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@ d=r}'l .i)tl.i: l,+1,:1ftU lkHzl +Z0tFn):1000.02 lkHzlql^l
.Iti: 1000 lkl]zl +10 [ulz; : 19ttt [kHz]4zlolE+.
;l=rrlrN :r-rlii : l. ./, - lmO tkHz.l 20 tHzl : 999.98 tkHzl al oll

, "f":10[X] lkllz] 10 [kHz] :990 lk]lz.]zl-u1o1r111.-j I 5 dr).

999 98 lkfz 1000 C2 lkiri

o ral r 5 (dlrll r 4)e{ g

+ +11 Tlq, + rlHirlq dq(Pr) g ^l (r 6) o__+_ gr+.
pr : t]f,rl d4+tr;-qqt dq+61=rlLtl crl
w2 w2
:P ' P | ' It:t,,t , \'t
-
-lr-6 tt"Ar,

Rts Bfi Cel Hlf,ll ilqg qti+4q, Hr,-'=. lolal,lr. 7lC

6lE Ei +el + d4 Pr:15P"zl gcl
+F oj
C* E= ;ls-qlr'J H]++ Cg"l 1 [kw.] aN EtFT] l olr+l- 6li3 tr
d4e "JElg/l?
=,+rilel
cgD ul ( r -6).ll.4J tl=rlriel j4€. !'e..1 " ; ]: ro00-250tw)

o
lEl.

+F
C* Er e1sq].1 Hl+4 Cqol 500 [\\'J oJ ,q] Bigol 90 t%l.t-n 6]
B *_ :stl d q 3- .J'l /l ?
"J

Gg) 4 ( r -6) "ll.! P r- P "(1lr) - 500<rJ#l - zoz.r twl

a +r$ HJ6

irl+ Hi='tl+rlel C+€- .JC"],I {nq lr}i+'ti+r}el

i4i.=. HEI-^I7l= EJ.lolrl. fe'J I-69 EJ+"+, d.a!+ 4 i
tl+ HitlE L+Elt /iol4.

(a) sJ+rlef carl (b) +rf+ HJ5!l

olg r 6 +rl+ EE rlE
+trl+ Eol
(7t)

FM Ci-et a+ql d+e- .JA6lLl +!++71 H]+tl +++ 100

[kHz]
g=-
€d d:- 7l^17)Ll 4itl E6Jrl-. ol Ep+= 4lnq d.Jql
el6il g^J El=rtl, ol {6}el olg +tli 9ol (frequency deviation)
e]; _6lEl

r.e I -7{^l +r}+ 'Jol= + 30 [kHz] ol4.

 100 kHz F r:i! 100 lknzl EJ+,rf

it/lil|]ililfil1finA ll 11 /1fl
I l |lllltilltitil II II iI tilt
nJ\\ilJlffiu'-* lilililflil1il1tIit tt it ii Il Ilt
UUUIIIJUUUUi] U U UUI]
1C0 T30 100 70 100
l- t)l- t)l- A l- t l t)
(a) C+ HJr4 (b) +rl+ bJaEt
olg I 7 al+ s4Ele+ +El+ Sf4
(Lt) HJf
^l+
E= xli rzrS ^l (r _7)r+ e4.
*,-r4-a*#P
-ilr-7 +F
1000 lkl]z]el +++5 lK]zlel tri dne
1 +++ Et=- 3fq 10001
10 [kHz:]-+ F!+tl +tl+== C4^111.** 3l rl] +t]-,i tlole] Ei zl+=
o-l Elsl 7l t
Gg) 3,1 +rli- rJol= 10 lkFrz] ol_,r-, .l ql Et .l?-v- +,?!] aE+.
l0l103 :lu.^
'r?L: I\ 10.

+4+ Hl4q 4q+

(Er)

t'Mel rrlE+-3 4l (r 8)4 44.

Ilr-a B :zUJ+f,) :2f.(1+ru)

+FF
+++= d46,1 utl d.r ^l+rl 4zlE +!l+ 4al+g lzl=71, rlolzl
=71?
G!!l 4 {-8)ql el6ll ?n/} 71,(lB .ll"l+3- Blrll;Jrls 4 tlr}.
'*4e. *+r+ Edql ql..f EJ6N d_.,l/t AM!_rl e+51r,
FM
AM BJ.ltiLl y*g +rlf= ilzl;'l= dl9-E9 _s-76I= Scol
slr+

O +ls cJ=
sl* Hi= t]+rlel 1l+-9- .J46lLl tli-ql 4el Hl+:'+el 9l
tt-.3- Ha1.r1z15 AgjL FMq,PMg rrl€-jr} zlBel +4lg 7}C4

t8
 HJdtlE
-EE-E-FMolEJtrl
HJ= us *E =E - PN,olElcl'

E, +"1+ E:re+ 9* Eis 4 Et(angLe modulation) altr

:; d elE+

st-C Jo.Jo- pf*jl, +"++E B+6l7lE .Jrl. +C f

^l1EJg
4iE -?iralB
=.
r -2el arl.
oE I 2 +! +4+9 EF
1 tAl
1 fml 1 lnr,.nl 1 llar 1 Inm]
tttttttltttlttltt tttttttl
rf8(tmj)ld jd 1d i0, j0, 1 10110?103 10410i 10610' 10i 10! t0 4rc.,110ri10-t10-!10rs10n610i?10-is10i,

le il 'le tl X!

10'0 10n rcr 104 10{ 106 rc16 1Or 10€ 10r 106 lor' 102 10! 10,1 105 10?6 toa loa
tltl lttttttttttttlttl{l

VLF (!€ry lolv f req€rcy) 3k-30k 100'10k 94171

LF (low freqrency) 30 k -300 k 10^-1 k

Elt7l, c+ Ec
N/F (nEdum freq€ncy) 300 k -3,000 k 1,000- 100 eal A d"-+ €tl
FF (high freq-Ency) 3M-30M 1m-10 ^lul -E^l
VHF (very high freeency) 30 M-3m N/ 10-1 \/r-E E^l

UHF (ultra hgh freq.rency) 300 rv -3,m0 M 1-10c c+s 5tl

SHF (super high f reqJercy) 3 G-30 G 10c'1c i+iEEl c"f allolEl

EHF (enrenEly high freq.rency) 30 G-300 G 1c-lm oJ

alE lElrl Er.J 4lolcl
 F^l ^l1eg TlEzJstr l? r-84 ae +c s-4E ol+ol
dq.

* li,\N i N\N * 'NN * NNN

o]g r I a] ^t^99
7tE +E

!l +r r=o +rr rE
+t Alr= €1]zlzl Tlg6t4= €Holn, 4-H-= +trl
7l P= dBe, +C, Erl, €* -E-ol 9,1tr1.

U +"t'
+tl7l= alIS H=6lol 5d6J d+ dns "JE-- Hql -FC-B
-=- 5-.lq ;121e B$rl.

t =l=
5{-+ql= rtl
+C d+,qe+ +d d+E7} 9lq .?d d+
sql^l ^l+51= d+'tliJle^Jt- dsld, €l+ zlol9, "Jc+ 7tl
olB Ecol 9.1+.d+_E= 5ri _rql_a +ag 56x^J 1l!1,
+d
n dzlzl4=i g^laJg el'l.Jq. ,F{t"ll ^}+q= d+ "lill"il
ulel d+ dnq cB -:.qol qeTil €q. ilnTf 3+
^Jtr =,
5lq a ql g^J6l= dn El+ ,Jdl 4E=-, + dnel d
'l€q
E +Eel +aEJ cg zlg, *g.l +E5l= {_r,: F€ cq+ d
+ IIl.+ tlsEl.
"I nlql

t +rt,
+d71. d+tr€ Fdl e dn€ +d6'ln +r6lq ++l5l d
_H= 4olul= *^ldlq.
 ElxtE Etlst
t{lrtq +el-ry+ eH
xll+oll: 8'-Jolal: 37Hol Ll+ 7153 0lg6f0l d
g.lel "J4 EH= el+"Jollzl

"Jal= "JZ! 5C +'J0 ?.19111. 0 HJ43 tst|]el LlrlEJ 2C 3Elq 3_H _E^ t1|^]
rl g^16lrl. "Joll 8-Jol 6fLl.J ?le$, 00101 qn 43:: a "Joll ^laJol
=, =4
glo'-f Eolerl: oiololrl. F TNel 3.J01 ?1.8 011e 0 i Eqloll 7f 9.1
= =^1
oLf, 9= 60{l E^lolE1, 7|]"l E.Jol sF 9lo EJ 111E^l doll
=0ferE g^lo]El, E'Jol
^li =^l
^l *oE 9.lrf=
EJ 7[ 91xi *ool 000oe doll
=^{ =E ^leJol
9.lrf: elElo.f. 0l^1aJ, ELJg 5ol] ?ael ra50l rl^l=J "J4]o]l el=d Eq
^ll+
E^l= *^l g + ?leq, .F Eq 43 ?101 it+6lr "Jdtrl .J^lZl !
^l36f9tEE
ofz Cr=el | Lr4Ctl
^lo1l7

ot4tE VE1* t;r{tfq Ef* DJDttrt.

^rDtE€ ^tgr5+
DI
1
1 5|0 + +E0l0l, olg/l 'J5qq eJ:^l d"J6|1 E^l
Ol 2. +rl+, l+, iTf*rf HJToll tll6l0l EE6II HJ4= 6l: ol+ef EJ4el !.JdH
H^f.
=+E
ET
'ir: 3. AVe olc! 7l=01tr1, s HJ5E= +*?]^l AE6II .E^f.
ry 4. Ftv, pM3 olE 7l=olEl, ol=el 6'83 +toJ^l !oJ6|1 E^1.
: 5. EC ^l^EJ. gael 7l=e +E"J^l EE6|1 E^f.

ltEi|.lr ,|fDlE
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//www.narate.com
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//\,r v/.d gitaltek.co.kr
http :,rywr vi.kt.co.kr/kor/comm_park/comm_museum
 "rd +C7l:J 10 l.kHzl -3 el driTltl= EC^14 ++16l
tTHzl
jl^l df= +]_dql eldl] Hral:r, --i \B,teJ tl,c=i oJLllLl= r;dl
+^lal= d-zloltl.
++17lel 6ii "JPl4"qs 1l.E 6.,r^1, +E j.. +liql -.16I ';r
r -3!l dol LIE + 9.lri.
0E r 3 et]7lel EF
A1A A2\ A3E, F3A, J3E 5
6irl, Enl, aEEl, ofolaelf 5

AM +tlil-:'Cnql u++ H]++sl d*9 Elerl-^lZ AI{!}= t

_.-= a_o-_+,, .lE E.ir;lB DSB +tl7l (.di,t €.1 A3E). A\it Tlil
*tlzl (d4 6J.l A1A. A2A), SSB +Czl (dtl €NJ3E, R3E,
H3E) zl 9.lr-|. DSB +C7l= +rl "J+,'Jrl'$+ 4 \Tfr]]el d

+ql el.J dJ+7lel +lrjl 5t1 :.ql ^l+5l rl gJ.dl.l, Axi dc +

dTlel,SSB +C7l: LJrlUlel dF+ F{ E-q ^}8-rljr- 9.lrf.

tf
r +lt7l
DSB
4+ Fa.:-+6Jel Forl:, i}i"}4pl o|-.-4ilI 1 Hl+-4 !E
ol g]J El n g *=!lrl (DSts i double side band) +tl7l4J 6l
q, :19 I g4l 7d_-'5 Ll4.ll9rl.
 o ral r -9 mB ecTlg +8E
() grl7l
*llzl-.] Btlzli d+ol]ol g lrln= dq Llq= _r.+ri.
=
H]+rl= "J-E-= *"1-e, +'++ glar.7l +g id *12121 ";-
el
^l+gEl
gcTlel +-=,r= B+6lE 4+4 g4
zdlEl 5=E
f
559 'Jrl7l
f-Blloll
L ==c
-rc vl]7l O IE IE] 5T€
gI!71
3+^l gllTl fL Ei4r
6l€al sJcT I

gdTl ,+e gcTl rlq-\ BEc

^tE4
nlol^ Bcg
+ra€
*-r,-[ _cn cdTt _t OIAB
g ll alxl€
I Bl^lErf gcTl

(r|) 3t^f "JTl7l

LC BJ47l + rllg4al Sizl H,T]7l= ;.F i^l (E zJzl iEJ+
el 3 il <l ;l .'l tJ.^. )-iL|| at q ,\!ol:-L^l Eld .,l-q
FET) <r ol
"l = u tl" -t e e ',=
+C.J a-o-F-, +'JEl= izlql qq
'T]-I ? :I ''
€4:: E;l'|JJ
'L?I-IAI
:IE
oftEl H!
'I -a

ilzls +€-9q
EC.l q4E -]e r -10e1 x4 x,= ee +_e-= 7la 4EFl
^z[ s]olol ;lq, x,g H]419 el.,luJ]:z] 9q+ "JE+.
 o rg r 10 3trl 3-|I]71 +EE

x,rl, &71 c(=rll^l)olr &-3- r(.J'J4)olE ol A€-

=-rl:1
Tlzl (CoLpitts oscillator) olrl.
x!} x,7l r(.J'JEJ)ol] &€- c(crll^l)olE ol7"l€- alSrl
Tlzl (Harlle.v oscillator) ol t-l'.

+F
LeJ r 10ql^j EC dlEoJ 4+"ll g:+g ag?
I x, : c. x . t,=rlz
Y.. . 2 x . c, x2. c, h. L

3x,:t,x.L.x..c ix, . L. X,: L, X,, L

C9D,A
(L|) +E gCTl
i4 Brlzl (crystal oscillator) r-' 5g +tl'i oJdli= /lxl4.
+Xel Ed ;4-4(piezo effect)€ ol-8'6J Ell7l oltl,
?id nj1l+, id$ql .Jqg;,lej+',11, i.d$-ql ".IEql ".Id
6+e+ +d6+7} E^J6+= d*9 "J;Jrl 5.:, f €rJql c.J(J+)g

7l;'l E f3'Jql d4 zls(rlF;) ol Ll4Ll-:-LJl, ol,s- ",1 d alErl

4tr aJ+.

-lfl I j./d dFdzl-e+ E/l EIE= LlEi\q ldltl j--ld +l

119
ol gC6J + fl= €q€-+C'J9 +tl+ 5C"l irE€("JqEJ)
el "-l EJl E Fzl6l= .J q ql ilrl 7l;-6f rl.
 I '*l
?)r' -v-zr:\--.
114
E{ lJ u= u[
(a) el+ (b)
'-N+

I i.$
1

T ",+
]
+",
al
(c) 7 !.
?
(d) E7l ilE
I

org r +8 IIEIIE E7l Ele

11

+d "JrlTlel ++= +c'Jq lloJ +lilql 44 +89tr]'.

O tlql BE(GS) € 9,llzl : +a$ol ErJzllEJel ulloll:el
olrilEl oJ+el 6154€olEl _Fr al_+i s_-':d
^lolql 9il6lq,
ol 94.F tsTl;'lq, F;,t sll-E +'t+ dq zl+g iJ4.
g]4q: BC(DG) € *Czl : +dvJol EzJzllElel 4lolns+
A4q ^lolql 9l^l;-]-4, .J,r;el EqZ€o14. Ei Fl_tr= +*d
ol Elqot gil.J4.
..c) Frtd€ gTlTl : j4q^ BCe uJTlTlql^l +4
-clA7l RC

o re r 12 +adEg ga!71
-e Hl{l;}. ?419 r-€ ol A'J6}I +,++ "Jdol €9r4 Fri€
€o14. Ed'-o EJd illgol zl:1, B.qrlTl gc6l7l drt.
rtF =4
i4Bdzlel *de +q'J7l?
Cg) +tl+'Jd5-71 +E+.

e E= =+71
Brlzl rl*41 -rts 9? 6-*zl (buffer amplifier)b slql ?l=
6+zl -F_o-,q S16J +-.'lel dts.l BCzlql El il: oJ6J'eo EJzl.'l
I "Jdo1/l gc;lE+ 6Jrl. EJTlTlel eJ+ +-_E7lel cfl--o 5
"JsJ aql^J +;6lq d.J HFel oj".lg gl"Jrl. ++ 7o=*zlL
Zo=+ol +.lol olqqg A -u- 5.,-E AB;:-q_+ 6JEi.
(7D HII
=+71
7o=*zlt- A+, A_ts +, B -u=, C -u-_o-_? Ll--rtsLJl, tr+g i^lr:ritr
4 7l E tr +ol7'l j1, ell + (.J-_t e,l d ) E f, ^,1 rll tr 7l zJ y-E- LlnxlTl Lt.

+FF
Li+ ++/l Agol 7l+ + ae 5-3 #"J/l?
+ql^J
Ell ct +(E+e i^Jr]]s 4drl.)

O +rl+ illHHTl
i3 $llzlql ^l+ale-- id'Jg l+ +rl+= _-1 F4lql ElHl
tJl6tll-+ gll +tl+= t-Al 6171 96ll^l= F4l=- g}il 6ll+ 6l
:-rll, Ll+ */l 61tr +^l/.lzl flq fldl= +11 €4 i:'}i.=,-
g zl 916l] +tlf ill 7l (frequenc)' multiplier) ;1- tf
^l++Ei. +
Ell
^J
f ilEllTl= fc EJ+lzlel f4i-=i it;'l- 5B+ c+l
=+7ldl
rl, +61: ag 2Ell+71 (doubter). 3ullF- +dl=
zEl_e 3dll ,r1g

izl (tnpler) z}-l dJrl. i1+'+ ftlzlel- ,l+!l +11/lel ?l'.6J

,lol= +"++ ,lldlTl-ol folrl +tl+ :luriTl= HFtllLl \T{F4ql
^J ^l+ElEl.
1fl I 13€ +rli itlE}Tlel ts.} 4cg Ll4trl. EJrlTl-dl
 10 [MHz] oJrtl, 2E\+7) 27lt+ 3 tsli-71 14=- D
=qol ^]+;]q
EIel i++€ 4EI;J + 9.14.

10 lMHz, 20 lf"4iz l 40 ll,4fzl 120 lf./fzl

o ral r -13 +nl+

^llu[7lE
E^l

+F
+rl.+ nudtlTl= A ;14 c # +"ll^l q: 6l:71?
=+/15 ^l+dlol
GllD c; =+71 (asol +o tre ciig- ^l+{}r}.)

@ d.l
=Z-| =+71
3 dqE dq-€- *^l;-l7l 9l;,lq +"J d4 6rEzlb t'JuJ
.qlzlel dnE .J461/l EJq. ol= 93lq ,lEll =0-+71=. F61l^J
P-dld *l'l ++iel dng 4+ dq ?-Ezlq .lC^l'J + 9,1
E+ ++61= ?+71= olrl dE 5E= +7J 44 zo=+11
=+71
(interrnediate peuer amplifier) a] €lrl.
€t il5 d+
=+71
ir; +14 :o=+71 (final pouer amplifier)
=
+tlTlel 6-E"J ?91
.rl elzlu_| ++q 9lil6l.l "JEll+= F;il *^t6l7l +1..1 dqg
++61= ++6lrt. dll +rl7lq a+ql= c+oe Fz+^]4 ts-
g tsEq 6-E9 ol$;lzl*, tsllol ^ q!_.- FCg 6l= dEl +tl
,19 a+ql= c+ds Fzl^171tr ++EJ d
=qql "Jlrlaol
7l7l 'llEql, _H-F B; +^l€(pLrsh-pul) ?+g oJ:lrl
^l+6lq
aE q_-- 4E q4l6lt *'J.J 6+;Eg e=4.
G' HJ=21

d+ H== g'rjrl7lE dJ4qe= HiE 4CCg €s^l;l!---

4ld Ere+ a€9 ?9^l;'}--L dl zld E4_a LIE + 9.1_11 Ei
Bql El4 zld4 Hi, ndq Hitr LIE + 9,lEI. E, +ln d
 JJ -9-
H=zlel o1r1"11 oJ7l6l=7lql El4 ^l+ lzlTl tr4zlaEJ
E{'il erlEl E,r, qldl l- \qa, olulrl fl,rr|-7 61,a, FET4E
*ll oJ Hr, Zloltr Ea, j:a Ha, ll++olr+pJ ootl(plare) H

t, 1el E(grid) H3, *i(cathode) Hir,+ +e€4. !.-, Hi

Fltrel Egg +ol7l +l-"J He 'J4g J.E€ Hr oJ^lolg+r
6lq, +E} B? Ei, ^lsll(c}Iirex) Ei(7lH 9^J Hr), E-"]
el (Lloherty) 6-Ezl Ht 5ol 9lq.
:19 I 14= ai-lEl Hi slgolr]-. 1
eJql^1, .Je+ d+_q F]+!lql el6lol +
5El= C u= Fi
?$zlgl 'J'.lLl Ctl C
\,^ "Jql !n+-q d.Jg Fd^l?ql 4r+ ?
e:lrl Cirzl lH,l e dnrlq {-Eq 4
=
-3-;l q EEl6Jtl

tilfit"rl1il,
zJulrl cii4lE *+rlel d 5l+rl 4
s+9q 9.lzlsl, ,J_erlElql 9lA
-t+-'q/l
g *Tl dlF_el +rl+ c"lql q.il {}+
tlill +el *.ol+-rlEJ-S- +=dlH .1e,j r-14
el ag- AMrlTl eol{lE}.
ol E,r 4lg= rlHa-!4el -e+41d1 H
o teJ r -14 SdlEl Ei Ele
i darlq C*ql Bldl+E+= *ql^] 4
d E=ell +LJ Elr--q 4ldijdl
"ll+ ++61.4 'J-rq
=d+
aol 4r-, HigS- 4el 100t%l cEolE+. E, c+ rlE_a7l€

^f+;'ls_s,trgol +g +Hql +rlTlel r"EJql^J ndq Hi=

6l!__+_ + Hi Cslol ,c:F!l= EJdol 9.lEl.

U o, rr +rzr
AM Tl+lts}I EJ|lg -ca ?qE BJ 1.,,1€ EJ +blq +rE 1l
+61= Ftl H*419tr, tslr4 1lg d49tr E zlzl Stlol zl;
^l+t]fl4. r4'l €
6lzl trll5ql C'++r+ 6il.J+ -"--el Fdql
,|= r++ F{$ ts"Jql "Jrl f
^l'+ HLLTl 4alqJ i.ltl' AM
dllel d+ €^lg X4oe +d6J + 9]= AlAe+ A2A, 7l2l *
el6ll 4tl9-E +tl6l= AlBel A2BE i.-EEJq.
^lql
A1A +tl7l= A3Fl f,{lzloll.r] HiTl rildql ,14, 441 EleTl

'J-961,/, A2{ f,C7l!-- Hrzlq dA i+ i]-+7} g-cl5}r}.

Az{ql^l= !,18,'.+= ++;'}= BB4 E-(tone) +1n='J+.-}=
EJBdI glo4, qErl+;= Fl+;+= *B€ CEE,+
^}+Eln "l]
9]a 5a9lrJ
^l+51t, E dn5 "J+6}='$',ile ++l s11:]" E
ql r.f+6JEi
^J

il
g ssB +lt7l
ssB ++l7l= ssB tls-:r BiJ;1= zi EJBqI 4+
zl -f 5^dol ElsEl. ssB nln-= dJ^86l'= EjHql=
rJ€ H=7lel 'JEl-= "3,s6J +tlLllt€ +
^l+;+ol
.,:,ElH, 2/llel 4e Ef:71= ^l+6lq H]'Li'l
=6t=
"l {ar}q 9l*€ 4'J;l ddJ^lZ^l i}f,t}e} dJ+
el +94=- z1146l= 9l*'B 4 gel F qlHg 4'J
6l d++ ;ll 3el tB[9]t+l (weaver) Bl 51 4l ++7f o fal r 15 SSB 3+U7l

9.1+.

o ssB HJ47l
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3 "t+"f

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Hrzls.r1; e"r Hezl 4 *€ Hazlzl y+ol
^l+€El.
a =nlq10l
Eial
el"J6l: +rl+"J Lll= El-e€ gEl(filrer) zlr.Jtr}. ssB
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a gEl, ill4"J =rl'i+
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ti -E-ol 9.lEl.

tq
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4^1, olel- ag oJol .JdlLlzl 9+E+ r.46110l -o-lr!, dl,grl +c
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O at+6f zlld7l(overtoad retay)
f,dzlel 5zlol dldtlrlolTiLl, jl*ol B^8Clg rll 4dizl
g-e] zlzls- rl+61= a+71 9l9q-q, ol ol 4F;4 g_+ ols-=
itEl^l7l= zll dzl o111
A Elolq (time-delay retay)

Al47171 Fz+6lzl ^lz16l ^l d+zlzl d+€ ul zlzlE ^ltol

-J* oJd6l=zl, ,'r= 5zl C+zl qe +ZlC +zl6lq HEIEI
ts Zldzlsr'], gr+dE +lF + .J,d .,.12,!ol zlg El* r.J dg
g oJTl6li;+ 6171 93ll
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;lZLl d7:5J iltl rc"Jql qBC
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cl4.
q 4tr1)l
SlEllLlql qqTt gd6l9g ,41 tt4.J ad.Jds+El +tl7l
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P- 6lLl

6 +C"J ZlETl
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s ^l+9rl

FM €-t dn= +tl+ Hr6l"i +=^l7l: Aile,

+d7l-:-
Ellzl, i4i ^lEll]zl, rlq ;+71 Fg AM +tlTlel Eli6lq,
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^l++ aq
--r ++F- Lli-qTl4.
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Eall i'J4rI old-ql^l iE al,S+r.}.

!il o*g ," o.'o,

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=t^l
7lolq. L4 c'Els-:- Ei LC nJJTlel +tl+€ AC.Jtl. =
EJ^l I'lolltr+€- zlull4 4r_J^l

+6J qlqzl e HE!^lZEl. i

=
alz| ul'ol3g=q1 EE36}E
l+ol -$4lq Gol E
*T+_d__e
ul-ol
jH-
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HaJ+. lC/l rtlrl "Jtlzl 54

i'l+-:- q+ i:4ql q.l 4d o fal r 17 EcJlll Elol3tr= rlE FM ErTl
 4o_E Erl+rl. ol Eltr_:- grl
I
+tt 7l +q+71 H:r l]i-ql el6ll 4
d Esl6tr +!lf Ee+el lzl
I
R
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cr 7l Hi d_q d"Jel C+"ll tslel

N
-1
t- N 6lrle 4d
I
Fl,lolrl

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C
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J : RJ

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3/1tr, E {zl-\ /l
FNI
EJ H_llzl9l
E

T
7IH clsq EJ. F-6IE HolTl q
Fri .] .E-oll ol EIE= el"-ltl:: Hl.zl

el_n__,-_ g-zJtl. Er dn= Ed

o fal r 18 Fru alEEl SrTl
xll-Elel /lslFlI,-- HEl,^l7lj1,
ol ll ,o: g ll ?l el o. il ?rliE Eolrlzirl.

ootal
H ZIE FM
dntl= d^l Htlzl (prcdistorter, 4l+ el E)= 5-"4-^lZ + 9l
t E,;a;q i"ti Hrl'E g= aC Ad !'N,tol/j-I oJEl.
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4trtr^l
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el El-e= ic "Jrlzl 9l*9 Esl^14 ddzJotr FMg
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\qn'l^] 4 vl ol+q Tlr+.
o-_+-

Ad l'l'l IrC/l-:- H]*4 9Tlzl'=, iX "J+lzl-+- ^l-S+ + ?l

+YD

trr- *1

o ral r 19 gtlEE 7JE FM HrTl

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^l+9rl -e+]---q

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t'M +d7lql i^l €ol 4lq oDC : instantaneor-rs deuation

control) 419, E4etl^ll: (preemphasrs) , d

^l BArzl
(predistorter)

Ful ^l+*lq.
o +^l EJol rllol qe
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-=Nil-*W-N*Ntr--
o lg r m rDc aeg 7lE +EE
€) oalgrl,il^
gPl4ss €-d daqq^l -r+rl c+
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FM *49 H:Lq]^J +I€-C "a++e g4a
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gEl rlsE s4q'j^lj4j1+4
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a: e)E7l gs;iEl.
€) lil HdTl
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3. Zl+]tl {n 'JC 7l Irll 4. l_€_e./-?t 1rI
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=
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22 tkOl 1 /l 8. tr dll- HE 1Zl
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2.
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,a t€.1i, g*rr **n,6f,ffi'* l"un'
g b00 tk zr,p'+'l ^rn rofio ,,,,f to' ,,t,
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=33frl.
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6J+.
=zl

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4+E

irlzl.J +c+ d!l6l 9:- +Y*€ c4E "JrilLlql +71^lz,

_-1 +"ll il
sl*61= d!tTl-3 tl',!P! +.;+, rJ.'1 (+i) ;lq ?L
/iel tl_{l_ ,l]^J^l7l- tl-ilolr}. +tlTlql^l s.-tel= ^J-;-o,E
(sensitivitr-') , tlE! 5'- (selectivitv) , ?! li (fidclitr-) 4 oJ'j
^l.l- ? E
F (stability) el L,ll /l 1l ol +-ol dt ;-lI, {}* (none) ,,} e]] *
='il
(clistortion) ol 4€ol al4. 7:,,21 d il;ol +ol6llol aJEl
'161i1
itlzlF + r 4ef 'Jol t+g f 9lrl.
oE r 4 +Al7l9 EF
A1A +C7 MA +U71, A3E +C7l
F1A +C7 F3E 3rl +tl7l
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tnl-"llEl etrfg (superl€terodre) E fUzl
AM +d7 FM +c71, SSB +crl
erl(LF)6 ill,6q(v.jg ++171, F-E'(htr)g it/l
i'Jrl(vHF)g +1171, E +c7l
==.Jrl(uHF)
rE g+€ +c7t, ot= g+8 +u7l

iczl -\-E-.llol E (straight) El'49 f ]Titl

e1
'*,1 +ql^l d5J
ql^J zJd zJrl;'}.J
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ol 9.19r't, d;tlE rN.?E ol r*.1_3- LL glrl
^l+6l
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O #E (sensitivity)
olL d-.-el ulE6J drlzl-zlE +tl6lq +d61,/l cHE ,ll^J
6J + 9.1:7lE LIE+{q. AEll. +E}E
"Jg a}.J d!+= S ++1
5J + 9]rl= "Joltrl.
€) CEIE (selectivty)

+alg- sl"J6l= Ci-rl olelel +g,qe {nr}€ q: eE"}

zl 4lzg i 9F- ;q9 E6Jrl-. s+] +el tsq"lq. dE4E
=,
i 7d i"]i dqE, ds c"lE, €* irl+ dErlE, a+rl
.'lt--,r- gEl o= ]: 3| olrl
olJ 9-s- \-t .
=
€) PIEE (stability)
+ tl /lol oJ .€ 6J i,t]\4 'Jf pl di:'15 t7l6J a+ql zlli
d6lzl g,a g"lLl 9ex ^la +"J "JC+ +qg eg i 9l=71
el 54.1+.
@
El"Jllg +dg "11 q: dri +!-6121 dB dn= +96l=71
=AE(fidelrtv)

el -;-qg +dE4_11 .JtcJa "i *+ql el;'l

"14, +rl+ 5c,
q AdEJE}
g;-l -d-rl9 ill+el rJr E-Tq '610lrlol (Hl-F i)'r.i 'hrgh fidetity'
el Ezltr^l f€sz1 +e 4l*-dl4= 4,€- *'Jrl.
+rqdlEil-a4.J +^lzlel is adg gt
irli(imase frequ-
ency) $ u$1o1r1'. +nlslEll-e4oJ +C7lql^l ++ Ell +tl+

J,= +d +rlii_H-4 +rJ i'l+ j"J+ +/l gll^la a+, +

+ gd +'lj..nlrq +a +q+Jsi+ +e +'l+r""1
=-qe
E, +rI+ HeTlql^l= q ?-ol i(+i'l *+q +A +rl+) 4bb
[kHz]-e B=J:ldl +7J +51 ECT] (lFT : intermediate frequency
trarsfonner)el dE4 aag "J+^l7lgtr P-qTlq. 6l
=qdg4tl
ag "J+ +!++el *dielll .J4.
"6€ "f"BE+ ffJ?. aAl
.'I= ag ++ 4qleqt.l+I tl-l,
J"-= rtHq Jt}+ *ll 6l= ag 6l+ 6lElltr4oJol4r a}=ril,
.J_P!4 gs tl=- 6ll LllEEloJg
^l+'+4.

f"

n --?al | ,:l 9d,!.!

=J+

+F /i/rl +j,t+7} g 'l] "Jd +r]+=

;rl illTlel 570 [kH, 9"].J7i ? (+
6rr'l El+el +rJ +++: 455 lktIz.l olEl.)
(ED .f,,,, :.f,, +.i + t : bz(] + 4.5,5 + 4bb : 1180 lkHz l

-lH r 24: AM i.d/l-"1 /lg4.J +€E= LlElt aol4.

+r"f i !]=r

o:1a r 24 AtVt +Al7lg +E.E

I
u r+nr 5+71
itlzl ;1lg *'Jql €"l9= ++71E, rl+;+r-' i-tli7l t-
-a ++171-ol ,JL== 3l+"Jq
I+tl ?+71= S/Nljl= '*tl^l7l: a olelqlE
=+-'J
+€
+71^14 fC ?l;= 6Jtl^l7l_7, oJEiLlel +!r +tEJ ^lolql
il7] 'l5ql ++ ETI a4izl .JElLls g^l,El= a-9- El=rl.
:lrl.l .J* +tl.i. +il €olts qdJE'J4.
Ball'=r
=]c; r 25= AV 4El_e- +drlql ^l+51:- ].+"J z.-+71 4_E
Eolri. +ElS ul (bar) 9lElll-lel t, i oJe- 7lH +'ll^,1 c,4 6Jilll
q"J6l= ,*++ql Fr5]= LC 9-:ltrE 6"r^d6jLl. R,g Hlola d
"Jgr+El L_d (l "rl rQ r"tl !'J
6,1 Hlolq ;-= R,= Qlel olrl
=rl. r-
EJql zl'JeI ulolol -=,- cj-3-
=rl.
Rr.i ?-F- (bruass) ^lzJ4. T'el 1zl E
el C*: I -q +;ls^J F4El= H I
l

'J rC rl=-E €^JdQ ol ,C El-+

:- c'.ql el5ll 5-,rEli1, T,el lzl=
Q,.4 4"JaJ .JrlrJ::
"lag +lEl
+11 'Jolrl. o ral r 25 r+rl €+71 a-eE

I +o+ sst'
+rl+ EnJq +4e fd d.d.=r oJa
ay*ie) ?e7\ +r++_F- H+614 +_E4
d'4 4$g dzl 6171 91fl !o1r1 o1 o:
dJ}1 .JBalE aol +rl+ HnJzl (frequ-

enc;' converter) oltrl, ++ *Tlzl (local

++ gd7l
oscillator) 4 +t +tli= t.: +!l+
EdJzl (frequency mrxer)E ?^JElq il4. lal r -26 +4+
o EaJg gzl

=iP H,llzlts iCul9lt 1.14. Erlzl9 Eagzl ?+:rl.

=qg
+rJ +i+f I!--=i+ 9,rl i4i/"el +tl +tl+iq zlolEl
\f,-.f"- nr.
ttl/t^1, ++ gd
i"1+::1* r-264 a.l itl iq+Hq
+/l a}g +E 9.lr */l *9 iE tlrl. 5tl *= ac *+ 6ll

EllsEl"J, *ll += ,l-3- 6l+ 6llEiltr4oJol4I. 61,:-ql, oJHlzJd

 9- il+ 6llEllg';l
"JC {}++4.
+FF
+t +tl+71 1600 lktlzl ol-a +rJ +++71 455 lkllzJ oJ EI E+ e].1 +
+,j=.-, e"lglT} ?

t@D t : J + J.- qs+ 16oo : 2ob5 [kHz]

0 49'J11z1t1 =311t;

E+ ts41 +]4+-:- +41 +!f+el +ol Hl+lolol6lse, gd

F;i ElEel 7lE Elol g.lEl. F4 zls grn;.1
=ql^l7l =EJl^Js
el -F^l"ll HEl6lE+ :le I-27q1^Jel
eul 3 Sl 7h{ B+lzl
=81^l= ^}*'*4.
_q +++€ ts-ll 6ldE $lzls) Lr,l c

'" = 47ll 6lE 9rl.

,1irl qlql: 3gl /fE
?--E"Jol 9.19
'lrl3 +'ll^J7l l1+tl 6-q+ol 9l
o aa r 27 3E 7lH EEJlIlg +E ^l+ElzlEJ,
-C-
"lql-: 29 zlE =Lll^l= ^l++tl.
++ gll+ 7lE +'il^l= t.i 7tH ='ll^Jel ?g €etr ^l
-oot3 rllz| g]--ori, ol
"ll a+
gtl zlS gr1^13 +i 7lE
=Ell
^JE +;Je.l zlolTl 9.le lrtr, 4l€"1+ HE_+ u1g +.J^lql €
e6lo,l EFr Etl*_o__E ^l+6Jrl d;lleE €:i+ 7lH
=Etl^Jql
rl eJ-e C,= Bq ;g galulzl ol==
"I'J +
=Ql^l =qE=ql,
EJ (paddinC condenser) rl ;Jrl.
^J
:lrlLl 3li +* +=ql^l +-*ol g ",1"1 9*='"lqlr- H€L
r+r.r
==r
s E3l"l += ='ll^J O-:r ';ol^l El,ql6J +ezl7.l
(trimmer)

*+=ql, ol=t E4 t'l *trl (trimmer condenscr') el,i "Jri.

c,el'c,= f.c^Jel €q= 9l;'l'ol Rlrc +Lll^l €Ell-e
qq glr+. ol 'ql. "lE +c +rl+ol= a5stkHzla] ,J9 tr
/J +l,l+71 qE+ ,rd;lr.i 49 tr42 (track
Cps+ G.=.-

ing) ol + aln ol=- .JoJ 3d (3 4 ) ole}1,r- ;Juf .

=A
=J
El eF]^l lel'l qE Fc 7l7l= E+ g:il +'lfql + ?l9l-3-
n -al r ,A 91= E+ 3F11,[1 zlH Et^l=5-'J=ol -Fi deq zlH gE^lz
^l=rll^Je+
*6lE G,l g'J.q4 rl+
rFF
*tlzlel -e_4 ".r =J-\rl^J -:. +e +++s .rd6,] El
^l-€-;l=7l-
olqH *
e +tl+s ide 4l
^l€-a'}LL7l
?

GgD +e ++i=-rdB Eltotl

^l+6:lrl

E alr +ft
=+71
+rJ ++ E+9 +'J +-"1+1='.<+61=rll, 3il
=+71=
oltlg =
-EEq Hi *'Jalq, 2e ol*9-_+- +c+4. olr.- t++
:"=++el +rl+H4 *g- ?rl-+€ +q-;'lzl"J, g:o-9 -27$ 6
:EzlE! ,Fi Els= /f++q. +7J +tl d*-3- 6rJ +rl+ H
5J -ts:r 4_{ql^l *r]^la ++ 2rJ
^J7le| *LJ,! c7l H€e
+-E rFl. ll + ,+E.Elrl

oJ-_f
c+ g lii
| 7 tl

o rg I a 2E EaJxllEl tF 6+71

Le r-2gqliJe+ eol, Eqlzl .^Elel rF +++q Fa 4g;

BFi€(1,]-+ol'+ 22]-+ +ql^J +q"J Fr 4l,e_e slq 9lr
€) e-q ^l+al= 4izl l*rl ol= rFTTl 3, 4E ^I+qol +5
i€(121, 2t\l7l 95- Fa elgg slol 9].= €)-g- ^l+6lzl g
olE !J9 4g+€- gg + 91o4, Edzlr-ElE otlql=
^l+e
oJeli g"-ltr1zl *ol,^l ++71 "J4+g Er EIF-5
^l€-617.l
-e*71
'rlltsdlrl. ,f/l+ d-8+ol+ FETE
^l++ 6*zl-L= "J4
.J

4EJlzl +ol^l +FrBg ^l+6J + 9lrl.

r E+ql, IF RC adJotr oJa6lTlE ;'1i1, ^44
=+\:19
(stasser) ++zlel Aol 3B IF 64Elp=- zlzlel q= ++ +rl

11
+ql 5i^la d4lel !lq+g H;l= "JqlE +?J ++ +v +
+7lel €E]]E gltl.
0 E r -5 3€rl +Al7l9 EE +rl+
=z.|
AM +d719 52J +Ef+
F|\/ +4l7lel +rl+
=Zr
gaBlt +ATtoll^j gd +of+
='J
EJellBld +dTloll^1 +rf+
"Ja
=7J

s
=[t7l
4olsEel 3+ 3i+rt 'Jg zl+9 ol+6lq 6A +tl+ql^J
7la +tl+_e HE]"'f-:- 4eo14.
r]Eirlsj-El +ldn= ,:=61: +89-e-, AM +C7lq^J=
2--l+olLl rldlgl_=- ^l+"J zlc e+ *2j9- ^l+6frl.
rlolglLl r.d42-El.el F5-t =o-"lliJ 4d +tg 0l€,6lzl
"J, l.:J r 30i+ Aol +3+el "J4ol 49-tr 5-^J +dq
ol4
+B"l^J F46lol 4lE zl4zl 44 4e+-^'], 4d atl= 6l4E
?rl Eqol 4of -ol,rrtr, * +q^l +eo'l ++^lzot 6Jq 4.t
a+. rll;| Arlql Hlall .J,=]ildol zlil ilqzl AE6lc4 "Jrl
ltoJEl.
'].g r-31€- zrl liF-Eolrl. Llolg-= 5rf6J rlHirl=
(+) pliTl dq-"Jol LlEt'J4. rl+'l +?!qll (o-#)
\ LI
F.JqT c
ql +dslr+7t, 314rtg
^l+e (f-t) F'Jql= +3-3- ++b+,4
"^A^J\
T
{ rrr tl
C
\_.

,H
'.'.+.^

IiI
o lg I 30 ^ld e4E gal olg r 31 a4aetr
 "l q, *d
dJTl.Jrl. d"Jg =171= ^l^J+ C,Bq el6lq 439
q, q+ ++el a7l7l ts]4 d.JEq uizlzl 'Jdg Al+alE|
=
?l El \l l'_ Hln6l! \lolorl lEfle1 goorl1 +3. +tl
=',1.61jr.,
ol zl;J fiql ol + *d d+-:- rldrii_q Hlrl sqld
'iE+'JE]-.
er}+nE oJrl. It, rr+rl c+-3- c= Fsll^J Elolol^qs_z,
A+g_eel .J e"ll!-- zJir+el ri€ol 4El"Jrl.
?rl FiF-sl +61 51tr= l3
i-32e1 ?.1 €"J +Hl^1tr .JE
.+tr, (+)el (-),+ Hlg-q= +lsrl.=- e-9- + ilrl. ol trL {-n
rlq r]]6J erltq !16l= Roel fir H€s 9qs R,= jbHEi
=.
^lo**ol
ilq+ ;JQ 7lE 4dJzls 6loJ 1r44E
r?n:- ,Hts
=
49 r€"lsE, 9E(volume) rC+ 7lE ,zlalzle|-L 6JEl.

o rg r 32 g1 ae

I
g fi+il e+71
+i9 EleIdJ zJ+!] 1l,t++6lq ^.'44= gd 6
d.Je=-
+ 9.1= d4.l 9rq;=-+pq. zli+ ?+-71-= d4 +q-7lel
ol--+ qd^l7l:. 4Tl =;*El_d_e +dgrl. +51+ B
=+^l7l=
91= +^J i++ql "J6lEe tsr algg
^l+g + Sgq, "Jl
Eldol z+oldl 617l trl5.ql A?
=+71= ^ls6lzlEJ,
** triE.ll
++E"ll +417t ^daE+.
.J€, 3l+ d4 ^rl4= +F^la ++6J ce.l €
=+71=6JEl.
s6ls,e dq 6+c Ellol ldrJl :l a+ 415-ql B+ +(l
€ ++71= ^l+-J4.
 olll 64'J--o ol €4 -"r^l= 6-5zl .E- 4v!.l1l7l 9l;+cl
^lS
;+-:-ql, qtl ++-+4 +-E"Je ,Bcq EC7ltr e*qzlt,
=q
1rl7l ]rr6lel-el gae- "J!,]"J^ A'dJ€- 916ll H.€71 4-6Jol ^i+
9rl.
:i=4= HC7l7l Ct= tU- rlla€ +^IE(SEPP: singlc
=+l
ended ptlshrull) Elr/l 9l--- dq Bol ^t+6ll 9.14.
=+-/l=
I
u +Al3 +I Sl=
AlA
AIA drl€ +c6J trtl +4 +rl+F Hi}'J A1A dJ+r+.=,- rldl
gc_ zjJr]-olql rllzql^lEg s dd dn€ 4H.J ==.zJ€-"J

+'l glEl lrlEE H+;+9 +e +t}+ql ++ "J1l +"++

4^l +"J^14 100*1000 lHz)pJ tlA ++.i._+ "J5tr AIA {l
=
!l,el +.tlol 7i;5l7ll {c}. ol ull el i,? Bllzl= ul_E_ +r+ P. Tl
7l (BFO : beat lrequency oscillator) 4 -+Lq , eA +tlf= +'tl o
e 0-20 l.kuzl dE Ee|.r123 I 9l/l qq 9l+

{qq oilfl
3{gnq
g+el Eag(1831 -1879)e qE^EllEel 4lelrll0lel d6J3 8al6f01 d7 alcsl
C7l83l 7lE4"J ESg 1864Lloll +^lee "J-r;191r1.
tH -.J
^lTlalCE ^1713011
0l +4e E1g UE4olaE AoE, I7ld, rlTl8ol t+rl aol Efer4 &rldH 7J
trl: olEoe E4(5^l7lrf)E 0jlB6f?1trf. lalLl lrlle c4= rl+71 le ^lAt:d
r + 2001 Llol Zrf:d 188711+El0ltrl.

+tl+ Ei OM frequency modLrlation) +tlTlel Tlezl "J +

c-3- AM itlzlsl 4el +^l6lzJt, 4t sl.ezl Lls
=eAreg
q, FM 5^J-9- €/l7l 9l6J 5f !_:r ile Fol +7l5lq 914.
AM +tlTlelel ,lold-9- 1l+ 4l'J71, ^{zl !-e (squelch cir
cLr0, rlgtl^la ol-az|^1gs1=- ,lolEl. lg I-$e- FM ++171
sl +^dE= L+Elt 4"14.

O ral r 33 FM +d7lel ?EE

I
!8 +ft+ IrgTl
FM!'+= +ln'lel {l+ql E}+ $+r}q +'}+7} H4qq 9.lc
+ A+el HEI= S7l ul+ql AM d'lq Ae HlBetr= ol+C
cdE ,J!l8ll E f gloI]e, +rl+el HElq Hlal6lq ilq-ol
EEl6l= 5€9 zl+l frli +lH-zl (frequencv discriminator) al,r-1
6l= 5+iJ zJ$ dl_tr= 6J+.
^I+6101
Tvli sEzlqlts c^El d-4€, +Fi€, 7ll"ltr H+€, ul
4-!+71 E6l 1tol4, Fa 4trq a^l+= ol+6}= a^l€ ?+
zlr 91s4, s.^El d4er+ tslerl7l7i +e ll.J4.

il r,+
^ns,r,*€- 9il a+E g^J6l7l 96lq 6t i'l dE
FMel *C"J
e-l d+C 4B+ elgE 4].JBJ + glrg ftlzlel itl+ +e
zl gql Tl+ 4l6Jzl (amplitude limiter)E €461q d+ E+ql 't
7l= a+ E=€ ++g 94l.Jq.
r 5zl g4: FM +^l7lql^lE =elrl Eltrcl {!{, ulepf
dnql 4611^l= 4d 9E+ 6ln, dnql qdl^l"J 4l
=+.1 =
e7ltr 5zl6lE+ 6}= E{7la'E.l slsE ol*dJ +-F- 91tr1.
-le I 34: d* 4ltzl9 5C9'l4t 4olt-1.
 W/Nffi..-@--WJW
o lg r 34 c+ rllElTlel
=d

I
U ^Ent g=
FM i4lTlql^J-:- Hl+q7l sF6lTlLl fl€ qlql= AM +tlTllr
4 e,d = +g_ol +crlg =qse Llg,ll grl,. a+J"l cl_+-
(squetch circuit) -:- ol ++-3- EJzl6lTl 9l6loi +tl .J zl dgi"l

= Tl,3- =qc d+6lq ?g _tsd

dl--_ dE utlqj B^J6l-:-
"1619
oJos 4+q. .Z=gzlel n1,o]q^= :rc6l.4 4+rl
=_q-717I
+6lz1 9*F+ 61,ts sltr_+., zl.F fl€- 9zll ElE4arr 6Jrl.

I
E ilgE^t^ glE
+{=ql^l d^loJ :ral9l:.,',J^l - Fl_F-el +r}+ 5^Jg llt}+71
gdN^l= +'.l+71 +e €+E ?isl= 5d€- zlzls_5
ol qg!^ll =4ol
6l=rll, ElgS- 4 -+ (deemphasis circLut)al "Jrl.

o reJ r -35 qg4^l^' aE

 DFllg g.tElrjl z;r{ttq Ef* uofH{.
^tDtE€ ^tgtE+
0l 1. ,JE, CE]E, ?J8E+ +1"J7I?
1 =AE,
gA +rf+ g6t|+
tr 2. +t"J7l?
3. +iil=.llElletrloJ +|j717+ +E E+ flalef 7l5g trE6lI E^1.
Il
'ir:
4. A1A +tlTlel flalE SEdll H^f.
rx =4+
5. d+ rll-d7lel .4t
flaloll tH6l0l €Edl] E^1.
6. FN/ ecTlol +.5!f E4+ gal "! 7l5oll rH6f01 €E6H -[^1.

7. Llgnl^l-a qe+ olrlotl olgEl=^l €"JdH 9^1.

uElrjl
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17
ggilfil

Sea+s
AM e+zlel +Cg "J + 9.lEl

$ e+ zlrtu g eutg
1. 4+ dg +; ?;<l l rll : 15 lvl 2. jr++ +ln giJzl 14
3. .{+jr} dn B^Jzl 1rI 4. gd_q-^_A.E 1ql
5 e {zllri (2N3904) l zll 6. E}olgE (1N914) 17ll
Z. +'ll^i 0.tt01 [pF] 3 zl
8. 4tJ 1 tk0l 2zll, 10 tkol i7l, 100 [k0] 1/l

S ee q f,^t
UJE

1 AM e+ll= d+ HrTl Ee r-n) +lq gA'Jq.

2.447J4 Eq(rB r-22 ol4el l tkQl o.I €)g ts= rJlql _sd_s.
!-E-.
" ^}4olEl
3. Ergol 1mt%)71 9Esr a +15rvl

d"Jq
4.,e4714 +qc e +, 'l+!l
tl-e-zi ulQ4---4 q t-Jtl.
5. zl+rl Cn gCTlel +++€
Eslrlzll ,l t]'7lel +qol qB
Zl H6l=zl +,36J+.

S e+ grt
1 4+7lel 7l+g €B* + 9]=71?
2. ed_E1i--= q+6lq d49 rl€g +c6J + 9l:71?
 dfl T/rl
----
ift
al 4EE
1. 8#9 sJ984 E!i[. 5$ I ES elEg AA= oldl&tr €a* + ?ltl.
2. dg 467tE 3a9l +4= 016fi6|tr 0lae *= lgg + ilEl.
1

+11ftl /l/lLl- tl Zl' d tlql= zl+ lr gol +.9;ltl oJ uN.

CC.l.} id'J g,= 4l+ 1'l:l +E. ilil (DC po$er suppl) )

ol
^l+5rrl

_t_t
It- 89 ":e
(01!rt7 i)

c ral r -37 E3 3=719 +8E

:1H r379 i]S +#/l-q ','4JEo1.1. EoJ?l= fl6l= 4l+

dil9 "J/l 9l;ll oJirl Jir d*-3 $r,lzJr-f {rll- 01qo11, 1;,
zl (recrifier)i i,L+ Tl?19 "-rlts-l= z,lii' d*-o--+ Hlla= El.+ol
q. -f;l l ,,: eJ tli (snoothirrg cilcLut)rl 1+E:- oltl/l: ErlF
;l,E 4 ir 3o;-3 rJ oJal-zll ol-:- nltrolr{. {l9i ,r'J7l (reguLaror)
: .J/j llglol]'l rrrdlTl H::6lrJal5,. 11.,1 :r gc;141 +zl
=j'J
;lE+ 6l= rl _+,o111.
 !t t'+r'u
O C"J HJEE
=t
+6lel ++ql nl4 doJol EEd4= dE= Ll4'Jrl.
l/
=q
Erg or:o n1rruu1,")
-t/

q7l)'1, U: ++61"J ,4lel d"J

=r-i
I{. : i6}'J "ll-q Tl9}
=q
+F .a.llrl
d?l al ++61"J 'll .Jzl aoJol 120 [V], "r;]oJ 4l +,]- doJ ol
100 lvl 9rI. ol el d* Et+€,. e'l ?171 ?
"il

@D /v-+xroo(%)
-1?:#!!x1o(r:20 r.%l

O€+EE
.Jq r-+ d!'.lql Ll']tl +l 41,o 34_- B'u, rli.* €rl-.
Tr q ('J'rii)
Ilrro J =,r oJ t'l Cel (dE{t)
xt00 l%)

0 o-45E kipple factor)

zl+ "_lFol ?l'1, "Jol 9lr.:7l'.:. zl_3-++ €rl.

="jqi 'lrlill't,
'5sl Cir(C9i) .ll E+EJ r+ ^J+ tnrt xt00 t%)
4l'+(d"J) el 4 =,i C+ 'Jd<i
=q
-lr_11 q fryt TFT|
17Nel tlol-d-E-E7C!lF-- 'i!tl d+/l (half-uave recl.ifierr r.
s= 6+el Tlg +E7lel zlzzl 94.3l_ts= _1'J r_38 (a) el
+rl.
.Je .d+ zloj rE u>0t (+) H!+71 SSlql'J rlolgl'l
'on' al4_" 5l
"l Y-.'l zl6}ql d+/l aajt, a(091 (-) H]+71
F"Jql= 'off' ^JEil F- Eldl d+71 -o__e_z.l
g:rl.
4el^1, jEl .J €el rl€€-le r-38 (b)el e4.
=4

A. a ll
. -r 3ll

(a) BJnl E+7 el de

O rA r 38 EJnl EF7l9 EleE Eq 4d

q l1ft TFT|
-11-J I 39 (a) L- dr* d#zl (full-uave recrifier) -ol 9le5 L+

r]L'j zl ol r|. F rlol9-_.-= j[+ E 4 e] dJf zlu]r[ .J +6]= ql

Elolgt -:- HI4 ^J;u]o1t]"j gg 5-;'l R,g

^l+gEl 44el
7i{lq. HSTI= 6d E!(center tapped)9 r.r:E
^}'S6}!-F-ar4
1-/l7l +El
_n+ oJ4el (+) tl+71 +"Jq= 4ol9-_.- D,ol 'ori :lEllF- El
,a, (-) Fl+71 F9lql= rJ.olgr: I)rll'on'*tlltr 9ol +;+ rl
dJ R,.q= rir .Jqlel ++71 a4!_E_ +,?, 4+71 _o-_s-rl FJtrl.

44^J, +61 .J €el +€e rfl r 39 ft) el,ZEi

=q
Dq TRI

D,9 YR

(a) drf E+7lel 51e (b) 4E

=al
O teJ r 39 drl EF7l9 ElEe+ Eq !fa
 +FF
tir+ 4+7le+ d4 d+71 +q^l d+ ngol +e ae qr_ aoJTl?
@ d+ 4+71

"--1dII
AC

oJ

(a) tEf qal^l €F7l (b) (+) HJ+7 011^19 l+ 6= (c) (-) "J+7lo]l^lel 5+ E=
o fal r 40 tnl sal^l EFT|
lH I-40 (a)E 6d H H'Jzlzl E,s 9l= d'1 dtszle d
+ Del4 dFzl (frnl-wave briclqe rectiJier) e+n dlq 7l+ Y*ol
r^ slrl
jl+ "Jqel (+) H]+71 ts"Jql-: lB I-40 (b)el ?ol Elol
9-_E- D,r+ D,re 'on', d-EIF- .Eln, (-) Hl+71 50Jql= :1eJ I

A0 (c)el 2ol E+olgE D,el D4zt 'on' *4tr EJrl.

4el^1, +61 7l6J 8"41ts r+ Eqel Hl+71 +4_o-F- eg d
+7l'ss/il 9q d+ dizl gcl
ITFF
Ctl ]14^l X+rl.,I: E 719 rlol9-t-71 'J,s6J7l ?
@ e-= 4zl (+B6JoJ ,41 Z zlel E o3u3., ql 2zl])/i g.q;14

r!E trcg gE
d+7lel d"l d+7lql^l ee
EJ"+ gd6J zl+/l olq
=qe
l] ElFel Jir d+g s6J++. olel Z€- ElFg rl46iq Hrl
.Jdg 4+g Ezl 91.il^J= El,q('JEl)zl 'J+4dlrl.
'J!J
:lH r-41 (a)b d4 Xiizlel 84"il 5-6lel Hgtr +Hl^lE
Sl46lq EF€- ,ll46l: sl,qol4.
 .----------+f----
Lltc I
,! c{ to
_ 3 F-t----'\&----t------
u.......- :
+l
lc | 4(

(a) eEJl^] g+ al. F (b) €al El"J

O tg I 41 Eg Elee Cnl EFT|

=EJl^.l= ^l€st
f-g I-41 (b) l? r-41 (a) -qi tl6jg +EILJ aol4
= =4
"J5J Elsel 4iel '459 F"JaJ 4=,r C*olrl.
=qe

,J+ T-l+l +; *il= el+ +6lel HF4 +zl 9l"l aJ* sJc
.J dgg 3,;-i.llo} ".lEl. r+ delotr+El dizlel !,35J Elg
s- 4,1 eg zl+ d$e +6l- H+, J+ Cgq HF "f Cirzl
srql I6JEJ
'tlEil izl_ql +E 'JF+ql u.l;l H6l7ll +lrl. 44^J,
ole+ ag RElql rl6lq zl+ dflel oJ€6lE+ 6}= 3
=e.lol
CoJ Fltr (regulator) zl 5J9;'lrl.
I

'+
) D
C= =V
-----) tl
^. all
9tl
D]
ir
tl
I tl
rl
ll

AC.!3 :+7 nJ+ a5g i t' ?6f

o ']B r 42 ElLl rlolgE= Etgr =Itr

^lEEl
'fH +4'J Fltr= 4ll,l +olsr'g ^l+el ad.,l 4l
r-42q1
r.,E_, dg T'loJ v !F= +6l-(RJ7l Hiil_,- +6]- d* hol ,4ll]-J
40J v,E +"15J4. +, dg d.Jel Btsql el+ .Jq d+ c=
 +61 d+el HEI= 4lLj Eldlgg dfrz} g4-;;og,xl +61 A*
ol .JC6l4l +zl€E+.
rFFF
lllLJ 4ol9-E-=-
^l+6.1
4d"J nlB= +dJ6J. d+r+ q*dJ d+ +ql^l
q! *6Jotr F4I^l7l:71?
@ q*u* a*

+F
_r?l r -4Bg ,J+d 4d"J gEE 44t a
ol4
+
1 tkol O Z70 tOlql -.--=-.1' dFE +dl gal.
B tv.t 10 lvl
€) $;| ;e= d+=i +.il uzl.
zil s}q1

o 4lLl ElolgEql ;=: c+e=- Tall Hzl.

o fg r -43 ,Js=d Edsr atr

Gg)
(r) 270 lolql a4:-- d'J:18-10:8 [v] dlt]. qe4l, n0 tolql Ee= d
a L r-l O -l rL-l
rT- 'AE{ E "T.
a T\/l _ro6[mA.]
_"r,r -"
270tst)
€J +61 .l"J "J #9 3.Jp l0 lvt ol+. 44^1, !r;191 6 d= 3+= El+
4A4
*ri!jr:
I LKS4J
10 [nA)

4lLJ Elolg_=_ql _.__E_!-- dFL- 29.6 [mA] -10 [n1A] :19.6 tnr{l
"9

+F
d.J EFEe- +e71, +g++ +e7t?
=++
CgD 4l-9++ *ul(4-=.i5 .J46J l1"Jol EJ+.).

!l e,o't,
oJr+lEl (in\errFr) .J4el= zl+ d*g g3l= aTle+ +++
=
E Tlzl: ij=r doJ9tr ul+-:- DC/AC \qEl7l E. jt+ ll+7lel
zld *!.1 illq6l4]-| fr,s.- z1g "i "rcc dfl *il (r;ps:
Luxnterruptable power supply) Fql ol+5ttf .

umil?
$lrrrt
deal r;a1"1 gdlf -*rtl e+Elol el-"J rl olEl i1al9 Edlpldlef 4= ^l+ ^lE
El,33 3E
^llEJ "l 5C ^l^EJ"l E8rf^l
olal *E9lEl E0f01l
=+q ^1al7f
+^lEln 7l5E trlqtri _rEi45t ?.1.|..
^l
olaj 8r]J 7l7lel Efle EH? "J5Elclot 6lLf 8fl.1 cg EJEoll g -src Eol "J+
loll gez +7f ?.lrl. l"J HJEoll: rE "Jd6l: +7J Ig ,J6lef
=r{-d ^lEH=
+rJ El 501 ?ltf. UPS= olal:d €€fg t$^ldH
=rf

o ra; r 44 rjPsg ?8

dlloJ ,'ll dizl.l-!l+ dg"l i[+ dgg 4iigotr B+;]

q +d"15 +c^l/l= F^l"I .J4EJtr +#5lrr sl4El= .l+
tlgg '1+ dgog HEl6lol P;l4l 'o'-a-oJ4
ad.J ,!lq= o3ulr.l!.- qd^ls+El 4+ Tlfl3- +A'Iol r,t
+ d+lsc \qnl6loJ +6lql ".;-Jrl.

! ocro. rus
DCIDC aBIEJ (DC to D0 converter) i 6fr'lel .l+ dgql^l tl
-i7l= /f'{l= rl+ dgg g= H+ Ciltr, +ell-l 9l^J ,rtd
= r;4lrl
1}=l a9la dd"J d+l *ilLl zl+ dF7l ++ Eltrql
ol+eJ Ll.
 sqol drlE
t{lxq
g+el eqE(Gilbert, W 1540-160311)= 4lgHalrl tHqtdl^l ol-+!l +-+9 B+
610l EalqrrloloJ^l ol^fol 7r-o 3?1rl r= rlTlsl l7loll rHel olEg EJ+6101 rl

+7|. o3 gelalll Elrl=Ell, 36H e: d7l!f E dE€ d-doe

=
oJ+6f01
^lAolal=
'^l4ol1 rH610l'aE
^f7
6f?1rf. 0lE 7il7le E7l-+01
1600Lloll
^49 =7J617lE
!f+ Eoftr 'JEdf9leol, rel oJ+.s"fts 3gdllolLl EllTletr EJ='J:.Jg rl
=oll
#trf. 571= elEl6l: electricityE zt4E7l 'JEol LJ gGl0ltrl.
"Jole etectronolaf 6f"J '5If'=
olEl6f^lDJ lal-\ ol-e: 'EcJ'0laJ
"J0ltrl. s+
g Erle"J I7l7f g,U6fEe galEEol d7l= LfEIq]: trJqe EJ ,ioJEll, SHlE
7l dd7l"l dloll olEg Eol^l 5l91tl. &7 Ll Cxloll
^l€ia 401 ^l=71 ^l=3
r|:d -s= oJo{l olq eol EJ aolaE 7i= ,J4E 01A16l^l +-.;l
^fgElrlu, ^ftlE
g aolrl.

dzlql= oJil. drle} olzl czlTl 9.lr+. oJ,l l]zl

.JHlzl_o-F,

Pt +l ^lS;lE q^l ^l€."J + gl= a_o-E^J oJF!1lt TJdzl

= olrl d?.1= 6di+ EJTl€- H 'JolJ'I+6lq Zl+
= "J6Ir, ^l
+6f i ?]-:'id4=- 'J+4. +CZlql= \l+dZle+.Je4 +
ilalTl- 9.14. i€ olrl dzlql= Ll4, ;lIE(Nrcd) c'1, q1
+i(\i N{lf d-{1, alE-ol+(Li-ion) Czl 5-ol g.lr+.

T H=I]II
Ofl aI

+dzl= Sldllolrt tlrl^Jol +€. 4F 4lHrlflo_+_. 5+1 !-

Hl u-l r,l tszl 5_"j Cil o ,+. 'j el olgrl -J 9.1u1

*+dzl=, .-re,.l r 4bel ,Jol !l tnlB=g Tlrl *++14

i=i. "J(pb) _9],o__-r$9 S.9_ EJt *"_l(ul:;1.2-1.8) oJ llall
ql €j1 1l
^JE d+El ?+E5- 4el+g ^l*61.i +,4^l
(HSo,)
o rg r -45 s=crl "q
zJ "Jr.irll, *++"ll= (+) czlzl EJ^J61.'1, €+tJ"llL (-)
Czlzl tsrJ;Jrl,
yi+dzlql +61-7l- slaqq d+/l EsE -J+azlel qluJzlz]-
-ir.El-:-rJl, olE +g qlq-Zl i_s €c'9 *d(crischarse) dl4 6l
n, 'r,ia6l€ i_qEJ B+dzl7l 4lulzl.=. el+F-+El "J= ac
6d (charge) ol4 6,lrl. +dirl *Cel *Elli dolslel Hl+,o__+-
"J + 9l!4, Crl 'il+ zl6J_ql c6l,'.lzl d*, c+q 4zJ F
ql el6lq dzlel ,JEll= .J + 9.1tr1
ag -J

B+dzlel +*e eJd +c tlgl"I^l oJd dilol +aEJ 6l6J

*ql ol='qlzlzl "Jg f 9l-:-dzl*-d__a^J, oJtlq^l tAhlel el
E [V,h] _.] F]9 a L]E]tr]
^l

"Jqq^l tAhl :*d d+tAl XEJTI

^lrJthl r-12 ElI
elE^l twhl :EJrl 1l+tAl x"Jd c"Jtvl xBd r-13 E-
^lzthl
'J'llq^l= 'td Cirel HJd ^ltg #q-" el-Eql 9'lul 991
F"J Cirz| 65 f 9.ltszf .i- LtEl'114, eltr^l= Adl deq- ^l
zJg *_q_e *d ^lt FsI g:_ qlLlzl=_ LlEl\tl+.
o= d
/ 7t) i]g =xl
B+dzl= zl€- dql .J+71
4tlElBolLi +tBo,+
^l-+6f71
g +++g i+.J 'Joe nJ?t^l7l7l elEI 6d6l= ag iJ+
?C.14 ;Jrl
I r] .El l- Erl
,l S +d + ,BF d-^l6l= +dC €* +dolE+ .Jq
(ED al=l
eJd +d t4ql^J zl+ +d6l= Ag 4+dol;+ ntEI. +d
+."t "l*g'Jd6lHc.rrl, "Jd + +1le=- 6lzl gglg rll, €4
iltblol C^d5lgzlq Elt.Jol eJC6l Edlqzl 9**C "Iql r+
+dC g lrl ZIE +71419tr d,^l6l=r{, ^}+ +ql 4+ a}r.i
zlg rlo+= aol +tr}.

,,
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=.4 EII
ii+"] +d3J a ? +dalE Ezl d.Jol 2.41v)71 g r4lzlzl-:-
** ?d d+el zHllel d+e +C-Jrl.
/nh tl c: * r..l

+F EJ.lql^J +azlql eq += +d"lrl.

O -r.drf xlal
(r|) g^q E]Jt'-Jel "Jd
B9ld6J +d9;I2'1, Bd + +^l +d.+rl ?*I 'Jil* ql,
.grz|'1o1z1g EEI-6.! EAol -,--a$9 -Etrql 5J .gdille LJ
zl 5l=ql, olaol €4 €ltBq4. ol ;lrtl s]{!Li{-El"} z++-3-
EJ--ll5lrrtr, -J+d7.lel ge;o] zJ-l:9I +rJol u1544 ae+4
4l+ E4dl gqgq.
+tB-3- C;f,elel -g--'= +oll !l+C6lol gt"llq, +l6J ?g
-.1'J€- ,4LIC sJ4rl +tBg 414.Jrl
(4 +Eel Hl=eJ4 4fg EEq =J+
+.Eld "l trd{t .lt}el .$72} o--aE + ++ol ++ 'J?6}
I, dETl d6lE zl+ +?-ol gei+rl.
El+ tsql -ol;'l-{ r}ril C+z} --,=-E gol g^J.-}Irg, ---i'Jol
+lll EJ4. ol=. ulzlslTl 9l6ll^J: d+= i-a# oldsE 6r
zl 9*_-,5 dllo} 6Jrl. ++"1 d6l/l ulE4E ol:=r El+qol 6]-j1,
.J+i!J il+ ,Eeg tsJ--_^l llz6llol oJr+.
(cfl xfz I EJd
"J+drlql +c5J d7l*ol xldlal $lolzli a*_o-_+_ + EJd
q +zl llol zl+ 5d-"1 oJ,Elz[ a]1!-j_o_-q Halq oJd6J olle]
ag *qle c-J5Jrl. g.Jg +'JolLl d6ll"jq +l"J B;fs ull
Eol4, *_- +ol rJ d;-'lEl.

! r,=-r,==t*
cd) Iji\l
Ll4- 7l'L+ dzl= -gAel +dZlel oJ,rd'etr, q4g oJ--1, 7l
| 6 Ll! )l
-E(Ni Cd) dxl EE9 *---_o-_q, oJ+/l ++al(KOH)g c"-ll eF_ ^l+6Jq-
 .,i+A/lql tsldlq zldqol 4n #ol Eld edol ?.ls'l, i
Bol ,Ja 'l+c "_i ll-Elcql ,JaJ *d9 zl"ll fl4
Ig
Lt3 +a(Ni MH) 57tl
+i 4+ 6J+dl TlgElq Ni cd a{lql^J cdg i-i 4* 6J
+e4 rll ^,116lr +alE +rtl^lz c'lol4. lgmcql iq *+rl
519l-d_q, 1.1E-,'; Ni,cdr+ [V]giJ 7l+ d.ale] aEJol
F.J..l 1.2 olg r 47 Llg +
7l+dlEl. Eqrl= EJdol 9.lzl+ olF FC zlzl4 te r (N-Mr) tul
=4ol
+ a+Elql ^l+€r+.

I
U I|E-olg(Li-ion) 51\l
;lF-olg dzl: d.Jol 3.6 tvl
-q 7l= dzlel 3Eloltrl. ZlF olg
drlel ddg ga3'o1 zlal f{"J
+ _9-ill + 9J.j1 rl=
^l*+,jolr}. dzlH
q ,lHrL.'-- lrr+ rlg 3
zl3:-r| glfl;}Q, "JdrJ +41_E ?l

"tq r3+= €il i e.ll r+4

dzl= FJ=7171 €= aol El€ol O lg I 48 alE olE(U ion) drl
4. t,l_ol .".ril il ?l .41 1ll+o-C _l +E7l l,4l illsJq ol 9.lE+.

q El|oo' IlIl
ril."t d"l (solar cell)E Eil*4ql el6il
dzlzl Bc;l= "J7ldq
Ej+!=- ol+El 7)9l,71).1 'Jdg ++;lq ol= ++"ll d7l ql
Llzltr Hg^l7l= +ilolrl 19541J, B €+igl ;tl'J(Clrapin) 9l
E6loJ il+oe pllinl !,4= Edg ol+o+q €* zlt;J 9l*
Czlzl zllB9fl4. iaq Ello* dzl= 4d49-F- d49 -8e=6J
+ 9l= zlqel TlqgdlLl "J* 9ld"ll ^l+q!-- tstl dtslg d
4flge ++99lrl. Eil * dzl= TlgeE + Ell'J* trC-3- +
o,l+lalq, €Fiel i.+, sd E H+71 '39 glEl.
"Nzl s,J
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*kirJ 5-el adzl rll;I.8-_o-F- EJ+Elj1 9.lrl. olF Stli+ ?lEl
glel g'Jg t;.lq +d otr +trl
rdc_q de] zltsl=q EJzl _e*

gloJ czlel +g^J"l q+ sltEl= ,7dl.lrl.

=
{+etq gEl
E{gaq
0lEJa0fel 'JufLl (Galvani, L.): 7H+alol tlalE *^l Snal-e E^l=
^]3 =q^l
-e EH?91€. rH 7H+alel rfalo 3aJ0l golLE 7ig'Ja6f91rf. 7|]7al
^l =qolLl
-"J"_I soi zllol ?l0l^l 0l E7l7f "JE=J ql 3eJ0l golLl: aolal=
d7l€
=o{l
olE€: "JE6f91rf. r +, ,FJ3.J+^1501 7H+al .lalE Tlrl-l !-"J6f91r1. SElLlel
olE€: rl]rN^]oe e^f-d EEl9lrf 7|]+el rfal +011 dTlel fldol ?1-l:,J
^laJ:
8fLl"-l d4ol qE€ Tlrln *4 -f Solal: Eloll 49J6l9lL I

".t= LH: tgol Eoll +01.^l _E'lorl 7i0l d^le EJ aolEl, TH+el
=+ =afE=
: ol ITloll oJ36lq 4fl3 oJoTl: ?iolef= riol rel gE0l91rf ol r+Ai01 E
El d^l (voltic cell) ei |jJEoe 010]^rtf

ofaflg vElry
^foiE€
4q6& Ef+
^ftor€1.+
vDftrf.
DI 1 3+ol elolel E+ ElEel rH6l0l oJotE^f.
1 =+0ll
tt 2. 'JEJ aleal +ol0LE1 q.-!7]l EAt6|:^l €oJ6f01 -?^f.

tr
3. d"J BJ=E, 5+ s€, :nlElJ ordgol LH6l0l gtof5|xl.
"_45E,
_.t'
4. 'J+8rlel gal, ratll tH6l0l gofg^f
rll =+qf =d ^lal 'JEoll

oJElx
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S c6 7t44tq eqE
1. sl -q. 1Eil
^le7l
2. 9d.qi3' 1rI
3. 4dJ l tkol lz1l

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,0 €€'Jts q i^l
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I-49e+
2. E4zl:q 2 il+ql^l d as]- d c rlolgl d* v^" :fzlj! d bel d c
y""71 qaol 6 tvlTl 9=zl +d6ll1 q"Jdl E+.
^tolel ds
3 e{zl}rl 2i}+ql^.1 d.J y..:y.,el v* 9 J 5}Bg g€san]'E
+4614 7l+EJtl.
4. z16} & oot €ql gd-slns€ €a61.7, AF e4 d'J %*q tlq<t
g +c4q. ]. d+ 4€c.J4 g-ry_,"-n T
7l+oJEl. '+€
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o.
5. 4olstr D,4 D,9 "J c"J g 449 I " ",l-i*
*-Et'a-*
+g6II. r 'l€g7l+6JEl. E. Elol l J
gE pIV: g"l"Jzl ? o fe r -49 drl dE rlE
6. xl6} RL "+ eel 4+ d"Jg +C6lq 7l+"Jq.

.S e* gzt
1. A'l C+ geq qeg sdg:?Etr +,+61.a €Bg + 9l*7t?
=q
.l+6|q C+9 E+ +Be +de + 9l=/l?
2. Ei_s
^lezl=
 +nt+ +rl+el 'J9l= ;i,ea(tHzl)== ^l+61q, leql d++ q+= 4Eld+.
qa
^l*;-lul, U ilt6l:-
a 1l.ls-l B9l (mm, cm)E 6J qlel ?lqq4.
a dx il o-.il.- !j]-!,j}oll !- ,J 9- Er 6lL,

a AM .l+ Ef:= dn=- tsJ+rlql €ol^J t]?.-.rlel d*g Holrlzl: 4o1r1.

a FM +r++ Ei: C+r|el :il5ig .Jll6fLl {Eql r+e} r,J+r+el =i],}+= H
EI^l7l:- HJ.l olEl.

.PM 9ltl U,a= ++tlel :il+g oJdalLl {Eql rr+e} H}+!+el 9l*g Ho}^l
7l= aolEl.
HJf,NT ci.,}=. l-ol Ll
=.r-r rl olEl.
nlE zrnl +d "JelLhi *^l!l= EisJ d?d:tlolEl.

+E A\'r !}:- {}r;r} ^J.r}fl ^J_P,6}+r}.ll {eq .4Jl 7}zl7} r+5JE+.

€H-.
+trt+ Eol t.[,1 Etql 6ll gCEl= 4 Er"]el :r.j+:i7] F!+r] +rl+.nE+El Eol
=.|]

+= 4E= Yld.!rl.
a nl{ zs Et!7l' 1ol "J= Ha.l4.
a il+nl 7l+!1 =iirt+ sl €?iBI7l rl= rlolEi.
+zS +il +rl+el oJrtlLle+El +^l-5J !-lHarlF_+El gzNel dn= .J= a+
EJ;}4, ej,I/ll1FdJrl.

. ^#qq^ *dzlal;.etq]- /l+r,.} olelql 7+tl, r]+4 E= zliJ .{ltol {6J9dl

9l:, g'Jt_;J Ct+olEl.

+lEl +rl++ 5,r}^l7l:- nlr.olrl

ElEJ6l':.

a ?Jd FM 4$- ali-= zlel'lr Px,l P3= ;}q -E /149.+ FM+ 9l -,-. ulril olEl.

a nelgq^la F\'1 +C7l.ll^l .47,.j't C+|g 6+;10l SAI Blel Eil= *4=o}:- nl
^l-Coll
+ olEl

. qgq^|^ FM iC7l4,q '-4?lrl^l: nltrel tsJrtl 5-d+ /lrl= eltr"l+.

6r eq 6l]€
. rDc +++ €ol7l trczl9 Hzl ,c*,,I ;lE elEolrl.
FMql^l :ilrll
. AF ol! CEel ]llo-i6J drlalzl='+tl8lq +al6l7ll 4H= zId"J + tlbTl
LlEltEi.
=i
. cqq +tlg q"J;1= +rl+el dnrl olEg E'JsiJ +!l+el Ci= q: C

E4zl ^llz6J + 3l= ;qg !l;.1+.

. 6dE !ll]J!+= +C6J'll qr_ dE +dafTll 4!_ tlt-= :-g6l=/lel tseC "J
dJrl.

. oJCE f+lz]q1 944 :-j++e+ 1l+el q"J!+g .J7l+ 4+41 4,e,J;14 g!

9"14 sr! ^lt FoJ oJddJ €9 + ql=/lel -ts4olEl.
=qg
. +q+sE7l FMel +r7l-a oJqg= ciel +++ E+ql dldl6lq asiol E;);15 5
Cg 7ld gsoltl.
. d*71 Ja+ {loJ+ F;}= 4+ doJos E}rF= ElgolE},
"-l

. Bg qE EF6l= 3+ d?Ie=- tJ€ (snuoth) 6111 6l= 9trq4

. dgdcTl .Jq {l.Jq+ j-6}7} dF;lrJ4E d.J€- oJA6}rl +zl6}E-1e 6}=
sleol4'
=4
. UPS +ac cg +ilq+.

aol 4s 6t
 g sfe Tel
+++: J, +71 : T, +*: 4 dtlel $E : c9 E++el +Zl7l 9,lEl.
"ll
1r
'J "f
e4 €q4 9l= *q 94014 +EC lrlllAn 6J ql -fqltrts H4 d49^l *tJrI.
+d FCqlrl= .ts.']]dil 61ts tln€ il+irl"ti dol^l d+;lil gEl. ol ql, dag il
+tlql d= ag Hral-i 6lq, da€ gq4Ets !++5 H}+rl4j1 iJEl.
H4E ++oI= olgtrl Hee+ qzie HiTI 9lE+. H4 ilnzl- $+zrE dlg.E.-f tl
ioJ oll ol9.e.--1 Hrzlil 61J., Er tlnzl qt4.J qzlEl CEg ql qzl€ Hr4
_a 6J4.

d= Ciq d+, +++ It: eltlC dEl^l7lbql, dEzl o1gs1 U

98rl EJ+Sel
eoJ a+qlE d+ diGM)el +rl+ HrFM "f elt Ei(pM)7} 9.1r, diTl q
zlEJ HeoJ A+ql= A+ Sdl zloJ (ASK)+ 7++ €ol 7l.J (FSK) .l 9"J €ol 7l"J
(pSK) *^lol 9E+.

d+ SeA da€ El+rlql .gq^l H]++E A+g Hrl^l7l: aolE}.

AMql.^l drq 4EE L+4'.I: ag ErEe+il 6Jq.
E.. { llEr}sr tl+} E..,,_E..r"
"" E. (t}+rlel 3+) E.*+E.h

AM tlb Hl+tl dB, ^J+tl4 €e, 6l+5}ql CSel .'l 7lzl7l s6J€El.
t+rlrll +51+d+i:H]+rl +rl++dn +q+
al+rlrll +rl+:i-I=H]++ +rl+- da +q+
qBr4q d+ +'l+ qlq+:2/,:.!a +++el 2dl
vlE=rle] dq (P)g
PT:{}+tl dg + *+rlqi dq + dl+rirll dq
:O,, * !t,

+++ dr$14b *+rlel d+e oJd6l+ dnql u+4 dJ+r+g +;++= BE+^l7l
EJ4 olEl.
=
+rl+ {qE FM Erql E6tl B^dg: rldr+g +r}+7} H}+r} +r}+/"tr+El 91
qL+: AEg "JiJEl.

64 EtEl 6l€ del

 /1t ;lul +++ €ol
+4+ Er 7l+ nt:-jr": E.t- +++

FMel Llr E + B:Uf I f"):2f"(1 rn)

+l+ H=eM= EJ+qei d+e'JA6l4 nlnql 44 ++'lel el*g dEl^lzlb 4
ol4.

+d +d7lu 10 tkHzl -3 tTTrzl e.l drlq€i +.i8^ll *tl;llzl 3l= el6l Hr

6lj1, I d49 d5E SlEil4E 56I g.(}dl-: +iqEl. ^1E.1

a#494 (spuriots)= +tl7l9 :iqql! Hl++ elel gge* drlg g^l-= g8JEl.
AM +d7lql^l gll7lb E!+4-q g^J^laq.

s+ 6+71='Jd+71 9.E] +r++ 4ltsi7l 4 6+71 F +619 EFqE Bdzlel .3

4 +rl+ql d5l7l flE5- iJr+.

+tl+ dlEITl= Ed7l9 +q+= lzl 9+o rrE q"J6l= +d +4+s *=El.
+Z dq ?+71= ++ dq ++zlE +5^l7l: Ell gs+ dn€ *Esll
=q.
a+ dq ?+'l= +t1?lel dqg g3l= EIBE]+ ++;l= sl.eolr+.
=4
4i4 65215 7]+'l dEq d'JC +++4.
H=21; 1ag tsJ+t+"I d= 9eq4.
{ir}= dil H+ dtr= F4^la + pM6}q FMg 9= 4C td FMolts}r ;J4.
+^l €ol Slol 9e= +r++ EolTl +4dlg Hrl 9*E+ dlb 9solr+.
J+51 ceg Elzl6l= slE
^laql ++;lq dn *gtsl(S/Ndl)71 E5l9: ag
r.I
€ naor$l^l-AEln 6J4. +tlTlql^.1= s4gq^la qeE *Eil +dg 7lz1: q.Jq
qETl g96lEl.
^1,-
d,l 9^J7l= zd FM +tl7l= +B6l= a+ E4 pM d5.= g.^JiJ + t\4 rlH=5
+EJB "tt qs.l4.
^l+9=
idzl *<Ig dslill sb +*g dq5 .JEll4q +71^14, -1?ql^.1 el"J
(receiver)*
6l= drl"Jg dq+ + ++, eq6lq gellg tl==. zN..3.r1z1g +:1o14.
+E= ole 4Eq "lE6J d4zlzl€ +al6lq +dBlil CCE il^Jt+ + fl=7lg 4
ElrdEl. ,JEzl +q= "Je "+E} drlE +dg + 914:. "Jo14.

EJ€! -16 del 65

 CBE b +4lg El"JslE tEtl
Gelectiviw) olEel g€s6J +5 4- 4 s.zi^] 34,
4l7l€ + 9l= -bqc g+4. +, g.il e4 tsqolr+.
oJ4E(stabiliw): idzlql g4;3 +51+e+ d+el q EJIIE oJ7l6J 4+oi ,IiC6l
,'l .*a "JFl4 geJ ^lzJ 5oJ .JA'+ +qg e€- i 9ttszf$ ;qo]r1
?dE(fidelitv)b g"J4= +11"J 4 qe 4E +d.'lill 4H lnE +g-l:7lel +
qC +€E4r ;+14, +q+ 5-C, "J]'E+l "l +*ql 96lq AABr+.
+rldlqsq.J itlzlel i-s Ade €* +t}+el 'J-1.14.
+q4EtlE+"J idzlql;.1 ii+t+ +++= slEl4E+El +rl;J rlBl:rl€ +5rdE+.

+r++ drJ+= itl6J j-1i4e} +j- pTl +!}+q s6Jql el'd'lol +'J +rl+0F)e
tr+j6}= 9s.14.
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d.J H5€"1+ +;lel ++q r+4 d.J"l E5;lb cE= LIE+"JEI,
=4
d+ ESe "JS r+ dqql rN6J +q zl+ rl4el EIE
=++
+4.
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rjg EIE= d+71 9ql €"19q Bq tl zl+"1 7l?ll "i
=+.
Czl4l-'.: 1,I .d (ddzl)el 2il dzl (+d.41)zl 914
^l
oJHEI:.JqEl= zl* doJ-=. gol!-- lTlel +rl+= 7I^l= -n+ doJotr Hl+=
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66 E;ifl qA del
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O 3lkHzl -30 tkHzl O 3 tMHzl -30 tMHzl
0 3 lcllz] -30 [GHz] @ 30lMHzl -300 tMHzl

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tl+-..: I tKIzl oJTl ?
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4 plr of= FM+E- csJ^l7l7l ejd|] ^i ++9:- EIF_= ?

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6 +++ Bi EI Ha "li7l- , {le '.'}: 4q sip,i

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8 +g- +,$,{ +.tl7lE -r-^J s-i7} o}c

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gg 6l=71?
0i dg d"J E5 o eE dEl @ +ol BF @ "JE d.J BE

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i nrl-g =ol + alE]
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12 qi. aql qal€ Br q]lolq e /- 91.-= 7;!t'l

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E!fl Epl e{ 69
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'Jtl drl d.ii 5le
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25 a"* g=5,o1 15 lnel a+ slsql^l ++61 d"Jol 6 tvl g ,'ll +;i^l d.Je?
G) 2.5 tvl .r 5.2lv) o 6 tvl G) 7.05 tvl

Kl 'l l%'3 ,,r i !?Lsg { e..l-or r- :tilF?

(1.)
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1 Elxl.J tq s= txl
2 glilq qE E4I ET {AH
3 qHq^ +d]l
4 ult glxl +t s^l .EHl
^l^l
s qlolEl trfl^EEl
6 oll^t ?l^d Et! t^l

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E eloe^l, +Il -ct6H= 6l= c= G'llD 300 E 0lA 5l= d+011 4AEl= 6|1A
=E+
IllF0lL|.
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g=fi| =At
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aul0il tllgl 7l= arg +E0il 0et
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0l ElAUlAl= G[/DSS0I|A] A€Fl= ABl9l qeil )15 ol 9lal Ul6lG
S[lEeEItl 0l=
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=ll
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+=+E
1. gng d4 g* g^tgl aE g^t,
?tts$ g^.10il ridtol 5sc + Rl0.
=ts
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Ll d_q. c,l-,-,. ilz_ol

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^}€dlq 5,j"J !!ldll+

idenrir.r)l€ ;-NoJ+ !r:= :1fi:_o_+, 5J
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^l+rlrlr; ;l1lEJ. +50s ^l+
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,+ +'Jql zlF x!7lolrf.
^l+El=
DSOql _ql;loj 3-\lol olii€ll -- Al+ .lolzl= ts+1
n= 3,

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^l
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ol+q Cr,l.
^l
n=qlL +J n=, n-:-dll i+ 'll€ ll"l r+ r"-nl 9.l9
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?_ i.9.lrl .5al iLJ q=.J,4l.llr.- j_t 9l il.,t'J ^lzl ,3t

_o,l u,I ii-o_l ,blu= ]l"J-^l,J i g.lr+.

Ll tJ El d a-' 'j. tl i| (lr--. Ll /.lEJ ,J'rl s= +n:. iC"J

rl4J
oi4l 3Hg _*^16}r "J.l;lq rj,qql "lel +* {n= +11*
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4. E, +d s^l-:- +tl€-g Cq +r+ F^lql s^l ElE4l rlrl
Lll
=rl
qrl'J d4l n= *ilql el;l zls,4 plzl5,L= 7l-;-ql el6tl
61l"JEg r-=al_rr_ iliEc €c6l"l +^Jq ++ dr]*(psru:
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*+5 d8ll-+ +ij
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o tal n 1 Dsco gEl E^l

t-lzlEJ- tlE4 ,a= *ilql^l= 10+91 Szl e= +n€ ^l++

rt. l0 EJ€l +n +ql^J z]-"o- 7trJ+lel Eltr-:- dg Hltrdln,8,9,
Fl ul,E_= gel 4!- el
'rlEql s*EJ E^loJs
10411 0(B)
'l+E
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El 1274lzl 1z87lzlel 00r"-EJ

994rlEJ dH= +dn+= ql ^l+61jr, 1il0+El 127zlzl:: ^lul ^

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d€4.J qzlrJ dq _E= *ilel n= €4g s rr 1r+ aol
+dgrl.
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100-126
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=
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9]E 108 1m-126
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120 00-99 g) 1n
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n= €4el 4 +E"I Lll;l.J €H6lE r]€.r,1 ?ri.

Ftr 'tlEJg iJzlzl'{= i'+dql^J {n9 q^l= 1lef6l *+
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Fzl {n= Frs Hr 125olq, RX gil-el €r7l +lg= 111, 110,
109, 108. 107, 106, 105 q 104e1 dE-e ol-=rqc4.
.l4zl-= Fcel ++ql 4= +tl dE+el Hel= €d;t
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il dlF E++ .lB ?n= ^l€dl:-ql, gzlel_.1 .lH, F]_ae+ st
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g g,q-s 6l= n=ql 4.J &B.J 4lql= 122, 714 sE i-=ql
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75
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+= + 9.lrl
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rlF94 ?dElol+ +tr}.
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4.t tr].
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zczc wA29
271630 UTC AUG. 2001

KOREA NAVTEX //SAMSUNG COMPANY SOURCE //ROUTNE : DREDGING

WoRK/DUMPING GROUND/
1. ASHORE UNDER CONSTRUCTION ,/ DREDGING WORK AROUNDG GADEOKDO (S
LAND). BUSAN NEW HARBOUR N SOUTH COAST AS FOLLOWS
AREA: LNE JOINING
(1) 35-04-01.9N, 128-47-146E (2) 35 04 142N, 128-47-39.3E
(3) 35 04 231N 128 47 4?1E (4) 35 04 28.1N, 128 41-52.2E
(5) 35 04-142N, 128-48-02.4E (6) 35-04-086N, r28-47 5r.0E
(7) 35-03-11.9N, 128-47 42.2E (B) 35 04 03.6N 128-47 25.5E
(9) 35 03 51.2N. 128-47.'18.5E (10) 35 02 283N 128-47-18.7E
(11) 35 02 28.3N, 128-47-14.6E(TOKYO DATUM)

2. DUIVPNG GROUND ESTABT SHED WHIH N THE SEA AREA OF 1MLE RADIUS

CENTERED ON 34'55N, 12S O3E WGS 84, APRL 2OO] TO JULY 2O(]2

3. NAVIGATING VESSELS APPROACHING BUSAN PORT ARE REOU RED A CAUTION

AND TO KEEP WIDE BERTH WHEN DUMPING OPERATION BY DREDGER

 'ALEXANDER VON HUI\,4BOLI ARE IN PROGRESS.

NNNN

(Error Rate:0.0% )

zcTc RA20

170530UTC AUG. 2001

NAVIGATIONAL WARNING NR5 TO ALL SINS

TJOO69 BOHAI SEA SEISMIC SURVEY BY M/V

DONGFANGMINGZHU TOWING FOUB 4500 lilETER

LONG CABLES IN AREA BOUNED BY THE LINES

JOINTING

3827.9N/11955.3E 3845.9N/12028.6E 3841.0N/'12035.5E

3816.4Nii12013.1E AND 3817.9N/11955.0E

FROM 22 AUG 2OO1 TO 31 DEC
CAUNON REOESTED TIANJIN H,S,A
NNNN

(Error Fare=0.0% )

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:'o=+7lolr}. +tl 3lF_ql^l a4l EJ 5iJol AiJl +11 5-
=q-zl-.1
Cql 7l* 9l6Jg zlrlzl rl|--ql,5-B;-l *+ -?-+d ,l
= =C"l
++ ;-+7171
^l*€tl.
@ CE EalTl
pg tEllLi= ol*6lq +d!l +119 -F^lql 6J i 9.lL+ af
7l 9l;ll dq --a*zls+ 4*+ ++71€ +El^14 += .J+el 'l
ol,?-ejr+ grls] 43- qgC 6lr'1, ol= Eiolgzj^l;l jl-t 6]rl.

o glEllLl HJd r|]

Fld fl.{+lql el.ll q}EllL}7};J*

_r1+
'J€g f,zl;}E+ d}oJ
9l^Jg 6.H'fE+ ;+-: el6J-3- 9]q.
c,+g "J6ll ? /l+ oJ"Jol Blg + 9lgq. +_-.LI i+ 5.-=
BlaJql elsll tl+ s=-J + 9.171 ilI+ql cElg qul+ f,--ts *EI
ql^J_rr oJEllLlTl 9lCg
"J6lE5- ;J7l el6ll^J= 01116.! "gFql
ql
rJ H*9 6ll +dlo} 6.!rl.
+, C+q €eolLl rld SFa4l 46J Htlr+ gltg ""t.J *91
4 q %t4C +/16171 9;l] tl^lel- ^lgEEl= "l++ 4+ "Jd
'rJ4lg "_q6ljr 9.lEi
5a];],zl d91 aNE* gilql^J 9l^Jg ".1+ EJ9l44 %r49 "*+l
itr oJrll'l4l +{gr.i dsel /J]./} ,ll.J .rg *Eil= /l+ ft
zltJ j. !l_r,:g',lzl 4 zl+ +-4 q;tl +jjgrl
^l:4ql

H $Ll| THI(BDE: below deck equipnnnt)

d'll *rlr; €'.tlql 9lil6l: *'rl_+-, 4lr il^lql r+4 ErJq

ilol= 9l-Zlt +*ilel 4+ F{ "J"J 6}^l Fo,+ ++6J + 9.1

4. i*71r; i;li- Hr.Lzl4 E=21 4 +r71, l4r 4+ ^llq

*il F_o-F +c5J4. -Ftl +"J 6l"l_t- d;izl, 7lH-c_e+ zl^171,
'l^l"Jil, ,rflEl 4 el+ ts14 F_o-F- +cql, E= +zl ^JEll-:
lot
 zl^l7lql LlElkltl
o +rf+ HJaTl

4++ 6-+zlql^J ';qg +d tnel

i4i'-:'*+q +A +tl+-+- ulrrq +
I, #llollol 6J +?t +-ir i L{+ Rl-
"t
1l +++tr ul+q += qgg.J4.
A HJ+I sxl (nndem)
orfl rr 20 c48
ur(BDE)9 +E CEI i'i"Jql EllaN Fx{ H+,t-:: 0l+6}9, *tlzl (conpander)
^J =
dl+-}q d+ 5€g /Id6l,r 9.1_0-4, "Jerll 4 d+.s+ ;l
=
Eql 4.]l^J= E7. EJ.flol ol+gEl
PSK
.Jilzl+] Hl+tr .J+
'Jrulql "Jal5,l: +€9 jlzl==
oJ,d6J

(compress) al-l. +i7l

'Jg tslge {C (erpand) rlzl
=qFlql^lr]]
E +41 3- +*;J:'"J 91"1 Cn *+ul (SAHI)= rll dg f
9lrl,. olrl'* EdJg 6|= +il="el oJ+/lel +d=q C*71=
f5"l^J 'J+l7l e,-g fltJrJq-r dE}.
o illLl ll0l+
iNLJ ,llq+ql.(J-:- -tszl€ *izl 9lBJ 7li- ,lr= grJ^l ^lrJ
7lI. il'J;J:rJ Cael 4+4 ul E- qlrl ,J= 4 eH {EE '/J
!F-. +qi- d'14 dnJg 4lq6l4, de| ;1"; 4 "gala
=+rl.
il"J {n-"1 f,^l 4lqe} edl ^ il-Ael ,JiJ 59 5l'J.:1 q}ql
4+ F-^lel 4lqr=- 6JLl

+lel zj zlloll Lll;l-"1 i:-3- ccl.!-3- qlr;J/l 9l'o-lol zlel=

uf ol rlF.1,F (ll 11.=. ol
Sol o i"_._9lol 'l o E dJtl.
@ plEjLLf
^llq+
4+ tc ^l 9]: 'JEl.] 4lol?ts oJzlr+ uJ-glzl.
AEil o-.+ Elol

r1'+el 5eJ'l qaql 4d +q 4lq "l 4F/i'Fc €+ 4lq 5

ol rlfl-5Jr+.
o r E+el 'J"J 8^l
dF+rl. 'J4a *il, ":l^lg_4 E qlolEl B:r dil r'rel LJEJ
*zle+ zlJr e,!i/l 5ol :L;J€ri.
 Ce CE ,']+E +Hl= ol+ zl++ole]= 9Elql
IN'IIARSAT
iJ MES (mobile earth srarion) elil_s_ +qq, A € ol+ B €4 7l*
ilol ilg 9ld +4 oJEil Ll .!eol o}t +rldJ oJtllLl.=r
= ^l ^l
+6Jtlts dolq.
€.,-+ oJrllLh=- _EdJ.J RF _sE ++€ dl liql
*,'16l,zl Ell+ql
del +"1 (EME : erlemally mounted equipnrent) 4 614, TlEl- -F
+l 1-tslel Fl"J *il= !l oJq *,.1617l "tlEql €Ll *;l [Mn :

intemall-v mounted equipment) 4!. 6Jtl.

!8 g9r T,^r(EME)
€el *il= +-14 RF EEe fdslq 9.lEl-. €,el ^Jil
oJEilLi

6l+el F+ Zlolgr- d_rll *ilql d+Elol 9.14. ilolgel :+l

=
4 4,dl= l00mzlzl
^l+6J + 9.1+.

H gll| TfiI(IME)
€Ll *i= +rlf H+ +rl+ ilel *"1, 6ool "tl
*il, +11
q *il, Ix'E dg *il, EME Cg *"1 5str +^dgrl.

M Erg T^t(DrE)
HtotEr
rllolEl E"J +^l-:- I\\4ARSAT,a+E] €zl +.Jg Elg ttsM AT

/n *i]tr, dd4et +4+ a+Eldlr4, dll *ilql d

,nEJ
+9q dEel 'Jtl ": dnl *Hlel e€ dEtlE sqqeJg +
9lrl.

il ==t,
uilEl= !-ql *il !.-= qloltl 'JE *-.1"| d+;fq +t], i
d E= 'Jd6J dBg .JrJl.Jrl. s ilEl-E INMARSAT-E+EI €^l
+"J9 +E+ 5lq 9,lrl.
 Ig
TrEr s+
T/rl
7le4"J eHl olelql rl*r+ ,Je adl€ dq4oF- +7l6lq
^l++ + i.lrl.
o q+ EilolEl 'J"J :1=
.l= 4lrll 34E DrE E- qlolEl +d *il= d+dJ f 9.lE
+ 6tl +"1, rs-Fg 414 *il -. d+BJ + tlq.
a q+ 4rl
ol-:- INMARSAT A, B, C "l EGCeI Cs,:l d+6lol 'll^lzl=
+11618 4717]' geljr zi.l gsTl d5;=J4
o a4 =t ril=
tsd;zle5-rj 9olC *qlrl ikl +lrr=-
+tl6lI zl 6f trI ^l+6jtl.
@ C=l .^9lrl 3^l
^tg
elFr 4zlLl g4 aki t'l= 4 +B *
il F=qd4;'l€ ^l€-+E.l.
6 q+ 8A a'il
O fal II 21 IM4ARSAT C d^19 +d d+9
d?l o s5-El rxilE/E}'mql 4+
dgg-, DrE 4 g.aJEJ 5tql= 11+ Tlg-3- +?61-:- gCg +4
AC "-i DCT} e-F sl+ dg d^lql 'Ja5l'l 9]9 lI{ql= dT'1 F
-o_-" ACdgol "JdirJ4s 4+_o-F_ Acql^l DCtr AFJ6lq C
sg -o.l,-9 i "J-.9 'l,J 7J+ /lt.g Tlzla g.lrl.
o cPS +c 8il
-JH +Zltr?EJq +l"l dB-: ,r'J 5;-H= +^Jif illl
^l+E:_
+ 9lqq, flzN-t 9lrl$ !i"+6J i g,lE+ aI i4.

]NT/LARSAT= ilzlt"J n= .xllE (EGC i er unced group

+l

call) -,i zlB;-l€ 5a dlq3 6J46l= r++el dEdtr 6J6l= F

Hg ol otl dl + 9.lE+;]-n 9L=rll, olq+ a!-= +al6J +
^l
9^c.+ !Et zr'r1+ SHlorl F,l .fq t
/$d c)
;l5lL dHl= EGC itlzlel aj4. :-
EGC zIE= C..ql4l q- +ql tlEol
9r i.6l L.lelr o)+ol
'J + 1i:_ lbc
1ti_'r- ?.lor'1,6JiJ ati, zlt AB 9 r=
i'J allel +zle+ a-9- ts "r€ d -ll g-€ ilelT EGC
q f= 53 -tlelg 6*61101: 4lE+i-ql
I
dg ilelT
N\4AFSAT Ci! Eija , +7--J il
-E-^lql 5B.J i 9.lrl EGC +tl7l: (EC]C !" ile, ==
aJ rl]a,,)

FB ]l tsg ^l$;'lq 5H.=r itl6lj1 o aPJ fi 2. EGc 7l=ol +7lE hrvlARsAr c

ol5- rl^l iJ al6]-q oJ4iJ i 9J.E5r 5.)-1tr zlal
"Jil 4 -o_aJEl F-
+c5J4. EGC f{l/l-:- ,ci: A, B€ c+ zl-+Eql 5-7} i}.Zltr
^J €"1+ +5- 9lo+.
3l= EcC f tlTlel 7l;._.3_ rNNIARSAT s
c€ cEl zl++ql Lil*^14 ^l+6lrr_ 9.l7lE -+Ei. ECC ftl
=
zlts 4-nzl, 4-=21, 6o3 zl4 *^l 4 g{El-" +dEl4, ol €
Hl !J_o,l *, 4l o tr _ErlE +d+ oJEll Ll_,- 9961,8]..

$1Xa +ltol cE6tb utElsl 4q. Tbq ael

"Jol4g 197611 23t111o1441E10j s1^ll 677l]+01 7fg6fr t]:rll, C+01 oJCsl
Zl 6l|A0ll^1 ;J6l|-g + ?,l5+ E{] -'-= xllBdf: 4o{L^l+El bl-d71, Eg
^lB ^lE^l
tHAeE El EC +^f4o.e ,l1t$6ll ?lrl ilgoll= "JE$, rt1^lgt, EHgoJ
^|1EJE
3ilqoll q 120E 7J40-E r0l Ea 37|lel "JEfd +ldetr 0l+01^l ?l?1eLf, 1990
Ll+El= olE fldee: as + 9.91E +olqialTf 6Hsl "l EceJol
^lolrf EEHE$
Be 4^l"J rlqg fl6tl !E sfLlol 91,5= tl6ll 46lIel +18= E36fr fltl
"JEUl"l fla|1 E4= 6fl'J g^l9le.E 6ilA 0lrloll^lE +laoil el6llEcol 7f56f
11 5l9J.eol, 0l1A lle 5{ .t1r1-''' 893 z1x1; +ld dEC AA Aolaf --J
={1E
+ 91c1.-dr! El=oll:3111 olLl^lLf olgEJ + ?1= Ec
^l.AEJol
e+qr ?lol^l ?l
EIC +ldg 6llAS"J ofLlaf g37l+ qAtoll^lE olg6lal= +97f 7]rln ?.17 | rqle
0ll ?lEf4lel q:dE trloJ5ilxlr ?loEl, 0l7l01l Lfg-.J 7l7lEE EE 0lal-il +1.5€ 0lg

dlr 9.lcl.
 DfrltE tlE1l ,.tolF€ 4qt|q Et* gottsrt.
^tg'E+
Di L 6H^f gld Ecolal +E?lrl golE^l
1
HJd rfErf +doll rl]6f01 oJoltrf.
fl 2. TNMARSAT
^l1EJE
3. INMAFSAT -E= A:"J!f BEel tN6f01 gol-"^f.
^f0lEoll
4. TNMAFSAT _Ef; A-dai CEE rH6f01 oJolErf.
^folEoil
5. Ef; egoq 0 3-$ + 9.1: "JofE^f.
^lHllel =+=
6. |NI\,4AFSAT cE ^l?+ dHle +59 goltxl.
7. AnJtrlaJ 0l'g q--JB 6f=^ golts|^f.
8. rcc+ +E0lo,, 0lEzl g0lts^l
^lgEl:^l

gElY
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htt p :
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http i//w!,w,v.oceanroutes.co.kr/sof tware
:

htt p : / elecoage. con/ma. n / aw /saj rn

^Mrw add. re. kr/ nfor,/tong 4. asp
http : //wwv/. -
http /,/sh hanaroiel co.kr/- seluke/what,/what30.htm
:

http : //www. inmarsat.org

http //user.chollian.net/-krntri/
I nmarsat. htm
http : //w1 /winf ogarden.co.kr
 q Uilg

. rl4Edq \'tr. IlF. Vlf LI el +tl €illql +7lel-,- ?.j10,i1, €4-l4q q -<lEJ ci aJ

E=(DSC) elFl _o€ *o s rl+6lq 4+el 'd+9 115-rl.6] aolrl

. dtd ol8 dN^J q:l g+ql^J

=i/j+
/rlElolL+ 6119l+ F:- -1+o_( 5J dEolLl;ll+
i9- 4H6l71 916lq ^l€-El:- 9'14 iZle +^:5J ,1+6J rllg +EolEl.
E(MN4SD

. gqlq El zl-relFl .il,rl 7l+;l^l N{I.'r]] "l HFrllel ir+i=

^i+;-}= +d'Jnla.ol
d "JAl d rlTlel s^ llc* r]] il;l= .F11 ++olEl. +tl c rle,l €ri itri Lll
'i.
d(MDP) q+ol ruo [Hz] ol6f7l 971 rqJ:.oll rl- ilel rlqol :ie. ,1r] 7B;+ci -j!N
q 43 "J4 dColal 6JL+.
r ts (baud) dtlel Ftl +!s. Li4r] _:. +91_o_l 6lll a^J. 1rJgl iael ,Jq= .aa Ll
El LJ ,l e,l q:i+ L+tlLJlL+.

. +41 d4! +*el gdl,'. tstloll^j ^l+6171 9lall +*llzl o-.4 ?el5lI oJ,jsJ 5Hltrel
"Jtrf9! + 211 daa'r-dEJ Teolrl.
9(ITA No.
2 code.)

. xt5 4l+ yt ts.:l:- tsdql^j itlrl-:. tl'. .c+.I _a ne-7l- a=Elglg a,?,. c r
s+ "J^l t_ geie,l ,fl+.tl+ .o.+6li- EJ 4l eE.\j, oJrlloJ €41 +tlql.{l ^l+6}= 5|
C.)
(ARQ c *.l.lLl.
. EiuJs c +d Egdl:e,l "J+ql^J *e tl e= 4Ezl aq^l Ll^l + B rJ +il6t=
FdCEJ r&C *49tr *.; sL zlilri dJrI. ?+ ts^lg ts El +.dBfq ;J qlol
S il-L- de+;lfl +tlFlE _a da'-. dqlal rilrlEJ a o-A t:,.-l-.7, -r U L+
^I(FEC
El o-fi-a oJalEl9i9'iq= S+";+ ii^ld'lcq +.!+ql^l ols ,,JoJalq du
€- +o_l;-lE+ .frl.
a Dx(dir€ct rlol4^lLl uJtI o ra a1:d.El:- +C6J Cnel l.nl U 3+oltl.
^l+
transrisdql)
a Rx(qditim 4l 1+{ql olol 4[rle] qi :.zl7l j;.i]elz L+^j L+^l c+51= +d c
tres ssim) aa,,,r,l r-,-4ll tl d?d-olL+.

aol als 1o9

 . qHq^ +51 518 [kk] di,]= ol+6]q 6i A] S]c d!-=- %]+6]:il, c+ql^l= ol
.Jd cBs +tl d+
(NAWEX) 'gdl] *il= .l+;+q zl5_q_e +c6lF=r 6I +-
dl* 9]d 4tr %l+ ^lj€llolEl.
. rEE.= C-H. zlzl .'.1o1, 4 AfrYl,tlel !t: dff-Elsl B"Jzl .r1o1 F4l^J d!- r'ili]
ol giJdlAl -lzl g;ldl A€+ olel Tlil +tl;134
'1s6.] e+"I ol=-
ltlB ql ql6J ++, + -F+lel +Eg elrrldJrl.

. ASC II +E d.H- :'anJ-=q 9lal 1963c lrl+ ii+ 6J q (ASA) ql .eldtl ii=i}5J 7 HIE +I.
s!, Elq ,J+El.+ 7Is1+ ?+rl(pc)el ?c ie e+El€-+dqs }L=""
5lq €ii Enl 4 oe Eel q14
^l$Eljl
. qs oJd delql *";El:- 6JEJ 4 7l+ 4l]_, zlg qlB g ,l4 rJ;r oJd JI€el ts
cE _H-9 gdJrl.

. EPIRB emergency position indicatirg radio beacon9 E^}tr, oltlll q:= ts]* gil
zl^l +d ]rzl €Blelil +44, .l= d+ol
^lr= B.6lq 9leq "l"I 9l
I 'I zlF.lr+ ifc9E -:1 ^l€€- el+ql + 1.1= +'tl+ +c *:l
.JB
isl ;'|ulolQ.

. COSPAS - *rllF-==, E-,1 9.1= 9l^J -9- ol+6loJ ar-J +oJ d+, d}-;/lql^l ZlFol+
SARSAT +Fo'q +tlEl= 406 tMHzl +tl?iqlel EPIRts di-F-+El EPIRB9 9lzi€
g + 9.lE+.ll += +41.-+ +35 9l6J 9^J ^lae.l4. COSPAS-:- al^l
ol4 el6lq 7l*EJ Fl+, /l4E}, seJl + 371+ql
^1.{eol4, sA}tsAT:-
el;|ol ztprl ^lledl4. ol Er
^l-\EJol 19f9Eq COSPAS SARSAT ^l:
Fl_o-r- Ai+gq r98zc a 9l^J ol g^lElit 1985.Jq1 dE e+dl
^l+q
94
. RCC +4 f d g+4 ;+4, +44 +,r 9i-
rescuc coordinate centerel alzl-E,
.el sg4sl 4zlEl== +c8lJ-, +2.l +r +q Ljql^lel +4 +i nJtg
<C-J 4.Jg 7ld /l+olrl.
. LUT local user terminal9 '+4E, zlq ^i+^l flg tlil+tr 6lq, COSPAS-

11(' got 4s
 sAnsAT E+El 6'Al IE= il;l g EptRB dn=- +r3lq 'JS-.J
+l4J o EI

olEl= +l-;J -r lrcc F.q-a d+r']g +zla_a 6l:- zl* .\l€ol+.

. MCC mission control gg11s1el alz|!, "J+ 5/ll E-++l 6lq, I +S 7l';-g
l-iel +1j6lcq LLrT rE:- E+= MCC /itl5.l qlolEl= iil 4t t4
6lrr, 7l'J 4dJdJ RCCE EptRBel AH Cne+
"{.rJ
9l
^l dH rllolEJs d+61:
4ol'|.
. SART si44, +4 7a$ rilolrJ r. q!19
search and rescue radar transponderei
rl4-/ alq, ol=.ilElol t.Jg- 'J6199- 'ql +iri4 +rql +016l-:- CEI
ol+;J*71 5el I lCjrrz] r'I oltl dtql c+-]q .+B5J +* cn= E^]
;l2l ;lcl +iCel loltrl zl^l7lql 9lil€ LlEl44l 6ll += +.ilolEi.
. 4f,4olEl a1:,-!| nl !. i49l oJ+g_E Fld6Id^J 6IL+el EJzloll,{ += "Jz}tr tl
E= 2ldl_e aB^l7l= d',.lol4 sAliTql^l ++l5l= cE= oJEllLlil, +
C9:- dn:- it15-+ d'J"i +:,- q+9 61. tzlolE+.
. INMARSAT .irll ;ll^l 9{ zl+ (INX,I,{RSAT)g+EJ +^l al,{}el €Ells dEJFJ ;Jll-ol
F 914 Fotl ,\jtslr-=- 4l+61-.L: il^lqq. H].4 _o_F. dl^l +lrd 5-11 ^l/-
_ol

g d4l5 LlElLtl/lE ;.lrl.

. crl glc ilF 4F *+ + 116,000oJ* 9ld'=q El+l zl+ 4c +F-e} +ol Flal
lkrrL]oll ^l
71tr .!-7otl^l + urlq= Elil azlsll ";= ai.le Hg4..l .J* 9l ^J
'1,
ol ululzli Zg- {zl 9ld rlllid}I +El.
. q$ 4?+ ;ll^l- 9l/bi -F-11
^l^Bql^l +^lel a'J a?4
.'l9l Tl r.ld 5tl dEl= "J
;lq, g4g: coast earth stationel ai4 CESg.n/l6l7lE +El.

. dul xl++ 6l^1 9lrj -F{ ^l:EJotl^J ;l+el 1t"+q €:l5J 9l^J .Ftl €El= "Jz}4,
€qjiE ship earth stationel o-ir'l SLSq jillbJ/lE 6Jtl.
. Elc"J 4c+ dtl^l +liJ Edtl ^l.AHoll.! 6.!4EJ +++ rllq ,llqlij fY*e F;4:l ol olr=-ol
g.c/l ilq olql €sdJ €ts]
^l\:+ b-l/l 16'11 5.C ;llg *.Jg F?l6f
++q +*6lr tlEi. ol4'+ €El€ EICFJ rd+(Ncs; ncrwork co-
=-

30t 6tE lll

 oIqBra 6llql zl+E +oll^J Cr..l^Jr.rl 7l+
ordinxrion srarion)olp+
"l'4, 4
,{J.+q dlel6J €El=,,i+E+;-ln NGS-g zld6l
^Jol *_3_ dlq] ^l++g
ol ++8lill ala 9.lEi.

. 4$C oJqq 5X *6}9tr+ drrl=,J;+7i EJ-^l;-l7lLl I *dlql^l 9: {l+ql EI dtl

'J
E7l +g 7ld qlEllL|= g'+El. -s i- A, B € SESe.l oJEllLiel A+
=d€- ol+6lq EJ-^l5l:-
tltleEl .JqlL+= d!-l= d *ql e+51E5' 6}:-rll, iJ
+el deTl El+llLl rlE tr= EleJql el;ll d+oJ g=el,{ Fl€ d+ H
ol 9ld-=q Bloll'lii rl !_t_, ol=- zl-E-_o_g_ *+l +-.-. +4 *il7l 99d41
EJ L+.

. +xltJ $sl4 ,l6J^Jol 9l= oJEILltr^l al6Jd qlEl Ll!_El gd "l+ol *q. X= Cd *
qlLi4ts !ril* +qll+71 d;}e1 g-a ,7+3el 5d9'J + Ctjl
^I+5lol
44 Bdl:ul qlolEl 5t]qlt ol+gE]..

. dc 8ul INMARSAT *il ? El Elq €ilEl= +Hls, .?,q oJqlLl 1-ile+ RF ++C
(ADE) ++71 -Fol gElrJEl.
. dr.ll 8ul TNMARSAT *il + tsl "Jql €-il9:- *Hl,+, 4+ ,lq *ilel -Ftl€-
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hu-* http : //wwwGPskorea.co. kr
http://\
^ ^/v.garmin.co.kr
http://wwwGPSk.m,kr
http:i//wwwngi.go.kr
http://wwwlsits.com
http : //wwwdrearnwiz.com
http : //electronic. ne\/l,2l .org
http : //my.netian.mm/-sieera
http://wwwGPS.re.kr
http : //wwwnavetech.co.kr
http://GPS.snu.ac.kr

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^ll
eoJ dlLfalE I 7*01 3+5 4Ll: d+-*el +4, +e
=ol ^l =7f6fol =71-drl.
c6H, olJ EJ^ "! Eoll +l=oll= +^l (sidescan sonad al
=A ^135Jtrf. ='J =d7
: ^l]e8 AtulTl THgqq dHrl Eplel rl.J, "f aroHE 5g ^l44oe ezl ^l
^13
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I g!.'=g7lgl
? +t
+6] +c7le-l i,s+ id-q s,4HE zlol= LIEIL]]-.] +ltr s_
^li-e+EJel +il
E-rl7l C_aql qall trtl?i; +F6lq .J?.J
+c cn€ f,-ll/lql +#P!rl. tr4zlE +rll-e+El +3
=!.1
sJ dzl tlg-i Tlzl zl cEge H5J^14 dli +_o_F- ?+lal +
')r+='rJ^l++
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tsql ^J H]^l 5l q +rl7l oll r,l.lrEol-o- l, j.9-
d/l cntr E
7l:- tl^lrl el zl2l 4 llEc-q
EJ6lq +d+ql ++*+. "l ul, +11+=
Fl^ldn= 6*al€ /.r.. s.^l+ql ir d
F- g^l+= *g dn= Tlzlr {lol= s^l
;+/ll I]El.
*irtzli ti aJl--F^l (transducer) lljl,h
;lBl, qtJtBlE d3- zlzl ,NHg 5lo.l 9.1=
I
I
I
I
rJl, ol zlzlillql d.Jg aE *C a-"+.ll el

'rlF+el i+q= gd+t}.

r'ft
V I

E,r.' ff/. lq 6ll .{'7141

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olg N 13 3-J +47t9 +E 3Jql= Ll4, 4lil oltr 5E ol€-{t+.
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HJ
H ol 7l* LJ rl rAolJ. tlrl. i=ql-: rlrlEj Ezlil -u-.r16|E
2 'orTl 9.1=rll, -t Blqlt lrelf_-€ol4 c7cl el6J +^l EJH El
ot eld

o rg t\ 14 Eij ola=-J rld $g

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=dzl(echo =E6l:
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^1171
El, r + lg22Lleoll aJxlHJ (Lansevin, pierre) ol
f59 SE Erl= olg-J
=aJ4el
43rf^] g=-J 7}]g6f91n, 19351J "J+el -"J!el +x (-"lxllol e'l +^) 6l^l
=A7lE
: ^lol^] ++IfTlef 7l=^i= 0lg6f= 8-sr 7Hr+6f91trf
=A7l=

of?llE vE15j ar4rtq Er+ oJDfEr,f.

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0l 1. allolrJel EE01l rH6l0l oJofr^l.
1 =+ef ^l€.
tla 2. allolrl siloil rH;f01 goi-?rf.
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^l^EJ"l
4. GPS"I 8Ef,Eo1l r|1dfol goltrl
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5. flalol rH6fol oJofE^f
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Cee+n
ql.ltrlg F4 94€ ololl+ +, g4ll rlol Llg I +610.l +EEr+ ,l el
"i *el€ +dg f 9lEl.

s da 7trl4 H
=dtE
L e,l q q "JEI
L+ (17l LJ ) 1 tI
2. 7,]] olrJ zl.rlzl (41.3) 1 4
r. u191 X;l 14

S g+ "JE q t,.l
t. .t E+ql €-,lg dolq .JEtlL+ (a4LJ)E *ol 9lil=- q"J,*r+
2. iltr qlql-:- _.1"J d+71 6=Es dfl-o a.+4,e dg TllolE-=u g-d
dtTl+ B46lzl -e+=4.
3. dg iglzl= a ,a; zl^lzlql sleq 44kt irl4;l 7lrlilrl.
4. 4^l7lql ElBol 44qtr r,l oltrl el Fil i^lqls 5-41^lar+.
b. ell.Jzl (range)€ id;loJ a^l7lql g^l€ +lt€ql ul..lzlL e--g-E
oJ-

ql^lel 44€ +A.JE}.

6. SE5'+9 EJ+l= +4qlq.

S ea gut =)
1. xl al zl4l 4el* gltr4 4Etlql Li4'J zl€-3- Bll6lc4 dB€ + tl

=71?
2. ^l^l/lql "14'J rltr,.l el.J^l= td6}"l d4 xlBj'.l.9 z4= Ef,.JEJ

+ 91.=71?

3. 4^l7lql 4Elki iltrr+ €;rll --EI.-E4q 'J9149 +CtJ + 9]-:-71?

. 4lolEl --* i"=lig {]r}S uj P}^}6}I 5ig€.ql *.,,14 9=-o}93 d
n-o} o_1-

(radar) n.=- +nl.lq +jigzlzlel Zalel. %ldJ-g .J + 9]- *ilolEl.

. +14 3l-3- ^l'J F+ "JC+ dsig rloJol4 c+7l- .Jx"J +/le 5lE_dlEl= c
(pulse) r_E^l dlolrlLl EJilltslt "f zl+ Llzlg dzl til"ll Llel ol+gEi.
. gEB 4lqLlq L+El+:--1,R8=q oJd'd ^lt tese ++;+q +s5el +'.1.J
(plotting) -3- dlolrl El,Etlql .J/l €41 +^l*gsi4J += +1pi.'l.9 += q+€. j'lsl

.J i 9.lE+ 6l-.-. 7l+g- "J{}E}.

a dloJ (chain) t}+d "JE!l gil +4q F^lql ol+9. 6J _-15-_al +c-+f€- g+4.
a Q.tl 8^l7l ++'J^I d-ilel TlEol rl= *ils, ++oe .+qal i€-j+= *^1617
I EJ^l dn= +c.+q 6tl^ldel ,.J.1+ H]^litl_ql 9l,l=.J + g= a
ilol+.
r A4Gonu) gtsJzl oJ +d/l: B"J *.*el ,.lol= 4ol +5_^lolzlt, iLf=
=,J6}_:_
E ?lel 4l nl *6* rl*str +d6l: ++
3- EJr.l
*ilol4.
. qS *^l7l rgg g eq E49 ql lEel "J +F= A+"121 -azl ullel g,le+ oJilel
+ 9.lF+ 6171 9ldll lg.J+ql "l]Edl gil€ "Jri 7i= ina-rl j;tl +il
olrl.

. ARPA dlolq-.] {ng F+t} il al'o-}q +x5el dEJl +=g dl r*6}71 +l+ *^l
(automatic olLl.
rE&r ddting

aid)

. GPS El++*Col ++.1= Cl2l49 ql.! 6JB ^1.\!l:'_,e., +l^j d _e+El d+

klobal E9 ^lag +d8l"l 9lil€ .J + 9.1= ^l '-Err ol4.
p6itiqfrg
system)

r PPl(plane n+9 9lil ji^l +ilg g=coe, tsts E4e+el +oJ+ +l d-o_
4l"lLJ.+
position _e;lq '+zl€. *6Jql 44= +li- EldJ:_o-g-'+4'l += E^l *zl9 g+
indicator) ol4.

gol al€ lo,

 fl g[A TTI
arl +zl+ d5)€ ol+6lq oltil (dql-, rlr3zl)9 +lig a46l7l+ slzlql
EIB
;l 4Hg 971 el+ +C +e]
^l:Bg BiJ4.
dE.l^l q+9= drl 6JB +il ?qld ql*aJoJ ufS t llF+ a7t <"3 i!^l
7l il4.
dlolElqlb rJEol+ EJ+7lel + F qq +Eel etlolqTl i.lEl,
EIBJ

€ztl zl,* 'Ja H6qa a+E7l +g +lil +4 +il= GPSoI+.

zlF dlolEl +il (ARPA) E!^l+€ dn 'l7l6lq +s+ CEq S*J +Es+
=sEJ =
EldJ.g E-zt;lq +E q+e s+6lq +.59eq */ddlB ae+9 cq += ae

+zlolEl,
,s+.d 6JB arilel dlLloJ s+ c fd7l7l 9.lE+.
glzl +4 +ilel Tlgol 9= +.c EldJ RzlTlel g4el +d +4 *Hg €861fl-o_
4, .gil ol+61= Ltl E4l7i El= EJ9l +4 gzl=e ol+ilJr]-.

*;.1 idzli- d4"l^l +rl€ +^l6lq zlBql^l Ei^lslq s= +rlel ^lag +d6l
4 El4E 'Jol, zlE, zlAg +a6l= 7l7lolrl,
i.4 Gonar)b €-+= q+6lq ++ EJii 4 +zlql ^l+61= s= 7l7l= "J+El.
.ll+ql^J +qel dg +E= eE, g+, +.Jql 96ll^l sdlg *:4. .iJl 90J ?ql^l
614?+E 9E s+sz1 621;34.
=716111
Tltl illdlrl= *+ql dq€ !-1{q +d +lig +46}q 7l* t}ql4 EN;J 4H5 al

+61= gloltlolEl.
oJql+g EJ;.lg +C6lb +iqEI.
^l+6lq dr}g E?ll
EldJ B47l= ^16J.!
Gpsel ol+ql: d4 zlE, ,'16l 'll€5.g "J + 9.1ts ts16J, i€i, dls Fql
^14 dge+
ol+;l: ;J+ 6JB, dJ"J dr=, od* +6J, r"J dn, q+ +49 6F--- dE ;"1H, Es
ol E4E tt, +^1, -i;il, +
"J'tl, aE 14, iF aE, zlci +4 E'el E.E ilF,
e, tH +4 F He H+lq^l ol+9! 9]4.

to4 trJE El6 del

 ElldlLJol^l *^}El= d],1el ,s*e- 5-q.J7I?
iD ^l+!+ o FBj,'l €t tl4"t G) c,^rl

2 ellolrlg +cr+ +,cl $= ag?

o +rt+ o +rt+ (0 d4 4t? 0 "J 41 4!r

3 alg *^l 4lqTlel +aot fl= ag?

o ^lrJul zJE -4llol7l (sTC : sersitiviff time control)el-iE oJrl.
;lE El^lel gEJg 94l6JE+.
@
=zrl ?E= =q^l
zJ;l7ll F"lql= siilTll
€) *"ll= 3-d6llol 6J4.

G) dltrq rl&g clql: q .9lil€ orrl- ;i EEl.

4 t++ dlolrlql^l El, tsoll el,6J €dlg r,tl7l6l7l 9i+ !1-a=?

O AT'C O ST O FTC G) ACC

5 ARPAqI rU-6J €HqL}. zl Ll;lzl .e*+ ,)+ ?

O zl5 rloltl til4j] 6J4.

=tr€
@ A+Elel qlolrJ= ol+t'J +E el* +ilolEl-.
O;iqq*ql^l 1ld SeEJdJ
+ 9l= ,H-.r ?.*l ol4.
o sl"lq9 71ts€- +i'J6l,E^J ecr+ El= d+el +4.J9 +4;lq ii^ldil +: *ilol4.

I al.lrl.tl ^]+9= dj,]E cd-g €86],,: 4 +ql^l "*zl 9*::4e'/

o e-\ d+= ^l+iJE+.
€) drlel 41lCg +/l b-l7l 16ll te- 7-j++el arl= ^l++E+.
€) EJ9l tsdl*C +7ll 6171 9lBll *e +rl+9 d+71 ar+zlolEl.
@ r,1+q *e d:,}oJi,-a 4e +4q^lE Fl^l7l + gE+.

7 e+ cq rI6J €E oe *e 4e?
o +zle+ Tlzl+ 7144^l+ +46J + 9l= 9.;(1
=4 ^l-aBolEl.
o €r drlg Eg ^lail= ol+6J Hl'^l olEl.
@ +s .JEiL+e+ +4 slEtl.+el +€g gi+6lq q+6JE+.

3S lO5
=ElE4
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"J* 9ldc q+6J d^izj +lil +d ^]atsgtr drl ^l+61= ae?

OeeC O decca OGPS @ NNSS

cPSq €Be,B 4+;14 gg ae?

o "l+ +Hldql^l 3^l+9-q zlg6J +lil +4 ^l^Bol4.
@.J+ gdstr+q +rl9= drlg E€El aq= ol+6la 9.lEl.

€) 'Jt+r+ +^l+gE :1 ^l+ol +eqq 9lE+.

@ {1.!lzl qe *ol4E q+g + tlq.

l0 ++ +ql^l el^d dlB *4"1 olH ae?

GI GPS O GLONASS @ GNSS @ decca

ll ++ +=t +"19 g4E *zl as? e+s

O elolrJe+ El+7lzllt "llol49 €4=i ol+611 9lE+.

O ++.I il ,,,}*alzl nlE.ll i€-!l= ^l+;J4.

@ €a €EIg
=+r}€ ^l-+6JEl.
@ ?ilolqel aol +iE+= ol+6IE 4+E7l 7ldg4.

206 g$
=e =4
 gl 7t7l
11 rtE 4qq rl^
42 qqoJ {q
*3 5t! ]l'rlel rtE rilq

0llll= E= Al'\g0l AlgE +eE 3/l= *Olurll tl?ltl. dIl Al

r'.EJ0flAlE ^lg ^la6E
0t9l= otuot^l FE 3xt 7t7t9l E^! ll7l50t IF-oE €+El= efl= ++
=t!
lll 5101 ?lrt. 0lelg! at Al.,.EJu xtE ll0t= g5E! B]llt ?tE+. At^flE ul+E
*eE aol
=u
916ll ll5ee ria6fTl fllE0lt+. 0l
-q A|BE 0E! e+E Al^g0ll
^146|=
3A0tA1= rlE ltotE E0t9l tc, Et.fg fl0t91 E0t9t Ea, a! lt7tgt rla Il0 q
I
g It€ ltol a=il Lller 7t=491 aa= qela.
 NlF ,.714
€5iE
nl0tE Il5 HoiE Hlidq Egg + R1El.
El+E lltotxlE Hla6lq aga + fl$.
rlE nlo|E 3a EoE Aga + ?lEl.

(i
I ItF si^t
o 7lflc^itqq
a00Ll3
_lel /-el lEll^lEl-o,: zl g'B+ 5.rl;1lz| 4F;lloJ
(Kresibios)

^lZl= --l H v
el s^li+ .J + 9.1tr1 ol 1

r+ pol 9l+ ts5"11 9l- +sql eldl-"J +

9l7l oJC6Ill frzlsl-E-+ ii-d--"&l 9l+ E
5ql^J e_dll.l-:- E_q *ol oJa5lil ftzl5J
E+.

r7r != E, ol/]]+ Ercq ^J ill9lzl= gel t-ol=

^ltql dl4laltrtr, 5el ;Eol4l ,+4 ^lzl,3-
J rg \ -1 tEg rllcl= olBi-l E^lnl + ql rl
o-l

Qf 17t413, C"Joil ol8-d rlE rllol

elETl +71 7l+9 t=..E^l +d +E 44,71-= ?l+
^l+;-lq
el El 41.i.= 4l ol6J a ol $"J ql .l€ d zl-F 4l oJ el zlol rl. --1
^l
H v-zql gd7 +E i37l= +El.tl9lrl. 7l+lql .Jq5l= +
7l*ol B,-d_E TlaJ +!./l ro:/l;'l ol 7l.rJ +Eql 4al sld6l=
g.ilr.el sld rlzl:;.ol z.l zl Fr46t= +fel "JE7l .J6l
=7171
TlrJql Sqzl= Zo-Tleldl trl?+^1, zl+ +E7l +46l-.4
=ol=tl
+ld+-q el{ {zlfr'ol €4. Fl ! {zlgol BH/} 1;l
=Zl =E
g4 +71%tol zo-716lA1 5lrl,. olel- ,Jg rldol 'l]+98^J 7l
^l
+el +E7l ol{;'}Nl -ftzlgrf.
O llq B+el dg6f ^l7l(rll 2^l ^llzl tlll l+)
2rl .tJl4l cld d ilul sl-E_tslzel oJa olE, E4.l'i
41

gI_ E= 6ldolLl Llol+laE 5el d€ slE"Jzlel 9]aE

olE, 6}dql el+ Hpl Z Ll6 (servornechanisrn) olEol E"J5l
^J
9rt
ce llq olE EfaJ
@ 194oLl,
;l*9 H'Jg itrl4 ot oJ=dl-/ al4]9 +ElzJ dE d6J6l=
olEg'$-lq, B€ Sl=dl €dJql oJ"Jg 4il7l gEsi-dJ aol
5-?.14.
6 +'J+El tgsoLlr|]
194oll
uld€ 4lol .lE. -F214 ol_-e, l!+# 4lq ol_8, rlH+
^tlq
4lq olE, illq, 44El 4l"l .lE"l *dq9t4.
=14
€) 1960LlEt1

z;;r,1 zlf4 nlzlq, 4tr ,lel+ql d+EJ

4lq eoiel d5
7l EoJqq _1 7l5ol +ol,d!+ F;^191, l-.4a}ts ^12-EJ 4;llE
4trE, +*El5l9rl tr14^J, olE4gtrE 4iigzJt ^1r'-EJ,
44 ^la"Jg ++;]= _j]EE EJBdI Tllgslq *EN "_IElel E.J
ol+ g"J, +E4dlael 4l*"tl q+ F4 ZlqB, ;l4l gal, zl
 rf +ul 4 Sl dJ H oi EL oJ !19i4.
o 1980LIEH

+ltql^l dl+51-:- +il zltssl

^lr-Hol EEq9n, _a*ol 5.
c;']'91q.
o 2000LILH

?14 "tlq olEg ++.J zl5el ^l.H-g- ++;+9q.

ill] fitqE E[l

4ldl (conrrol) eJ rd'd4= elulF- 4lq6lnzf 6l-:- 4^J(+-F
zl, illE+7], :ar+e) 7l7l ts) -"] +E -E-) ol fl61= +I*
ql olsE+ 4del .Jqlg=e(+E,
zle6lTi i?_d] +-: ags, ;ll
^llol
q/l ol+qzl= C-^lLl -r+= xllolll (control system) al-tr- 6Jtr1.
,4lldlzl rllql^l ;Iq6lr4 6l= ril*(zlFrlel 3E zllq, +E ill
ol r;) 9 * C (plant lEE process) ol E+ ;+I1l , 4l dl tll *g 4l q 6l
zl 91g] +l:{= "JEq ql= i-tsg 4lq7l (controller) 41 6JE}

I
?l+F firqgl firq
4lolql^l ^l+ql el;tl _-lql riltl 4lq .J49 ul+ol
^rF += ag
4 01e Ell$, 3i rl}1,
= r{q6|'n^i
=i1
6i= g€
Eotl .tlio'l|^l
7l
+5 4l q (manual control) r-t 6114, a n" El -E-ql El r-l {i-3- 'J q ;+
H i6fl =+Elrl
=Efoi ilol7f
]f.J^lojl 9,1 q ^J+ql rl4 _.-_€- sJol zlFg_+
^l7l;lE+ 6l= ag
eoJ
^lE4ee
+8, =1€ ^leJel
6|: 7j€ "J=dtrf. ,lE .1llol (autonratic control) al dEl.
++ d+71 eJ+ 5-^lr]= %tal]rl *--q :l4ltll 7f36J
=Eel
'rll =+el 'dJilTl
dle itldl rlilol sl'i dizl * -*el B"*r4
e_dl ll glzlli r;Jtr}. :olel gile+ HJ,*(illol *g
=qol =q)g
+ C+el g.+ +el zl^ll (rjldl ";q)ql Elsl EJ4zl4 'Jtl.
++ +lj./f =..s9 6.f;ll ig "3'J ull g6l= tsJdJgg +g zI
71 9l;ll^l TlzlJ- 9]= d€4 zl^l=' +-ts?l6l"l g4 #.el glil

lto
= 46lq i9 -J421 EIE olql 4E+ +el gilel- *6}0l cdl 1l (hn"
ilgEl ulal^1, glilTl
++.d+el +,r+ +el .ztlolTlzl El4, + i:i lllol9l EZ! 7l7ll rlaEJ
4lq E;l "! 7:
+*ol llq ql*, +'JCol gEl C-+6.1 ++ d+= zlzlg ,-- =++el
€ E'Jo +g-dEf ot7,i3 rl
llil-d 7i0l 4q0 r, ol
erl aeq el..l]r.J47lel glilql^l 3+;'ul -j!.!,ej 9l :lF_ zl Ei,1l
^Ei
E'Joi rrN eEl cJ
T-e:=zfl g=e rE47f 7f:
.+9 + 9]oloFsl 6l= aile *fd 4lolzlts g6l= Ll 6lrl: 7,1 eol EE dCaJ
=qol I 3-rA 5,E TtrNg + llnl
_l_-,:$ mlg
^lrJ"ll
.J4{t-3- Hr1.r1z3 I 9]:- tsq€- z}zlr 9.1 El9.1El. ralq
=4l4l:
e^1olq olaql 4p s+S.
rt 0l

q.l +El rl tsrl6lnl 6!{rtq d+ rl

zt6t6E ,,1: E? l:6lr ql
Eol 7 ZlTl (1*fis) .:.,r1 EJ

I z€ Tllrfl^laee4 ] 7=
E T|IFE fitqItgl BEg(ftt+E) fitqfil I gr^l 6I: oJ?_r 7 7{ ^l
1H (nEn mdrine ryt€rn) ol
4l q Zl q zli 'd B
(reference commantl) ol z,ll ol zlg f;a|{ Tllg-E]r
= 9.1cf.

*d4l zlalzll :1 a!}tr +1J_"] Callzl= /l+jr 4lqzi

(open-loop control
=4olol
-d.4el
system)4 dliJ= F6lq +dEl
=4
11 #ol 7l= H€ Tge 5lE.J5lq zli sri!- ula51q
=dg
+d ,llol;'l'= sil+g- 4lol2l (closedloop control sltstem)
=+19
E: slE'J 4lol2l (feedback control system)7| 9.lr|.

zloE 4lolE +*+ E"l-:- g- + flol F*E+. +-Erdg ,Jlqslzl

9ir-_'JFrl9 !i+o e 4lol+4'd- Ets zlF 4lqel ++ql +6J
Etr B + 9,1=rJl, ++7lE zl5 "JH, .J+ +ld-g ,1t| 4lol,
El^loJ g^l-, €il-g ,1*: gc +ol zfFd z,llqel +* ++ql +6J
E+

Irl
nrqi{E
=F
4qalc ++6lE 4+rI eEl
o 4loleJoil 4E E+
(?|) Slol
=d
,-oE +*.oJq i^J._s.g --- +"J +dg
^JErl%rg 4lqzlotr
6l= "llqs, tr'*"J rl47l f €4ldlq.

lll
o la \:-3 3E xllolTl o ra \'-4
^lE
nl+ r1ol71

(Ll) Zl+ 4lcl

^lE
-6.d qltr :-8, ozTl^l ri'9ili e-l
'illdlql ^H-!= _-..4 11i1e:
Aol Ezl ! $,o'lEl d. ulolz|.rli ol:-€ ?,(l /joe Hll"l, ;l=
.;|- 1 /ll ol ql .{l H il Ll .<l EJF}6}ol ol-=-el lll ol ar El
"ll= ol :- 6f
/.ltl- 4lt7lr1 zl d dJdj i 9]:- €EN_F, gic;l 9Lrl. olel +ol ,,ll
q *il= ,j!
Ll llEJ-n+.,lol il c]+ _r45.'izlE E? 4l d Ai:-
El ++El Ll'+ r-lzl tj il r+ ,41ts^l /l 4l016lr:. ^ll:Eilg
EJ;JLI.

Itrll
^lts|ollZq=
+l;l 5-rlg 6d_o,E;+q ts'jd-/r1_o_+-, +ill-ql 9l zl .lli-l .zl
dl r;€ 4l
"l * dc ;1."1 +ji7,t-3 q rl /l-L' rllol olr].

.l irl rffl

O :ral \' 5
^lE4l7lLl=
 17!\ TI.E AIJ

+F +4+ dgt + ts4 +tlel, _r \14 zlzl +d*€- 4ldl*

o + ;l'.- C 9ol r =; e ? :l rllol ol r]

H 6FqItII= EF
=EZ,IE
o r57t rllolq +=al 4lol
jld# 4lq= q-,**ol dJA;J 4lololl, +6* 4lq. +iiil
ol "Jeltr EEl4: 4lqol4, ol -Fql^J oJsl-e rlzj4 BEI= 6l
-:- 1'=q id- rE= +!l 4lol, +E#.1 El+ *4 oJa+ El+ +
7)l= Tlzll EEI6I= A+=. tsl+ 4ldlr+ 6.1+.
O oeral rllol
+_E*ol Elrl 46tl 6l= a+el 4lolol4. i
d ^la4 Hn+;=-

4+,=- +4ol= rll 'J96J qlLlzl= .<14 rll*se5rJ zl4 9ol

^l 4lq.Jrl, Br qlLJxlgql^l Edl all LlTl= illol oJ
8ri L+71=
llql 4ri zlq 4lq 5:= E[+] 4lolt L+FqdEi E, rllol ila
7l
^lrJ4gtr €*.Jzl +sl+"J7lql 4rl 9l+ 4lol !.-= d=*
,lldl+jl gilrt.
o ?J^l 4lo1

dll iJal=. qzJEJtr 6iI. olr]'6J +e] olrl

^.1
tel_.1 ol,L'Jg

r 4lq€ dl,: zllq oJ.l=q

"J6.!t-1.

!! r,n,= *,o
c5-# 4l"l.el ql_E4.J *-.l.lrc, sl+ 4lqql^J: c+ E,/. L'

E+e 5aC Tlzll

?.ll:l _Hq rl,HE 4loltr^l 4+ .4llq,
4lq, 44El 4lol, "l+ xtl"l, zlt ^ll"l+_:- Bag Tlzl= ^t'l
oJ^l Fol .Jrl.

o4a4q
+sildlLl E+lE dd.l Erlzlul ga HEl"tl eldl ^llq ql+
el Cd.l HcldlE dJ+ EIE+ 4+4o
^llqZlTl =149 tlEll_e
tr ,llolZl/f ^lzl ad"J :-ral$ zlxll 9.1= ^laeg "J+q.
 a d46l .414 rllol
^llol
zl-!- rllol_ol oJ+et 31 4nl 4lol= 4lq qr*= nla-q Helql
r4+ tnll+ 3ri 5.-= 4i7f 5l,L+ +-(1;-F.. i.lae, c4 ?j
=
4 3?lg- ++;+-:-,llq'J4t rll Fl5ri,;l 4 4lq= F{.r 3l4J
3rJ9 ++61= ;loJ ilzlolr]-. ol 45}q dB;171 9lall^l= llq
*il_+,^l ?+El"el +qg ^l$;'|:- 4ol Y+_r_, ilFrl.i ,lldlzlql
E.J"J 4lol= zJ arl .<Jlol a| dJrl. olel ?g jlEel 4lqE 617l
J.l6N^l= ,tlq qltel Ll d+ ez16l'/l ol;tlalj1, "la-3' +r.l (Ft
rt) E.3e^l ?n"-Elql 7lq^l4ol 6l:ql, ol f4 Eg 4+€ol
4lq .^EJ_3- +]€;1_:- g+la|;l g f ilr|.
^l

$t'|rl PD {q HJq

rfE oJ^]oE, 0l rfEel qt^E

^1
0l 'J^l €oll^l 7f3 =51 0l€.5l: xl10l PIDaJ

P: pro@rtional(H l4l), | : integral(48), D: diJferential(n lE)

ptD: Tlrl 4-.Joe rllol6f= aoe, ?oJ-d rllolTf 7f56Hcrf
=E, ^11

ofzllg oJEltij +44ttq Ef+ gofHlt.

^totE€ ^fto'5+
0l 1 +E lllolef Hll5l01 EE6|] 5|^f.
1 ^lE ^llqol ^fol=
tr 2. €E6H Erl.
^lloleJoJoiL^l ^f5 ^llol9 =+=
E
3 +EZ,l 4=
^l= ^llclel =+=
trEJdll -ts^l
?: =+oil
4. x1l0l7l g1617l ?lEl 'Jgg "Jols^t.
rll ^lE

uElY
^tDlE
http : //wvvwyjec.co. krlmain2. htm
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http :,//wl^\ir'.kbench.co.kr
 M2 EtEg [{tol
\'44+E
1. 7[Fg rlt0t]tE 5gg + 9lo.
2.
=!c
E|q$.Itot/tE Eac ,[FE ru0t]tgl uti6t0 ggg + ?lq.

ll
l, /|]=E fitqfitgt FlEg(nfl+E) fitq/{l
o 7H+= rll0lzl
9]qlC €,'B"J Ble+ aol, 4lq qlNl"J *dq =rJ"l
7l= Erd
g qtrEs- .1: ,:llolzlql: 7ll+r 4jolzlel Ei4oJ Tliolzl
77ll
/l 9lrl. 7N+r'- 4lolzl= -Ia37l' tEJ;}q, slEoJ 4lol2l= el+
ol+ +d_",1 Htsql u+= "J,5J_3- + 9l=Bl. _=r 4lolri_"] 5-a
=.J
3- +ijl3_o-F- S4HE El+rl ?rl
gql^] +ol 9= El*-3- E-*_o-tr^J dJ.llal,:- dllel lil,dJrg fJo-61
: ijlqzl= _l_e v-6 (a) el 'Jol 7l+jr zJldlzlF- +^J6l= A
j-, Elgel *dlol tsl+,lzLl 4l7l7l gzlxl!3 dl19 "J6ll EJBJe +
s6J 6J3I *a.Ig Holr,l;tl grl. _1r]4 4l"lzl= _-1e v_6 (b)
el +ol slqo;4lqzl e +^J61ts, Hl+el EJdJolLl .{ll7ll} ts}4
qE uNel d4l 6Jall oJ6}ol +d5lq +s.6J HJ6Jq- .J"l6l,E:-
oJdJ 7lS- aA6ls-e, Hl.Jql +Zl Sol Ell:- +jie dJ6}9tr "J
all+ + 9.1tr1. +, g,rl.J ,llolll= e1fl9. }l-^J6l= Tlbg Ttzln

9.lEl.

l4_I. eleJol+ al 4zl.-.: el_a

=q
€€6lE 4+4 +rl
Els= g ,tzl$ ;|;11 rltr d+=e !Ji,H4 +EJ ,Jzlg +?.1
*611 6lFrlF;+-:- lt+-3- E + 9.1=Etl, olzJ zj]ol eleJoleljr
,tJ46fH 5J rl
tl5
qEda***- *Nl-*ww\ :sf
llls 611 BJ.J

(a) 7(+s lllGl4l

I
sEd .J6H CfBl

(b) EEg rllGlTil

O reJ v-6 7|1+E rllolllel ElEjg lllolzl

(7r) 7ll+s 8iq

f,il el ?ol 1 /llel F4ol ELltr -l
zllol (sequenrial conrrol)

arlql q4^J trl+ Fzlol /l^lq= 4gtr +zt Szlg "Jo"l

+zJg BC6I= *zls-e, zl* *d9 zlts4ql +tr ^l*'Jtr}.
a qq"J 8lolzl
rlE.J 4lolAlql^lE 'o.C9 dJ* 7l= oJ44 HlIElq
=qdl
AolxlE+ AIqTlTl *C4l zl;tlzl= oJ49 e€6lqs, zllqAl
eJadl E;'l4L+ q+tr+El el,Jdl +.;qqE f. €6Jg q4l^l
,J + 9,1= *dq ilEl. +dq
=4c
+c;l7l 9l.J dl^J(41+
zl)e+ olE zl=. BB4 tsllsl= Hlil7l Fol 9lq zlFg 4l4zl
ql dldll +i7l +*6ln 7t4ol Hlrl-q oJatol *ole
^llolzlel
+ 9]El= +401 flsr+, +tcel zt5e.q- zli B*4 €
olulES 617l trI+ql 4l++9 +F ilolql =q€-
^l= EIE"J(dl+s)
4lolzl€ +d6l_t 9.1q.
gE.J 4l"lzlel +^Je leJ v 74 Asq, 4 +el €Ee Et
7 a Eel

o ra \' 7 tqg rlolllE ?E

+4 Aq
1,' r] l.lll,/ | (Comparalor/
7l= €rd4 Elj46lol _o-il= g.iJ.^l7l=rtl, 7l= E?dg
=q=q
Eq tr+ +i.lE €|6l,.j 4 J"il g4aJ(d7lzJ9l t]-A) 5._o-F- E
+9_4, 4l,4Jql .eldlq 7l= H'J4 A-9- E-4%loq H+
=qe
9rl. ol 5aleJ5--3- HIj/ 4e= 44 + 4lnq 9u]'g uJ{ rl:l
_a ol 9:l=- u]* zjlolzlql lrlllq 9_71= += HJ6Jqtr rl
="1
q 7l7t z++FJ tl,
(r-l) xllol7 | (controer)

ulil7lq^l EC-J szlql Elr+ +4ql .Jq5lq"F 5J +F tl:c

E "J--:- +ed_a, +lzl sl-e ++71, +"J +71* +q-
=+71,
zlzl olzl4l dl'J+4. 7:+El= ol+;''lq ,tldl6l= A+ql /:+EJ
7l Elr/lel 4ldlTlel q -bf-3- 6Jtr1.
(rt) tll^l (sensor)

*ee.l +a6l= *"lF-, E-44.J ..r, + 91"1,

=q-9- =41-3-
zl-,E-, 4+E, €r, 2145, .J4, ez, +eJ tsdl EJ + g]_o_q,
35 .!l^l -cEE erl6uE
ol=- .dl^l7l +rl. 4ll^lql^l dnb ql+e .!l^lE EJaJ+.

.l zl 3l sl
=.J6lqdl
il6olE+
=q9=
u^lE "J-{cf.

(al) 3E (process, ptant) u^lE.Jt!trf.

+gr .!t^l +a:€ ertdi
llq 4tlol q:- aes, dFzl= 4lq6lj1zl 61tr dF7l7l, u^lE "J-dcf.

dI= 4lq6lrr_zl alE uNz| "J7l"ll +61: 5 ;<lFil, E+, +9

1}il. El^tg, t* 9lij, t4 zlAl ts 4lq ql^J=.] F-+ olTl"ll
>17
 ++r+.
@u {lL 4l0ll ls(No corrt'ol
o Elqg llqzlel
9q"J 4lolzlel ++dc
IlEl-Il

zl]ir zllol4gl dlil6l'ol €rl!-E

gli !E: +Eol1 E. V lJ+ AE}.
=+01 ddsJ rlloj oJEe
dolaJol
qetTtE+ c4E Elqg !l o E v r 7il+s llollle+ EIqg {lolll9 Hli
o1/llE oJ*Jcl. rl olol
^18 ^l
€q: al57lE
^lE-sE1ef."
6JtrI.
+571 2JE6ftrf EETl ?+61tr1.
11101

3nl40ltrl. (gEa,t!f a4lilg "Ji

=go1l^l
"JBJ4.e "JE€l CqEE E"J. 8+-d)
rllol E-E7l trl} rgoll]trl. f^tt -1,\ -!a^l;l-l
(9^loll EIIE -tr8o 313.) Hla4140Ltrl.

g ,i1^'g _ug3
dl€ +dC E44e_a .(llq6lzl 9l6J zjlqTl= €zldJ "ll €?l
xlE *C oJ4ql rtl.J
^tolel +41= dsfdlzll gJ_ 9lqot
=q
€zl5J .i. glEl oJ4rl +21.1_-o 7r.l.rl-{e L}E+L}1q.F
=eiel
6II, olal6J "Jqr4 +/ll4g :1 ^l-tLJoil til+ -c'J,
ol+l =qg =^l
b'},a,
=^l4g
+-= rlag ^lag EEJ,"Jol+.JEi.
^l14el E"Jql= c€ E'Jrl'tsld€ Egol ?l+.
P|)-NE g'J
d€ E"3olaJ, F-g !_'J .Jqql dl4ldl-o] H6l= F-e-3-
=qdl
"J6l-:-ag-tr, ^laeol d€9_F- F-949tr qE .Jqol ^la'Jql
7l"lle 4 ol"ll 44 LlrlLl: sfl$ /l{;'}zlz} 371 4+ql 4lq
ol€ql^J d€ trgg +e ol+4q !EJA+q. d€,qs _\rgaJg
oJEl4 €4
^laEJel ^lol9 'JZl:-
tslri +Zl,
"le +21, 4+ +
ZlTl 9q .Jqol +q€ "l Zlt6lTl gd]^l= El+dlLl zj
=49
aJ4. r, zl9zlql: t1€ ^tsol ol"J tsl.d€ s'J
eg ^l
=q"t"J
ol!-e- dTll_e 4+61'7lql= E4dC
Tlzljr- 9l,.ltl, Zl+!el
=+6J
,J7l dgs "Jal.] d€"14ts 7lX oldl \1'J,eJ6l7lE +Ei
ul!:$ EtrJ
(r-f)

tsld€ Egol+ Eg 5-"J Eqql Bldl6lq E;1zl *=

=slol
n'J€- "J6l= zle-+ u1921e1 rll++ ^l /-gol d€ol ol,B Hlc
€ s'Jol4.
o l-J -*+el E= cE
Pl) d'J -cf+
q€ -\rllel oJ{ "J+(.,iql ql"J +4
/,1
'J+(I')el tsl= Tl.J
old ol dJ+Hl"lEtr c:;
"J+(c)4 +El dg dl]-L "I =d
/l €rl.
E€ C-E (blrck diasram)
(rD

3+ CE+, ^l:l4g 7€61= 4 +Bq ge +2lr-- LtEld

:189e, ol5 ol+;l,E r-EJE ^l +ij"l i€-s"J olq4 d"f
++E €Zl +e + *ol 4l"l"ll^J zl+
^l+{}E}. 9* 415:41 ^l-
+6t= 7la!-- El,*r+ Arl.

__!ct--Lo/jc
YI
| -!n
(a) !E E= (b) E+ (c) uitrE
O lg \r 8 E+ Cs.oll llg6l= 7le

:19 v-8ql^l cn= sla-s oJdolg,E a"Jqq, B+g -Ec,

4lq/1, El.17l, C;Jzl ts-g- 119 "J+,q 44\f4.
o !=€el : g'+q b, dB dJ+=- c, .J4-3- oel
=el =qg
al.tr, b:co?] +l2l9l 9.lEl.
=4
O g+el 7l6Jd : g+el zl*dg rJ6ilzlTlLl nllZl= d_o-F_
c:a+btl 5]4.
O ++9 ts71 : E+el Ezl d9 dg.zl Ll--rdld dol4,
e g+et d+: 3+et d+e 4€ d+, Hc d+, qE.;
+ol 9.14.

"F, l:F, l-r

(a) aleJ E+ (b) EeJ d+ (c) rl99 E4
org v-e E= ds.E E+ EJS

119
 @ zl'J iJ+ : -lA V-9 (a)4lrl r:G'rol j! g:Qp;oJu :L i
4 yY a:G,t:GGir:GGtr7l +tul.
O He d+:-lfl v 9 (b)ql^'l u= y:Q,vtQv1'-(G1t
=4
GJ rz| s1r1.

8 EIE"J d+: -lfl v 9 (c)41^l Ca eE e:r b:r-Huol

,,r, yi y:Geo14. "l€ 44618 u- ,f*rzy iq
=4
O ^i^'J 3'J
4l ol Zl: A 4 4l ol Al (static ccirLtrol s),stem) el ."Ezl 4l ol ujl

(cllnamic control systeni)-? Ll+qTlq. 44 rlloJzl+ oJ4€- Sl

/1614'El-r,l- 4El4= ^li:EJolq, F4 zJldlZl-:- 'JqC 'J
=4ol gsd 4lol2l€ "J'Jtl.
7l6}oJ LlEl-J ullzl.4l Hl-3-
=!'lol ^ldol
rI++el 4lolll: ts4 4lqZl"lt+
ol F4 ;llolzl= .Jq-.3- /fo+q rl/:flol ql{'{ *EiF ElTlz}
Zl ,J/lq, 3-.J €Etl= .arJel -::€ql 44 'J4-llEf l
^J{}ol ^l
fl v-10t1 tol -" Aql oJq
€ 7l6lq ^l -\EJol oJdEJ d
UlTi EJ qzlzlel *89 .*5.
*'J (transient response) ol zl
;-1r4, r}E +EJol zlLljl ^l
-\Lilol oJd6.l -3--,]9
^J4-q
^-} 4li dtll *'J(static state

respotse) oJr|,4 alr|.

O :]g \i 10 !+E gtrJ
(tine response)
^lil 3'J Pil

^lzJ +.Jol+ 4qtlel Eqel l7l= E

El6l9i-3-
"tl =qol ^ltql 4cl^l 4€zl H
;l --zl5 Llt-l'H *Bol rl. +Elg ^l1EJ
=
el 5-^J ql IIlrl g4/lll grl olTl^]= _1'J
V 114 eg .J;-lg 71.,15 illl +EJol q!:r
7]l +S=zl .Jol,H'il^l 6.lLl _rfl V-11r1
O rg \'-11 llLJ st+ 7J9 '*f zll EJ ;Ji (step fLurction) el 6}4,
==

llo
olql Ell.J +*,3- reJ v 12el eol Llr-|uNllcrtl, !l'E 5€g
r+El'I: €-q= ++4 Aol ael"J + ?lrl.

r05
r00
095
0.90

O ral v_12 rlE Ag

6) di- ^lzJ(rise rirne:

7.) : lo-Ejol 3l fd_q rc t%l ql^l ^lz+
l%)tlrl E"J6t= ^lag "J+4.
6lo|.t 90

O ^l"l rlzJ(detay tirne I 7d) : +siol ;l6dl-9 so l%)rl^l E

B;l- ^ltg EJ6.lEl.
I CC ^lzJ(seftliry rime : 7,) : -3-Bol :i] :!6h"}el i]7] 2

tn Y!-,:5 t%l olL|ql SqrJ ulzlzlel ^lrJg "J+rl.

(i) 9-4#-e-(overshoot) : slael dF#ql^J 3l 6{tg d *"1q.
(s) dti tlll 9il(static state enor) : 4lol/l7l €* ^JEllql 9l
g 'r.l
zl= oJqr+ ;l+ii.'+el il= EJdJtl

(4 +rf+ 3'J (frequercy response)

+rl+ +B"l+, 4lqzlel "Jqel :l7lql rlEl g+Zla

=401
"J. ';q9 l/l7l JdllqE "J4 ii'l+71 E6lq =qlel l7l 0tAqE 4t0ut
e4+Erl +.r
!/11
!E
7l H6l-zll gtl. 4el^1, 4lqzl= €?l+ ull rllqzl .,149 r/l+ ^Lf
o gfeo1, €Nf AIEll eiit7f
flolola4 0 alefar1:4
t 6lLl4, 'Jqel +rl+s- ilq;+rl 9q, oJ4 i!l.+el EElql oi21l7f +d6ln, El8ol .FJo

sf+ 4lolalel 5Cg +^l6l.q.l"J .Jrl 4lqzl .Jqel r]+E

n7)71 gA6l-it +qi'ql 'Jrl;1-3- ;.1"3r'1e1 "J49 TliJ ol +tl
el dq-4 9ltel EEIE itl+ +Elolelrr 6J4. :19 v 139
+:'++ +R-3- LI+LJ aol4
lzl
 +40

+28
,-i - $rl,rl-lllf-
iH\'-.
0

20
+;ffi
(o ldBl ) 40
l0
= 0.1 I'
otg v 13 +4+ 3.J

slq'J 4lqq ++e +q +Eql^J *ol +ol€ + *4. A+

7l ^leg + 4* d.Jg dlI;1q 5fl *g El^l Edl B6l a
Br+ ulrl;li 7l= 4aE ElEo;el 6J 4colalr .;'llE € aolri.
gE.I g*J.J niqg :lzl ol+E EJel
^ldlolEl SilJ
rll dJ

€5rE 2011-+- oJ{d}zl +46}71 9d "JBg C4all lf?}E+. ol

rl-Eg a+el iJ4"ll tJ +/16101 6J ++i'+ d4lo} 6J +Sq 9]=
7l E:€6|] Hzl.

G) €+= AL|l EsE oJE6.pll 6fplg olrlEoll E=q- Hgele{ -.JtrE,s

Tt6llrt =7laJg =E6[of
rO'Je{ e5€ d4 gA eE€ F^lg +
20'c.e "J56fZl +xl6l7l f.j6ll^l oJ4lEJ o:laolafg
llxlEJ, ErllE A+ #4 7l=E0l olE-dqE Ell 9{g'trf. e+= olag .f16H^l= d33 +
€6f?, d84 Elg 8-Eel.9l xf€ tof Lilq, 0l Zl({lol Sil)g 0ol qs.+ oflfEe Eolg'
E TlUaF- 2{ol "Jet;q.a d46f91tr|..
=7laJg
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Wll(\\'lreless locaL l-rr-rp) " 145

dlcr:l .J,J .J:1 . .. . ....., . . . .. ... .. .. 105

.!rol l:91:l 3l
F7l r q E!i7l kln.hroir:ansfonner) ''''''' '' '''224
F'zj zll9ll(dlnamic conuol s)sten) " 220

r)su +tl,,l ... . ..... ... .. . ... ... .... . ..2

LlC,tl^ll: 4ii(deenuhasis ci|cuit) " .46

ullEl .llcri o= *il . .... . . . ----72

ElzlEl iJEll .. ..............til0
rlrle ,ll.l ... . .... . 213

ellolcJ iraclai ..... .. .. 180

rlldlrl Eirll{rJ ..... .. ... .. .... .. ........... ...i}J

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ElgJLl (\'lufconi. N{. G.)

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qiErl/r i,tt7l ... .... ..86 Eg qtll (mobile office) " 1brl

r+!.'r1..1 a+ d,j ... . .. .... . .... . ..... . ... . .Eti ]]a (N'lone. S. F B.) ' 11

ii+{lt . " r,6 +d dlolrl ..J,'1 1 ....... ............. ...................146

+il .JEl,jl ................ ..150

T I +111

lr2 lolE2l
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CrI *El(below deck cquiunent) .., ................103
UIJ 1lEl(abor,e deck equipnient) .. .. .. .. ..... ..102
dqE(sclcctilibl .............37
. ...............,.....................,.......218
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ilir+ ++71 ,13

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... . .21 6lq =r+71

...... ... ... ... . 102

..,','... rlai L4E? .. . .. .. . . .... 50

.... . . 36 doJ 4C7l (regulator) . 49

....... 100 dil ull7l (prcdrstofter) " 33

... .....12
drl zl a+r/l .... ......... ..
jE-4 ' 52

el+ t"t 71",J ......... . ...14 t14 Xizlfull-$are rectifier) " " 51

el-€+ .......... ... .... .. .., ... ......... .. . 156 d^l€ trlll+ . .., 102

9ld F-i1 .. .. 154 t.J . ... . ... .. 21

-ot;.] (td- ........ ....172 a+ ............. .. 5t1

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or!! {r.r .. ... . . . i69 ,jdoJ elg (regLrta[or) ............ .. .. .. ...... ..53

q5:tl +4 /,lul:.. ... . . .. ........... ..... . . 171 a4 +l,t tsc .,, . 1|}5

.lclF gE -?il .... . .... "" " 159 4 (controller)

ol 7l '''' ''217

.l4E. 91,.J CEf................. , .. ............ . ...15e i4i (frcquenc:' ) 12

oldF elt F1.1 " 156 t!):' t4-- -- -- . 17

ol4n' glij tlol,l ... .... ...... .. . 159 +++ E+71 104

.lelFf €'.r 7IE........., .. . ... .... .. .. ......159 +.'l.i B+ *4 .. ............ . ,. 124

Dcc +{/l . , ltxi itli *51 (flcquency resrxuse) 121

INN"^RSAT ^llHl ..... ...........

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nJ'g7l frcquencv 45
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++i$ol 711 .. . "14

+rJ d,: ?+71 ....."" "'n

alE 5E'J 11,1
?I olr:J " 194 *.J"]rll* €cl 76

1,.'l .......... .. .
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*g (noise) ......... .......... .., ..... ........116 ,l*'J.. ,..... 157

4+IE +ld +C . " 1iJb l^l7l+ .... ....... ... ... 186

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riB CrJ^J (paddinC condenser) ...... ... .............40

*9 3le ....... ... . ...... . .... ..... ..... ..19

4l+]I ,I q?l .................215

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_E_E.l+ El!l ... ....... ..... .............., . .171

^ltsl1
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14El7l ........ . .,,..............................31

lrlE:a+ .......... . . .,.................... ..16
IJCS (fnilonal cornmruricadon sen'1ce) . ,..,..... .....133

tlqa BCe,JdTl ................................,,.....2b

+qZ'Jil'l (Colprfis osrrl aior) .J+"+rJ (lo$Er side biurd) ... ... .. .... .......16
;l€el tsJtlzl(tlartley oscillator) . . .... ..... . .,A
-J+ erl rllolq .....,,..,.... ]7

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dtlil 5-t x.:l ................. ..... ............. .9,s

9loJ d.l(solar cell) .. ... ... ....... .. .,.... ...59 6119l a++ .................100
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ell el ......... ...170 ilrl !.d .ld t4l dc ^lae ............... ,. .. .....?9
a r " .. .. .. .. .... .... .... ... .. ...20 tlC'J ,t d I (netnork coordinadon safion) ... .....100

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