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2 Carbon and silicon are elements in Group IV of the Periodic Table. Both carbon and silicon exist as

more than one isotope.

(a) Define the term isotopes.


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(b) Complete the following table which gives information about carbon atoms and silicon atoms.

carbon silicon

proton number

electronic structure

nucleon number 12 28

number of neutrons in one atom

[3]

(c) Silicon has a giant structure which is similar to the structure of diamond.

(i) Name the type of bond which is present between silicon atoms in silicon.

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(ii) Suggest two physical properties of silicon.

Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain why silicon has these physical

properties.

property 1 ...........................................................................................................................
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reason 1 ..............................................................................................................................
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property 2 ...........................................................................................................................
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reason 2 ..............................................................................................................................
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[4]

(d) Samples of air taken from industrial areas are found to contain small amounts of

carbon monoxide.

(i) Explain how this carbon monoxide is formed.


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(ii) State why carbon monoxide should not be inhaled.

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© UCLES 2017 0620/42/M/J/17 [Turn over
 4

(e) Carbon dioxide, CO2, is a gas at room temperature and pressure, whereas silicon(IV) oxide,

SiO2, is a solid.

(i) Name the type of structure which the following compounds have.

carbon dioxide .............................................................................................................. [1]

.
silicon(IV) oxide ............................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain why carbon dioxide is a gas at

room temperature and pressure, whereas silicon(IV) oxide is a solid.

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(f) Silicon(IV) oxide is an acidic oxide. When silicon(IV) oxide reacts with alkalis, the salts formed

contain the ion SiO32–.

Write a chemical equation for the reaction between silicon(IV) oxide and aqueous

sodium hydroxide.

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[Total: 20]

© UCLES 2017 0620/42/M/J/17

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4 Potassium reacts with bromine at room temperature to form potassium bromide.


(a) Write a chemical equation for this reaction. Include state symbols.

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(b) Potassium bromide exists as an ionic lattice.

Potassium bromide does not conduct electricity when solid but does conduct electricity when

molten.

(i) What is meant by the term ionic lattice?


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(ii) Explain why potassium bromide does not conduct electricity when solid but does conduct

electricity when molten.

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compiled by @learntodayigcse
(c) Concentrated aqueous potassium bromide is an electrolyte.

(i) What is meant by the term electrolyte?

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(ii) Describe the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous potassium bromide.

Include:

● an ionic half equation for the reaction at the cathode
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● the name of the product at the anode
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● the name of the potassium compound formed.
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(iii) When molten potassium bromide is electrolysed, the product at the cathode is different.

Name the product at the cathode when molten potassium bromide is electrolysed.

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© UCLES 2018 0620/42/M/J/18
 5

(e) Tetrafluoromethane and lead(II) fluoride are fluorides of Group IV elements. Some properties

of tetrafluoromethane and lead(II) fluoride are shown in the table.

property tetrafluoromethane lead(II) fluoride

formula CF4
melting point / °C –184 855
boiling point / °C –127 1290
conduction of electricity when solid non-conductor non-conductor
conduction of electricity when molten non-conductor good conductor

(i) What is the formula of lead(II) fluoride?


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(ii) What type of bonding is present between the atoms in tetrafluoromethane?

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(iii) What type of structure does solid lead(II) fluoride have?

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(iv) Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why lead(II) fluoride has a much

higher melting point than tetrafluoromethane.

compiled by @learntodayigcse
In your answer refer to the types of attractive forces between particles and their relative

strengths.

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© UCLES 2019 0620/42/F/M/19 [Turn over
 2

1 The names of eight substances are given.


aluminium oxide calcium oxide ethanol nitrogen

iron(III) oxide methane oxygen silicon(IV) oxide

Answer the following questions about these substances.


Each substance may be used once, more than once or not at all.

State which substance is:

(a) the main constituent of natural gas

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(b) a reactant in respiration

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(c) the main constituent of bauxite

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(d) a product of photosynthesis

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(e) a greenhouse gas

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(f) a macromolecular solid.

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[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2019 0620/42/M/J/19
 3

11Na, 11Na 11Na are isotopes of sodium.

22 23
2 (a) and 24

(i) 
Describe how these sodium isotopes are the same and how they are different in terms of
the total number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each.

same ...................................................................................................................................
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different ...............................................................................................................................
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[3]

(ii) Why do all three isotopes have an overall charge of zero?

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(iii) Why do all three isotopes have the same chemical properties?

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compiled by @learntodayigcse
(iv) Why do sodium ions have a charge of +1?

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(b) Carbon is an element which exists in different forms.

(i) Name two forms of the element carbon that have giant covalent structures.

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(ii) Name the oxide of carbon that is a toxic gas.

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[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2019 0620/42/M/J/19 [Turn over
 2

1 (a) Give the name of the process that:


(i) occurs when a gas turns into a liquid

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(ii) occurs when a solid turns into a gas without first forming a liquid

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(iii) is used to separate a mixture of liquids with different boiling points

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(iv) is used to extract aluminium from aluminium oxide

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(v) is used to separate a mixture of amino acids.

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(b) The symbols of the elements in Period 2 of the Periodic Table are shown.

Li Be B C N O F Ne

For each of the following, give the symbol of an element from Period 2 which matches the

description.

compiled by @learntodayigcse
Each element may be used once, more than once or not at all.

Which element:

(i) combines with hydrogen to produce ammonia

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(ii) makes up approximately 21% of clean, dry air

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(iii) has atoms with only two electrons in the outer shell

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(iv) has atoms with only seven protons

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(v) is a monoatomic gas

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(vi) is a soft metal stored in oil?

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[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2020 0620/42/M/J/20