; gq;fhUrhkp vijAk; fhjpy; thq;ftpy;iy.
 G+kpj;jhNa! vd; FLk;gj;ij fhg;gw;wpdhNa> ,d;W cd;id fhg;gw;w Kbatpy;iyNa!
al
vd;id kd;dpj;JtpL!! vd fjwp mOjhd;.

fz;zPh;g; G+f;fs;:
.k
 jd; nrhe;j kz;iztpl;L Vjpypaha; Nrhfj;ij Rke;J ntspNawpdhd; nts;isr;rhkp.

 gugug;ghd efhpd; %iyapy; jpdf;$yp tho;f;ifia tho;e;J tUfpwhd; nts;isr;rhkp.
KbTiu:
w
 gifahy; rNfhjuh;fs; xd;wpidahky; Nghdhh;fs;.

 mz;zdpd; Ngr;ir kjpf;fhjjhy; epyKk; iftpl;Lg; NghdJ.
w
 filrpapy; NtWtopapd;wp Ciutpl;L nry;Yk; epiy Vw;g;gl;lJ.

**************
w
,yf;fzFwpg;G:
1. csJ - ,ilf;Fiw
2. khjtk; - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;
3. jho;fly; - tpidj;njhif
4. nrw;wth; - tpizahyiizAk; ngah;
5. Ee;ij - Ek; je;ij vd;gjd; k&c
cWg;gpyf;fzk;:
1. je;jdd; = jh (j) + j; (e;) + j; + md; + md;
jh – gFjp; (j vdf; FWfpaJ tpfhuk;); j; - re;jp; j; e; - MdJ tpfhuk;;
j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy; md; - rhhpia; md; - glh;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
2. nghype;jhd; = nghyp + j; (e;) + j; + Md;
nghyp – gFjp; j; - re;jp; j; e; - MdJ tpfhuk;; j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy;
Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
Gzh;r;rp tpjp:
= mUik + fhdk;
n
1. mUq;fhdk;
tpjp: <WNghjy; - mU + fhdk;.
l.i
tpjp: ,dkpfy; - mUq;fhdk;.
jkpohf;fk; jUf:
da
In terms of human development objectives, education is an end in itself, not just a means to an
end. Education is a basic human right. It is also the key which opens many economic, social and
political doors for people. It increases access to income and employment opportunities. While
ka
economists generally analyse the importance of education largely as a means for better
opportunities in life-and that is the main theme of this chapter-let it be clearly stated that
educating people is a worthy goal in itself, irrespective of the economic rates of return. In terms
vi
of human development objectives, education is an end in itself, not just a means to an end.
Education is a basic human right. It is also the key which opens many economic, social and
al
political doors for people. It increases access to income and employment opportunities. While
economists generally analyse the importance of education largely as a means for better
.k
opportunities in life. Educating people is a worthy goal in itself, irrespective of the economic
rates of return.
kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; tsh;rr
; pf;fhd fhuzpfspy; fy;tp jd;dpiwT ngw;wJ. Mdhy;
w
Kbtw;wJ. fy;tp kdpjdpd; mbg;gil chpik. fy;tp nghUshjhu> r%f> murpay;

Kd;Ndw;wq;fSf;F Mjhukhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,J tUkhdj;ijAk; Ntiytha;g;igAk;
w
cUthf;FfpwJ. nghUshjhu ty;Yeh;fs; fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp Ma;T nra;Ak; NghJ

ngUk;ghYk; mJ tho;tpy; kpf ey;y tha;g;Gfis cUthf;fpj; jUtjhf $Wfpd;wd.
w
nghUshjhu tshr;rpiaf; fzf;fpy; nfhs;shky; ghh;j;jhy; kf;fisf; fy;tp ngwr; nra;tJ

gaDs;s ,yf;fhFk;.
,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf:
ngw;nwLj;j jkpo;j;jhiag; gpd;dhy; js;sp
gpwnkhop rpwg;gspj;j gpioia ePf;f
cw;nwLj;Nj md;Giuahy; cYq;f itj;jpt;
cyfj;jpy; jkpo;nkhopf;F epfUk; cz;Nlh?
fw;Wzh;e;Nj mjd; ,dpik fhz;gha; vd;W
fk;gndhL ts;Stidr; Rl;bf; fhl;bj;

njw;nwdek; mkf;fz;izj; jpwe;J tpl;l
nja;tf;ftp ghujpXh; Mrhd; jpz;zk;.
- ehkf;fy; ftpQh;
gh eak; ghul;ly;
ikaf;fUj;J:
 fk;gDk; ts;StDk; jiy rpwe;j ftpQh;fs; vd;w cz;ikia ekf;F ciuj;jth;
ghujpahh;. mjdhy; jkpohpd; mff; fz;iz jpwe;J tpl;l ghujp xh; Mrhd; vd;W
ehkf;fy; ftpQh; $Wfpwhh;.
n
ng : ngw;nwLj;j - gpwnkhopf;F
l.i
c : cw;nwLj;Nj - cYq;f
da
w; : ngw;nwLj;j - gpwnkhopf;F
w; : cw;nwLj;Nj - fw;Wzh;eJ ;
mzp eak;:
,g;ghlypy; ,iaG eak; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy.
ka
,g;ghliy mzpeaj;Jld; ehkf;fy; ftpQh; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
re;j eak;:
vi
,g;ghly; re;j eaj;Jld; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
al
ty;ypd nka;fis ,l;Lk; epf;fpAk; vOJf:

1. vd;Dila ek;gpf;if KOtJNk Gjpaj; jiyKiw kPJjhd;; mth;fs; vy;yh gpur;ridfisAk;
.k
xU rpq;fj;ij Nghy vjph;nfhz;Lj; jPh;g;ghh;fs;.

vd;Dila ek;gpf;if KOtJNk Gjpa_ jiyKiw kPJjhd;; mth;fs; vy;yhg;
gpur;ridfisAk; xU rpq;fj;ijg; Nghy vjph;nfhz;Lj; jPh;g;ghh;fs;.
w
2. vj;jid Kiw eP kw;wth;fs; Kd;Ndwp nry;tjid fz;L xd;Wk; nra;tjpahtJ ek;gpf;ifapd;wp

Jd;GWtha;. epiwa jd;dk;gpf;if nfhs;.
w
vj;jid Kiw eP kw;wth;fs; Kd;Ndwpr; nry;tjidf; fz;L xd;Wk; nra;tjpahtJ

ek;gpf;ifapd;wpj; Jd;GWtha;. epiwa jd;dk;gpf;if nfhs;.
w
3. ek; tho;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ij nghWj;JfpwJ. Gj;jfk; gbf;Fk;nghOJ $h;e;jf;
ftdk; mwpit ngWtjw;Fk; tsh;g;gjw;Fkhd mbg;gil NjitahFk;.
; _
ek; tho;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ijg; nghWj;JfpwJ. Gj;jfk; gbf;Fk;nghOJ $h;ej
ftdk; mwpit ngWtjw;Fk; tsh;g;gjw;Fkhd mbg;gilj; NjitahFk;.
4. khzth;fs; ngw;Nwhh;fis jkJ ez;gh;fhsf ghtpj;J el;Gf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jkJ ,d;g
Jd;gq;fis ngw;Nwhh;fSld; gfph;eJ
; f; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
khzth;fs; ngw;Nwhh;fisj; jkJ ez;gh;fhsfg; ghtpj;J el;Gf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jkJ ,d;g
Jd;gq;fisg; ngw;Nwhh;fSld; gfph;e;J_ nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
5. MrphpaUf;F fPo;gbjy; vd;Dk; Fzk;> cz;ikahdtw;iw njhpe;Jf; nfhz;L mwpahikapid

mfw;wp gy ey;ydtw;iw fw;W nfhLf;Fk;.
MrphpaUf;Ff; fPo;g;gbjy; vd;Dk; Fzk;> cz;ikahdtw;iwj; njhpe;Jf; nfhz;L
mwpahikapid mfw;wp gy ey;ydtw;iwf; fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk;.
nghUj;jkhd Ntw;Wik cUGfisr; Nrh;j;J Kiwahd njhlh;fshf;Ff.
1. Fkud; tpL ghh;j;Njd;.
Fkuid tPlb ; y; ghh;j;Njd;.
2. khwd; Ngr;Rj;jpwd; ahh; nty;y KbAk;
khwdpd; Ngr;Rj;jpwid ahuhy; nty;y KbAk;.
n
3. Nghl;b ntw;wp ngw;wJ fhiynry;tp ghuhl;Lfs; Ftpe;jd.
Nghl;bapy; ntw;wp ngw;wjhy; fiyr;nry;tpf;Fg; ghuhl;Lfs; Ftpe;jd.
l.i
4. fhiy vOe;J gbj;J ekf;F ed;ik Vw;gLk;.
fhiyapy; vOe;j gbj;jhy; ekf;F ed;ik Vw;gLk;.
5. midth; md;G mioj;jtd; Jd;gk; ju ahh; kdk; tUk;.
da
midtiuAk; md;ghy; mioj;jtDf;Fj; Jd;gj;ijj; ju ahUf;F kdk; tUk;.
6. rhd;Nwhh; kjpg;G nfhLj;J tho;T cauyhk;.
rhd;Nwhh;fSf;F kjpg;igf; nfhLj;J tho;e;jhy; cauyhk;.ka
Lobby Xa;tiw Mini Meals rpw;WzT
vi
Checkout ntspNaWjy;
Tips rpw;wPif
al
mwpit tphpT nra;

.k
fk;gh; ahh;? t.Rg. khzpf;fk;

rf;futh;j;jp jpUkfd; ,uh[h[p
w
tapWfs; G+kzp
rpiw mDuhjh ukzd;
w
xU Gspa kuj;jpd; fij Re;ju uhkrhkp

jkpoh; FLk;g Kiw gf;j;try ghujp
w
tpUe;jpdh; ,y;yk; IyhYj;jPd; &kp

fk;guhkhazk; fk;gh;
chpikj;jhfk; G+kzp
jpUf;Fws; jpUts;Sth;
*******
jpUf;fws;
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. glj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpbf;f:
m). md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if
gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ.
M). itaj;Js; tho;thq;F tho;gtd; thDiwAk;
nja;tj;Js; itf;fg; gLk;
,). rpdk; vd;Dk; Nrh;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk; vd;Dk;
Vkg; Giziar; RLk;
n
2. flypd; nghpaJ
l.i
m). cw;w fhyj;jpy; nra;j cjtp M). gad; Muhahky; ky; xUth; nra;j cjtp
,). jpizasT nra;j cjtp
3. gpd;tUk; ehybahh; ghlypd; nghUSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.
da
ey;yhh; eath; ,Ug;g eak; ,yhf;
fy;yhhf; nfhd;whfpa fhuzk; - njhy;iy
tpidg;gad; my;yJ Nty;eLq; fz;zha; ka
epidg;g tUtnjhd; wpy;
m). ,UNtW cyfj;J ,aw;if jp jpUNtW
njs;spah; MjYk; NtW.
M). ey;yit vy;yhk; jPathk; jPaTk;
vi
ey;ythk; nry;tk; nraw;F
,). Copy; ngUtyp ahcs kw;W xd;W
al
FopDk; jhd;Ke;J cWk;.

4. fPo;f;fhZk; GJf;ftpijf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; jpUf;Fwis vOJf:
.k
cah; mYtyhpd; tUif

mYtyfNk my;yhLk;
mtUila rpdk; midtUk; mwpe;jNj
w
Nfhg;Gfis tpiue;J Kbf;f

xOq;F nra;a
w
Neuj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

tpiufpwJ kdk;
gugug;Gk; kdtOj;jKkha;
w
tz;bia vLf;fpNwd; tpil:

fhiyf; fl;b nfhs;fpwJ Foe;ij nry;,lj;Jf; fhg;ghd; rpdk;fhg;ghd; mu;,lj;Jf;
Ngh me;jg; gf;fk; fhf;fpd;vd; fhthf;fhy; vd;.
cjwpr; nry;fpNwd; Foe;ijia.
5. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;Gj; jUf:
1. md;Gk; mwKk; - vz;Zk;ik 2. ed;fyk; - gz;Gj;njhif
3. kwj;jy; - njhopw;ngah; 4. cyF - ,lthFngah;
6. nghUs; $Wf:
1. ntFsp – Nfhgk;> rpdk;
2. Giz – njg;gk;
3. Vkk; – ghJfhg;G
4. jpU – nry;tk;
7. itafKk; thdfKk; Mw;wyhpJ –vjw;F?
m). nra;ahky; nra;j cjtp M). gad; J}f;fhh; nra;j cjtp
,). jpizj;Jiz ed;wp <). fhyj;jpdhy; nra;j ed;wp
8. gifAk; csNth gpw> - nghUs; $Wf.
n
Kfkyh;r;rpiaAk; mfkyh;r;rpiaAk; nfhy;fpd;w rpdj;ij tpl ekf;F NtW gif ,y;iy.
9. nry;yplj;J – Gzh;r;rp tpjp $Wf?
l.i
nry;yplj;J = nry; + ,lj;J
tpjp: jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph;thpd; ,ul;Lk; nry; + y; + ,lj;J
da
tpjp: cly;Nky; caph;te;j xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng – nry;yplj;J.
10. nghUj;Jf:
m). itajJs; tho;thq;F tho;gtd; - 1). Nrh;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp
M). gad;J}f;fhh; nra;j cjtp - 2).
ka
Qhyj;jpd; khzg; nghpJ
,). rpdk; - 3). nja;tj;Js; itf;fg;gLk;
<). fhyj;jpdhw; nra;j ed;wp - 4). ed;ik flypd; nghpJ
vi
m). 4> 3> 2> 1 M). 3> 4> 1> 2 ,). 1> 2> 3> 4 <). 2> 3> 4> 1
FWtpdh:
al
1. Kay;thUs; vy;yhk; jiy vd ts;Sth; ahiur; Rl;Lfpwhh;?

 mwj;jpd; ,ay;NghL ,y;tho;f;if tho;gtiu “Kay;thUs; vy;yhk; jiy” vd ts;Sth;
Rl;Lfpwhh;.
.k
2. Qhyj;jpd; nghpaJ vJ?

 Jd;gj;jpy; xUth; nra;j cjtp rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mJ nra;ag;gl;l fhyj;ij ghh;f;Fk;
w
nghOJ Qhyj;ij tpl nghpajhFk;.

3. kwf;ff; $lhjJ> kwf;ff; $baJ vtw;iw?
 gpwh; nra;j ed;ikia kwj;jy; $lhJ.
w
 gpwh; nra;j jPikia mg;nghONj kwj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

4. nry;tk; ,Ug;gjw;fhd topahf ts;Stk; ciug;gd ahit?
w
 gpwUila ifg;nghUis tpUk;ghky; ,Ug;gNj nry;tk; Fiwahky; ,Ug;gjw;fhd topnad;W

ts;Sth; ciuf;fpwhh;.
5. rpdj;ij Vd; fhf;f Ntz;Lk;?
 xUtd; jd;id jhNd fhj;J nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhy; rpdk; tuhky; ghh;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 ,y;iynad;why; rpdj;Jld; jhDk; mopa NehpLk;.
rpWtpdh:
1. md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ - ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk;
mzpia tpsf;Ff.
md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if

gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ
 mzpr;Rl;ly;: ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; “epuy; epiu mzp” gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
 mzp ,yf;fzk;: nrhy;iyAk; nghUisAk; thpirahf epWj;jp nghUs; nfhs;tJ epuy;epiu
mzp MFk;.
 mzp tpsf;fk;: md;Gk; gaDk; cilajhf ,y;tho;f;fif tpsq;Fkhdhy; mJNt gz;Gk;
gaDk; cilajhf MFk;.
gz;G –gad; vd;w nrhw;fis epWj;jp nghUs;nfhs;tjhy; ,J epuy;epiu
mzp Mapw;W.
n
2. ,y;tho;f;if rpwg;Gw mwnewpNahL tho;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ts;Sth; top epd;W tpsf;Ff.
 ,y;tho;f;if md;Gk; mwKk; cilajhf tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;.
l.i
 mJNt ,y;tho;f;ifapd; gz;Gk; gaDk; MFk;.
 mwj;jpd; ,ay;NghL ,y;tho;f;if tho;gtNu Kaw;rp nra;J cah;e;jth;fis fhl;bYk;
Nkd;ikahdth;fs; Mthh;.
da
 cyfpd; newpKiwfis mwpe;J mwnewpapy; tho;gth;fs; flTSf;F epfuhdth;fs; Mthh;.
3. vtw;iwnay;yhk; tpl ed;wp cah;e;jJ> - Fws; top tpsf;Ff.
 thdj;ij tpl nghpaJ: ehk; XU cjtpAk; nra;ahj epiyapy; xUth; ekf;F nra;j
ka
cjtpf;F ,e;j itafk; kw;Wk; thdfj;ij nfhLj;jhYk; <lhfhJ.
 Qhyj;jpid tpl nghpaJ: Mgj;Jf; fhyj;jpy; xUth; nra;j cjtp rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk;
mJ nra;ag;gl;l fhyj;ij Nehf;Fk; nghOJ mJ Qhyj;ij tpl nghpaJ.
vi
 flypid tpl nghpaJ: gaid vjph;ghuhky; xUth; nra;j cjtp flypid tpl nghpaJ
MFk;.
4. rpdj;jhy; tUk; Nfl;bidf; $Wf? \
al
 jPikahd tpisTfs; ahTk; rpdj;jpdhNyNa Vw;gLk; vd;gjpdhy; “rpdk; nfhs;Sjy;” vd;w

jPa gz;ig kwe;J tpl Ntz;Lk;.
.k
 jk; Kf kyh;r;rpiaAk;> mfkfpo;r;rpiaAk; mopj;jpLk; rpdj;ij Nghd;w giftd; ekf;F

NtW ahUk; ,y;iy.
w
 xUtd; jd;id jhNd fhj;J nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhy; rpdk; tuhky; ghh;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,y;iynad;why; rpdj;Jld; jhDk; mopa NehpLk;.
w
 rpdk; jd;id Nrh;e;jtiuAk; mopf;Fk; neUg;G. xUtuJ Rw;wk; vd;Dk; ghJfhg;igAk;

Rl;nlwpf;Fk;.
w
5. fPo;f;fhZk; Fwspy; VfNjr cUf mzp vt;thW gapd;W tUfpwJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
rpdk; vd;Dk; Nrh;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;
Vkg; Giziar; RLk;
 mzp tpsf;fk;: xU nghUis cUtfk; nra;J kw;nwhU nghUis cUtfk;
nra;ahky; tpLtJ.
 rhd;W: rpdnkd;Dk; Nrh;ej
; iuf; nfhy;yp ,dnkd;Dk;
Vkg; Giziar; RLk;.
 nghUj;jk;: rpdj;ij neUg;ghfTk;> ,dj;ij njg;gkhfTk; cUtfk; nra;jth; cyf
tho;f;ifia flyhf cUtfk; nra;ahky; tpl;Ltpl;lhh;.
neLtpdh:
1. nra;ed;wpawpjNy mwk; vd;gij thAiw tho;j;jpd; Jizf;nfhz;L epWTf.
 Kd;Diu
 nra;ed;wpawpjy;
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu:
 “ts;Stid ngw;wjhy; ngw;wNj Gfo; itafk;” vd;ghh; ghujpjhrd;.
 ‘nra;ed;wpawpjy’; vd;Dk; mjpfhuk; ed;wpf;fhd ,yf;fzj;ijAk;; ed;wp kwth ,ay;igAk;
vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ.
n
nra;ed;wpawpjy;:

nra;akhw; nra;j cjtpf;F itafKk;
l.i
thdfKk; Mw;wy; mhpJ
 ehk; xU cjtpAk; nra;ahjpUf;Fk; epiyapy; ekf;F gpwh; nra;j cjtpf;F ,t;itafKk;
da
thdfKk; xg;ghfhJ.
 fhyj;jpdhw; nra;j ed;wp rpwpnjdpDk;
Qyhjj;jpd; khzg; nghpJ.
ka
 Mgj;J fhyj;jpy; xUth; nra;j cjtp rpwpnjdpDk; mjd; fhyj;ij Nehf;Fk; nghOJ
nghpaJ MFk;.
 gad;J}f;fhh; nra;j cjtp ead;J}f;fpd;
vi
ed;ik flypd; nghpJ.
 gaid vjph;ghuhky; nra;j cjtp flypDk; nghpaJ.

al
 jpizj;Jid ed;wp nrapDk; gidj;Jizahf;

nfhs;thh; gad;njhp thh;.
.k
 jpizasT nra;j cjtpia mjd; gad; njhpe;jth;fs; gizasT Nghw;Wthh;;fs;.
 ed;wp kwg;gJ ed;wd;W ed;wy;yJ

w
md;Nw kwg;gJ ed;W

 gpwh; nra;j ed;ikia kwj;jy; $lhJ. Mdhy; gpwh; nra;j jPikia clNd kwe;Jtpl
w
Ntz;Lk;.
 ve;ed;wp nfhd;whh;f;Fk; ca;Tz;lhk; ca;tpy;iy

w
nra;ed;wp nfhz;l kfw;F

 vj;jifa mwj;jpid mopj;jtDf;Fk; mg;ghtj;ij Nghf;f topAz;L. Mdhy; nra;j
ed;wpia kwe;jtDf;F topapy;iy.
KbTiu:
 gpwh; nra;j ed;wpia kwthJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,t;tjpfhuk; tpsf;FfpwJ.
2. rpdj;ijf; fhj;jy; tho;it Nkd;ikg;gLj;Jk; - ,f;$w;iw Kg;ghy; top tphpj;Jiuf;f.

 Kd;Diu
 rpdj;ij fhg;gth;
 rpdj;ij kwj;jy;
 NtWgif ,y;iy
 jd;idNa nfhy;Yk; rpdk;
 cwit mspf;Fk; neWg;G
 KbTiu
 Kd;Diu:
 jpUts;St khiyapy; Nghw;wp ghlg;gl;l E}y; jpUf;Fws;.
n
 ,uz;L mbfspy; cyifNa mse;j Kg;ghyhdJ rpdj;ij fhj;jhy; tho;T Nkk;gLk; vd
l.i
tpsf;FfpwJ.
 rpdj;ij fhg;gth;:
 jd; rpdj;ij nkypathplj;jpy; fhl;lhky; fhg;gth; cz;ikapy; rpdk; fhg;gth; Mthh;.
da
 rpdj;ij kwj;jy;:
 jPikahd tpisTfs; midj;Jk; rpdj;jpdhNyNa Vw;g;gLfpwJ.
 rpdk; nfhs;Sjy; vd;w jPa gz;ig kwe;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;. ka
 NtWgif ,y;iy:
 Kf kyh;r;rpiaAk;> mf kyh;r;rpiaAk; nfhs;fpd;w rpdj;ij tpl ekf;F NtW gif
,y;iy.
 jd;idNa nfhy;Yk; rpdk;:
vi
 xUth; jd;id fhj;J nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhy; rpdk; tuhky; fhj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 cwit mspf;Fk; neUg;G:
al
 rpdk; jd;id Nrh;ej

; tiuAk; mopf;Fk; neUg;G.
 mJ xUtuJ Rw;wk; vd;Dk; ghJfhg;G njg;gj;ij mopf;Fk;.
.k
 KbTiu:
 rpdj;jhy; gy NfLfs; Vw;g;gLtjhy; rpdk; tuhky; ek;ik fhj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 ,y;iyNay; mJ ek;ik mopj;J tpLk;.
w
*******
w
w
,ay; - 4
nry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy
1. ntz;ghtpw;F Vw;g mLj;j rPh; vd;dthf mikf;fyhk;> nghUj;jkhd rPhpidf; nfhz;L Nfhbl;l
,lq;fis epug;Gq;fs;:
m). md;Ng……………………………. (Mh;tkha; / jfspaha;)
M). thd;kio ……………………… (J}wypy; / nghope;jpbd;)
,). fz;zpuz;Lk; …………………… (,yhjhh; / ,y;yhh;)
n
<). ntz;zpyT ……………………… (fha;fpwJ / xsph;fpwJ)
c). nta;Nahd; ……………………… (fha;e;jpl / xsph;e;jpl)
l.i
2. %d;whtJ rPh; mikj;J vOJf:
m). fy;tp fiuapy fw;gth;
da
M). fy;yhNu MapDk; ifg;nghUs;
,). ey;yit nra;apd; eyNk
<). mtkjpg;Gk; Md;w kjpg;Gk; ka
c). cz;zhJ Nehw;ghh; nghpahh;
3. nghUj;Jf:
m. khr;rPh; - 1). fUtpsk;> $tpsk;
M). fha;r;rPh; - 2). ehs;> kyh;
vi
,). tpsr;rPh; - 3). Njkhq;fha;> Gspkhq;fha;
<). Xuirr;rPh; - 4). Njkh> Gspkh
al
m). 1> 2> 4> 3 M). 4> 3> 1> 2

,). 2> 3> 1> 4 <). 3> 4> 2> 1
.k
4. fPOs;s nrhw;fis <w;Wr; rPuhff; nfhz;L Fws; ntz;gh Nehpir ntz;gh ,d;dpir ntz;gh
vOJ Kaw;rp nra;aTk;. fly;> ths;> kio> Njd;> kuk;
1. fly;: fz;zpy; ,dpf;Fk; kfpo;r;rp cUtha;
w
kaf;fk; jUNk fly;.

2. ths;: gifia xspf;Fk; giltPud; ifapy;
w
xspUNk kpd;dyha; ths;.

3. kio: Jd;gq;fs; Nghyj; njhlh;eJ ; nga;jhYk;
vd;Wk; ,dpik kio.
w
4. Njd;: vy;yhr; rpwg;igAk; <e;J cjTk;

fy;tpf;F <lNkh Njd;.
5. kuk;: nte;epiuj; je;jhYk; gd;dPuha; Vw;W
tsj;jpy; rpwf;Fk; kuk;.
5. ntz;ghtpw;Fhpa jisfs; ahit?
 ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis
 ntz;rPh; ntz;lis
6. xU tpfw;gk;> gy tpfw;gk; vd;why; vd;d?

 ntz;ghtpd; midj;J mbfSk; XNu vJifaha; tUtJ xU tpfw;gk;.
 Kjy; ,U mb xU vJifahfTk;> mLj;j ,U mb XU vJifahfTk; tUtJ gy
tpfw;gk;.
gapw;rpg; gFjp
1. tpz;zpd; kioepiu tPzhf;fh ky;Njf;fp
kz;zpy; rpwe;j kuk; el;Lf; - fz;zpd;
kzpNghy; nkhop;f;fhj;J khepyj;J tho;tha;
epidnty;yhk; <Nlwp eP (kz;zpy;).
n
2. Kd;dhs; Ghptpidfs; Kw;Wk; jtwhky;
l.i
gpd;dhs; eikte;J gPbf;Fk; - md;W
jpidapl;lhy; ,d;W jpidtpisAk; md;wpg;
gidapl;lhy; tha;f;Fk; gid. (gpd;dhs;> gidapl;lhy;)
da
3. cz;Zk; czit xUNghJk; nfhl;lhNj
kz;zpy; grpahy; kbgth;fs; - tpz;zpd;
flTnsd cd;idf; fUJth; md;gha;
,Ltjw;(F) VJtop vz;. (czit> kz;zpy;> fUJth;)
ka
4. Ntw;Wapuhy; njhy;iy tpisah jpUg;gjw;(F)
vi
Vw;wtz;zk; fhty; ,aw;whky;- Mw;wYk;
ngz;ghy;> ,dtUe;jg; Nghplh;nra; fpd;whNa
ez;gh! rhpNah etpy;? (njhy;iy> fhty;> ngz;ghy;> rhpNah)
al
ek;ik msg;Nghk;
gyTs; njhpf:
.k
1. “fhtpndk; fyNd; RUf;fpndk; fyg;ig” - ,j;njhlhpy; “fyd;” czhj;Jk; nghUs;

m). Nghh;f;fUtp M). jr;Rf;fUtp ,). ,irf;fUtp <). Ntshz; fUtp
w
2. Rujh elj;jpa ftpij ,jo;

m). ,yf;fpak; M). fhtpak; ,). Ch;tyk; <). tpz;kPd;
3. tPz;NtW tpz;ntspapy; ,aq;F fpd;w
w
ntz;kjpAk; nrq;fjpUk; KfpYk; NtW - ,j;njhlh; jUk; KOikahd nghUs;

m). tpz;Zk; ntz;kjpAk; NtW NtW
w
M). tpz;ntspAk; nrq;fjpUk; NtW NtW

,). ntz;kjpAk; KfpYk; NtW NtW
<). tpz;> tpz;ntspapy; cs;s ntz;kjp> nrq;fjph;> Kfpy; midj;Jk; NtW NtW
4. RtbNahL nghUe;jhj xd;iwj; Njh;T nra;f.
m). trk;G M). kzj;jf;fhspapiyr; rhW
,). fLf;fha; <). khtpiyf;fhhp
5. Fopkhw;W ve;jj; JiwNahL njhlh;Gila nrhy;?
m). ,yf;fpak; M). fzpjk; ,). Gtpapay; <). Ntshz;ik
FWtpdh:
1. ,ilaPL – vtw;iwf; FwpaPlhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 ,ilaPL vd;w ftpij vz;zk;> ntspaPL> Nfl;ly; Mfpatw;iwf; FwpaPlhff;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
2. trdk;> ftpij NtWghL jUf?
 vJif Nkhid ghh;f;fhky; vOJk; tbtk; trdk;.
 ahg;G ,yf;fz nrhw;fis Nrh;g;gJ ftpij.
3. vj;jpirapYk; NrhW jl;lhJ fpl;Lk; -ahh;f;F?
 fiyj;njhopy; ty;y Gyth;fSf;F vj;jpirapy; nrd;whYk; mj;jpirapy; NrhW jl;lhJ
n
fpl;Lk;.
4. mf;fhyj;Jf; fy;tp Kiwapy; kddg; gapw;rpf;F cjtpa E}y;fs; vit?
l.i
 epfz;L
 ed;D}y;
da
 fhhpif
 jz;bayq;fhuk;
rpWtpdh:
1. “%d;whd fhyk; Nghy; xd;W” – vit? Vd;? tpsf;Ff?
ka
 vz;zk;> ntspaPL> Nfl;ly; vd;w %d;Wk; ‘%d;whd fhyk; Nghy; xd;whFk;.
 ,we;jfhyk;> vjph;fhyk;> epfo;fhyk; vd %d;Wk; ntt;NtW epfo;Tfis Fwpg;gjhf
vi
,Ue;jhYk; fhyk; vd;w nrhy;yhy; xd;nwdj; Njhd;WfpwJ.
 mJNghyNt vz;zk;> ntspaPL> Nfl;ly; vd;w %d;Wk; ntt;NtW nghUis Fwpj;jhYk;
al
mjd; tpisT xd;NwahFk;.

 ,q;F vz;zk; vd;gJ NtW> ntspaPL vd;gJ NtW> Nfl;ly; vd;gJ NtW. vg;nghOJk;
.k
xd;whdit my;y. xd;nwd vz;Zk;NghJ fhyj;ij Nghy; xd;whfpwJ.

2. ePq;fs; Mrphpauhdhy; khzhf;fiu md;gpdhy; vt;tifapy; newpg;gLj;JtPhf
; s;?
 ehd; Mrphpauhdhy;> vijAk; nghWikAld; vLj;Jr; nrhy;yp Ghpa itg;Ngd;.
w
 khzth;fspd; kPJ cz;ikahd md;Gk; mf;fiwAk; nfhz;ltdha; ele;Jnfhs;Ntd;.

 Njh;r;rpf; FiwT> jthwhd gof;ftof;fk; fz;lhy; mf;fiwNahL fbe;Jnfhs;Ntd;.
w
 ngw;Nwhiu mioj;J NgRfpNwd; vd;w ghh;itapy; khzthpd; kjpg;ig ,of;fr;

nra;akhl;Nld;.
w
3. kzypy; vOjpaJ Kjy; jw;fhyk; tiu vOJk; Kiwapy; Vw;g;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fisj;

njhFj;Jiuf;f.
 goq;fhyj;jpy; kzypy; vOjpg; gofpdhh;fs;.
 Mrphpah;fs; jiuapy; vOj mjd;Nky; khzth;fs; vOjpg;goFthh;fs;.
 vOj;jhzp %yk; Xiyr;Rtbapy; vOjpg;gofpdhh;fs;.
 fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,it midj;Jk; mope;J gl;L Nghapd.
 jw;nghOJ fhfpjj;jpy; vOJk; Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
4. thapNyhNa vdj; njhlq;Fk; xsitahhpd; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; ghlhz; jpizf;F chpaJ

vd;gij epWTf.
 ghlhz; jpiz tpsf;fk;: xUtDila Gfo;> typik> nfhil> mUs; Nghd;w ey;ypay;Gfis
rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WtJ ghlhz; jpiz MFk;.
 rhd;W: thapNyhNa thapNyhNa
ts;spNahh; nrtpKjy; taq;Fnkhop tpj;jpj;jhk;
cs;spaJ Kbf;Fk; cuDil cs;sj;J
thpirf;F tUe;jk; ,g;ghprpy; tho;f;ifg;
ghprpyh;f;F milah thap NyhNa
n
fLkhd; Njhd;wy; neLkhd; mQ;rp
jd; mwpayd; nfhy;?
l.i
 nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghly; mjpakhdpd; nfhilj;jpwj;ijg; Gyg;gLj;jfpwJ.
neLtpdh:
1. ftpij vOj mwpa Ntz;Ltdhfr; Rujh $Wtdtw;iw tpthpf;f.
da
 Kd;Diu
 ftpij vOj mwpa Ntz;Ltd
 KbTiu ka
Kd;Diu:
 ftpij vOJtjw;F Kd; mwpa Ntz;Ltdtw;iw gw;wp Rujh $Wtdtw;iw gw;wp
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
vi
ftpij vOj mwpa Ntz;Ltd:
 nrhw;fis mikf;Fk; nghOJ vJif Nkhid Nrh;f;fhky; mikfpd;w tbtk; trdk;.
 ahg;G ,yf;fz newpfSf;F cl;gl;L nrhw;fs; miktJ ftpijahFk;.
al
 vOj;Jf;fs; njhlh;e;J ,Ue;jhy; mirfs; tUk;.

 jisfs; njhlu;e;J ele;J mbfs; mikAk;.
.k
 njhil eaq;fs; ed;F mikj;jpUe;jhy; ftpij tUk;.

 NjkhTk; GspkhTk; ed;F fhzg;gLk;.
w
 chpa tbtj;jpy; vOjhtpl;lhy; jisfs; nghUe;jhJ.

 nrbapy; cs;s G+kPJ tz;L te;J mkh;tJ Nghy ey;y Gyth;fs; ghlypy; Gfo; jq;Fk;.
w
 vspa kf;fSf;Fk; tpsq;Ffpd;w tifapy; jkpo;f; ftpijfs; ju Ntz;Lk;.

 ,tw;iwnay;yhk; mwpe;J ftpij vOJNthh;f;Fg; GfOk; rpwg;Gk; xUq;Nf mikAk;.
w
KbTiu:
 mwKk; nghUSk; epiwe;j ftpijfis ,aw;wpte;jhy; Gfo;te;J NrUk; vd;gij mwpe;J
nfhz;L ftpijfs; ,aw;wy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W ftpQh; Rujh typAWj;Jfpwhh;.
2. gz;ilf;fhy fy;tp Kiwapy; Mrphpah; khzth;fSf;fpilNa epfo;e;j fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy;>
Kiwfisj; njhFj;njOJf.
 Kd;Diu
 fw;wy;
 fw;gpj;jy;
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu:
 fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk>; fw;gpj;jy; KiwfSk; khWghL mile;Js;sJ.
 fy;tp Kiwapy; epfo;ej
; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;fis ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
fw;wy;:
 khztdpd; Ie;J taJ Kjy; fw;wy; njhlq;FfpwJ.
 mjpy; khzth;fspd; nkhopj;jpwd; kw;Wk; nray;jpwDf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
 gps;isfis gs;spapy; Nrh;g;gJ xU tpNrr ehshf nfhz;lhlg;gLk;.
 gps;isfs; Kjypy; kzypy; vOjpg; goFthh;fs;.
 Mrphpah; jiuapy; vOj mjd;Nky; gps;isfs; vOjpg; goFthh;fs;.
n
fw;;gpj;jy;:
 Mrphpah;fs; khzth;fs; ,ilNa eilngWk; xUtpj fUj;J ghpkhw;wk;.
l.i
 Mrphpah;f;F kl;LNk mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
 vij ahUf;F vg;nghOJ fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij MrphpaNu jPh;khdpj;jhh;fs;.
da
 tpdh Nfl;ly; %yk; khztdpd; jpwid Nrhjpj;J mwpe;J nfhz;lhh;fs;.
KbTiu:
 ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wk; fy;tpAld; neUf;fpa njhlh;G cs;sJ.
ka
 gz;ila fhy fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;fs; nray;ghLfs; mtw;iw njspthf tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
3. rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpo;ehL - ,f;$w;W edthf ehk; nra;a Ntz;bad ahit?
 Kd;Diu
vi
 rhiy tpgj;ij jtph;f;f ehk; filgpbf;f Ntz;bait
 KbTiu
al
Kd;Diu:
 mjpf rhiy Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpia nfhz;l ,uz;lhtJ nghpa ehL ek; ehL.
.k
 Vwf;Fiwa 55 ,yl;rk; fp.kP rhiyfs; cs;sd.

 21 Nfhbf;Fk; Nkw;g;gl;l Ch;jpfs; cs;sd.
 jkpo;ehL jhd; ,e;jpahtpNyNa rhiy tpgj;J mjpfkhf elf;Fk; khepykhf cs;sJ.
w
rhiy tpgj;ij jtph;f;f ehk; filgpbf;f Ntz;bait:

 18-taJ epiwe;jth;fs; kl;LNk Xl;Leh; chpkk; ngw;W ftDj;Jld; ,af;f Ntz;Lk;.
w
 ,Urf;fu thfdj;jpy; ,Uth; kl;LNk gazpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

 ,Urf;fu thfdk; Xl;Lgth; jiyf;ftrk; fl;lhak; mzpa Ntz;Lk;.
w
 ehd;F rf;fu thfd Xl;bfs; ,Uf;if gl;ilAk; fl;lhak; mzpa Ntz;Lk;.

 njhiyNgrpia Ngrpf;nfhz;L thfdk; Xl;lf; $lhJ.
 kJ mUe;jptpl;L thfdk; Xl;lf;$lhJ.
 njhlh;tz;b ghijfis ftdj;Jld; flf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 rhiyia flg;gth;fis mr;RWj;jhky; thfdk; Xl;l Ntz;Lk;.
 vjphpy; tUk; kw;Wk; fle;J nry;Yk; thfdq;fSf;F toptpl Ntz;Lk;.
 rhiy tpjpfis rhpahf gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.
 rhiy ghJfhg;gG caphpd; ghJfhg;G.
 rhiy thfdk; Xl;LtJ Xl;lge;jak; my;y. gazk; kl;LNk.

KbTiu:
 rhiy ghJfhg;gpw;fhd tpopg;Gzh;it ngWtjd; %yk; vjph;fhyj;jpy; rhiy tppgj;Jf;fs;
,y;yh jkpofj;ij cUthf;f KbAk;.
,yf;fzFwpg;G jUf:
1. taq;Fnkhop - tpidj;njhif
2. milah - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
3. mwpTk; GfOk; - vz;Zk;ik
4. rpwh mh; - ,irepiw msngil
n
Gzh;r;rp tpjp:
= v+ jpir
l.i
1. vj;jpir
tpjp: ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; f r j g kpFk;. .
v + j; + jpir = vj;jpir
da
njhlhpy; cs;s gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf:
1. ek; khdpyk; ,e;j Mz;L tul;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
ek; khepyk; ,e;j Mz;L twl;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;LJ. ka
2. vq;fs; Chpy; E}yff; fl;blk; fl;l mwR epjp xjf;fpaJ.
vq;fs; Chpy; E}yff; fl;llk; fl;l muR epjp xJf;fpaJ.
3. uq;fd; ntq;fyg; ghj;jpuf;fil itj;jpUf;fpwhh;.
vi
,uq;fd; ntz;fyg; ghj;jpuf;fil itj;jpUf;fpwhh;.
4. khdk; ghh;j;j G+kpapy; gapW tiffs; gaphplg;gLfpd;wd.
thdk; ghh;j;j G+kpapy; gaW tiffs; gaphplg;gLfpd;wd.
al
5. mg;grp milkioapy; CUdp epiwe;jJ.

Ig;grp milkioapy; CUzp epiwe;jJ.
.k
gpd;tUk; gonkhopfis tho;f;if epfo;NthL nghUj;jp vOJf:

1. ahidf;Fk; mb rWf;Fk;:
w
gonkhop tpsf;fk;:
 ngUtypik ngw;wtUk; rpy Neuk; Njhy;tp milthh;.
w
 jk; typikapd; kPJ nfhz;l ek;gpf;ifNa Njhy;tpiaj; jUk;.

tho;f;if epfo;T:

w
ehd; 6-k; tFg;G gbf;f njhlq;fpaJ KjNy Ngr;Rg; Nghl;bfspy; Ngr njhlq;fptpl;Nld;.
,g;nghOJ 12-k; tFg;G gbj;J tUfpNwd;.
 vq;F gs;sp> khtl;l> khepy mstpy; Ngr;Rg;Nghl;bfs; ele;jhYk; midj;jpYk; Kjy; ghpir
ntd;W vd; gs;spf;F ngUik Nrh;j;jNjd;.
 fle;j Idthp khjk; vq;fs; gs;spapy; eilngw;w ,yf;fpa kd;w epiwT tpohtpy; “xU
ehs; NghJkh” vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Ngr;Rg; Nghl;b ele;jJ.
 mjpy; ehDk; gq;F ngw;W NgrpNdd;.Mdhy; vdf;Nf Ghpe;J tpl;lJ.
 ehd; rhpahf Ngrtpy;iy vd;W> vdpDk; vdf;F ghpR fpilj;J tpLk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy;
ghpR mwptpg;gpw;f;fhf fhj;jpUe;Njd;. Mdhy; vdf;F ghpR fpilf;ftpy;iy.
 mg;nghOJ vd; gs;sp jiyikahrphpah; vd;id mioj;J “Vd; ,d;W eP rhpahf
Ngrtpy;iy.
 jiyg;ig rhpahf Ghpe;J nfhs;stpy;iyah vd;W $wp ahidf;Fk; mb rWf;Fk; vd;gJ
,Jjhd;. ftiyg;glhNj! njhlh;e;J Kaw;rp nra;! nty;tha;!! vd;whh;.
2. jpid tpijj;jtd; jpid mWg;ghd;> tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;:
gonkhop tpsf;fk;:
 ehk; gpwUf;F ed;ik nra;jhy; ed;ikNa fpilf;Fk;. jPik nra;jhy; jPikNa fpilf;Fk.;
n
 Mk; xt;nthU tpidf;Fk; rkkhd vjph;tpid cz;L.
l.i
tho;f;if epfo;T:
 ehd; 11-k; tFg;G gbf;Fk; nghOJ uhk; vd;gtd; vd; tFg;G Njhod;. mtd; ed;whfg; gbf;f
$batd;.
da
 Mdhy; jd;idtpl ahUk; mjpf kjpg;ngz; vLj;Jtplf;$lhJ vd;W vz;Zgtd;.
 Mz;Lj; Njh;T rkaj;jpy; gs;spapy; eilngw;w rpwg;G tFg;gpy; midj;J khzth;fSk;
tpWtpWg;ghf gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
ka
 mg;NghJ gjpNdhuhk; tFg;G kjpg;ngz; vjw;Fk; gad;gLtjpy;iy.
 mjdhy; ehk; ,g;gb tpOe;J tpOe;J gbf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy vd;W rf khzth;fsplk;
nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L gs;sapy; mtd; gbf;fNt ,y;iy.
vi
 Mdhy; tPl;bw;F nrd;W ,uT KOf;f fz;tpopj;Jg; gbj;jhd;.
 uhkpd; Fzj;ij njhpe;j ehq;fs; mtdplk; NgRtij jtph;j;J gbg;gjpy; ftdk;
al
nrYj;jpNdhk;.
 Xt;nthU Njh;tpYk; KUfd; J}f;fkpy;yhjjhy; Nrhh;Tld; fhzg;gl;lhd;. kw;w khzth;fs;
.k
midtUk; RWRWg;GlDk; Mh;tj;JlDk; Njh;ntOjpdh;.

 Njh;T KbTk; te;jJ.
 vg;NghJk; gs;spapy; Kjy; %d;W ,lq;fspy; tUk; uhk; ,e;j Kiw 17-tJ ,lj;ijNa
w
gpbf;f Kbe;jJ.
 mg;nghOJ xU khztd; “tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;> jpid tpij;jtd; jpid
w
mWg;ghd;” vd;W uhkpd; fhjpy; tpOkhW $wpdhd;.

3. Fw;wk; ghh;f;fpd; Rw;wk; ,y;iy:
w
gonkhop tpsf;fk;:
 gpwUila Fw;wk; FiwfisNa ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhy; ekf;F cwtpdh;fNs ,Uf;f
khl;lhh;fs;.
 Mk;! ed;wy;yij md;Nw kwg;gJ ed;W.
tho;f;if epfo;T:
 vq;fs; FLk;gk; $l;Lf;FLk;gk;. mk;kh> mg;gh> jk;gp> rpj;jg;gh mth;fs; Foe;ijfs; vd
midtUk; kfpo;r;rpahf tho;eJ; te;Njhk;.
 ehd; gj;jhk; tFg;G gbf;Fk;nghOJ xU epyj;ij tpw;gJ njhlh;ghf vd; je;ijf;Fk;

rpj;jg;ghtpw;Fk; gpur;rid vw;g;gl;lJ.
 clNd epyj;ij ,uz;lhfg; gphpj;J> $l;Lf;FLk;gk; jdpf;FLk;gk; MdJ.
 md;W Kjy; vq;fs; FLk;gj;jpy; rpd;d rpd;d rz;ilfs; mt;tg;NghJ te;J nry;Yk;.
 xUehs; vd; rpj;jg;gh rhiy tpgj;jpy; gLfhak; mile;jhh;.
 mtUf;F ahNuDk; ,uj;jk; FLj;jhy; fhg;ghw;wptplyhk; vd;W kUj;jth;fs; $wpdhh;.
 ,ij mwpe;j vd; je;ij clNd kUj;Jtkid nrd;W ,uj;jk; nfhLj;J vd; rpw;wg;ghit
fhg;gw;wpdhh;.
 md;W ,uT vd; tPl;bw;F te;j v;d mj;ij “ek;kplk; vg;gbnay;yhk; Ngrpdhd;” mtDf;F
n
Vd; ,uj;jk; nfhLj;jha; vd;W rz;il Nghl;lhh;.
 Mdhy; vd; je;ijNah “Fw;wk; ghh;f;fpd; Rw;wk; ,y;iy” vd;whh;.
l.i
4. vWk;G Cuf; fy;Yk; NjAk;:
gonkhop tpsf;fk;:
da
 rpwpJ rpwpjhf njhlh;e;J Kad;why; nghpa ,yf;ifAk; mila KbAk;.
 Mk; Kad;why; KbahjJ ,y;iy.
tho;f;if epfo;T: ka
 ehd; gbf;Fk; 12-k; tFg;gpy; gbf;Fk; khztd; ftpd;uh[d;.
 mtd; vg;nghOJk; Mrphpah; nrhy; Ngr;R Nfl;fkhl;lhd;.
 ve;j MrphpaUf;Fk; mtid gpbf;fhJ. “eP vq;Nf cUg;gl Nghfpwha”; vd;W nrhy;yp
vi
midtUk; mtid jpl;Lthh;fs;.
 Mdhy; tzpftpay; Mrphpah; kl;Lk; mtd;kPJ md;G nrYj;jp mwpTiu toq;Fthh;.
 Mdhy; mth; nrhy;tij Vw;fhky; mtiuAk; Nfyp nra;thd; ftpd;uh[d;.
al
 ,t;thW MW khjk; fle;jJ.

 vy;yhj; Njh;TfspYk; Njhy;tp milAk; ftpd;uh[d; miuahz;Lj; Njh;tpy; midj;Jg;
.k
ghlj;jpYk; Njh;r;rp ngw;Wtpl;lhd;.

 mtd; eltbf;ifapYk; khw;wk; njhpe;jJ. ehd; mtdplk; Nfl;Nld;.
 tzpftpay; Mrphpah; vd;id kdpjdhf;fp tpl;lhh;.
w
 ,dpNky; midthplKk; md;ghf ele;J nfhz;L ed;whf gbg;Ngd; vd;W $wpaJ

Mr;rhpakhf ,Ue;jJ.
w
 vWk;G Cuf; fy;Yk; NjAk;" vd;gJ ftpduh[dpd; nraypy; cz;ikahapw;W.

5. Cop ngahpDk; jhk; ngauhh;:
w
gonkhop tpsf;fk;:
 ,e;j cyfNk mopAk; epiy Vw;g;gl;lhYk;> rhd;Nwhh; jhk; nfhz;l nfhs;ifapy;
khwkhl;lhh;.
 Mk; nfhs;if caphpDk; NkyhdJ.
tho;f;if epfo;T:
 vd; mk;kh midthplKk; md;ghf goFthh;.
 mth; tUtha; Ma;thsuhf gzpahw;Wfpwhh;.
 mth; jk; gzpia Neh;ikahfTk; J}a;;ikahfTk; nra;a tpUk;Gthh;.
 mjdhy; jdf;F fPo; gzpGhpAk; mYtyh;fsplk; “ahhplKk; ifA+l;Lg; ngwf;$lhJ”

Neh;ikahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W midthplKk; typAWj;Jth;.
 mtUila Neh;ikAk; J}a;ikAk; mtUf;Fk; vq;fs; FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; Jd;gj;ijNa je;jJ.
 ehd; 6-k;tFg;G gbj;jJ Kjy; ,d;W tiu vd; mk;kh MWKiw ,lkhWjy; Mfptpl;lhh;.
 ehd;Fk; ehd;F gs;spfs; khwptpl;Nld;.
 xUehs; vd; mk;khtplk; mk;kh ePAk; kw;wtiug; Nghy; ,Ue;Jtpl;lhy; ekf;F ,e;j
Jd;gq;fs; ,y;iyNa> vd;W Nfl;Nld;.
 mjw;F mth; “ekf;F Vw;gLk; Jd;gq;fSf;fhf nfhz;l nfhs;ifapypUe;J
khWglf;$lhJ” vd;W $wpdhh;.
n
 “Cop ngahpDk; jhk;ngauhu;” vd;w gonkhopf;F ,yf;fzkhf thOk; vd; mk;khit
epidj;J ehd; ngUkfpo;rr
; p milfpNwd;.
l.i
nrhy;iy gphpj;Jk; Nrh;j;Jk; nghUs; nfhs;f:
1. gyif :gyifapy; mkh;e;Njd;
da
gy iffs; xd;wpize;jhy; ntw;wp epr;rak;.
2. jhkiu : Fsj;jpy; jhkiuia ghh;j;Njd;.
fhl;by; jh kiuia ghh;j;Njd;. ka
3. Nfhtpy; : ahopdp NfhtpYf;Fr; nrd;whs;
Nfh tpy; rpwe;jtd; uhruhrd;.
4. ntq;fhak; : rpwpa ntq;fhak; clYf;F ey;yJ.
Nghhpy; rpy tPuu;fs; kl;Lk;> ntq; (k;) fhak; gl;lhh;fs;.
vi
5. jiyik : jiyik nghWg;gpy; cs;sth;fs; Neh;ikahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
jiy(f;F)ik G+rp eiuKbia kiwg;ghh;fs; rpyh;.
al
Arrival tUif Passport
.k
flTr;rPlL
;
Departure Gwg;ghL Visa EioT ,irT
Conveyor Belt Ch;jpg;gl;il Domestic Flight cs;ehl;L thD}h;jp
w
Take off thD}h;jp fpsk;Gjy;

w
mwpit tphpT nra;

ePq;fSk; ftpghlyhk; fp.th.[fe;ehjd;
w
gilg;Gf;fiy K.Rje;jpuKj;J
JiwKfk; Rujh
,Jtiu rp.kzp
ftpQuhf m.fp.gukhde;jh;
gz;ila fhyj;Jg; gs;spf;$lq;fs; c.Nt. rhkpehjh;
,jpy; ntw;wp ngw Rujh
,ilaPL rp.kzp
GwehD}W Xsitahh;
njhpe;J njspNthk;
tpj;jpahuk;gk; fy;tpj; njhlf;fk;
tpj;jpahg;gpahrk; fy;tpg; gapw;rp
cghj;jpahh; Mrphpah;
n
m~uhg;gpak; vOj;Jg;gapw;rp
l.i
fPo;thapyf;fk; gpd;d vz;zpd; fPo;j;njhif
Nky;;thapyf;fk; gpd;d vz;zpd; Nky;j;njhif
da
Fopkhw;W ngUf;fy; tha;g;ghL
rPjhs gj;jpuk; jhio kly;
etj;tPgk;
ka tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s Xh; Ch;
vi
al
*******
.k
w
w
w
,ay; - 5
ehnld;g ehl;bd; jiy
1. gbkk; vd;gjd; nghUs;
m). nrhy; M). nray; ,). fhl;rp <). xyp
2. fhiy ,sk; ntapy; ed;whf Nka Jk;GWj;Jj; Js;sptUk; GJntapy; ,f;ftpijapy; gapd;W
te;js;sJ.
m). gad; gbkk; M). tpidg;gbkk; ,). nka;g;gbkk; <). cUg;gbkk;
n
3. $w;W: ctik cUtfk; Nghyg; gbkKk; tpid> gad;> nka;> cU Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
Njhd;Wk;.
l.i
fhuzk;: vt;tifahd gbkkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ fhl;rp topna fUj;jpid tpsf;Ftjp;yiy
m). $w;W rhp> fhuzk; jtW M). $w;W jtW> fhuzk; rhp
,). $w;Wk; rhp> fhuzKk; rhp <). $w;Wk; jtW> fhuzKk; jtW
da
4. nka;g; gbkj;Jf;Fhpa ghliyj; Njh;T nra;f
m). neUQ;rpf; fl;fpd; GJkyh; Kl;gae; jhq;F
M). fl;by; epzf;Fk; ,oprpdd; ifaJ… ka
,). ghrpkzpf; fz;Zk; rptg;Gf; Nfhl;Lf; fOj;Jk;…
<). nte;jhW nghd;dpd; me;jp G+g;g…
5. khe;Njhg;G tre;jj;jpd; gl;lhil cLj;jpapUf;fpwJ – ,jpy; vt;tif gbkk; ntspg;gLfpwJ?
vi
tpidg;gbkk;
ek;ik msg;Nghk;
al
gyTs; njhpf:
1). nrd;id ntWk; efuk; kl;Lky;y> mJ ek;gpf;if ikak; - fhuzk; -
.k
m). Neub> kiwKf Ntiytha;g;Gfspd; fsk;

M). nkd;nghUs;> td;nghUs; thfd cw;gj;jpapy; gq;F
,). nkd;nghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy; Kd;dpiy
w
<). M> M> , - midj;Jk;

2. $w;W: ,e;jpahtpy; gy gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; nerthsh;fs; nrd;id Nehf;fp te;jdh;.
w
fhuzk;: fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; tzpfk;> Jzp rhh;e;jjhfNt ,Ue;jJ.

m). $w;W rhp> fhuzk; jtW M). $w;W jtW> fhuzk; rhp
w
,). $w;Wk; jtW> fhuzKk; jtW \ <). $w;Wk; rhp> fhuzKk; rhp
3. nghUj;Jf:
m). jpUty;ypf;Nfzp MW - 1). khtypGur; nryT
M)> gf;fpq;fhk; fhy;tha; - 2). fy; Nfhlhhp
,). gy;yhtuk; - 3). mUq;fhl;rpafk;
<). vOk;G+h; - 4). $tk;
m). 1> 2> 4> 3 M). 4> 2> 1> 3 ,)> 4> 1> 2> 3 <). 2> 4> 3> 1
4. cs;nshd;W itj;Jg; Gwk;nghd;W NgRthh; - ,j;njhlh; czh;j;Jk; gz;G
m). Neh;kiwg; gz;G M). vjph;kiwg; gz;G ,). Kuz;gz;G <). ,it midj;Jk;
5. tpspapw Qkyp - ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tpyq;F vJ?

m). vUJ M). Fjpiu ,). eha; <). ahop
FWtpdh:
1. fyptpoh> xyptpoh – tpsf;fk; jUf?
 fyptpoh: vOr;rpkpf;f tpohf;fs; epiwe;j Ch; jpUkapiy.
 Xyptpoh: kapiyf; Nfhtpypy; gq;Fdp cj;jpuk; Muthukhff; nfhz;lhlg;gLk;.
2. fPo;j;jpirr; Rtbfs; E}yfk; Fwpj:J vOJf?
 fhypd; nkf;fd;rp mth;fspd; njhFg;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L 1869-y; nrd;idapy;
njhlq;fg;gl;lNj fPo;j;jpirr; Rtbfs; E}yfk; MFk;.
n
 ,yf;fzk; ,yf;fpak; tuyhW> jj;Jtk;> mwptpay;> kw;Wk; thdpay; rhh;e;j mhpa
Xiyr;RtbfSk;> jhs;RtbfSk; Gj;jfq;fSk; nghpa nghpa njhFg;Gfshf
l.i
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3. jUkkpF nrd;idapy; fe;j Nfhl;lj;Js;tsh; jyNkhq;F fe;jNtNs – njhlUf;Fg; gjTiu
da
vOJf?
 jUkkpF nrd;idapy;: mwk; nra;thh; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; nrd;idapy;
 fe;j Nfhl;lj;Js;tsh; jyk;: tsh;jykhfpa fe;j Nfhl;lj;J Nfhtpypy;
ka
 xq;F fe;jNtNs: vOe;jUspa fe;jNtNs.
4. ngUq;fly; Ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFbg; gujth; - njhlhpy; cs;s Kuz; eaj;ij Fwpg;gpLf?
 ngUq;fly; gugug;gpy; thOk; rpWFbg; gFjpiar; Nrh;e;j kPdth; vd;gJ ,j;njhlhpd;
vi
nghUshFk;.
 vjph;r;nrhy;yhf miktJ Kuz;.
 ,j;njhlhpy; mike;Js;s Kuz; - ngUq;fly; x rpWFb.
al
rpWtpdh:
1. nrd;idapd; gz;ghl;L milahsq;fspy; ,d;Wk; epiyj;J ,Ug;gdtw;iw Fwpg;gpLf?
.k
 ,e;jpa-rhurdpf; fl;bl fiyapy; fl;lg;gl;l kj;jpa njhlh;tz;b epiyak;> cah;ej

P pkd;wk;>
nrd;idg; gy;fiyfofk;> hpg;gd; fl;llk; kw;Wk; tpf;Nlhhpah muq;fk; Nghd;wit
w
nrd;idapd; gz;ghl;L milahsq;fshf ,d;Wk; epiyj;J ,Uf;fpd;wd.

 NkYk; jkpo;ehL Mtzf; fhg;gfk;> vOk;G+h; mUq;fhl;rpafk;> Nfhl;il mUq;fhl;rpafk;
w
fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; Nghd;wit nrd;idapd; gz;ghl;L milahsq;fshf jpfo;fpd;wd.

2. ,uhkypq;f mbfs; fe;jNtsplk; vj;jifNahh; cwT Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfl;fpwhh;.
w
 mwk; nra;thh; epiwe;Js;s nrd;idapy; vOe;jUsp cs;s fe;jNtNs!

 ngUik rhd;w cdJ GfioNa ehd; Ngr Ntz;Lk;.
 ngha; Ngrhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 vd;Wk; cd;id kwthjpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 cs;nshd;W itj;J Gwnkhd;W NgRk; tQ;rfh; jk; cwT vd;id gw;whjpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 MWKfq;fis nfhz;l nja;tNk ,j;jifa rpwg;ig eP vdf;F mUs;thahf.
3. gq;Fdp cj;jpuj; jpUtpoh eilngw;w Kiwiaj; jpUQhd rk;ge;jh; vt;thW gjpT nra;fpwhh;?
 ,sk; ngz;fs; Muthuj;NjhL nfhz;lhLk; tpohf;fis cila Ch; jpUkapiy.
 mq;Fs;s fghyPr;ruk; Nfhtpy; gq;Fdp cj;jpu jpUtpoh Muthukhf eilngWk;.

 Nfhtpypy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtDf;F Muthu tpohthf gq;Fdp cj;jpujpUtpoh eilngWk;.
 G+ir nra;jYk; elf;Fk; vd;W jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
4. ney;ypd; NeNu ntz;fy; cg;G - ,j;njhlhpd; top gz;lkhw;W tzpfj;ij tpsf;Ff.
 gz;ila fhy kf;fs; jhq;fs; thOk; epyj;jpd; ,ay;Gf;F Vw;wthW njhopid
nra;Jte;jhh;fs;.
 nea;jy; epyj;jpy; thoe;Jte;j gujth;fs;> cg;gq;fopfspy; ntz;fy cg;gpid tpistpj;J>
gpd; me;j cg;gpid tz;bfspy; Vw;wpr; nrd;W Cu; Cuha; tpw;ghh;fs;.
 kUj epyj;jpy; tpise;j ney;ypidf; nfhLj;J> jhq;fs; nfhz;LtUk; cg;gpid thq;f
n
thPNuh vd;W kf;fis mioj;jhs; ckzh; kfs;.
 ,jd; %yk; cg;ig ney;Yf;F khw;whf nfhLj;jhh;fs; vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ.
l.i
neLtpdh:
1. xt;nthU efuj;Jf;Fk; tuyhWk; tbtoFk; cz;L – ePq;fs; ghh;j;j my;yJ tho;e;j xU efuk;
da
Fwpj;J ,Ugf;f mstpy; fl;Liu vOJf?
 Kd;Diu
 kJiu efhpd; njhd;ik ka
 efhpd; mikg;G
 rq;ffhy mikg;G
 gz;ghLk; gof;f tof;fq;fSk;
 KbTiu
vi
Kd;Diu:
 tuyhw;W rpwg;Gkpf;f efuq;fSs; Kjd;ikahdJ kJiu.
al
 mk;kJiu ehd; ghh;j;J tsh;e;j efuq;fSs; xd;W.

 mjd; rpwg;Gfis gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
kJiu efhpd; njhd;ik:
.k
 itif ejpf;fiuapd; mike;j rpwg;ghd efuk;.

 rq;fk; itj;J jkpo; tsh;j;j ghz;ba kd;dh;fspd; jiyefuk;.
w
 njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;gpljf;f ,lk; kJiu khefUf;Fk; cz;L.

efhpd; mikg;G:
w
 kJiu efhpd; eLehafkhf kPdhl;rp mk;kd; Nfhtpy; mike;Js;sJ.

 ehd;F GwKk; Mb tPjpfs; cs;sd.
 ehd;F gf;fKk; Majf; fplq;Fk; Nfhl;il mfopAk; cs;sd.
w
 rpwg;ghd efu mikg;NghL mofhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rq;ffhy kJiu:
 jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nghw;fhyk; kJiu jkpo;r; rq;fj;jpw;F chpa fhyNk.
 ghpghly;> kJiuf;fhQ;rp> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy Nghd;w E}y;fspd; ghLnghUshf
kJiu ,Ue;Js;sJ.
gz;ghLk; gof;f tof;fq;fSk;:
 gz;ghl;L rpwg;G tha;ej
; efuk; - kJiu.
 el;G> tpUe;J> cgrhpg;G vd;Dk; guhk;ghpa rpwg;Gfis ngw;wJ.
njd;dpe;jpa czT tiffSf;Fk; ky;ypifg; G+Tf;Fk; rpwg;G tha;e;jJ kJiu.

 ,e;efuk; J}q;fh efuk; vd;Dk; rpwg;gpid ngw;wJ.
KbTiu:
 kPdhl;rpak;kd; Myak;> tz;bA+h; khhpak;kd; Nfhtpy; njg;gf;Fsk;> jKf;f ikjhdk;>
khl;Lj;jhtzp vd tuyhw;W rpwg;Gkpf;f ,lq;fs; cs;sd.
 vdNt kJiuf;nfd;W jdpaplk; cz;L.
2. fpuhkq;fs; jq;fs; Kfthpia ,oe;J tUfpd;wd - ,J Fwpj;J cq;fs; fUj;ij tpthpf;f.
 vd;Diu
 Ntshz;ik ngha;;j;jJ
n
 Ntiyapy;yh jpz;lhl;lk;
 efukakhjy;
l.i
 KbTiu
vd;Diu:
da
 ,aw;if vopy; nfhQ;Rk; mikjpahd #oiy cilait fpuhkq;fs;.
 fpuhkq;fs; jq;fs; gRikia nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf ,oe;J tUfpd;wd.
 mjw;fhd fhuzq;fis gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;. ka
Ntshz;ik ngha;j;jJ:
 fpuhkq;fspd; milahsk; Ntshz;ik MFk;.
 cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpf;f nraw;if cuq;fis fpl;Nlhk;.
vi
 mjdhy; kz; jd; jd;ikia ,oe;jJ.
 nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp Fiwe;jJ.
Ntiyapy;yh jpz;lhl;lk;:
al
 fpuhkq;fspy; Kjd;ik njhopy; Ntshz;ik.

 Ntshz;ik ,y;yhjjhy; gyUk; Ntiyapy;yh epiyf;F js;sg;gl;ldh;.
.k
 Ntiy Njb fpuhkq;fis tpl;L efuq;fis Nehf;fp nry;Yk; #oy; Vw;g;gl;Ls;sJ.

efukakhjy;:
w
 tpis epyq;fs; ahTk; tPl;L kidfs; Mfp tUfpd;wd.

 fpuhkq;fs; efuq;fshf khwp tUfpd;wd.
w
KbTiu:
 fpuhkq;fs; ntWk; tho;tplq;fs; my;y.
 ek; gz;ghl;bd; milahsk;.
w
 “,e;jpahtpy; tsh;r;rp gy yl;r fpuhkq;fspd; tsh;r;rp”.

- fhe;jpabfs;.
3. nrd;idapy; cs;s kapyhg;G+h; fe;j Nfhl;lg; gFjpfs; nra;Aspy; vt;tpjk;
fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?
 Kd;Diu
 kapyhg;G+h; fghyPr;ruk;
 fe;j Nfhl;lk;
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu:
 “Nfhtpy; ,y;yh Chpy; FbapUf;f Ntz;lhk;” vd;gJ KJnkhop.
 gz;ila tuyhw;wpd; KO milahskhf Nfhtpy;fs; cs;sd.
 mijg;gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
kapyhg;G+h; fghyPr;ruk;:
 tpohf;fs; epiwe;j Ch; jpUkapiy.
 jpUkapiy vd;W miof;fg;gLk; Ch; kapyhg;G+h; MFk;.
 nrd;id khefhpd; xU gFjp kapyhg;G+h;.
 ,sk; ngz;fs; Muthuj;NjhL nfhz;lhLk; tpohf;fis cila Ch; jpUkapiy.
n
 mq;Fs;s fghyPr;ruk; Nfhtpy; gq;Fdp cj;jpu jpUtpoh Muthukhf eilngWk;.
l.i
fe;j Nfhl;lk;:
 mwk; nra;thh; epiwe;Js;s nrd;idapy; vOe;jUsp cs;s fe;jNtNs!
 ngUik rhd;w cdJ GfioNa ehd; Ngr Ntz;Lk;.
da
 ngha; Ngrhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 kjkhd Nga; vd;id mZfhjpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 vd;Wk; cd;id kwthjpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ka
 MWKfq;fis nfhz;l nja;tNk ,j;jifa rpwg;ig eP vdf;F mUs;thahf.
KbTiu:
 nrd;idapd; kapyhg;G+Uk;> fe;jNfhl;lKk; ,iwtdpd; mUSk; ey;mwKk; epiwe;j Ch;fs;
vi
vd;gij ,jpypUe;J mwpa KbfpwJ.
**************
al
,yf;fzFwpg;G:
1. kyub - ctikj;njhif
2. tsh;jyk; - tpidj;njhif
.k
3. khkapiy - chpr;nrhw;nrhlh;
4. ngUq;fly ; - gz;Gj;njhif
w
5. cohmJ - nra;Aspir msngil

6. nthP,a – nrhy;ypir msngil
w
cWg;gpyf;fzk;:
1. epidf;fpd;w = epid + f; + fpd;W + m
w
epid – gFjp; f; - re;jp; fpd;W – epfo; fhy ,ilepiy; m – nganur;r tpFjp

2. itj;J = it + j; + j; + c
it – gFjp; j; - re;jp; j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy; c – tpidnar;r tpFjp.
3. NgRthh; = NgR + t; + Mh;
NgR – gFjp; t; - vjph; fhy ,ilepiy; Mh; – gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
4. fz;lhd; = fhz; (fz;) + l; + Md;
fhz; – gFjp (fz; - vdf; FWfpaJ tpfhuk;); l; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy;
Md; – Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
5. mku;e;jhd; = mkh; + j;(e;) + j; + Md;

mkh; – gFjp; j; - re;jp; (e; - MdJ tpfhuk;)
j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy; Md; – Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
6. nra;j = nra; + j; + m
nra; – gFjp; j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy; m – nganur;r tpFjp
7. rhw;wp = rhw;W + ,
rhw;W – gFjp; , – tpidnar;r tpFjp
Gzh;r;rp tpjp:
n
1. cs;nshd;W = cs; + xd;W
tpjp: jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph;thpd; ,ul;Lk; - cs;s; + xd;W.
l.i
tpjp: cly;Nky; caph;;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng – cs;nshd;W.
2. xUikAld; = xUik + cld;
da
tpjp: ‘, < I top at;Tk;’ - xUik + a; + cld;.
tpjp: cly;Nky; caph;;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng – xUikAld;.
3. G+k;ghtha; = G+ + ghtha; ka
tpjp: ‘G+g;ngah; Kd; ,dnkd;ikAk; Njhd;Wk;’ – G+k;ghtha;.
4. ngUq;fly; = ngUik + fly;
tpjp: <WNghjy; - ngU + fly;.
vi
tpjp: ;,dkpfy; – ngUq;fly;.
,yf;fpaeak; ghul;Lf:
al
gpwg;gpdhy; vth;f;Fk; - cyfpy;

ngUik thuhjg;gh!
.k
rpwg;G Ntz;Lnkdpy; - ey;y

nra;if Ntz;Lkg;gh!
ed;ik nra;gtNu – cyfk;
w
ehLk; Nkw;Fyj;jhh;!
jpd;ik nra;gtNu – mz;bj;
w
jPz;l xz;zhjhh;!
- ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;
w
gh eak; ghul;ly;
ikaf;fUj;J:
 gpwg;gpd; fhuzkhf ahUf;Fk; ngUik cz;lhtJ ,y;iy. rpwg;ghd nray;fis
nra;jhy; kl;LNk kjpf;fg;gLthh; vd;W ehkf;fy; ftpQh; $Wfpwhh;.
gp : gpwg;gpdhy; - ngUik
e : ed;ik - ehLk;

w : gpwg;gpdhy; - rpwg;G
d; : ed;ik - jpd;ik
gh : Ntz;Lkg;gh – thuhjg;gh
mzp eak;:
,g;ghliy mzpeaj;Jld; ehkf;fy; ftpQh; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
re;j eak;:
n
Ngr;R tof;if vOj;J tof;fhf khw;Wf:
l.i
1. ,g;g vdf;Fg; GhpQ;R Nghr;R. ePAk; GhpQ;rpf;Nfh.
,g;nghOJ vdf;Fg; Ghpe;Jtpl;lJ. ePAk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;.
2. epyj;ij nfswZk;lh mg;gj;jhd; tFW epiwAk;.
da
epyj;ijf; fpsu Ntz;Lklh! mg;NghJjhd; tapW epiwAk;.
3. mz;izf;F mtDf;F gzk; FLj;J xjtpapUf;f Ntz;bajhd.
md;iwf;F mtDf;Fg; gzk; nfhLj;J cjapUf;f Ntz;baJ jhNd.
ka
4. T+l;lhz;l ntisahz;l nfhae;ijia mg;gh vq;f ,];JfpD NghdhU.
tPl;bd; mUfpy; tpisahbf; nfhz;bUe;j Foe;ijia mg;gh vq;Nf ,Oj;Jr; nrd;whh;.
5. Gs;isf;F clk;G rhpapy;iy %Z ehsh rpukg;gLJ.
Foe;ij cly;eyf; Fiwthy; %d;W ehl;fshf rpukg;gLfpwJ.
vi
6. uitf;F rpj;jg;gd fhtYf;Fg; Nght nrhy;.
,utpy; rpj;jg;ghitf; fhty; fhf;fr; nry;YkHW nrhy;.
al
fPo;f;fhZk; gj;jpia gbj;J ghh;j;J gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis fz;lwpe;J jkpo;g;gLj;Jf:

rh;f;fhh; nfhLf;Fk; rk;gsk; [Ptdj;Jf;Fg; NghJkh? mjw;Fs; elj;j KbAkh? vd;W mth;
.k
rpe;jpj;jJ fpilahJ. rpe;jpf;f Kad;wJk; fpilahJ. vy;yhk; khia cs;Su epw;Fk; Mj;kh
khRgltpy;iy. jhd; NtW ,e;j khia NtW. jhd; ,e;j gpugQ;rj;ij Ml;bitf;Fk; rf;jpapd;
xU mk;rk; vd;W jplkhf ek;gpapUe;jhh;. Vndd;why; mtuJ Mj;k tprhuj;ijr; Nrhjid Nghl:Lf;
w
ghh;f;f ,Jtiu nja;tj;Jf;Nfh kDQDf;Nfh mtfhrk; fpilj;jjpy;iy. kD~ th;f;fk;

KOtJNk jd;idg; gilj;jtDila jd;ikia ]Glk; Nghl;Lg; ghh;g;gJ Nghy jtWf;F Nky;
w
jtW nra;J nfhz;bUe;jJ.

gpwnkhopr;nrhy; jkpo;r;nrhy; gpwnkhopr;nrhy; jkpo;r;nrhy;
w
rh;f;fhh; murhq;fk; Mj;k tprhuj;ij caph; gw;wpa ftiy

rk;gsk; Cjpak; kD~Df;Nfh kdpjDf;Nfh
[Ptdj;Jf;F tho;f;iff;F kD~ th;f;fk; kdpj ,dk;
[Ptdk; tho;T ];Glk; Nghl;L neUg;gpy; ,l;L
gpugQ;rk; ngUntsp mk;rk; jd;ik
khia ,Ug;gJNghy; Njhd;WtJ Mj;kh caph;
<w;wb vOjpj; Jspg;ghit epiwT nra;f.

1. G+l;ba tPl;bYk; G+j;Jr; rphpf;fpwJ Ky;iy.
2. tpOk; kuq;fs; mopAk; fhL gRik tdf; FbapUg;G.
3. mg;gbnad;d nrhy;ypaJ fhw;W Fjpj;jhLfpwJ Nkfk; kiy KfLfspy;.
4. G+j;j kynuhd;W gwf;fpwJ tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp.
5. thdk; mOfpwJ G+kp rphpf;fpwJ ftpijfspy;
fUj;Jg;glj;ij Ghpe;J nfhz;L gj;jpahf vOJf.
n
l.i
da

ka
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,U tifg;gLk;. mit vl;Lj;njhif kw;Wk; gj;Jg;ghl;L vd;gdthFk;.
 vl;Lj;njhif E}ypy; ew;wpiz> FWe;njhif> Iq;FEW}W> mfehD}W> fypj;njhif Mfpa
Ie;Jk; mfg;nghUs; rhh;ej
; E}y;fs; MFk;.
vi
 GWehD}W> gjpw;Wg;gj;J Mfpa ,uz;L E}y;fSk; Gwg;nghUs; gw;wpadt padthFk;.
 ghpghly; vd;w E}y; kl;Lk; mfk;> Gwk; ,uz;Lk; rhh;e;j E}yhFk;.
 gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fSs; FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L> Ky;iyg;ghl;L> neLey;thil> gl;bdg;ghiy vd;w
al
ehd;F E}y;fSk; mfg;nghUs; gw;wpadthFk;.

 kJiuf;fhQ;rp> jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> nghUeuhw;Wg;gil> ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
il>
.k
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil> $j;juhw;Wg;gil Mfpa MW E}y;fSs; Gwg;nghUs; gw;wpadthFk;.

w
Affidavit MizAWjp Mtzk; Jurisdiction mjpfhu vy;iy

Allegation rhl;Liu Plaintiff thjp
Conviction jz;lid
w
mwpit tphpT nra;

w
nja;tkzpkhiy ,uhkypq;f mbfshh;

Njthuk; jpUQhd rk;ge;jh;
mfehD}W mk;%tdhh;
jiyf;Fsk; Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
jpUf;Fws; jpUts;Sth;
xU Fl;b jPtpd; tiuglk; Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
xU ghh;itapy; nrd;id efuk; mNrhfkpj;ud;
nrd;idg; gl;lzk; uhkr;re;jpu itj;jpaehj;
,uhkypq;f mbfs; tuyhW Cud; mbfs;
,ay; - 6
rpWif mshtpa $o;
,yf;fzj; Njh;r;rpf;nfhs;;:
1. Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; nrhw;nwhliuj;jk; ciuapy; Fwpg;gpl;lth;
m). rptQhd Kdpth; M). kapiyehjh;
,). MWKfehtyh; <). ,sk;G+uzh;
2. $w;W 1: fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; nrhy; fhg;G ,ak; vdg; gphpe;;J kuigf; fhg;gJ ,ak;GtJ>
ntspg;glj;JtJ> nkhopiar; rpijahkhy; fhg;gJ vd;nwy;yhk; nghUs; jUfpwJ.
n
$w;W 2: Ig;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;W ePyNfrp.
m). $w;W 1 rhp> $w;W 2 jtW M). $w;W 2 rhp> $w;W 1 jtW
l.i
,). ,uz;Lk; rhp <). ,uz;Lk; jtW
3. rhpahdtw;iwg; nghUj;jpj; Njh;f:
da
m). fhij - 1). fe;jGuhzk;
M). rUf;fk; - 2). rPtfrpe;jhkzp
,). ,yk;gfk; - 3). #shkzp
<). glyk; - 4). rpyg;gjpfhuk;
m). 4> 3> 2> 1 M). 3> 4> 1> 2
ka
,). 3> 4. 2. 1 <). 4> 3> 1> 2
4. jtwhd ,iziaj; Njh;f:
ghtif ,yf;fpak;
vi
m). tpUj;jg;gh - ehybahh;
M). Mrphpag;gh - mfehD}W
al
,). fypntz;gh - J}J

<). Fws; ntz;gh - jpUf;Fws;
tpil: m). tpUj;jg;gh - ehybahh;
.k
FWtpdh:
5. fhg;gpak; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
w
fhg;gpak; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.

 ngUq;fhg;gpak;
w
 rpWfhg;gpak;
6. fhg;gpaj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; gpw ngah;fs; ahit?
 mfyf;ftp  rhpjk;  khf;fij
w
 kfhfhtpak;  Guhzk;  fijr;nra;As;

7. fhg;gpar; rpw;WWg;Gfs; rpytw;iw vOJf?
 fhij  ,yk;gfk;
 rUf;fk;  glyk;
8. ghtpfk; - tpsf;Ff?
 ghtpfk; vd;gNj fhg;gpag; gz;Ng – jz;b.
 fhg;gpaj;jpy; ftpQd; Fwpg;gpl tpUk;Gk; mbg;gilf; fUj;Nj “ghtpfk;” vdyhk;.
ek;ik msg;Nghk;
gyTs; njhpf:
1). Mh;g;ghpf;Fk; fly;
mjd; mbj;jsk; nksdk;; kfh nksdk; - mbfs; Gyg;gLj;JtJ
m). ,iur;ry; M). FiwFlk; $j;jhLk;
,). epiwFlk; eph;j;jOk;gy; ,y; <). Gw mirTfs; mfj;jpid mirf;f ,ayhJ
2. Vo; Mz;L ,aw;wp Xh; <uhW Mz;by; #o;foy; kd;dw;Ff; fhl;ly; ….. njhlh;fspy; ntspg;gLk;
nra;jpfs;
1. khjtp VO Mz;Lfs; tiu ehl;bak; gapd;whs;
n
2. <uhW tajpy; muq;Nfw;wk; nra;a tpUk;gpdhs;
m). 1 rhp 2 jtW M). 1 jtW 2 rhp ,). 1 jtW 2 jtW <). 1 rhp 2 rhp
l.i
3. nghUj;Jf:
m). Mke;jphpif - 1). gl;lj;J ahid
da
M). muR cth - 2). %q;fpy;
,). foQ;R - 3). ,lf;if thj;jpak;
<). Fio - 4). vil msT
m). 3> 1> 4> 2 M). 4> 2> 1> 3 ,). 1> 2> 3> 4 <). 4> 3> 2> 1
4. NtWgl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLf :
ka
m). mz;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G M). Nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G
,). eLf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G <). fhl;rp kiwT
vi
FWtpdh:
1. vz;tif nka;g;ghLfs; ahit?
al
 eif  ntFsp
 mOif  ctif
.k
 mr;rk;  ,sptuy;
 ngUkpjk;  kUl;if
w
2. gpd;dzp ,ir glj;jpd; fhl;rpaikg;Gf;F vt;thW cap&l;Lk;> rhd;W jUf?

 xU fjh ghj;jpuj;jpd; ftiy> miyfopg;G> kfpo;r;rp Nghd;wtw;iw ntspf;nfhzUk;
w
vjpnuhypg; gpz;zzp ,ir.

 v.fh: fjhehafp rd;dy; topahf xU fhl;rpia ntwpj;Jg; ghh;f;fpwhs;.
w
 mts; njUit ghh;g;gij kl;LNk fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

 ,jpy; mtis ghh;f;f te;jth; mts; tpUg;gj;jpw;F khwhf mq;fpUe;J nry;fpwhh; vd;w fij
mg;ngz;zpd; Kfghtid %yk; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.
3. xUKf vopdp> nghUKf vopdp – Fwpg;G vOJf?
 xUKf vopdp: Nkilapd; xUGwj;jpy; njhlq;fp kWGwk; nry;y mikf;fg;gLk; jpiur;rPiy.
 nghUKf vopdp: Nkilapd; eLtpy; mikf;fg;gLk; jpiur;rPiy.
4. “%r;R epd;W tpl;lhy; Ngr;Rk; mlq;Fk;” – ftpijf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gonkhop xd;iw vOJf?
 vhptijg; gpLq;fpdhy;> nfhjpg;gJ mlq;fp tpLk;.
rpWtpdh:
1. ehl;ba muq;fpd; mikg;ig ,sq;Nfhtbfs; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; ghq;F Fwpj;J cq;fs; fUj;ij
vOJf?
 kiyfspy; ePz;L tsh;e;j %q;fpy;fspy; xU rhz; msT fZf;fis nfhz;l %q;fpiy
nfhz;L te;jdh;.
 jk; ifg;ngUtpuypy; ,Ugj;J ehd;F mstpidf; nfhz;ljhf mk;%q;fpiy ntl;bdh;.
 vONfhy; mfyKk;> vl;LNfhy; ePsKk;> xUNfhy; cauKk; cilajhf ehl;ba muq;if
mikj;jdh;.
 muq;fpd; cs;Ns nry;yTk; ntspNa nry;yTk; thapy;fs; mofhf mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
n
 rpwe;j Kj;Jkhiyfis muq;fk; KOtJk; njhq;ftpl;ldh;.
l.i
2. VNjDk; ,uz;L nka;g;ghLfs; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fw;fgidahfg; gilf;f.
 mr;rk;: thu ,Wjp ehl;fspy; toq;fg;gl;l tPl;Lg;ghlj;jpid Kbf;fhky; jpq;fsd;W
da
gs;spf;Fr; nrd;why; Mrphpah; jz;bg;ghh; vd mr;rk; nfhz;L cly;epiy rhpapy;iy
vd ngw;Nwhhplk; ngha;$Wjy;.
 ngUkpjk;: gs;spastpy; Kjyplk; gpbj;jpLthd; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; jdJ kfDf;F ghuhl;L
ka
tpoh vLf;f Kw;gLfpwhh; je;ij. Mdhy; kfNdh khepyj;jpy; Kjyplk; gpbj;J
midtiuAk; Mr;rhpaj;jpy; Mo;j;jptpLfpwhd;.
3. jpiug;glj;jpd; fhl;rpapd; Mw;wiy vLj;jf;fhl;Lld; Gyg;gLj;Jf.
vi
 fhl;rp vd;gJ fij efh;tpw;F cjTtJ.
 jpiug;glj;jpd; fhl;rpfs; rpwg;ghhf mike;jhy; trdj;jpw;Nf ,uz;lhk; ,lk;jhd;.
 %d;W kzp Neuf; fijia %d;Nw epkplq;fspy; fhl;rpg;gLj;j KbAk;.
al
 xUthpd; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahj Nfhgj;ij fhl;rpgLj;j mth; fj;jp $r;ry; NghLtij fhl;l
Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.
.k
 khwhf> mth; ifapy; cs;s fz;zhb Ftisia ,Wfg;gpbj;J cilg;gijf; fhl;bdhy;

NghJk;.
 ,ijj;jhd; fhl;rpapd; Mw;wy; vd;gh;.
w
4. ftpij vd;gJ fz;Kd; epfo;tijNa kdjpy; epfo;tijAk; njhlh;GgLj;jpr; nrhw;rpkpopy;

milf;Fk; Kaw;rpNa vd;gij eFyd; ftpijia nfhz;L epWTf.
w
 kdjpy; jhf;fj;ij Vwg;gLj;Jk; epfo;Tfis nrhy;ypy; tbg;gNj ftpij.

 mjpy; nrhy; GjpJ> nghUs; GjpJ. ,q;F ftpQh; eFyd; mth;fs; jd; fz;Kd; epfOk;
w
rhjuhz epfo;Tfis kd epfo;TfNshL njhlh;GgLj;jp ftpijahf gilj;Js;shh;.

 tho;tpd; mq;fkhf Nghd ,wg;gpid “%r;R epd;Wtpl;lhy; Ngr;R mlq;Fk;” vd;w vspa
nrhw;fshy; ftpijahf;Ffpwhh;.
 NkYk; ‘,Ug;gjw;nfd;Wjhd; tUfpNwhk; - ,y;yhky; NghfpNwhk’; vd tho;tpay;
jj;Jtj;ij vspjhf ciuf;fpwhh;.
 cz;ikia nrhy;yhky; ,Ug;gjw;F – gy cz;ikfis nrhy;fpwhh; vd XhpU thpfspy;
ftpij gilj;Js;shh;.
neLtpdh:
1. jpiug;glj;Jiw vd;gJ Mapuk; Ngiuf; fhg;gw;Wk; njhopyh> my;yJ fiyfspd; rq;fkkh>
cq;fs; ghh;itia fl;Liuahf;Ff.
 Kd;Diu
 fhg;ghw;Wk; njhopy;
 fiyfspd; rq;fkk;
 vd; fUj;J
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu:
n
 jdp xUthpd; Kaw;rpahy; cz;lhtJ my;y jpiug;glk;.
 ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fis tho itj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; njhopy; jpiug;glk;.
l.i
 mjd; rpwg;ig ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
fhg;ghw;Wk; njhopy;:
 xU jpiug;glk; jahhpf;f gyE}W egh;fs; Ntz;Lk;.
da
 %d;W kzp Neu jpiug;glk; cUthf gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd egh;fs; Ntz;Lk;.
 fpshg; mbf;Fk; kdpjd; Kjy; Ngh];lh; xl;Lk; kdpjd; tiu gy egh;fspd; njhopy;
,j;jpiug;glj;Jiw MFk;.
 ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fspd; tho;thjuhkhf nray;gl;L tUfpwJ.
ka
fiyfspd; rq;fkk;:
 vj;jidNah jpiug;glq;fs; te;jhYk; xU rpy glq;fNs Ngrg;gLfpd;wd.
vi
 rpy glq;fs; fhyj;ij ntd;Wk; tho;fpd;wd.
 mJ Vd; vd;W rpe;jpj;jhy; ekf;F njhpAk;.
 mJjhd; fiyfspd; rq;fkk;.
al
 rhjuhz glq;fs; fhzhkhy; Ngha;tpLk;.

 Mdhy; fiyfspd; rq;fkhf ,Ue;jhy; ghuhl;il ngw;Nw jPUk;.
.k
vd; fUj;J:
 jpiug;glj;Jiw Mapuk; Ngiu fhg;ghw;Wk; njhopy;jhd;.
 mjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy.
w
 Mdhy; jpiug;glk; thoNtz;Lkhdhy; mJ fiyfspd; rq;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

KbTiu:
w
 rpwg;G njhopypy; ,y;iy.

 rq;fkj;jpy; jhd; cs;sJ.
w
 vdNt jpiug;glj;Jiw fiyfspd; rq;fkhf Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj vd; gjpT.

2. kfhebfiuf; fz;l ghyre;jpudpd; kdNthl;lj;ij eaj;Jld; vOJf?
 Kd;Diu
 gpwg;Gk; tsh;g;Gk;
 ehafh;fspd; cUtk;
 gpwtpf; fiyQd;
 trdk; kwth kd;dd;
 topaDg;Gk; gz;G
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu:
⁂ ebg;Gyfpd; rf;futh;j;jp vd vy;NyhUk; tpaf;fpd;w kfj;jhd ebfh; rpth[p fNzrd;.
⁂ jd; fjhgj;jpuj;jpw;F caph; mspj;J fhz;gth;fis fl;bg; NghLfpd;w fiyQh;.
⁂ etur czh;Tfis ntspg;gLj;jp ebj;j kfhebfiu fz;l ghyre;jpudpd; kdNthl;lj;ij
gw;wp fhz;Nghk;.
gpwg;Gk; tsh;g;Gk;:
⁂ rpth[p fNzrd; tpOg;Guj;jpy; gpwe;jth;.
⁂ tpOg;Guk; rpd;idah fNzrd; vd;gNj mthpd; ,aw;ngah;.
⁂ FLk;g tWikapd; fhuzkhf jd; Ie;jhtJ tajpy; ehlff; fk;ngdpapy; gzpf;F
n
Nrh;e;jhh;.
ehafh;fspd; cUtk;:
l.i
⁂ mwpQh; mz;zhj;Jiu mth;fspd; ehlfj;jpy; rj;ugjp rpth[pahf NtlNkw;W ebj;jhh;.
⁂ me;ebg;ig fz;L tpae;j je;ij nghpahh; mth;fs; ‘rpth[p fNzrd;’; vd;W ngahpl;lhh;.
da
⁂ fh;zd;> fhspjhrd;> ftp ghujp> tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;> fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod; vd
vz;zw;w ehafh;fspd; fjhghj;jpuj;jpd; cUtkhfNt mth; fhl;rpaspj;jhh;.
⁂ mg;gb gl;l fiyQdpd; tPl;bw;F tpUe;jpduhf ghyre;jpud; mth;fs; nrd;whh;.
ka
gpwtpf; fiyQd;:
⁂ nky;y nky;y rpq;f eilapl;L te;j me;j kfhebfiu fz;lijAk; ,uh[uh[ Nrhodpd;
tUifia fz;ljhfNt czh;e;jhh; ghyre;jpuu;.
vi
⁂ Gjpa glj;jpw;fhd fijia $wj;njhlq;fpaJk; mij urpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;
rpth[pfNzrd;.
⁂ mij urpj;Jg; ghh;j;j ghyre;jpud; rpth[p mth;fs; ;Xh; gpwtp fiyQd;’ vd;gij
al
czh;e;J nfhz;lhh;.
trdk; kwth kd;dd;:
.k
⁂ ,ilapy; uh[Pt; mth;fs; rpth[p mth;fsplk; tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; glj;jpy; ePq;fs;

Ngrpa trdk; epidtpUf;fpwjh? vd tpisahl;lha; Nfl;lhh;.
w
⁂ rpth[p nkJthf epkph;eJ

; “fp];jp – thp- tl;b> thdk; nghopfpwJ G+kp tpisfpwJ –
cdf;F vJf;F fp];jp nfhLg;gJ. vq;fNshL taYf;F te;jhah? Vw;wk; ,iwj;jhah?
ePh;g;gha;r;rp – neLtay; epiwa fz;lhah? ehw;W el;lhah? fis gwpj;jhah?... vd XU
w
%r;rpy; Ngrp nka;kwf;f itj;jhh;.

topaDg;Gk; gz;G:
w
⁂ jpiug;glk; rhh;;ej
; midj;Jk; Ngrp Kbj;j gpwF mWRit czT cz;lhh;fs;.
⁂ gpwF fpsk;Gk; NghJ thry; tiu topaDg;gpa rpth[p mth;fspd; gz;ig vz;zp
tpae;jhh; ghyre;jpud;.
KbTiu:
⁂ gj;k=> gj;k G+~d;> fiykhkzp> nrthypah;> nfa;Nuh tpUJ> jhjhrhfpg; ghy;Nf tpUJ
Nghd;w gy tpUJfis ngw;Ws;shh; rpth[p fNzrd;.
⁂ ,j;jifa ngUik kpf;fthpd; re;jpg;ghy; jhd; ghyre;jh; mth;fshy; Rs;spf;fhL vd;w
,e;ehty; cUthf fhuzkhapw;W.
3. cq;fs; Ch;g; gFjpapy; thOk; fiyQh; xUtiu Nehpy; ghh;j;j mDgtj;ij tpthpj;Jf;
fl;Liuahf;Ff.
fiyQh; jpU ,uh[Nfhghy;:
☻ vq;fs; Cuhd Nfhitapy; ehd; thOk; tPlb
; w;F mUfpy; tho;e;J tUgth;
jpU. ,uh[Nfhghy; mth;fs;.
☻ mth; xU kpfr;rpwe;j rpw;gf;fiyQh; kw;Wk; Xtpaf; fiyQUk; Mthh;.
☻ mtUld; ehd; re;jpj;j mDgtj;ij gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
fiyQhpd; iftz;zq;fs;:
☻ mth; tPl;bd; Kd;gFjpapy; khd;> Fuq;F> eha; rpiyfs; jj;&gkhf ,Ue;jd.
n
☻ ePskhd miwapy; fiyeak; kpf;f epiwa tz;zg; glq;fs; khl;lg;gl;bUe;jd.
☻ Xt;nthd;whf ghh;j;J nfhz;Nl mthpd; fiyeaj;ij ghh;j;J nka;kwe;J epd;Nwd;.
l.i
fiyQUldhd re;jpg;G:
☻ mth; vd;id ghh;j;J jk;gp eykhf cs;sPh;fsh? vd;W Nfl;fTk; vd; ftdk; mth; gf;fk;
da
nrd;wJ.
☻ mtiu eyk; tprhhpj;J tpl;L mthplk; vd; re;Njfj;ij Nfl;Nld;.
☻ Iah! vg;gb cq;fshy; ,g;gb nra;a KbfpwJ? Xtpak;> rpiy> rpw;gk; vd midj;ijAk;
ka
,t;tsT jj;&gkhf nra;a KbfpwJ?
☻ ,e;j fiyia vq;F nrd;W fw;wPh;fs;? vt;tsT fhyk; Mapw;W? vd;W mthplk; Nfl;Nld;.
tho;f;if ghlk;:
vi
☻ mjw;F mth; vd;dplk; vd; mg;gh ,e;j njhopy; jhd; nra;jhh;.
☻ ehDk; mtiu gpd;gw;wp ,e;jg; Gdpj njhopiy nra;J tUfpNwd;.
☻ ,jw;F vd;W jdpahf nrd;W vq;Fk; gbf;ftpy;iy> tho;f;ifia gbf;fpNwd; vd;whh;.
al
☻ NkYk; ve;j nghUisAk; rhjuzkhf ghh;f;fkhl;Nld;. Xt;nthd;iwAk; cw;Wg; ghh;j;J

Muha;Ntd; vd;whh;.
.k
fiy XU Nrit:
☻ cw;W Nehf;fy;> <LghL> KOikahf njhpe;J nfhs;Sjy; ,e;j %d;WNk vd;id Kd;Ndw
w
itj;js;sJ.
☻ ,ij njhopyhfr; nra;ahky; Nritahf nra;J tUfpNwd;.
☻ gzk; kl;LNk tho;f;ifay;y vd;gij Ghpe;J nfhz;Ls;Nsd;.
w
☻ vd; kfpo;r;rp jhd; vdf;F Kf;fpak; vd;W mth; $wpaJ vdf;F ed;whf Ghpe;jJ.
☻ tzf;fk; nrhy;yp mq;fpUe;J Gwg;gl;Nld;.
w
*******
,yf;fzFwpg;G:
1. MlYk; ghlYk; - vz;Zk;ik
2. njhy;newp - gz;Gj;njhif
3. eif - njhopw;ngah;
4. mOif - njhopw;ngah;
5. ,sptuy; - njhopw;ngah;
6. kUl;if - njhopw;ngah;
7. mr;rk; - njhopw;ngah;
8. ngUkpjk; - njhopw;ngah;
9. ntFsp - njhopw;ngah;
10. ctif - njhopw;ngah;
cWg;gpyf;fzk;:
1. njhOjdh; = njhO + j; + md; + mh;
njhO – gFjp; j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy; md; - rhhpia;
mh; - glh;f;ifg; ghyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
n
2. eif = eF + I
eF – gFjp; (eF ‘eif’ MdJ tpfhuk;) I – njhopw;ngah; tpFjp.
l.i
3. kUl;if = kUs; + if
kUs; – gFjp; (s;> l; - MdJ tpfhuk;); if - njhopw;ngah; tpFjp.
da
4. ntFsp = ntFs; + ,
ntFs; – gFjp; , - njhopw;ngah; tpFjp.
Gzh;r;rp tpjp:
1. jiyf;Nfhy; = jiy + Nfhy;
ka
tpjp: ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; f> r> j> g kpFk;.
jiy + f; + Nfhy; - jiyf;Nfhy;.
vi
fPo;f;fhZk; njhlh;fspy; milg;Gf;Fs; cs;s ngah;r;nrhy;yiyj; njhlh;fSf;F
Vw;wthW khw;wp vOJf?
al
1. fgpyd; jpwikahdth; vd;W …………………. (Fkud;) njhpAk;.

fgpyd; jpwikahdth; vd;W FkuDf;Fj; njhpAk;.
.k
2. New;W Kjy; ……………………………. (miz) ePh;kl;lk; cah;e;J tUfpwJ.

New;W Kjy; mizapd; ePh;kl;lk; cah;eJ
; tUfpwJ.
w
3. cq;fSf;F ……………………. (ahh;) ed;ik vd epidf;fpwhh;fs;

cq;fSf;F ahuhy; ed;ik vd epidf;fpwhh;fs;
4. KUfd; ………………… (Ntfk;) nrd;Wk; NgUe;ijg; gpbf;f ,aytpy;iy.
w
KUfd; Ntfkhfr; nrd;Wk; NgUe;ijg; gpbf;f ,aytpy;iy.

5. ek;Kila ………………… (Njit) msT Fiwe;jhy; kfpo;r;rp ngUFk;.
w
ek;Kila Njitapd; msT Fiwe;jhy; kfpo;r;rp ngUFk;.

nghUs; NtWghl;bid mwpe;J njhlh; mikf;f:
1. fyk; - fsk;
Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; Gz;gl;l tpuh;fSf;F fyj;jpy; ePh; jug;gl;lJ.
2. tyk; - tsk;
ejpapd; tyg;Gwj;jpYs;s tay;fs; ePht; sj;jhy; nropj;jpUe;jd.
3. cio - cis
Ntfkhf Xba cio> cisapy; rpf;fpaJ.
4. fhd; - fhz;
fhdfj;jpYs;s fhl;rpfisf; fhz;gJ kdjpw;F kfpo;r;rpaspf;Fk;.
5. Gy; - Gs;
Gy;ypy;> Gs; ,iuiaj; NjbaJ
6. Cz; - Cd;
gyh;> Cd; Czpid tpUk;gp cz;ghh;fs;.
7. jpd;ik – jpz;ik
gpwUf;F jpd;ik nra;jy; $lhJ vd;gjpy; jpz;ikahf ,U.
,yf;fpaeak; ghul;Lf:
n
me;jpapUshw; fUFk; cyF fz;Nld;
mt;thNw thd; fz;Nld;> jpirfs; fz;Nld;
l.i
gpe;jpae;jf; fhhpUs;jhd; rphpj;j Jz;Nlh?
ngUQ;rphpg;gpd; xspKj;Njh epyNt ePjhd;
rpe;jhky; rpjwhkhy; moif nay;yhk;
da
Nrfhpj;Jf; FspNuw;wp xspAk; Cl;b
,e;jhntd; Nw,aw;if md;id thdpy;
vopy;tho;itr; rpj;jhpj;j tz;ze; jhNdh?
ka - ghujpjhrd;
gh eak; ghul;ly;
ikaf;fUj;J:
vi
 ,aw;if md;id FspNuw;wp xspA+l;b epyit moF gLj;jpdhs; vd;W ftpQh; ghujpjhrd;
$Wfpwhh;.
al

m : me;japUshw; - mt;thNw
gp : gpe;jpae;jf; - ngUQ;rphpg;gpd;
.k

e; : me;jpUshw; - gpe;jpae;jf;
w
e; : rpe;jhky; - ,e;jhntd;
w
fz;Nld; - fz;Nld;
mzp eak;:
w
,g;ghliy mzpeaj;Jld; ghujpjhrd; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.

re;j eak;:
md;ikapy; ePq;fs; ghh;j;j r%ff; fUj;Js;s jpiug;glk; xd;wpd; jpiutpkh;rdj;ij
mg;glj;jpd; ,af;FeUf;F fbjkhf vOJf.
kjpg;gpw;Fhpa ,af;Feh; jpU.uhk; mth;fSf;F cq;fs; gphpakhd thrfd; vOjpf; nfhs;Sk;
kly;.
jq;fspd; jq;fkhd gilg;G “Ngud;G” glk; ghh;j;Njd;. “jq;f kPd;fs;” ,jw;F Kd; ePq;fs;
nfhLj;j mw;Gjkhd tpUe;J. kPz;Lk; mNj juj;jpy; Ngud;G glk;. Klf;Fthj Nehahy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l kfSf;Fk; mthpd; je;ijf;Fk; cs;s ghrg;gpidg;ghy; kyh;e;Js;sJ Ngud;G glk;.
,jpy; je;ijahf ebj;j kiyahs ebfh; kKl;bapd; ebg;G kpfr;rpwg;G.
jpUeq;ifapd; fglkpy;yhj md;ig mofhf fhl;rpg;gLj;jpAs;sPhf ; s;. kdpj kdq;fspy;
kiwe;J ,Uf;Fk; td;kk;> Nfhgk;> tQ;rfk; rpwg;ghf ntspg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Njdp <];tudpd; xspg;gjpT> Atd;rq;fh; uh[htpd; gpz;zdp ,ir glj;jpw;F ngUik
Nrh;j;Js;sJ. ,aw;if Ngud;G cilaJ vd;gij czh;j;jpAs;s cq;fs; glk; vq;fs; kdjpy;
kfpo;it Cl;bAs;sJ. kPzL ; k; re;jpg;Nghk;.
n
md;G thrfh;
ftpd;uh[d;
l.i
fPo;f;fhZk; ehd;F nrhw;fis nfhz;L njhlh; mikf;f:
1. thdk;> gw> epyT> njhL
thdj;jpy; gwg;Nghk;. gwe;J epyitj; njhLNthk;.
da
2. rUF> tpO> kz;> miy
rUF tpOe;jJ. kz; mij miyfopj;jJ.
3. tpz;kPd;> xsph;> vhp> jhT ka
tpz;kPd; xsph;e;jJ. mjdhy; ,Us; vhpe;J tpOe;jJ.
4. Fjpiu> Ntfk;> XL> jhT
Fjpiu Ntfkhf XLk;. mjd;Nky; Ntfkhfj; jhT.
vi
5. Foe;ij> el> Jsph;eil> tpO
Foe;ij tpOe;jJ. vOe;J jsph;eil ele;jJ.
6. jpiu> fhz;> ifjl;ly;> kf;fs;
al
jpiuapy; fhz;fpd;w fhl;rpfisf; fz;L kf;fs; ifj;jl;ly; nra;J kfpo;e;jdh;.

.k
Artist fiyQh; Cinematography xspg;gjpT

Ammation ,aq;Fglk; Sound effect xyptpisT
w
Newsreel nra;jpg;glk; Multiplex complex xUq;fpize;j jpiuauq;f tshfk;

w
mwpit tphpT nra;

ftpijfs; eFyd;
rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
w
nka;g;ghl;bay; njhy;fhg;gpah;
ebfh; jpyfk; ghyre;jpud; Rs;spf;fhL
vdJ Rarhpij rpth[p fNzrd;
nka;g;ghL jkpoz;zy;
fhg;gpaj;jkpo; ,uh. fhrpuh]d;
rpdpkh ,urid mk;~d; Fkhh;
cyfj; jpiugl tuyhW I, II, III m[ad; ghyh
cyf rpdpkh I, II NgRk; glk; nropad;
flTSk; fe;jrhkp gps;isAk; GJikg;gpj;jd;
jpUf;Fws;
1. glj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwis fz;Lgpbf;f.
m). vz;zpa vz;zpahq;F va;Jg vz;zpahh;
jpz;zpah; Mfg; ngwpd;.
M). cUTfz;L vs;shik Ntz;Lk; cUs;ngUe;Njh;f;F
mr;rhzp md;dhh; cilj;J.
,). tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;gJ xUtd; kdj;jpl;gk;
kw;iwa vy;yhk; gpw.
n
2. ftpijf;
pijf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; jpUf;Fwis fz;lwpf.
kdNkh khl;Ltz;b
l.i
ghijnahOq;fpy; Nghf epidf;Fk; khL m). vt;tJ ciwtJ cyfk; cyfj;NjhL
,g;gb ,Ue;jhy; vg;gb efuk
efuk; mt;tJ ciwtJ mwpT. mwpT
da
tho;f;ifr; rf;fuk; M). nrd;w ,lj;jhy; nrytplh jPJxhp,
Ch; NghFk; ghijapy; ed;wpd;ghy; ca;g;gJ mwpT.
rf;fuk; cUz;lhy; ,). mwptw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp nrWthh;f;Fk;
mJNt mwpT mJNt njspT. cs;sopf;fy; Mfh Muz;.
ka
3. gpd;tUk; ehybahh; ghlypd; nghUSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.
rPhpahh; Nfz;ik rpwe;j rpwg;gpw;wha; m). gioak; vdf;fUjpg; gz;G my;y nra;Ak;
khhpNghy; khz;l gaj;jhk; - khhp nfOjifik NfL jUk;.
vi
twe;jf;fhy; NghYNk thyUtp ehl M). vjpuhff; fhf;Fk; mwptpdh;f;F ,y;iy
rpwe;jf;fhy; rPhpah; el;G. mjpu
jpu tUtNjhh; Neha;.
al
,). ey;ypdf;fj;jpd; Cq;Fk; Jizapy;iy jPapdj;jpd; pd

my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y;.
4. my;yy; gLg;gJ} ck; - vtNuhL gofpdhy;?
.k
m). ths;Nghy; gifth; M). nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gth;

,). vz;zpahq;F va;Jgth; <). jPapdj;jhh;
w
5. jpz;zpah; vd;gjd; nghUs;

m). mwpTilahh; M). kd cWjpAilahh
cWjpAilahh; ,). jPf;fha;thh; <). mwptpdhh;
6. Muha;e;J nrhy;fpwth; z
w
m). murh; M). nrhy;ypagb nra;gth; ,). J}Jth; <). cwtpdh;

7. nghUj;jf:
w
m). ghk;NghL cld; ciwe;jw;W - 1). jPf;fha;thh;

M). nrj;jhh; - 2). rPh; mopf;Fk; #J
,). tWik jUtJ - 3). fs; cz;gth;
<). ,fy;Nte;jh; Nrh;e;J xOFthh; - 4). clk;ghL ,yhjth;
m). 1> 2> 3. 4 M). 2> 3> 4> 1 ,). 4> 1> 3> 2 <). 4> 3> 2> 1
8. eLq;Fk;gbahd Jd;gk; ,y;yhjth;?
m). tug;Nghtij Kd;dNu mwpe;J fhj;Jf; nfhs;s $bath;; M). kdjpl;gk; cilath;
,). muriur; rhh;eJ ; tho;fpd;wth; <). #jhLkplj;jpy; fhyk; fopg;gth
9. vspaJ> mhpad vd;gd

m). jPapdj;jpd; Jiz – ey;ypdj;jpd; Jiz
M). nrhy;tJ – nrhy;ypagb nra;tJ
,). rpWik gy nra;tJ – gifth; njhlh;G
<). nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ – cUTfz;L vs;shjJ
FWtpdh:
1. kdj;ij mjd;Nghf;fpy; nry;ytplf; $lhJ vd;W ts;Stk; $WtJ Vd;?
☻ kdj;ij jPatw;wpypUe;J tpyf;fp> ey;topapy; nrYj;JtNj mwpTilik.
☻ vdNt kdj;ij mjd; Nghf;fpy; nry;ytplf; $lhJ vd;W ts;Stk; $WfpwJ.
n
2. cUTfz;L vs;shik Ntz;Lk; cUs;ngUe;Njh;f;F mr;rhzp md;dhh; cilj;J - ,f;Fwl;ghtpd;
l.i
ctikiag; nghUNshL nghUj;Jf.
ctik: cUTfz;L vs;shik
ctNkak;: cUs;ngUe;Njh;f;F mr;rhzp
da
tpsf;fk;; -nghUNshL nghUe;Jjy;:
 nghpa Njhpidr; nrYj;Jk; ty;yik rpwpa mr;rhzpf;Nf cz;L.
 mJNghd;W cUtpy; rpwpatUk; mhpa gy nray;fisr; nra;a ty;yth;fs;.
ka
 vdNt cUTfz;L vs;shik Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;.
3. kd cWjpapd; Njit gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; ahJ $WfpwJ?
 ey;y nray;ghl;bw;Fk;> vz;zpa nraiy nra;J Kbf;fTk; kd cWjp Njit vd;fpwJ
vi
jpUf;Fws;.
4. eQ;Rz;gth; vd ts;Sth; ahiu ,bj;Jiuf;fpwhh;?
al
 fs;Sz;gtiu> eQ;Rz;gth; vd ts;Sth; ,bj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.

5. murNuhL el;Gg; ghuhl;bdhYk; nra;aj;jfhjd ahit?
 murNuhL el;G nfhs;Sk; NghJ me;el;gpid mbg;gilahf nfhz;L vy;iykPwp ghuhl;Ljy;
.k
$lhJ. mJ ew;gyidj; juhJ Nfl;bidNa jUk;.

6. giftuhYk; mopf;f Kbahj muz; vJ?
w
 mwpTilik
7. mQ;rj; jFe;jd> mQ;rj; jfhjd vd ts;Stk; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ?
w
 cwT Nghy; ebj;J cl;gif nfhz;lthplk; mr;rk; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

 thisg;Nghy; ntspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; nra;Ak; giftiuf;fz;L mr;rk; nfhs;s Ntz;lhk;.
w
8. tWikAk; rpWikAk; jUtJ vJ?

 tWikAk; rpWikAk; jUtJ #J.
9. ePq;fs; gbj;jjpy; gpbj;j Fwis vOjp> fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gplTk;?
 gbj;jjpy; gpbj;j Fws;: vg;nghUs; ahh;ahh;tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;
nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT.
 fhuzk;: ahh; vijr; nrhd;dhYk; ek;gtplhky; cz;ik vJntd Muha;e;J nrayhw;wpl
Ntz;Lk; vd mwpTiu $Wk;gbahf mf;Fws; mike;Js;sjhy; vdf;F kpfTk;
gpbf;Fk;.
10. cyfj;jpy; rpwe;j JizahfTk; gifahfTk; ts;Sth; vtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;?

 ey;y ,dj;ijtpl rpwe;j Jiz cyfj;jpy; Ntwpy;iy.
 jPa ,dj;ij tpl Jd;gj;ij jUk; gifAk; ,y;iy.
11. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G jUf. xhP,> gLg;gJ}ck;> nrhy;Yjy;.
m). xhP, - nrhy;ypir msngil
M). gLg;gJ}ck; - ,d;dpir msngil
,). nrhy;Yjy; - njhopw;ngah;
12. fPo;ePh;f; Fspj;jhidj; jPj;JhP, aw;W – nghUs; $Wf?
 fs;Sz;L kaq;fpatdplk; ey;ydtw;iwr; nrhy;yp jpUj;j Kay;tJ ePhpy; Ko;fpa
n
xUtiuj; jPg;ge;jk; nfhz;L NjLtJ Nghd;wJ.
13. ngUe;Njh; - Gzh;r;rp tpjp $Wf?
l.i
 ngUe;Njh; = ngUik + Njh;.
 tpjp 1;: <WNghjy; (ngU + Njh;)
da
 tpjp 1;: ,dkpfy;; (ngUik + e; + Njh;)
FWtpdh:
1. mfyhJ mZfhJ jPf;fha;thh; Nghy;f ka
,fy;Nte;jh;r; Nrh;j;J xOFthh; - ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff?
 mzpr; Rl;ly;: Nkw;fhz; Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUtJ njhopy; ctikazp MFk;.
 mzp tpsf;fk;: xU nghUspd; njhopy; my;yJ nraypd; fhuzkhf mikAk; ctik
vi
njhopy; ctik vdg;gLk;.
 mzpg;nghUj;jk;: Fsph;fha;gth;fs; jPapid mZfhJ mfyhJ ,Ug;gJ Nghy murid
al
rhh;e;J tho;gth;fSk; mt;turhid mZfhJ mfyhJ tho;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,jpy; mZfhJ> mfyhJ vd;w ,U njhopy; ctikfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhy; ,J njhopy; ctik mzp MFk;.
.k
2. mwptpd; Nkd;ik gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; top ePtph; fUJtd ahit?

mwptpd; rpwg;G:
w
 mwpT> mopT Neuhky; Kd;dwpe;J fhf;Fk; fUtpahFk;.

 NkYk; mJ giftuhYk; mopf;f Kbahj muz; MFk;.
w
mwptpd; ,yf;fzk;:
 kdij jPa topapy; ,Ue;J tpyf;fp ey;y topapy; nrYj;JtNj mwpthFk;.
w
 ve;j nra;jpia vth; $wf;Nfl;lhYk; mr;nra;jpapd; cz;ikia Muha;e;J fhz

cjTtNj mwpthFk;.
 cyfj;jhh; vt;topapy; elf;fpd;whNuh mt;topapy; jhDk; elg;gNj rpwe;j mwpthFk;.
mwpTilahh;f;Fj; Jd;gkpy;iy:
 gpd;dh; tuf;$ba Jd;gj;ij Kd;dNu mwpe;J jd;idf; fhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;
mwpTilath;f;F eLf;fk; jUk; Jd;gk; vd;WNk ,y;iy.
3. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazpia tpsf;fpf; fPo;f;fhZk; FwSf;F ,t;tzpiag; nghUj;jp vOJf?

JQ;rpdhh; nrj;jhhpd; NtWmy;yh; vQ;Qhd;Wk;
eQ;R cz;ghh; fs;cz;gth;.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
ctik xU thf;fpakhfTk;> ctNkak; xU thf;fpakhfTk;> ctk cUG kiwe;J tUtJ.
rhd;W: JQ;rpdhh; nrj;jhhpd; NtWmy;yh; vQ;Qhd;Wk;
eQ;R cz;ghh; fs;cz;gth;.
ctik: JQ;rpdhh; nrj;jhhpd; NtWmy;yh;
ctNkak;;: eQ;R cz;ghh; fs;cz;gth;.
ctkcUG: Nghy- kiwe;J te;Js;sJ.
n
mzpg;nghUj;jk;:
l.i
 cwq;fpath;> ,we;jtiu tpl NtWgl;lth; my;yh;. mt;thNw fs;Sz;gtUk; eQ;R
cz;gtNu Mthh;.
 ,q;F Nghy vd;w ctk cUG kiwe;J te;Js;sjhy; ,J vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp
da
MFk;.
4. kdj;jpl;gk; mtrpakhd gz;G vd;gijf; Fws;newp epd;W tpsf;Ff?
 ey;y nray;ghl;bw;F kd cWjpNa Ntz;Lk;.
 xU nraiy nra;J Kbf;fyhk; vd;W nrhy;YtJ vspJ.
ka
 Mdhy; mjd;gb elj;jy; mhpaJ.
 vz;zpath; kdTWjp milatuhf ,Ue;jhy; mth; vz;zpathNw milth;.
vi
 xUthpd; Njhw;wj;ijf; fz;L ,fof;$lhJ.
5. rpw;wpdk; NruhikAk;> ey;ypdj;jpd; JizAkhf ts;Sth; ciug;gd gw;wp ePtph; mwptdtw;iw
vOJf?
al
 nghJthf kf;fSf;F ,aw;if mwpT vd;gJ mtuthpd; kdj;jpwdhy; Vw;g;gLk;.

 Mdhy; mth; mg;gbgl;lth; ,th; mg;gbgl;lth; vd;W cyfpy; cs;Nshuhy; $wg;gLk;
.k
Nghw;WjYf;Fk; J}w;WjYf;Fk; chpa nrhy;yhdJ mtuth; rhh;e;j ,dj;jpdhy; kl;LNk

Vw;;gLk;.
w
 ey;y ,dj;ij tpl rpwe;j Jiz cyfpy; Ntwpy;iy.

 mJ Nghd;Nw jPa ,dj;ij tpl Jd;gk; jUk; gifAk; Ntwpy;iy.
w
6. thisAk; ghk;igAk; vt;tifg; giff;Fr; rhd;whf ts;Sth; $Wfpwhh;?

ths;:
 thisg;Nghy; ntspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; nra;Ak; giftiuf; fz;L mQ;r Ntz;lhk;.
w
 Mdhy; cwTNghy; ebj;J cl;gif nfhz;ltiu fz;L mQ;Rjy; Ntz;Lk;.

o ths;Nghy; giftiu mQ;rw;f mQ;Rf
Nfs;Nghy; gifth; njhlh;G.
ghk;G:
 cs;sj;jpy; cld;ghL ,y;yhjth;fSld; $b thOk; tho;f;if vd;gJ xNu Fbirapy;
ghk;GfSld; tho;tJ Nghd;wJ.
o cld;ghL ,yhjth; tho;f;if Flq;fUs;
ghk;NghL cld;ciwj; jw;W.
7. #Jk; fs;Sk; NfL jUk; - jpUf;Fws; top tpthpf;f.

#J:
 Gfopid nfLj;J Jd;gj;jpid Vw;gLj;Jk; #jpid Nghd;w NfL Ntwpy;iy.
 xUthpd; fhyk; #jhLkplj;jpy; fopANk Mdhy; mtdJ nry;tKk; gz;Gk; nfl;lopAk;.
fs;:
 cwq;fpatUk; ,we;jtUk; NtWgl;lth;fs; my;yh;.
 mNjNghy; fs;Sz;gtUk; eQ;Rz;gtUk; NtWgl;lt;h; my;yh;.
 fs;Sz;L kaq;fpath;fis jpUj;j Kay;tJ vd;gJ ePhpy; Ko;fpath;fis jPg;ge;jk;
nfhz;L NjLtJ Nghd;wJ.
neLtpdh:
n
1. mwpTilik tho;tpd; cah;Tf;Fj; Jizepw;Fk; vd;gij ts;Stk; top epd;W epWTf.
l.i
 Kd;Diu
 mwptpd; rpwg;G
 mwptpd; ,yf;fzk;
da
 mwpTilahh;f;F Jd;gkpy;iy
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu: ka
 mwpTilik vd;gJ xUtd; fy;tpapdhYk; Nfs;tpapdhYk; Nrfhpj;Jf; nfhz;l mwpit
Muha;e;J jd; tho;f;iff;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ.
mwptpd; rpwg;G:
vi
 mwpT mopT Neuhky; Kd;dwpe;J fhf;Fk; fUtpahFk;.
 NkYk; mJ giftuhYk; mopf;f Kbahj muZkhFk;.
mwptw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp nrWthh;f;Fk;
al
cs;mopf;fy; Mfh muz;.

mwptpd; ,yf;fzk;:
.k
 kdij jPa topapy; ,Ue;J tpyf;fp ey;y topapy; nrYj;JtNj mwpthFk;.

nrd;w ,lj;jhy; nrytplh jPJxhp,
ed;wpd;ghy; ca;g;gJ mwpT.
w
 ve;j nra;jpia vth; $wf; Nfl;lhYk; mr;nra;jpapd; cz;ikia Muha;e;J fhz

cjTtNj mwpthFk;.
w
vg;nghUs; ahh;ahh;tha;f Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;

nka;g;gnghUs; Nfl;gJ mwpT.
w
 cyfj;jhh; vt;topapy; elf;fpd;wdNuh mt;topapy; jhDk; elg;gNj rpwe;j mwpthFk;.

vt;tJ ciwtJ cyfk; cyfj;NjhL
mt;tJ ciwtJ mwpT.
mwpTilahh;f;F Jd;gkpy;iy:
 gpd;dh; tuf;$ba Jd;gj;ij Kd;dNu mwpe;J jd;idf; fhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; mwpTilahh;f;F
eLf;fk; jUk; Jd;gk; vd;WNk ,y;iy.
vjpuhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhh;f;F ,y;iy
mjpu tUtNjhh; Neha;
KbTiu:
 mwpTilath; xU nghUSk; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; vy;yhk; cilatuhfNt kjpf;fg;gLth;.
 mwptpy;yhjth; vy;yhk; cilatuhf ,Ue;jhYk; xd;Wk; ,y;yhjtuhfNt fUjg;gLth;
2. jpUf;Fws; xU tho;tpay; - epWTf.
 Kd;Diu
 jpUf;fws; xU tho;tpay;
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu:
⁂ kdpjd; kdpjdhf tho vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W kdpjDf;F nrhd;d ,yf;fpak;
n
jpUf;Fws;.
⁂ jpUf;Fws; xU tho;tpay; ,yf;fpak; MFk;.
l.i
⁂ kdpjd; mwpNthL tho Ntz;Lk;.
jpUf;Fws; xU tho;tpay;:
⁂ vg;nghUis
da
ahh; ahh; nrhy;y Nfl;lhYk; mg;nghUspd; nka;ahd nghUis fhz;gNj
mwpthFk; vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;.
⁂ rpw;wpdk; Nruhky; tho Ntz;Lk;. Vndd;why; ey;y ,dj;ijtpl rpwe;jjhfpa JizAk;
cyfj;jpy; ,y;iy.
⁂ jPa ,dj;ij tpl Jd;gj;ij jUk; gifAk; ,y;iy.
ka
⁂ ve;j nraiy nra;jhYk; kd cWjpAld; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,y;yhtpl;lhy; rpwg;ghf
mikahJ.
vi
⁂ tho;f;ifapy; mr;rk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mr;rNk tho;f;ifahf mikjy; $lhJ.
⁂ tho;T ey;tho;thf khw ,Jjhd; top. fs;Sk; #Jk; NfL tpistpf;Fk; vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;.
al
⁂ cwq;fpath; ,we;jtiutpl NtWgl;lth; my;yh;. mt;thNw fs;Sz;gtUk; eQ;Rz;gtNu

Mthh;.
.k
⁂ xUtUf;F Jd;gk; gytw;iwAk; cz;lhf;fp mtUila GfioAk; nfLf;Fk; #ijg;Nghy

tWik jUtJ Ntnwhd;Wk; ,y;iy.
⁂ Xt;nthU kdpjDk; czu Ntz;ba tho;f;if cz;ikfs;.
w
KbTiu:
⁂ jpUf;Fws; xU tho;tpay; ,yf;fpak; vd;why; mJ nghUj;jNk! rhyg; nghUj;jNk!!
w
**********
w
,ay; - 7
mUik cila nray;
1. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; njhd;kj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jh xd;iwj; Njh;f.
m). fh;zd; Njhw;whd; Ngh M). tajpy; rpwpats; MdhYk; jiytp
,). ,e;j ehujuplk; vr;rhpf;ifahf ,U <). ,e;jh Nghwhd; jUkd;
2. njhd;kk; gw;wpa $w;WfSs; jthwd xd;iw Njh;f.
m). cUthf;fg;gl;L ,Wjp tpl;l tbtq;fs;
n
M). goq;fijia nfhz;L fUj;ij tpsf;FtJ
,). ek;g KbahjJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk; epfo;rr ; pfs; nra;jpfs;
l.i
<). tpsq;fhj fUj;jfisg; gonkhopapd; %yk; tpsf;FtJ
3. rhgtpNkhdk;> mfypif fijfspy; njhd;kq;fis gad;gLj;jpath;
m). F. mofphprhkp M). GJikg;gpj;jd; ,). n[aNkhfd; <). v];. ,uhkfpU~;zd;
da
4. gz;Gf; FwpaPLfisf; fijkhe;jh;fNshL nghUj;Jf?
m). mwk; - 1). fh;zd;
M). typik - 2). kDePjpr; Nrhod; ka
,). ePjp - 3. gPkd;
<). ts;sy; - 4). jUkd;
m). 3> 2> 1> 4 M). 4> 3> 2> 1 ,). 2> 4> 3> 1 <). 4> 3> 1> 2
vi
5. njhd;kk; - tpsf;fk; jUf.
 gbj;jhy; ek;g KbahjJ Nghy; Njhd;Wfpd;w nra;jpfisAk; epfo;r;rpfisAk; nfhz;L
al
,aq;Ffpd;w goikahd fijfisNa njhd;kk; vd;W $Wth;.

6. Ngr;R tof;fpy; njhd;kk; ntspg;gLk; ,Unjhlh;fs; vOJf?
⁂ fpopj;j Nfhl;il jhz;lkhl;lhd;
.k
⁂ ,e;jh Nghwhd; rFdp.

7. cd;kdk; xU ghw;fly;
w
mijf; file;jhy;
mKjk; kl;Lky;y
MyfhyKk; ntspg;gLk; vd;gij
w
eP mwptha; my;yth? - ,f;ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; njhd;kk; ahJ?

ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; njhd;kk;:
w
ghw;fly;> mKjk;> Myfhyk;

ek;ik msg;Nghk;;
gyTs; njhpf:
1. ‘gyh; JQ;Rk; jhk; JQ;rhd; - tpopj;jpUj;jtUk; mtiug; ghba tUk;.
m). Nrhod; neLq;fps;spia> ghzh;
M). Nrhod; eyq;fps;spia> Nfht+h;fpohh;
,). fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiwia fgpyh;
<). fhpfhyid> cUj;jpuq;fz;zhh;
2. mjpra kyhpd; Gd;difiag; gpbj;jthW jkpo;ejp flf;fr; nrhy;tJ

m). fle;jfhyj; Jauq;fis M). Ml;fsw;w nghOij
,). gr;irak; ,oe;j epyj;ij <). midj;ijAk;
3. Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ
$w;W 1: fij tbtpyhd tbtk; cilaJ
$w;W 2: nghpa vOj;Jg; Gj;jfk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ
m). $w;W 1 rhp> $w;W 2 jtW M). $w;W 1> 2 rhp
,). $w;W 1> 2 jtW <). $w;W 1 jtW $w;W 2 rhp
4. cz;L gpwe;J tsh;e;j ,le;jdpy; - ,j;njhlhpy; nanur;rk;
m). cz;L M). gpwe;J ,). tsh;ej; <). ,le;jdpy;
n
5. ahid Gf;f Gyk;Nghy - ,t;Ttikf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhlh;
l.i
m). jdf;Fk; gad;gLk;> gpwUf;Fg; gad;glhJ
M). jdf;Fk; gad;glhJ> gpwUf;Fk; gad;glhJ
,). gpwUf;Fk; gad;glhJ> jdf;Fk; gad;glhJ
da
<). jdf;Fk; gad;gLk;> gpwUf;Fk; gad;gLk;
FWtpdh:
1. gUtj;Nj gaph; nra; -Neu Nkyhz;ikNahL nghUj;jp vOJf? ka
⁂ jpl;lkpLtij xt;nthU ehSk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
⁂ md;iwa gzpfis kdjpy; Kd;$l;bNa jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
⁂ me;je;j Neuj;jpy; me;jg; gzpia nra;J Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vi
2. ve;jnthU nghUis gad;glj;Jk; NghJk; mjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s kdpjh;fspd; ciog;igr;
ehk; rpe;jpg;gjpy;iy. xU Njepiug; gUFk; NghJ mjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s kdpj ciog;igr;
al
rpe;jpj;J cq;fs; fUj;ij vOJf?

 ehk; gUFk; NjePh; RitahdJ.
 ,e;jr; Ritf;F fhuzk; mjpYs;s Njapiy> rh;f;fiu> ghy;> jz;zPh; Nghd;witNa.
.k
 Njapiy gwpg;Nghiur; rpe;jpf;fpNwhNkh? fUk;gpypUe;J rh;f;fiu jahhpg;gjw;F vj;jidNgh;

cioj;Js;sdh;> ghy; vq;fpUe;J vg;gb tUfpwJ?
w
 ,g;gb xU NjePiu ehk; Ritg;gjw;F vj;jid Ngh; cioj;Js;sdh; vd vz;zpg;ghh;j;jhy;

GhpAk;.
w
 ehk; mDgtpf;Fk; xt;nthU nghUspd; gpd;Gk; vj;jidNgh; ciog;G kiwe;Js;sJ vd

vz;zpg;ghh;j;jhy; ciog;gpd; cah;T Gyg;gLk;.
w
3. mwpTil Nte;jdpd; newp Fwpj;J> gprpuhe;ijahh; $Wtd ahit?

 mwpTil Nte;jdpd; kf;fsplk; thpjpul;Lk; newpKiwapid mwpe;J thpiaj; jpul;bdhy;
ehL ngUQ;nry;tj;ijg; ngw;W nropg;giltNjhL mtd; vz;zKk; epiwNtWk; vd
gprpuhe;ijahh; $Wfpwhh;.
4. nrtpawpTW}c Jiwia tpsf;Ff?
 murd; nra;a Ntz;ba flikfis Kiw jtwhky; nra;AkhW mwpTWj;JtJ.
rpWtpdh:
1. Ntshz; Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J ePtph; ghpe;Jiug;gdtw;iw vOJf?
 Ntshz;ikFs;Sk; Nkyhz;ikapd; $Wfs; cz;L.
 Nkyhz;ik newpfis gpd;gw;wpdhy; Ntshz;ik nropf;Fk;.
 rhpahd gapiu Njh;e;njLj;jy;> chpa Neuj;jpy; tpijj;jy;> ePh; Nkyhz;ikia
newpg;gLj;jy;> mWilf;Fg;gpd; ghJfhj;jy;> chpa tpiy tUk; tiu ,Ug;G itj;jy; vd;W
xt;nthU epiyapYk; tpopg;Gzh;NthL Nkyhz;ik nra;jhy; Nkyhz;ik nropf;Fk;.
2. mjpra kyhpd; G+r;nrb vt;thW Kisj;jjhf jkpo;ejp $Wfpwhh;?
 Nghhpy; Fz;L kioahy; <oepyKk; kuKk; nrbAk; nfhbAk; Kw;wpYk;
n
mopj;njhopf;fg;gl;lJ.
 me;epyj;jpy; kdpj elkhl;lk; ,y;yhj Neuj;jy; cytpj;jphpe;j ahidapd; vr;rj;jpUe;j
l.i
tpijapd; %ykhf ,g;G+r;nrb Kisj;jpUf;fyhk; vd;fpwhh; jkpoejp
3. vq;fpUe;J tUfpwJ
da
tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpnahd;W
gwitfSk; tuf; $Lk; ehis - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.
 ,lk;: mjd; gpwFk; vQ;Rk; vd;Dk; ftpijapy; mjpra kyh; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; cs;sJ.
ka
 nghUs;: kyiuj; Njb tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp tUfpwJ. ehis gwitfSk; tuf;$Lk;.
 tpsf;fk;: gRikahd tsk;kpf;f gFjp Nghhpdhy; rhk;gyhfpwJ. mjpra kyh; xd;W
Kisj;jpUf;fpwJ. me;j kyiuj; Njb tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpfs; tUfpd;wd. ehis gwitfSk;
vi
tuyhk;.
4. ahid Gf;f Gyk;Nghyj; jhDk; cz;zhd; cyfKk; nfLNk – ctikiaAk; nghUisAk;
al
nghUj;jp tpsf;Ff.
 ctik: ahid taypy; GFe;jhy; mJ thapy; rhg;gpLtijf; fhl;bYk; mjpfkhf fhyy;
kpjpgl;L mopAk;.
.k
 nghUs;: murd; mjpfkhf Fbkf;fsplk; thp ngw;why; mtDk; gadilahky; ehl;L

kf;fSk; Jd;GWthh;.
w
 nghUj;jk;: ahid – murd;.

neLtpdh:
w
1. vspa kf;fspd; typfis ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tbtq;fNs KOikahfg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd?

 Kd;Diu
w
 ehl;Lg;Gw fijfs;
 gonkhopfs;
 tpLfijfs;
 xg;ghhpghly;fs;
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu:
☻ kdpj rKjhak; vij mDgtpj;jNjh vijf; fw;wNjh mij Ftpj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; Nrkpg;G
miwNa ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fs;.
☻ mit vspa kf;fspd; typfis KOikahf gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.
☻ mijg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.

ehl;Lg;Gw fijfs;:
☻ kf;fspilNa fij $Wjy; vd;gJ Xh; nghJthd gz;ghFk;;.
☻ kf;fs; jq;fsJ tho;tpy; vjph;nfhs;Sk; mDgtq;fis vLj;Jf; $Wtjw;fhfTk;
nghOJNghf;fpw;fhfTk; fijfis $wj; njhlq;fpdhh;fs;.
☻ jd;Dila ,ay;ghd tho;f;if epiyfisAk; jd; FiwfisAk; mjpypUe;J tpLgl;L
rhjpj;jijAk; mf;fijfs; ntspg;gLj;jp tUfpd;wd.
gonkhopfs;;:
☻ mwptpd; RUf;fNk gonkhop. ,it RUq;fr; nrhy;yp tpsq;f itf;Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lit.
n
☻ gonkhopfs; vd;gJ gyuJ mwpit ntspg;gLj;Jgit.
☻ mJ Mokhd rpe;jidia J}z;bLk; mDgt Cw;W.
l.i
tpLfijfs;;:
☻ xU fUj;ij jd;dplk; kiwj;Jf; nfhz;L $WtJ.
da
☻ ,tw;iw mwpT Cl;Lk; nray; vd;W $wyhk;.
xg;ghhpg;ghly;fs;:
☻ ,we;jth;fis epidj;J mth;fs; kPJ ghlg;gLk; ghly;fis xg;ghhp vd;gh;.
ka
☻ FLk;g epyik> jd; epiyik> jd;Dila f~;lk; vd midj;ijAk; Nrh;j;J ghLth;fs;.
☻ ,we;jtUf;Fk; jdf;Fkhd cwT ,og;ig mJ Fwpf;Fk;.
ehl;Lg;Gw fijfs;:
vi
☻ ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fs; kdpjdpd; tho;tpaiy kpf mofhf glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
☻ gonkhop> tpLfij> fijg;ghly;fs;> fijfs; Nghd;wit kdpjdpd; epiyfs; gw;wp
KOikahf gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.
al
2. rq;ffhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;s> Gf@h; fy;ntl;L vt;tifapy; JizGhpfpwJ? –tpsf;Ff.

 Kd;Diu
.k
 Gf@h; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
 fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jp
w
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu:
w
 njhy;ypay; fle;j fhyj;ij fhl;Lk; fz;zhb.

 fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fle;j fhyj;jpd; gf;fq;fs;.
w
 ,itfs; rq;ffhy ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpd;wd.

 mj;jifa rpwg;G tha;e;j Gf@h; fy;ntl;Lfis fz;lwpe;J ntspf;nfhzh;e;jth; Iuhtjk;
kfhNjtd; Mthh;.
Gf@h; fy;ntl;L;fs;:
 rq;ffhy jkpo; kd;dh;fis gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s fpilj;jitNa Gf@h; fy;ntl;Lfs;.
 1927-1928 –Mk; Mz;lfspy; Gf@h; fy;ntl;Lfis gw;wpa nra;jpfs; fpilj;jd.
 MWehl;lhd; Fd;wpy; cs;s Fifapy; ehd;F thpfspy; vOjg;gl;l gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;by;

“Mjd;” vd;w nrhy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ,J Nru kd;dh;fis gw;wpajhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
 ,ij Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; fy;ntl;il vOj;Jf;$l;b thrpj;Jg; gbnaLj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.
fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jp:
 Gf@h; fy;ntl;Lfs; ehd;F thp fy;ntl;Lfs;.
 40 Mz;Lfshf gbf;f Kbahky; tpl;Ltpl;l fy;ntl;lhFk;.
 rq;ffhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
 fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ‘Nfh’ vd;w Kjy; nrhy;Ny ,J rq;ffhy jkpo; kd;ddpd; fy;ntl;Lfs;
n
vd;W czh;j;Jfpd;wd.
l.i
 gz;ila jkpo; kd;dh;fspd; ngah;fs; Kjd; Kiwahf Gf@h; fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,f;fy;ntl;Lfs; fUT+hpy; Ml;rpnra;j Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw kd;dh;fs; nghwpj;jJ.
da
 ,f;fy;ntl;Lfs; fp.gp 2-k; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jJ.
KbTiu:
 Nru murh;fspd; ngah;fs; Gf@h; fy;ntl;by;
ka ,lk;ngw;Ws;sij Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd;
fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.
 rq;ffhy ,yf;fpaj;ij mwpa ,yf;fpaq;fs; kl;LNk Jiz vd;W ,Ue;jd.
 Mdhy; jw;nghOJ fy;ntl;LfSk; Jizahf ,Ug;gij Gf@h; fy;ntl;Lfs; %yk; mwpa
vi
KbfpwJ.
3. epUthf Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J nt.,iwad;G $Wk; fUj;Jfisj; njhFj;J vOJf?

al
Kd;Diu
 epUthf Nkyhz;ik
 N~f;];gpahpd; eph;thf Nkyhz;ik
.k
 epUthf newp
 KbTiu
w
Kd;Diu:
⁂ kdpj ,dk; Njhd;wpa KjNy Nkyhz;ikAk; Jsph;f;f njhlq;fptpl;lJ.
w
⁂ ,aw;ifNahL ,ize;J thoTk; ,lh;fis fise;jplTk; Nkyhz;ik mtrpakhd xd;W.

⁂ Nkyhz;ik tiffspy; xd;whd epUthf Nkyhz;ik gw;wp ,f;flLiuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
w
epUthf Nkyhz;ik:
⁂ cah;gjtpfspy; ,Ug;gth;fs; vy;yhtw;wpYk; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;wth;fshf ,Ug;gJ ,y;iy.
⁂ Mdhy; ahh; jpwikrhypfs; vd;W mwpe;J mth;fis mwpe;J itj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; NghJk;.
⁂ njhpe;jpUg;gJ xU mwpT vd;why;> ahUf;F njhpAk; vd;gij njhpe;J itj;jpUg;gJ kw;nwhU
mwpT.
⁂ eph;thfj;jpy; tuNt nryit jPh;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
⁂ tuit jhz;b epiwa nryT nra;gtd; mLj;jth;fsplk; ifNae;Jk; epiyf;F
js;sg;gLthd;.
N~f;];gpahpd; eph;thf Nkyhz;ik

⁂ ilkd; vd;gtd; Vnjd;]; efhpy; ,Ue;jhd;
⁂ mtd; tuT Fiwe;jhYk; nryT ePbj;jJ.
⁂ mtdpd; cjtpahshpd; epjp epiyik gw;wpa fUj;ij Nfl;f mtd; tpUk;gtpy;iy.
⁂ fld; nfhLj;jth;fs; fOj;ij newpf;fTk; jhd; mspj;j tpUe;ij cz;lth;fs; cjTthh;fs;
vd;W vz;zpdhd;.
⁂ Mdhy; mtDf;F cjt ahUk; Kd;tutpy;iy.
⁂ kdpj ,dj;ijNa ntWj;J mtd; CUf;F XJf;Fg;Gwkhf nrd;whd;.
epUthf newp:
n
⁂ mLj;jth; eyDf;fhf tho;gtNu jiyikg;gz;G kpf;fth;.
⁂ mKjNk fpilj;jhYk; mij gpwh; eyDf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;JgtNu cz;ikahd kdpjh;.
l.i
⁂ mg;gbj;jhd; xsitf;F mjpakhd; ney;ypf;fdpia je;jhd;.
KbTiu:
da
⁂ ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wk; Nkyhz;ikapy; ,Ue;J njhlq;FfpwJ.
⁂ epUthfj;jpy; tuNt nryit jPh;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
⁂ mJNt ntw;wpapd; mbg;gilahf mikAk; vd;W epUthf Nkyhz;ik vd;W nt.,iwad;G
ka
$Wfpwhh;.
********
,yf;fzFwpg;G:
vi
1. fha;ney; - tpidj;njhif
2. Gf;f – nganur;rk;
al
3. mwpah - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiw nganur;rk;

cWg;gpyf;fzk;:
.k
1. mwpe;J = mwp + j; (e;) + j; + c

mwp – gFjp; j; - re;jp; j; ‘e;’ MdJ tpfhuk; ; j; -,we;j fhy ,ilepiy;
c – tpidnar;r tpFjp;
w
2. mWj;J = mW + j; + j; + c
w
mW– gFjp; j; - re;jp; j; -,we;j fhy ,ilepiy; c – tpidnar;r tpFjp;

kuGr; nrhw;fis njhlhpy; mikj;J vOJf:
w
1. Mw mku
Mw mku rhl;rpfis tprhhpj;jg;gpd;Nd jPhg
; ;gpid toq;fpdhh; ePjpgjp.
2. Mzp mbj;jhw; Nghy
jpUf;Fwspy; cs;s fUj;Jfs; ahTk; Mzp mbj;jhw; Nghy khzth;fspd; kdjpy; gjpa
Ntz;Lk;.
3. mfyf;fhy;
Kjywpe;J mfyf;fhy; itf;fhky; njhopy; elj;JtNj rpwe;jJ.
4. toptopahf
vq;fs; FLk;gk; toptopahf tptrhak; nra;JtUfpwJ.
5. fz;Jilg;G
murpay;thjpfs; fz;Jilg;Gf;fhf ntw;W thf;FWjpfis nfhLg;ghh;fs;.
,yf;fpak; eak; ghuhl;Lf:
G+kpr;rUfhk; ghiyia
Kj;Jg+j;j flyfhsf;FNtd;
Gaiyf; $WgLj;jpNa – Nfhbg;
Gjpa njd;wyhf;FNtd;
,utpy; tpz;kPd; fhrpid – nrYj;jp
,utyNuhL NgRNtd;
n
,unthpf;Fk; ghpjpia – Vio
tpwnfhpf;f tPRNtd;
l.i
- eh. fhkuhrd;
gh eak; ghul;ly;
da
ikaf;fUj;J:
 vopykpF ,aw;ifia kdpj tho;tpw;F cjTk; tifapy; khw;WNtd; vd;W ftpQh; eh.
fhkuhrd; $Wfpwhh;. ka
G+ : G+kpr;rUfhk;; - Gaiyf;
, : ,utyNuhL; - ,unthpf;Fk;
vi
u : ,utpy; - ,unthpf;Fk;
u : ,utyNuhL - tpwnfhpf;f
al

flyfhsf;FNtd; - njd;wyhf;FNtd; - tPRNtd;
.k
mzp eak;:
,g;ghliy mzpeaj;Jld; ghujpjhrd; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
re;j eak;:
w

gj;jpiag; gbj;J Njitahd ,lq;fspy; epWj;;jf;Fwpfis ,l;L vOJf.
w
,sq;Nfh mbfs; rhj;jdhhplk; Kd;nra;j tpid epiwNtWk; fhyk; vdwPh;fNs mth;fSila

Ke;ija tpid ahJ mjd; tpisT vd;d epfo;e;j fhyk; ahJ mij ePq;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jhy;
w
$Wf vdf; Nfl;lhh;.

,sq;Nfh mbfs; rhj;jdhhplk;> “Kd;nra;j tpid epiwNtWk; fhyk; vd;wPh;fNs! mth;fSila
Ke;ija tpid ahJ? mjd; tpisT vd;d? epfo;ej
; fhyk; ahJ? mij ePq;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jhy;
$Wf?” vdf; Nfl;lhh;.
*****
Debit card gw;W ml;il Teller tpiuTf; fhrhsh;
Demand Draft Nfl;G tiuNthiy Mobile banking miyNgrp top tq;fp Kiw
Withdrawl Slip jpUk;gg; ngwy; tbtk; Interent Banking ,izatq;fp Kiw
mwpit tphpT nra;

,yf;fpaj;jpy; Nkyhz;ik nt.,iwaz;G
mjpra kyh; jkpo;ejp
n
Njapiyj; Njhl;lg;ghl;L Kfk;kJ ,uhtj;jh;
GwehD}W gprpuhe;ijahh;
l.i
rq;ffhy fy;ntl;Lk; vd; epidTfSk; Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd;
njhy;jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; xh; mwpKfk; nre;jp eluh[d;
da
Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak; M.,uh. Ntq;flhrygjp
fy;ntl;L ,jo;
fy;ntl;Lfs; nrhy;Yk; Nfhapy; fijfs; ka Flthapy; ghyRg;ukzpad;
ePh;f;Fkpop Nf. ghyre;jh;
nts;is ,Ul;L ,d;Fyhg;
Ks;Sk; kyUk; ckh re;jpud;
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
,ay; - 8
vy;yh capUk; njhOk;
1. FwpaPLfisg; nghUj;Jf
m). ngz; - rkhjdk;
M). Gwh - tPuk;
,). juhR - tpsf;F
<). rpq;fk; - ePjp
n
m). 2> 4> 1> 3 M). 2> 4> 3> 1 ,). 3> 1> 4. 2 <). 3> 1> 2> 4
2. $w;W: 19 k; E{w;whz;by; FwpaPl;bak; Xh; ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghlhf cUg;ngw;wJ.
l.i
fhuzk;: nghjNyh;> iuk;ngh> nth;Nyd;> ky;yh;Nk Kjyhdth;fs; FwpaPl;baj;ij tsh;j;jhh;fs;
m). $w;W rhp> fhuzk; jtW M). $w;W rhp> fhuzk; rhp
,). $w;W jtW> fhuzk; jtW <). $w;W jtW> fhuzk; rhp
da
3. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mfj;jpuz khe;jh;fspd; cs;sj;J czh;Tfis Fwpg;ghf czh;j;Jk;
FwpaPLfs;.
m).ctik M). ctNkak; ,). cj;jp ka <). cs;Siu ctik
4. jpl;lk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; tuq;fs; rhgq;fs; MFnkd;why; ,q;Nf jtq;fs; vjw;fhf vd;W
vOjg;gl;Ls;s ftpijapy; tuk; FwpaPlhfpwJ?
m). mKjRugp M). Mjpiug; gUF ,). jpl;lk; <). gadw;w tpisT
vi
5. kiwj;Jr; nrhy;yTk; kpFj;Jr; nrhy;yTk; mOj;jpr; nrhy;yTk; gad;gLk; ,yf;fpa cj;jp vJ?
m). FwpaPL M). gbkk; ,). mq;fjk; <). njhd;kk;
FWtpdh:
al
1.). FwpaPl;L cj;jpapy; xU GJf;ftpij vOJf.

,d;Dk;
.k
rhtpj;hp rhj;jpathid
kPlf
; r; nry;fpwhs;
kJghdf; filf;F
w
2). tpah;it ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; FwpaPLfis Fwpg;gpLf

o tpah;itj;Jsp - Mjpiug;gUf;if
w
o nropg;G - mKjRugp
3). FwpaPl;L cj;jpapd; mbg;gil ,yf;fzq;fis vOJf?
w
 Rl;ba nghUSf;Fk; FwpaPl;Lg; nghUSf;Fk; VNjDk; xU njhlh;G ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

 Rl;Lk; nghUshdhJ midtUk; mwpe;j xd;whf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 FwpaPl;Lg; nghUs; Ez;zpa Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ek;ik msg;Nghk;;
gyTs; njhpf:
1. rpWghzw;Wg;gil fhl;Lk; ghl;Lilj;jiytdpd; ,d;iwa epyg;gFjp
m). cjfkz;lyk; M). tpOg;Guk;; ,). jpz;btdk; <). jUkGhp
2. nghUe;jhj xd;iwf; fz;lwpf.

m). jdpj;jkpo;j; je;ij - 1. K.tujuhrdhh;
M). Muha;r;rpg; NguwpQh; - 2. Kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkp
,). jkpo;j; njd;wy; - 3. jpU.tp.f
<). nkhop QhapW - 4. NjtNeag; ghthzh;
3). r.j. rw;Fzhpd; ciuiaf; Nfl;Lj; J}z;lg;ngw;w kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkp vOjpa E}y;
m). ngsj;jKk; jkpOk; M). ,RyhKk; jkpOk;
,). rkzKk; jkpOk; <). fpwpj;JtKk; jkpOk;
4). ehd; ntw;Wntspapy miye;J nfhz;bUf;fpNwd; vdJ Kfj;ijj; Njbagb vd;W Rfe;jp
Rg;gpukzpad; NjLtjhff; Fwpg;gpLtJ
n
m). jkJ tPlL ; Kfthpia M). jkJ FLk;gj;ij
l.i
,). jkJ milahsj;ij <). jkJ gilg;Gfis
5). filnaO ts;sy;fspd; thpiriar; rhuhj kd;dh;fs;
m). Ma; mz;buDk; mjpfDk; M). ey;ypaf;NfhlDk; FkzDk;
da
,). es;spAk; XhpAk; <). ghhpAk; fhhpAk;
FWtpdhf;fs;:
1. jkpoh; tsh;j;j moFf; fiyfs; E}y; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf. ka
 ftpd; fiyfs; gw;wp jkpopy; ntspte;j Kjy;E}y; jkpoh; tsh;jj ; moFfiyfs;.
 ,jd; Mrphpah; rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp Mthh;.
 jkpo;r; rKjhak; jdJ gioa fiyr; nry;tq;fis kwe;J jw;ngUik mwpahjpUe;jd.
vi
 mij epidT+l;Lk; tifapy; gilf;fg;gl;l E}y; ,e;E}y; MFk;.
2. tphpngU jkpoh; Nkd;ik
Xq;fplr; nra;t njhd;Nw
al
caph;g;gzpahff; nfhz;Nlhd; - ahh; ahiug; gw;wp vjw;fhf $Wfpwhh;?

⁂ ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrd; mth;fs; kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp gw;wp $wpaJ.
.k
⁂ jkpo; ,dj;Jf;F Njitahd gy;NtW fiy rhh;e;j Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;ljhy;

rPdp.Ntq;flrhkpia gw;wp $Wfpwhh;.
3. Kfk; Kfthpaw;Wg; Nghdjw;F Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad; $Wk; fhuzj;ij vOJf?
w
 xUthpd; jdpj;jpwik milahsk; fhzg;gLifapy; vOr;rpAk; Cf;fKk; cld; ,izfpwJ.

 mj;jifa milahsj;ij njhiyj;jhy; Kfk; Kfthpaw;W NghdJ vd;fpwhh;
w
Rg;gpukzpad;.
4. ,iwkfdhhpd; ,d;diyf; fz;L kf;fs; vt;tpjk; Gyk;gpdh;?
w
 cyfk; gpse;J ntbf;ftpy;iyNa

 thdk; ,be;J tpotpy;iyNa
 fly;ePh; tw;wtpy;iyNa vd kf;fs; Gyk;gpdh;.
rpWtpdhf;fs;:
1. kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkp epidTr; rpwg;gpjOf;Fr; nra;jpfs; cUthf;fpj; jUf?
 jikad; jkpohrphpauhfTk;> je;ij kUj;JtuhfTk; ,Ue;jjhy; ,th; jkpo;nkhop kPJ mjpf
gw;Wkpf;ftuhf fhzg;gl;lhh;.
 ngsj;jKk; jkpOk;> rkzKk; jkpOk; Mfpa E}y;fis vOjpdhh;.
rkak;> khDltpay;> jkpof tuyhW> fiy tuyhW> nkhop Ma;T Kjyhd gy

JiwfspYk; ,th; ftdk; nrYj;jpdhh;.
 jpUkzNk nra;J nfhs;shky; ,y;ywj; Jwtpahf tho;e;J ekJ milahsq;fis kPl;Lj;
je;j khngUk; kdpjuhthh;.
2. filnaO ts;syfisAk; mth;fs; nra;j nraiyAk; ml;ltizg; gLj;Jf.
t. filNaO Mz;lehL nra;j nray;
vz; ts;sy;fs;
1 Ngfd; nghjpdp kiy Fspuhy; eLq;fpa kapYf;F jd; Nghh;itiaf; nfhLj;jtd;
2 ghhp gwk;G ehL Ky;iyf;F gw;W nfhk;ghf Njhpidf; nfhLj;jtd;
3 Fhhp khiyakhd; ehL ,utyUf;F jd; FjpiuAk; ngUQ;nry;tj;ijAk;
n
nfhLj;jtd;
4 Ma; nghjpakiy ePyf;fy;ypidAk; ehfk; nfhLj;j MilapidAk;
l.i
,iwtDf;Nf nfhLj;jtd;.
5 mjpakhd; jf^h; mhpa ney;ypf;fdpia xsitf;F nfhLj;jtd;
da
6 es;sp Espkiy jd;id ehbath;fSk; ez;gh;fSk; gpwhplk; ,uthJ cs;sk;
kfpOk;gb Fwpg;gwpe;J nfhLg;gtd;.
7 Xhp nfhy;ypkiy jd; ehl;bd; rpwpa kiyg;gFjpia $j;jUf;F nfhLj;jtd;.
3. <rd;kfd; epd;wdh; Xh; Vionad Xh;kpd; - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.
ka
,lk;: vr;.v. fpUl;bzdhh; ,aw;wpa ‘,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk;’ vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,t;thpfs; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
nghUs;: gifth;fs; fapw;iwf; nfhz;L fl;Lk;nghOJ Xh; Vioapidg; Nghd;W cld;gl;L epd;whh;
vi
,NaR.
tpsf;fk;: A+jh;fs; ,iwkfdhh; kPJ gifnfhz;L ,opnrhw;fis $wp fapw;wpdhy; fl;bdhh;fs;.
al
mt;thW fl;Lk;nghOJ vt;tpj vjph;g;Gk; njhptpf;fhky; tWikf;fhyj;jpy; cjtpfs;

fpilf;fg;ngwhj Vioapidg; Nghd;W> md;G vd;w fl;bypUe;J tpLglhky; cld;gl;L
epd;whh; mth;. ,J rhjhuz md;Gr; nray; md;W. gifnfhz;l kdpjh;fs; tho;ehs;
.k
KOtJk; Jd;gj;jpy; ,Ug;ghh;fNsh vd;nwz;zpa ,iwkfdhhpd; ,uf;fr;nray; ,J.

4. nfhil toq;Fjypy; ePq;fs; gpd;gw;w tpUk;Gtdtw;iw vOJf?
w
 jd;id ehb te;jth;fSf;F vt;tpj vjph;ghh;g;Gkpd;wp thhp toq;fpLk; ts;sy;jd;ikNa

nfhil.
w
 twpath;fspd; Fwpg;gwpe;J Njitahdtw;iw NghJnkd;w mstpw;F toq;Fjy;.

 Kjypy; te;jth; filrpapy; te;jth; vd;w NtWghL ,d;wp cjtpfisr; nra;jy;.
 nghUshf kl;Lkpd;wp eilKiw tho;f;ifapy; rpf;fiy vjph;nfhs;gth;fSf;F mth;fspd;
w
Njitawpe;J cjtpfisr; nra;jy;.

neLtpdhf;fs;:
1. kapiyahh; Xh; Mua;r;rpg; NguwpQh; vd;Dk; $w;wpid rhd;WfSld; fl;Liuahf;Ff.
 Kd;Diu
 mwptpd; Ma;TKiw
 njhlf;ffhy Ma;T
 tuyhw;W Ma;T
 fiyapy; Ma;T
 fy;ntl;Lfspy; Ma;T
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu:
 Xt;nthU ,dKk; fle;jfhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;jpUe;jhy; vjph;fhy ,yf;Ffis mila
KaYk;.
 mj;jifa tuyhw;iw njhy;ypay;> fy;ntl;L> gz;ghL vd;W Muha;eJ ; vOjpath; kapiy.
rPdp Ntq;flrhkp.
mwptpd; Ma;TKiw :
 mwptpd; thapy;fis Nehf;fpNa mth; fhy;fs; ele;jd.
 Gjpanra;jp jUjy;> GJ tpsf;fkspj;jy;> cz;ikia vLj;Jiuj;jy; vd;w Ma;T
mZFKiw nfhz;lth;.
njhlf;ffhy Ma;T:
n
 jkpo; Muha;r;rp khehl;by; fpwpj;JtKk; jkpOk; vd;W ciuahw;wpdhh;.
l.i
 ,JNt mth; vOjpa Kjy; E}y; MFk;.
 rkzKk; jkpOk;> ngsj;jKk; jkpOk; Ma;TE}iy vOjpdhh;.
tuyhw;W Ma;T:
da
 1950 – k; E}w;whz;L fhyj;jpy; Ml;rpGhpe;j kd;dh;fis gw;wp Ma;T elj;jpdhh;.
kNfe;jputh;kd;> eurpk;kth;kd;> %d;whk; ee;jpth;kd; Nghd;wth;fis gw;wp E}y; vOjpdhh;.
fiyapy; Ma;T: ka
 fl;llk;> rpw;gk;> Xtpak; njhlh;ghd Ma;Tfs; r%f tuyhw;Wf;F Gjpajhf mike;jd.
 jkpo; tsh;j;j moFfiyfs; vd;Dk; E}y; ,th; vOjpa Kjy; E}y;.
fy;ntl;L Ma;Tfs;:
vi
 Xt;nthU ,dKk; fle;jfhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;jpUe;jhy; vjph;fhy ,yf;Ffis mila
KaYk;.
 JS kw;Wk; jkpo;nkhopia xg;gpl;L Muha;e;Js;shh;.
al
 kiwe;J Nghd jkpo;E}y;fs; vd;Dk; E}y; 333 kiwe;j E}y;fis gw;wp ntspf;nfhzu;e;jth;.
 nrd;id NfhfNy kz;lgj;jpy; “Muha;r;rp NguwpQh;” vd;Dk; gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
.k
KbTiu:
 jhk; tho;T KOtijAk; jkpo; Muha;r;rpf;F XJf;fpath;.
 ekJ ngUikfis Ma;T Nehf;fpy; vLj;J toq;fpath;.
w
 ,jdhy;jhd; ‘kapiyahh; Xh; Muha;r;rp NguwpQh;’ vd;fpNwhk;.

2. vr;.V.fpUl;bzdhh; ‘fpwpj;jtf; fk;gNu’ vd;gij Ek; ghlg;gFjp top epWTf.
w
 Kd;Diu
 fpwpj;jt fk;gh;
w
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu:
 vr;.v.fpUl;bzg;gps;is ‘fpwpj;jt fk;gh;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzj;ij gw;wp
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
fpUj;Jt fk;gh;:
 tlnkhopapy; vOjpa ,ukazj;ij jkpopy; ,uhktjhuk; vd;W nkhopngah;j;jth; fk;gh;.
 mJNghy “gpypfphpk;]; GNuhfpu];;”; vd;Dk; Mq;fpy E}iy jkpopy; ,ul;zpa ahj;jphpfk;

vd;W vOjpdhh; fpUl;bzg;gps;is.
 ,uz;LNk Kjy; E}yhf Nghw;wg;gl;lJ.
 fk;guhkhazk; fk;guhYk;> ,ul;zpa ahj;jphpfk; fpUl;bzg;gps;isahYk; ngUik ngw;wJ.
 vdNt fk;gUk; fpUl;bzg;gps;isAk; xU jd;ikauhf kjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
 mjdhy; jhd; fpwpj;jtf; fk;guhdhh; fpUl;bzg;gps;is.
 fk;giu NghyNt ,tUk; glyj;ij gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
 re;jg;ghly;fs; fk;gUf;F nrhe;jk;. mNjNghy; fpUl;bzg;gps;isf;Fk; nrhe;jk;.
 fUj;jhd ctikfis ifahStjpy; fk;gh; ty;yth;. mNjNghy; fpUl;bzg;gps;isAk;
n
ifahz;Ls;shh;.
KbTiu:
l.i
 fk;g ,uhkazk; Nghd;Nw ,uhl;zpa ahj;jphpfk; mike;J ,Uf;fpwJ.
 vdNt vr;;.v.fpUl;bzg;gps;is fpwpj;jtf; fk;gNu.
3. Nfhilkio fij thapyhf tpsf;fg;gLk; kdpjNeag; gz;Gfis tpsf;Ff.
da
 Kd;Diu
 ghrg;gpizg;G


ghGtpd; kdpjNeak;
ka
jj;njLj;j jk;gjpahpd; gz;Geyk;
 KbTiu
vi
Kd;Diu:
 ngw;Nwhiu ,oe;J jtpf;Fk; Foe;ij.
al
 Foe;ijf;fhfNt tho;e;JtUk; nghpath;.

 Foe;ijAld; Nrh;j;J nghpatiuAk; jj;njLf;Fk; jk;gjp vd kdpjNeag; gz;Gfis
glutpl;Ls;shh; gilg;ghsh; rhe;jh jj; mth;fs;.
.k
ghrg;gpizg;G:
 nghpath; MWKfk; kidtpia ,oe;jth;.
w
 rpy kjq;fSf;F Kd;jhd; jd; kfidAk; ,oe;jth;.

 gpQ;Rf; Foe;ijia ghh;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba kfd;> kidtpapd; gphpit jhq;f Kbahky;
w
tp~k; Fbj;J ,we;JNghdhd;.

 ahUkw;w epiyapy; Ngudpd; vjph;fhyj;jpw;fhfNt tho;e;jhf Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;jpw;F
w
js;sg;gl;lhh; nghpath; MWKfk;.

ghGtpd; kdpjNeak;:
 MWkhj iff;Foe;ijia itj;Jf;nfhz;L nghpath; gLk; f~;lj;ij ghh;j;jhh;
kUe;Jf;filf;fhuuhd ghG.
 mthpd; f~;lj;ij Nghf;f Foe;ijia jj;Jf;nfhLj;Jtplyhk; vd;W topf;fhl;bdhh; ghG.
 nghpath; Kjypy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy vdpDk; Foe;ijapd; vjph;fhyj;ij vz;zp
jj;Jf;nfhLf;f rk;kjpf;fpwhh;.
jj;njLj;j jk;gjpahpd; gz;Geyk;:

 ghG $wpa jk;;gjpah;fs; Foe;ijia jj;J vLj;Jf;nfhz;ldh;.
 Foe;ijia tpl;Ltpl;L nghpath; jhNd tUe;Jth; vd;W vz;zpa mj;jk;gjpah;fs;
nghpatiuAk; jd;Dld; tUkhW Ntz;bf;nfhz;lhh;fs;.
 ,ijf;Nfl;l nghpath; fz;fyq;fp if$g;gp tzq;fpdhh;.
KbTiu:
 Vjpyp Foe;ijfisAk;> Vjpypf; Foe;ijiag; Nghy ,Uf;Fk; ngw;Nwhh;fis ftdpg;gJ kpf
ed;W.
 ,e;j ,uz;L nray;fisAk; nra;j jk;gjpfSf;F rKjhak; nrhy;fpwJ ed;wp.
n
 “kdpj Neaj;ij tbj;J fhl;Lk; Nfhil kio ,jaj;jpy; nfhl;Lk; kio”.
l.i
*****
,yf;fzFwpg;G:
1. fUe;jlk;; - gz;Gj;njhif
da
2. ntq;FUjp - gz;Gj;njhif
3. nte;J - tpidnar;rk;
4. rpde;J - tpidnar;rk; ka
5. Nghe;J - tpidnar;rk;
6. cd;dyph; - Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidKw;W
7. Xh;kPd; - Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;W
vi
8. nrhw;w - nganur;rk;
9. jpUe;jpa - nganur;rk;
10. ghjfh; - tpizayhidAk; ngah;
al
11. Cd;w Cd;w - mLf;Fj;njhlh;

12. tha;j;j - nganur;rk;
.k
13. ctg;g - nganur;rk;

14. nfhLj;j - nganur;rk;
15. <e;j - nganur;rk;
w
16. fthmd; - nra;Aspir msngil

17. jlf;if - chpr;nrhy;njhlh;
w
18. ePyk; - MFngah;

19. mUe;jpwy; - gz;Gj;njhif
w
20. neLtop - gz;Gj;njhif

21. nts;sUtp - gz;Gj;njhif
22. neLNty; - gz;Gj;njhif
23. ed;nkhop - gz;Gj;njhif
24. ed;dhL - gz;Gj;njhif
25. fly;jhid - ctikj;njhif
26. mutf;fly; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif
27. kiyjy; - njhopw;ngah;
28. tphpfly; - tpidj;njhif
cWg;gpyf;fzk;:
1. gifj;j = gif + j; + j; + m
gif – gFjp; j; - re;jp; j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy; m – nganur;r tpFjp;
2. fise;J = fis + j;(e;) + j; + c
fis – gFjp; j; - re;jp; j; ‘e; MdJ tpfhhuk;; ; j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy;
3. gopj;jdh; = gop + j; + j; + md; + mh;
gop – gFjp; j; - re;jp; j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy; md; - rhhpia
n
mh; – gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp;
4. ,be;J = ,b + j; (e;) + j; + c
l.i
,b – gFjp; j; - re;jp; j; ‘e; MdJ tpfhhuk;; ; j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy;
da
5. <e;j = < + j; (e;) + j; + m
< – gFjp; j; - re;jp; j; ‘e; MdJ tpfhhuk;;; j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy;
m – nganur;r tpFjp; ka
6. mkh;e;jdd; = mkh; + j; (e;) + j; + md; + md;
mkh; – gFjp; j; - re;jp; ‘e; MdJ tpfhhuk;;; j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy; md; - rhhpia
md; – Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp;
vi
7. jhq;fpa = jhq;F + , (d;) + a; + m
jhq;F – gFjp; , (d;) - ,ilepiy; ‘a; - clk;glnka;;; m – nganur;r tpFjp;
al
Gzh;r;rp tpjp:
1. Kd;Dil = Kd; + cil
.k
tpjp: jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph;thpd; ,ul;Lk; - Kd;d; + cil.

tpjp: cly;Nky; caph;; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng – Kd;Dil.
w
2. Vionad = Vio + vd
tpjp: ‘,> <> I top at;Tk; Vida caph; top tt;Tk; - Vio + a; vd.
w
tpjp: cly;Nky; caph;; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng – Vionad.

3. ed;nkhop = ed;ik + nkhop
w
tpjp: <WNghjy; - ed;nkhop.

4. cuDil = cud; + cil
tpjp: cly;Nky; caph;; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng – cuDil.
tpilf;Nfw;w tpdh mikf;f:
1. FLk;gk; vd;w nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; jpUf;Fwspy;jhd; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
FLk;gk; vd;w nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; ve;j E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;ws;sJ?
2. eLtz; muR 2006-k; Mz;L brk;gh; 23 md;W Njrpa Nghplh; Nkyhz;ik Mizaj;ij
mikj;jJ.
eLtz; muR vg;nghOJ Nghplh; Nkyhz;ik Mizaj;ij mikj;jJ?
3. rhiyfspy; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk; FwpaPLfs; Nghf;Ftuj;jpidr; rPh; nra;Ak; ghJfhg;ghf
gazpf;fTk; cjTfpd;wd.
rhiyfspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; FwpaPLfs; vtw;wpw;F cjTfpd;wd?
4. 1856 ,y; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhlh;tz;b epiyak; ,uhaGuj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhlh;tz;b epiyak; vq;F vg;nghOJ mikf;fg;gl;lJ?
5. “ajhh;j;j epfo;itg; gilg;ghSikAld; ntspg;gLj;JtNj Mtzg;glk;” vd;fpwhh; fphpNahh;rd;.
n
vjid> Mtzg;glk; vd;fpwhh; fphpNahu;rd;?
,yf;fpak; eak; ghuhl;Lf:
l.i
thduq;fs; fdpnfhLj;J ke;jpnahU nfhQ;Rk;
ke;jprpe;J fdpfSf;F thd;ftpfs; nfQ;Rk;
fhdth;fs; tpopnawpe;J thdtiu aiog;ghh;
da
fkdrpj;jh; te;Jte;J fharpj;jp tpisg;ghh;
NjdUtpj; jpiunaOk;gp thdpd;top nahOFk;
nrq;fjpNuhd; ghpf;fhYe; Njh;f;fhYk; tOFk; ka
$dypsk; gpiwKbj;j Ntzpayq; fhuh;
Fw;whyj; jphp$l kiynaq;fs; kiyNa
- jphp$l. uhrg;gf; ftpuhah;
vi
gh eak; ghul;ly;
ikaf;fUj;J:
al
⁂ gy;NtW rpwg;Gfhsy; ngUik tha;ej

; J jphp$lkiy vd;W ftpQh; jphp$l. uhrg;gf; ftpuhah;
Nghw;wp Gfo;e;Js;shh;.
.k
f : fhdth;fs; - fkdrpj;jh;
w
d : thduq;fs; - fhdth;fs;
d : NjdUtp - $dypdk;
w

miog;;ghh; - tpisg;ghh;
w
nfhQ;Rk; - nfQ;Rk;
mzp eak;:
,g;ghliy mzpeaj;Jld; jphp$l.uhrg;gf; ftpuhah; ghbAs;shh;.
re;j eak;:
*****
Stamp pad ik nghjp File Nfhg;G
Stapler fk;gp ijg;Gf; fUtp Rubber stamp ,Oit Kj;jpiu
Folder kbg;Gj;jhs; Eraser mopg;ghd;
mwpit tphpT nra;
jkpoh; tsh;j;j moFf; fiyfs; kapiy rPdp ntq;flrhkp
khWgl;Lr; rpe;jpf;fyhkh rpgp. Nf. rhykd;
vO ngUts;sy;fs; fp.t. [fe;ehjd;
n
,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; Gyth; Nr. Re;juuhrd;
,NaR fhtpak; fz;zjhrd;
l.i
Nfhgy;y fpuhkk; fp. ,uh[ehuhazd;
ghy;tPjp mg;Jy; uFkhd;
da
tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; mU. uhkehjd;
ka
******
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
kdg;ghlg;gFjp
1. jz;bayq;fhuk; 2. neLey;thil
Xq;fypil te;J cah;e;Njhh; njhotpsq;fp itafk; gdpg;g tyNdh;G tis,g;
Vq;nfhypePh; Qhyj;J ,Usfw;Wk; Mq;ftw;Ws; ngha;ah thdk; GJg;ngay; nghope;njd
kpd;Ndhh; jdpahop ntq;fjpnud;W VidaJ Mh;fyp Kid,a nfhLq;Nfhy; Nfhtyh;
jd;Ndh; ,yhj jkpo; VWil ,depiu NtWGyk; gug;gpg;
- ciu Nkw;Nfhs; ghly; Gyk;ngah; Gyk;nghL fyq;fp Nfhly;
ePL,jo;f; fz;zp ePuiyf; fyht
nka;f;nfh; ngUk;gdp eypa gyUld;
iff;nfhs; nfhs;sah; fTs;GilA+c eLq;f
n
- ef;fPuu;
l.i
3. fk;guhkhazk; 4. fk;guhkhazk;
Jd;G csJ vdpd; md;Nwh FfNdhLk; Ith; MNdk;
Rfk; csJ? mJ md;wpg; Kd;G gpd; Fd;W #o;thd;
da
gpd;G csJ ,il kd;Dk; kfndhLk; mWth; MNdk;
gphpT csJ vd cd;Ndy; \ vk;Kio md;gpd; te;j
Kd;G cnsk; xU ehy;Ntk; ka mfd;mkh; fhjy; Ia
KbT csJ vd cd;dh epd;ndhLk; vOth; MNdk;
md;G cs ,dp ehk; Xh; Gfo;mUq; fhdk; je;J
Ith;fs; csh; MNdhk;. Gjy;tuhy; nghype;jhd; Ee;ij.
- fk;gh; - fk;gh;
vi
5. ,jpy; ntw;wp ngw 6. GwehD}W
tpz;NtW tpz;ntspapy; ,aq;f fpd;w mwpTk; GfOk; cilNahh; kha;e;njd
al
ntz;kjpAk; nrq;fjpUk; KfpYk; NtW tWe;jiy cyfKk; md;Nw mjdhy;

kz;NtW kz;NzhL fye;jp Uf;Fk; fhtpndk; fyNd RUf;fpndk; fyg;ig
kzy;NtW gdpj;JspAk; kioAk; NtW kuq;nfhy; jr;rd; ifty; rpwh mh;
.k
Gz;NtW tPuh;fspd; tpOg;Gz; NtW kOTilf; fhl;lfj;J mw;Nw

Gfo;NtW nry;thf;F NtW fhZk; vj;jpirr; nrypDk; mj;jpirr; nrhNw.
fz;NtW fy;tpf;fz; NtW fw;whh; - xsitahh;
w
ftpeilAk; ciueilAk; NtWNtW

- Rujh
w
7. nja;tkzpkhiy 8. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
xUikAld; epdjpU kyub epidf;fpd;w Foy;top epd;wJ ahNo> ahh;topj;
w
cj;jkh;jk; cwT Ntz;Lk; jz;Zik epd;wJ jfNt jz;Zikg;

cs;nshd;W itj;Jg; Gwk;nghd;W NgRthh; gpd;top epd;wJ KoNt KoNthL
cwTfy thik Ntz;Lk; $bepd;W ,irj;jJ Mke;jphpif
ngUikngWk; epdJGfo; NgrNtz;Lk; ngha;ik - ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
Ngrh jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
ngUnewp gpbj;njhOf Ntz;Lk; kjkhd Nga;
gpbah jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
- ,uhkypq;f mbfs;
9. GwehD}W 11. rpWghzw;Wg;gil

fha;ney; mWj;Jf; ftsk; nfhspNd vOrkq; fle;j ftsk; nfhspNd
khepiwT ,y;yJk; gy;ehl;F MFk; vOth; G+z;l <ifr; nre;Efk;
E}WnrW MapDk; jkpj;Jg;Gf;F czpNd tphpfly; Ntyp tpayfk; tpsq;f
tha;GFt jdpDk; fhy;nghpJ nfLf;Fk; xUjhd; jhq;fpa cuDil Nehd;jhs;
- gprpuhe;ijahh; - ej;jj;jdhh;.
10. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk;
ghjfh; FOkpr; nrhw;w gopg;Giu vd;Dk; nfhs;sp
Vjkpy; fUizg; ngk;khd; ,Ujaj;J Cd;w Cd;w
Ntjid coe;J rpe;ij nte;J Gz;gl;lhh; my;yhy;
n
Nehjfr; rpde;Njhh; khw;w Etd;wpyh; fUk Nehf;fp
l.i
- vr;.v. fpUl;bzg;gps;is
da
12. jpUf;Fws;
- jpUts;Sth;
1. md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;if
gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ.
ka
2. itaj;Js; tho;thq;F tho;gtd; thd;ciwAk;
nja;tj;Js; itf;fg; gLk;.
vi
3. nra;ahky; nra;j cjtpf;F itafKk;
thdfKk; Mw;wy; mhpJ.
al
4. ed;wp kwg;gJ ed;wd;W ed;wy;yJ

md;Nw kwg;gJ ed;W.
5. ve;ed;wp nfhd;whh;f;Fk; ca;Tz;lhk; ca;tpy;iy
.k
nra;ed;wp nfhd;w kfw;F.

6. m/fhik nry;tj;jpw;F ahnjdpd; nt/fhik
w
Ntz;Lk; gpwd;ifg; nghUs;

7. kwj;jy; ntFspia ahh;kl;Lk; jPa
w
gpwj;jy; mjdhd; tUk;.

8. jd;idj;jhd; fhf;fpd; rpdk; fhf;f fhthf;fy;
jd;idNa nfhy;Yk; rpdk;.
w
9. rpdk;vd;Dk; Nrh;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;

Vkg; Giziar; RLk;.
10. Ez;zpa E}y;gy fw;gpDk; kw;Wk;jd;
cz;ik mwpNt kpFk;.
13. jpUf;Fws;
- jpUts;Sth;
1. mwptw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp nrWthh;f;Fk;
cs;sopf;f yhfh muz;.
2. vg;nghUs; ahh;ahh;tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;
nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT.
3. vjpuhff; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhhf;F ,y;iy
mjpu tUtNjhh; Neha;.
4. ey;ypdj;jpd; Cq;Fk; Jizapy;iy jPapdj;jpd;
n
my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y;
l.i
5. tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;gJ xUtd; kdj;jpl;gk;
kw;iwa vy;yhk; gpw.
6. nrhy;Yjy; ahh;f;Fk; vspa mhpathk;
da
nrhy;ypa tz;zk; nray;.
7. cUT fz;L vs;shik Ntz;Lk; cUs;ngUe;Njhh;f;F
mr;rhzp md;dhh; cilj;J. ka
8. fld;mwpe;J fhyk; fUjp ,ld; mwpe;J
vz;zp ciug;ghd; jiy.
9. ths;Nghy; giftiu mQ;rw;f mQ;Rf
vi
Nfs;Nghy; gifth; njhlh;G.
10. gofpa nry;tKk; gz;Gk; nfLf;Fk;
fofj;J fhiy Gfpd;.
al
********
.k
mzp ,yf;fzk;
w
1. nghUs; Ntw;Wik mzp:

mzp tpsf;fk;: ,U nghUs;fSf;F ,ilna cs;s xw;Wikia $wp mij NtWgLj;JtJ.
rhd;W:
w
Xq;fypil te;J cah;eN ; jhh; njho tpsq;fp

Vq;nfhypePh; Qhyj;J ,Usfw;Wk; Mq;ftw;Ws;
w
kpd;Ndh; jdpahop ntq;fjpnuhd;W VidaJ

jd;Nd hpy;yhj jkpo;.
nghUj;jk;:
xw;Wik: fjputDk; jkpOk; ,Uis Nghw;Wfpd;wd.
Ntw;Wik: fjputd; Gw ,UisAk;> jkpo; mf ,UisAk; Nghf;FfpwJ. vdNt fjputid tpl
jkpNo rpwe;eJ.
2. VfNjr cUtf mzp:
mzp tpsf;fk;: xU nghUis cUtfk; nra;J kw;nwhU nghUis cUtfk; nra;ahky; tpLtJ.
rhd;W:
rpdnkd;Dk; Nrh;ej ; iuf; nfhy;yp ,dnkd;Dk;
Vkg; Giziar; RLk;.
nghUj;jk;: rpdj;ij neUg;ghfTk;> ,dj;ij njg;gkhfTk; cUtfk; nra;jth; cyf
tho;f;ifia flyhf cUtfk; nra;ahky; tpl;Ltpl;lhh;.
3. ctik mzp:
mzp tpsf;fk;: ctik xU njhluhfTk;> ctNkak; xU njhluhfTk; mikj;J ctk cUG
ntspg;gilahf tUtJ.
rhd;W:
clk;ghL ,yhjth; tho;f;if Flq;fUs;
n
ghk;NghL cldiwe; jw;W.
l.i
nghUj;jk;:
ctik: Flq;fUs; ghk;NghL clDiwjy;
ctNkak;: clk;ghL ,yhjth; tho;f;if
da
ctk cUG: mw;W
4. nrhy; nghUs; gpd;tU epiy mzp:
mzp tpsf;fk;: nra;Aspy; te;j nrhy;Ny kPzL ; k; kPz;Lk; te;J je;j nghUisNa jUtJ.
ka
rhd;W:
vg;nghUs; ahh;ahh;tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;
nka;g;nghUs; fhz;g jwpT.
nghUj;jk;: ,f;Fwspy; nghUs; vd;Dk; nrhy; kPzL ; k; kPz;Lk; te;J fUj;J vdj; je;j
vi
nghUisNa jUfpwJ.
5. epuy; epiu mzp:
al
mzp tpsf;fk;: nrhy;iyAk; nghUisAk; thpirahf epWj;jp nghUs; nfhs;s nra;tJ

rhd;W:
.k
md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if

gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ.
nghUj;jk;: md;Gk; mwDk; cila ,y;tho;if gz;Gk; gaDk; cilajhfTk; mikAk; vd
w
thpir Kiwg;gb nghUs; nfhs;fpwJ.

jpiz
w
1. ghlhz; jpiz:
jpiz tpsf;fk;: xUtUila Gfo;> typik> nfhil mUs; Nghd;w ey;ypay;Gfis rpwg;gpj;Jf;
w
$WtJ.
rhd;W: thapNyhNa thapNyhNa
jd; mwpayd; nfhy;?
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghly; mjpakhdpd; nfhilj;jpwj;ijg; Gyg;gLj;jfpwJ.
2. ghprpy; Jiw:
Jiw tpsf;fk;: ghpR Ntz;b thapypy; epw;gJ ghprpy; Jiw.
rhd;W: thapNyhNa thapNyhNa
jd; mwpayd; nfhy;?
nghUj;jk;: ghpR fpilf;f rw;Wj; jhkjkhfNt thapw;f; fhtydplk; xsitahh; thjk; nra;fpwhh;.
n
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*************
da
ka
vi
al
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w
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WISH YOU
ALL THE BEST da
ka
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FOR YOUR
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EXAMINATION
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12th Tamil Full Study Material 2023-24

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tpNtfhde;j tpj;ahya nkl;hpf; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp

thpir vz; : __________________________

P.VAHEESWARAN M.COM., M.PHIL. DCA., B.ED

VICE-PRINCIPAL, PG ASSISTANT OF TAMIL

,Uf;Fk;. f~;lg;gl;L gbj;jhy; ey;y Kd;Ndw;;wj;ij miltha;.

tho;f;if vd;Dk; ghijf;F ey;topfhl;Lk;. gs;sp tho;f;ifapd; filrp epiyapy; cs;sha;!!!!

cd; ngw;Nwhhpd; ciog;igAk; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghh;. gpwF gbf;f Muk;gp. ftdk;

cq;fs; ntw;wpapy; ngUikg;ghl ehq;fSk; fhj;jpUf;fpNwhk;!!!!!!!

WISH YOU ALL THE BEST FOR YOUR EXAMINATION

PREPARED BY: Mr. P.VAHEESWARAN M.COM.,MPHIL.,DCA.,B.ED., 2

m). ahg;gpUq;fyf;fhpif M). jz;bayhq;fhuk; ,). njhy;fhg;gpak; <). ed;D}y;

f) ghz;bahpd; rq;fj;jpy; nfhYtpUe;jJ c) nghjpifapy; Njhd;wpaJ q) ts;sy;fisj; je;jJ

,). mbvJif> rPh;Nkhid <). rPh;vJif > mbNkhid

PREPARED BY: Mr. P.VAHEESWARAN M.COM.,MPHIL.,DCA.,B.ED., 3

<). ca;Ak; top - 4). fp.uh[ehuazd;

 ,g;gz;igr; rq;fg; ghly;fs; gytw;wpy; fhzyhk;.

fhl;l f> j> l> w vd;w vOj;J mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ntspg;gLj;Jk; fhl;rp eaj;ij tpsf;Ff.

 mf;fhl;rpapid fw;gid eaj;NjhL $w vz;zpa ftpQh; “rpte;j thdj;ij –nre;epwj;Jg;

PREPARED BY: Mr. P.VAHEESWARAN M.COM.,MPHIL.,DCA.,B.ED., 4

4. gpd;tUk; ,U ghf;fspd; fUj;JfspYs;s Ntw;Wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

 eil vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; mbg;gil fUj;J.

 ctik> cUtfk; Nghd;wit nkhopapd; tof;Ffis fiyapd; tof;fhf ftpij

PREPARED BY: Mr. P.VAHEESWARAN M.COM.,MPHIL.,DCA.,B.ED., 5

 mit xd;NwhL xd;W jho;e;jjpy;iy.

 ,t;thW mthpd; r%fg;gw;iw tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

 jd; ,dj;ijAk; nkhopiaAk; ghlhj ftpij “Nthpy;yhj kuk; $by;yhj gwit”.

PREPARED BY: Mr. P.VAHEESWARAN M.COM.,MPHIL.,DCA.,B.ED., 6

,lk;: muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> nrd;id.

 jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J (khzth;fs;)

 tuNtw;Giu (jiyik Mrphpah;)

PREPARED BY: Mr. P.VAHEESWARAN M.COM.,MPHIL.,DCA.,B.ED., 7

tpk;K – gFjp> fpd;W – epfo;fhy ,ilepiy> m-nganur;r tpFjp.

tpa – gFjp> j; -re;jp> e;-MdJ tpfhuk;> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> c-tpidnar;r tpFjp.

,U – gFjp> j;-re;jp> (e;-MdJ tpfhuk;)> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> Ma;-Kd;dpiy xUik

5. te;J = th(t) + j; (e;) + j; + c

j; -,we;j fhy ,ilepiy> c-tpidnar;r tpFjp

PREPARED BY: Mr. P.VAHEESWARAN M.COM.,MPHIL.,DCA.,B.ED., 8

2. thdnky;yhk; = thdk; + vy;yhk;

2. A new language is a new life.

3. If you want people to understand you, speak their language.

nkhopfspd; mwpNt Qhdj;jpd; topj;jlk;

vd; nkhopapd; vy;iyNa vd; cyfj;jpd; vy;iy

,yf;fpa eak; ghul;Ljy;

,iaG eak;: “filrp vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG”

ehl;L elg;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;shky; ‘fpzw;Wj; jtis Nghy’ tho;tJ mwpTf;F

ehDk; vd; jq;ifAk; ‘vypAk; G+idAk; Nghy’ vg;nghOJk; rz;ilapl;Lf; nfhs;Nthk;.

Nghjpa Mrphpah;fs; ,y;yhjjhy; khzth;fspd; fy;tpahdJ “mr;rhzp ,y;yhj Njh;Nghy”

5. cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdp Nghy:

PREPARED BY: Mr. P.VAHEESWARAN M.COM.,MPHIL.,DCA.,B.ED., 10

mwpit tphpT nra;

PREPARED BY: Mr. P.VAHEESWARAN M.COM.,MPHIL.,DCA.,B.ED., 11

 khzth;fs; Njh;T vOjpdh;.

,). gwitfs; - 3). Fspuhy; eLq;fpd

m). 1> 3> 4> 2 M). 3> 1> 4> 2

PREPARED BY: Mr. P.VAHEESWARAN M.COM.,MPHIL.,DCA.,B.ED., 12

4. ngha;ah thdk; GJg;ngay; nghope;njd – jbj;j nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G

 kiof;fhykhapDk; jpBnud ntspg;gl;l #hpa ntspr;rj;jhy; efuk; GJg;nghypT ngWfpwJ.

 gdpj;Jspfis fjputd; cwpQ;Rtjhf ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly; ghLfpwJ.

ntg;g Mw;wypd; tPhpaj;ij czh;j;JfpwJ.

PREPARED BY: Mr. P.VAHEESWARAN M.COM.,MPHIL.,DCA.,B.ED., 13

3. kionts;sg; ghjpg;gpypUe;J fhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;iffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

ehd; : ehd; gj;jphpf;ifapy; gzpahw;WfpNwd;. jq;fsplk; xU tpsf;fk; ngw te;Njd;.