Given Data

 density of soil s =18KN/m3

 density of water w =10KN/m3
 density of concrete c =24KN/m3
 safe bearing capacity of soil =100KN/m2
 concrete grade M15
 angle of repose ¢ =30
 coefficient of friction 0.5
 height H = 4m

1. Design constant
for M15 concrete grade
 scbc =5N/mm2
 sst =140N/mm2
 m =280/(3*scbc) =18.67
 k = m*scbc/(m*scbc+sst) = 0.4
 j =1-k/3 =0.867
 R =1/2*scbc*j*k =0.867
 Ka=(1-Sin30)/(1+Sin30)=0.333

2. Depth of foundation
the minimum depth of foundation Ym
Ym=qo/r*((1-sin¢)/(1+sin ¢))^2 =100/18*((1-Sin30)/(1+Sin30))^0.5=0.62m
keep Ym =1.0m

3. Dimensions of Base
the ratio of the length of toe slab (DE) to base width b is
a=1-qo/(2.2*rs*H)=100/(2.2*18*4)=0.365
keep a=0.37
the width of base is given by =0.95*H*√(ka/((1-a)*(1+3*a))) = 0.95*4√(0.33/((1-
0.37)*(1+3*0.37)))=1.96m
the base width from the consideration of sliding b=0.7Hka/(1-a)*N =
0.7*4*0.333/(1-0.37)*0.5 =2.96m
this is excessive, normal practice is to be provided 0.4 to 0.6 H, take maximum
b=0.6*H = 0.6*4 = 2.4m with this width, the wall will be unsafe against Sliding,
hence to make safe a shear key will be provided at the base.
width of toe slab = 0.37*2.4 =0.888m keep 0.9m
4. Thickness of Stem
Height AB =4-0.3 = 3.7m
let thickness of base be H/12 =4/12 0.333 keep 0.3m for preliminary calculation
thickness of stem 0.3m
consider 1m length of retaining wall
max B. M at B=ka*rs*H^3/6 =0.333*18*3.7^3/6 = 50.653KN-m
effective depth d =√(M/(b*R)) =√(50.653*10^6/(1000*0.867)) = 241.709mm
keep effective depth 240mm
overall thickness d+clear cover=240+60 = 300mm
effective cover 60mm
reduce thickness to 200mm at the top
effective depth at top 200-60= 140mm

5. Stability of Wall
let
 W1= weight of rectangular portion of stem
  W2= weight of triangular portion of stem
 W3= weight of base slab
 W4= weight of soil on heel slab
S.N Weight Lever arm Moments
1 W1 0.2*4*24 1.1 20.4
2 W2 0.1*4*24/2 1 4.5
3 W3 0.3*24 1.2 21.6
4 W4 1.8 143.9
£W=121.05 MR=190.4

total resisting moment MR=190.4KN-m

Overturning
Overturning Moment Mo=1/6*3.7^2*18/3 = 64
therefore Factor of safety against overthinking
F. s= (MR-Mo)/£W = (190.29-64)/121.05 2.97 > 2 hence safe
Sliding
Factor of safety against Sliding
F. S = 0.5*£W/P = 121.05/48 = 1.26 < 1.5 hence unsafe to make the wall safe
against Sliding we provide shear key
Pressure Distribution
net moment =

therefore distance x of the point of application of resistance from toe is

x=
eccentricity e=b/2-x
Max pressure P1 at toe =
Min pressure P2 at heel =
pressure p at the junction of stem with toe slab
pressure p' at the junction of stem with heel slab
6. Design of Toe Slab
the upward pressure distribution on the toe slab is shown in Fig 18.17. the wt of
soil above toe slab is neglected thus two forces acting on it
i. upward soil pressure
ii. downward wt of slab
downward load per unit area=
hence net pressure intensity under D will be
net pressure intensity under E
total force = SF at E =
x' from E=
therefore B. M at E=
effective depth d=
let us keep total depth
therefore effective depth
thickness may reduce to -- at edge
Area of Steel
the Reinforcement has to be provided at the bottom face. if alternate bar of stem
are bent and continue in the toe slab, area available 2010/2=1005 see in step 8.
this steel consists of 16mm bar at 200mm c/c

let us check this steel for development length Ld

Ld=58.3*¢
provide clear side cover of
actual length available=length of toe slab -clear side cover +anchorage value of
hook
Distribution Reinforcement
use
spacing of ¢ 8mm bar
hence provide
actual area provided
7. Design of Heel Slab
heel slab length
force acting on it
weight of soil
weight of heel slab
upward soil pressure
total wt of soil
acting at from B
total wt of heel slab
acting at from B
total upward soil pressure
acting at from B
therefore total force = SF at B
B. M at B=
effective depth
keep total depth

effective depth
thickness may reduce to -- at edge
Area of Steel
use
spacing
hence provide, take the steel into toe slab from a distance 58.3 ¢= 583mm to the
left of B and it's end should be hooked
actual area
distribution reinforcement
Ast=
use
spacing
hence provide
shear stress
tv=
this is less than permissible shear stress even at minimum percentage of steel
table 3.1
8. Reinforcement in Stem
previously we use thickness of slab 0.3m but now
height
M=
d
keep d=
total depth
As=
use ¢
spacing of ¢

hence provide
actual area of Steel
check for shear
SF=
tv<tc
9. Design of shear key
let depth of key=a
Pp=kp*p
total pressure P
sliding force at level D1C1=ka*rs*)4+a)^2
or Ph=3*(4+a)^2
wt of soil between bottom of base and D1C1=2.4*a*18=
sum of W=
hence from equilibrium of wall, permitting FS against Sliding 1.5
1.5=(N*£ W+Pp)/Ph
1.5=0.5*(121.05+43.2a)+166.44a/3(4+a)^2
from above equations, a=