2

1 Particles behave differently when in different physical states.


(a) Solids have a fixed volume and a definite shape.

Gases have no fixed volume and take the shape of the container.

Describe the volume and shape of liquids.

....................................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.
(b) Complete the table to show the separation, arrangement and movement of particles in each

physical state.

state separation of particles arrangement of particles movement of particles

solid

liquid touching one another randomly arranged move over one another

compiled by @learntodayigcse
gas

[6]

(c) Name the following changes of state.


(i) Ice turning into water.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(ii) Solid carbon dioxide turning directly into gaseous carbon dioxide at room temperature.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
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[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2016 0620/42/O/N/16

 2

1 (a) Dust particles in the air move around in a random way.


(i) What term describes the random movement of the dust particles?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(ii) Identify the particles in the air which cause the random movement of the dust particles.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.
(iii) Explain why the dust particles move in this way.

.............................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.
(b) When chlorine gas, Cl 2, is put into a gas jar, it spreads out to fill the gas jar.

When bromine gas, Br2, is put into a gas jar, it also spreads out to fill the gas jar.

The process takes longer for bromine gas than for chlorine gas.

compiled by @learntodayigcse gas jar

gas

start later

(i) What term describes the way that the gas particles spread out?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(ii) Use data from the Periodic Table to explain why bromine gas takes longer to fill a gas jar

than chlorine gas.

.............................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(iii) Explain why increasing the temperature increases the rate at which the gas particles

spread out.

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.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2017 0620/42/O/N/17

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(d) The apparatus shown was set up.


plastic trough
S
solid silver nitrate solid
ammonium dichromate

water

After five minutes, a red solid appeared along the line marked S on the diagram.

(i) Explain why a red solid appeared along the line marked S.

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.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................
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....................................................................................................................................... [3]
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(ii) The experiment was repeated at a higher temperature.

What effect, if any, would this have on the time taken for the red solid to appear? Explain

your answer.

compiled by @learntodayigcse
.............................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(e) Ammonium dichromate, (NH4)2Cr2O7, undergoes thermal decomposition.

The products are chromium(III) oxide, nitrogen and water.

(i) What is meant by thermal decomposition?

.............................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.
(ii) Write a chemical equation for the thermal decomposition of ammonium dichromate.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]
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[Total: 16]

© UCLES 2017 0620/42/F/M/17 [Turn over

 4

3 Kinetic theory explains the properties of matter in terms of the arrangement and movement of
particles.

(a) Nitrogen is a gas at room temperature. Nitrogen molecules, N2, are spread far apart and
move in a random manner at high speed.

(i) Draw the electronic structure of a nitrogen molecule.

Show only the outer electron shells.

[2]

(ii) Compare the movement and arrangement of the molecules in solid nitrogen to those in
nitrogen gas.

compiled by @learntodayigcse [3]

(b) A sealed container contains nitrogen gas. The pressure of the gas is due to the molecules of
the gas hitting the walls of the container.
Use the kinetic theory to explain why the pressure inside the container increases when the
temperature is increased.

[2]

© UCLES 2017 0620/04/SP/20

 2

1 The following table gives information about six substances.

melting point boiling point electrical conductivity electrical conductivity

substance
/ °C / °C as a solid as a liquid

A 839 1484 good good

B –188 –42 poor poor

C 776 1497 poor good

D –117 78 poor poor

E 1607 2227 poor poor

F –5 102 poor good

(a) Which substance could be a metal?

[1]

(b) State all the substances that are liquid at room temperature.

[1]

compiled by @learntodayigcse
(c) Which substance could have a macromolecular structure similar to that of silicon(IV) oxide?

[1]

(d) Which substance could be propane?

[1]

(e) Which substance could be sodium chloride?

[1]

[Total: 5]

© UCLES 2017 0620/04/SP/20

 2

1 Element X can undergo the following physical changes.

gaseous X

4
2

liquid X
3
1
solid X

Fig. 1.1

(a) (i) Name each of the numbered physical changes shown in Fig. 1.1.

1 ........................................................................................................................................
.
2 ........................................................................................................................................
.
3 ........................................................................................................................................
.
4 ........................................................................................................................................
.
[4]

compiled by @learntodayigcse
(ii) One difference between boiling and evaporation is the rate at which the processes occur.

State one other difference between boiling and evaporation.

...........................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(b) Describe the separation, arrangement and motion of particles of element X in the solid state.

separation .................................................................................................................................
.
arrangement .............................................................................................................................
.
motion .......................................................................................................................................
.
[3]

(c) Element X is a Group III metal. It burns in air to form an oxide X2O3.

Write a symbol equation for this reaction.

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
.
[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2020 0620/04/SP/23
 2

1 Give the name of the process that is used:


(a) to obtain water from aqueous sodium chloride

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.
(b) to produce lead from molten lead(II) bromide

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.
(c) to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.
(d) to separate the components of petroleum

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.
(e) to separate a mixture of coloured dyes.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.
[Total: 5]

compiled by @learntodayigcse

© UCLES 2018 0620/42/M/J/18

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5 Titanium is extracted from an ore called rutile. Rutile is an impure form of titanium(IV) oxide, TiO2.

(a) Rutile is mixed with coke and heated in a furnace through which chlorine gas is passed. The

product is gaseous titanium(IV) chloride, TiCl 4.

TiO2(s) + 2C(s) + 2Cl 2(g) TiCl 4(g) + 2CO(g)

The gaseous titanium(IV) chloride produced is condensed into the liquid state. The

titanium(IV) chloride is then separated from liquid impurities.

(i) Suggest the name of the process by which liquid titanium(IV) chloride could be separated

from the liquid impurities.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(ii) Carbon monoxide, CO(g), is also produced in the reaction.

Why should carbon monoxide not be released into the atmosphere?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(b) Calculate the volume of chlorine gas, Cl 2(g), at room temperature and pressure, that reacts

completely with 400 g of TiO2(s) using the following steps.

TiO2(s) + 2Cl 2(g) + 2C(s) TiCl 4(g) + 2CO(g)

compiled by @learntodayigcse
● Calculate the relative formula mass, Mr, of TiO2.
●

Mr of TiO2 = ..............................

● Calculate the number of moles in 400 g of TiO2.
●

.............................. mol

● Determine the number of moles of Cl 2 that react with 400 g of TiO2.
●

moles of Cl 2 = .............................. mol

● Calculate the volume of Cl 2 that reacts with 400 g of TiO2.
●

volume of Cl 2 = .............................. dm3

[4]

© UCLES 2019 0620/42/F/M/19 [Turn over
 12

7 Proteins are a major constituent of food.


Proteins are polymers.

(a) What is a polymer?

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.
....................................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
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(b) Proteins can be converted into amino acids.

(i) Name the type of chemical reaction which occurs when proteins are converted into amino

acids.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(ii) Suggest a condition needed to convert proteins into amino acids.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(c) A colourless mixture of amino acids was separated by chromatography.

compiled by @learntodayigcse

Amino acid X has an Rf value of 0.8.

The chromatogram of the mixture after treatment with a locating agent is shown.

solvent front

baseline

(i) How is an Rf value calculated?


Rf =
[1]

(ii) On the diagram put a ring around the spot caused by amino acid X. [1]

© UCLES 2016 0620/42/O/N/16
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(e) Chromatography can be used to identify simple sugars in a mixture.


A student analysed a mixture of simple sugars by chromatography. All the simple sugars in the

mixture were colourless.

(i) What is the name given to the type of substance used to identify the positions of the simple

sugars on the chromatogram?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(ii) The student calculated the Rf value of a spot on the chromatogram.

Complete the expression for the Rf value of the spot.

Rf =

[1]

(iii) How could a student identify a simple sugar from its Rf value?

.............................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(iv) Sometimes not all the substances in a mixture can be identified from the chromatogram

produced.

compiled by @learntodayigcse
Explain why this may happen.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
[Total: 14]

© UCLES 2018 0620/42/F/M/18
 2

1 The table gives some information about five substances.


electrical electrical
melting point boiling point solubility
substance conductivity conductivity
/ °C / °C in water
when molten when solid
F –97 65 very soluble does not conduct does not conduct
G 1600 2230 insoluble does not conduct does not conduct
H 801 1413 soluble conducts does not conduct
I –57 126 insoluble does not conduct does not conduct
J 1085 2562 insoluble conducts conducts

(a) Which substance in the table has ionic bonding?


.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.
(b) Which substance in the table has a giant covalent structure?

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.
(c) Name a method you could use to separate a mixture of substance J and water.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.
(d) Name a method you could use to obtain substance F from a mixture of substance F and water.

compiled by @learntodayigcse

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
.
(e) Describe how you could obtain a solid sample of substance H from a mixture of substance H

and substance G.

....................................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
.
(f) Substance J is a metal.

Describe how substance J is able to conduct electricity when it is a solid.

....................................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
.
[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2016 0620/41/O/N/16

 2

1 (a) State the name of the process that is used to


(i) separate oxygen from liquid air,

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(ii) separate the individual dyes in ink,

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(iii) produce ethanol from simple sugars,

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(iv) obtain water from aqueous sodium chloride,

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(v) separate the precipitate formed when aqueous silver nitrate is added to aqueous

sodium chloride.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(b) State what is meant by the terms

(i) element,

compiled by @learntodayigcse

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....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(ii) compound,

.............................................................................................................................................
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....................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(iii) ion.

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....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2017 0620/42/M/J/17