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+d9 ++ 4€lol ++;lr, +IEol Hl+tr Ealiilq 9l_:-

+el ++= ++l.sloJ' zl+19 4+4_o-tr ol+allot "l-4, _a+
71 7l^14 dll'b} ++Bg gd^14 +q d*9 F_F-diloF g a
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ql el6lq +n} dle4l -rF qilel j14 odal + rdE d7l
4 ^l-F 4q SoF.]41 rtl"J olE4.J ql+4 rJzlg= d+g
516,+61.] +^J6J ol-E d;. 5|6+e Irl^JolLJ.
d* dzl dzl= +t "l+ll JF qr= €g;+t .dElql
4 t7l+ eotE ;;' ^ltJ.r s-e =Y-;-lZl EJ "+^J 5g €E.l
g.tlsl r+a!.6l,94 !J€€ E"Fr4l +^16l/ll EJ 6+CEE
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ol 4e 41 6rl il+ rldq CE Czl dzl r4.!E Tleo
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"l ilrl. +g rql^J-:-d719 -'g 4 dTlql +e 7l:- zl .l
g, 'Jg rrql^l= zl+s+ r-r1 El_"ql +d€ qal Tlzl olE
r+ 3^J jz+ql +6J q+_g-, rJg ilql^J= 4l+zl, j1+7], 7l
4lzl zlzl. d.l HId 4 eB, Zl+ql +6J.tl$g,'Jel N
ql^l= ,JlF_iil, ElE, Cg El-E, Ll zlrJ llsql +'J ,fl+
=+
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+€-qt ++ !t+-3- 4+9q.
<i, Bg I, rr, rrrg d7l +Clql +dJ.u'$g, EJg rv-:-d
zl +6+"ll +.J ul+g, Flg v= ilF 4ldlql J6J ll$g +
+r 9es_", eolBtr 4A5J Elf Zl qg 4lel *+6J+d
+rJ 444.J El+g e + 9l,€. 4olEl.
"lE.d+ €l6J€ jzEiJel E-€ ,)+71 9BI zl +B+lFl4
al"Je d+ 'l4l:- 4lHl qag i146lc4 tEdlil €+ol 7l
b8J LI€.eE dC6tg4.
€rl a44.J "++g-fl61q eE d7l 6.I H+ ++4 d
rl q+ 4 qÎ= .*ll^l6l-9_o-q, zlil4l ol dzl9tsr-ll€..ll^l
qril=- 56lq ++'J.ll+p=- +'JdJ + 9lE+ 6t94. It
=
El, .JEl"Ig ol+il B+ rlTll= "J+ ^ll^lalq cH *lll zl
+g EJ+6f q; 571= +q6l9eq, zl qlE+lel C ++ql
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=
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gqs ol 49'6++6Jss4! it slgBalql^J €9e. ;15
+r-6J 71ts.71€"Jel zl?-g i+.J6lq +4 +rt +t.;11+el
gdql olElrl6lq +zl dl*tr]
xl B{l
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I. ^lL
I
1.d71 (1) dul.,J i9l"Jzlt B

t,2) dc €-eJ!l +t^l 12
2.d+ (1) tl rr 1B
t.2) d",irl" i]4 zl 19
(3) Czl 4;J 19
3. rl 7l (1) .(llj.dl /ild- 22

\z) dnq-oll el + zlTl t t:t
(3) 7.1 7l;l 26
(4) Tl.(l-+! 27
r "JE €CI 33
r Efl 5:.J u
r ui E€i =El 36
^tE
11. !lE ole
1. 4lF ilE (1) 1l++l +991/l ? 38

(2) 9-ol El:l 38
(3) il e.lt,Ii-el Bzl 39
(4) 4aJel d+ 4l
(5) d"e 9 al$ 43
2. E+ qE (1)
^lt]rt i+ 46
(2) il+ei R L Cel ++ 50
(3) Iir
nltrel dll 55
(4) 3'* it+ 57
r E3 Eal 63
r Eg t-J Ell g
r ICT gE rlE ffi
'rl'rl
m. ^l'rl
L Ef
4d/+rle
r. rlFTl (1) zlir *dzlgl gele+ +:r 58
(2) zl+ EJlulel olE- 72
(3) zl+ gdTlel 6'=r "f 5d T7
(4) 4+ CFTlel g4 4 qE 82
(5) 4l+ {'lF7l9 ++ E +,J M
(6) 4+ dFTlel Sd B9
2. E+Tl (1) F7l BdTlel g4e+ +r 4 ++ 93

(2) 5-71 gdTlq olE 99
(3) Fzl *Czlel td 104
(4) F7l dFTl 110
(b) B^"I +E d".zl9 gelel ia 113
(6) 3tl +E dETlel +d 118
f) Eltl +_.- TlF7l 130
3. 714 Ell 2l7l (1) E"JZI 138
€) d+S dzl 149
1. {r|{ !il{ l Eg (1) dLll tsl.C 163

Q) dF'l3B +il 165
(3) dE+ i'B €.BI 170
5. Xl +(d+€ +g) (1) d; ^JEl 1n

(2) +tl ,14 1n
(3) +q ^l6J lU
(4) d+ t^l lU
tbl ta 7l 185
r EB Eal 187
r *g 8e Ell 190
r ICT gt rlE 19(;
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n ElEîl91 gl E
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L
nlll-l
1. EJEr{l (1) HlFitle]- _r c1 198

Q) zll i 7.1
Hl-,,- 203
2. rlE (1) r.qlzlj:rl ;+ nlq 216

=+ (2) 0P Arnp ++ 3lL 219
3. rla flE (l) t+ qs n3

€) rJ,f o-le m
(3) :1 liel aii 51tr 2m
(4) S{n elf llol 3g 230
4. trIIIEJ EJE ll) '-rl o-l= 233

ro, f,)lre +l=
241
r Eg Eel 249
r EE! Erll 251
=-* IE
r IUI EiE 254
\,. xt E xllol
!, o gr+E
1. rl= {lolllel ?g (1) zll ol 256
(2) Zl'F 4lqel 255
(3) zlF 4lolel f -i- 258
(4) tl,,,ri 4ldl ,l-Lol f r.l 262
(5) PID 4lqil 254
2. .r1fl.,. 4e1 (1) +dn ElEe+ +d1l FIF )70

\Z) 7l+
^lfll-. olc,q *+ 278
(3)
^11.,: *€.
!-lt 281
3. e+q 3g dlol (1) 4ldl+ ?+Elel +t 2Bs

(2) ?+4 S+ ,llol4l-"i +l ql n7
. iJE €CI TN
r Sg 5-El EIll 300
r ICT gB rfE K2
!, lt r,t lit.t a/ttttl,)!r:!)l tt !l..tt !t)/.t)r/.!;t;r?rli!..
^lets^ f lxll
r -1.3C **el +d 17
r -2. 1r1l +E 844 dzi4gl Bt 32
lI-1 :, "i 7]_e.;'l_a- r_el H'4l 40
n 2. 7l6Jel 4 H€ d+ql el6,l 6Jil 4+ llt .t)
n-3 R,L-C zlE Flaql^Je.l "Jrl'Ja alll 62
n t. 4# +il gdTlel "r?61 5d B1
il-2 4"q-Bfl dFTlel +E nlq 92
[r-3. +71 BJdrl-"] d/l "i €g 4aJ +{l 9B
u +. rl1l .,i.E C+7lel zlFa 4 ql{l 136
n-1. 'J* EdJTlel flftrl +A "l +^J ^lnJ 1A

III-6. 1'Ld-"1 +lre] d+ t/:t
rrr-7, ild4 7l+ +zlel--o] d^ "l ;1-tr-el EllF'{7] 176
I -t. 9-* rlolgEE o1.3,+ tlolgr' +c nll 205
I\'_2. SCR9] ON OFF 4IOJ tt:t

r\'-3. 0P Arnp-,i ol++ 4+ nlg +l 2n
r' 4 dd"J cg *il 4l+ 232
I\'-5. RS FF ts4 nl9'r-t 242
N-6. 9l1l "l"J +1(PDP) gjd nle r-C 248
Fdzl
v -1. tsal Fl-Eel 277
v-2. +dd il+ eltrel +rJ 280
. *olH7l 303
EJ?
'. glE 4r{ 4E 311
E-d g rlE 313
^lL
-r
lgl ^l
-r
I
+ F}?ol.^l: t7l_" 7lE4E 5E, Il?1, :Ir 3 t. d7l

eJ, 5+el aj7 =3r,
7HLl, rfTlAr, d+oll el
^j î^1rf
-d rl7lAt, E^lal "; I^f +E 5 dTlel rf7l01l g , A9
-d 7li 0l=3 -++6f 01 d'lo] #^ EJ 45 l7l 7l
) eL \7 T)r.l !H otl 1-1. 11+ r llil 7l:g -Etrl 3.
^l71
az B+^letr E
"l-.1, a ?l1lel !81= 9j€^l0l
n EE4oe eAE + "J= 5-lg 7l=tr1.
xldTl 54r dE a:l

.Jfl .J4 "i +A t7l7l +qolol ol,gll 'Jd6't=^l= 0ld]]6fl t|1l Ed, C7l8el
=E ,!L7l o! d6lel t+l tl1.'101 E"J-'J + ?ltl.
=011
SdEl t7l= I]SE + ?l: 8T1 EaJg 0L6ll6tr,
!E-.J, 01al TllE
3E 8aJ d+^lel gd Ed aaJg zlt-.J + ?/trf.
(1) d rl+ +q oJ zl ?
tl E+ dl+ r_1 E dTlel 8dl

887lel 5d7l +4_:- "J al Cgql ^l .lrl Tlzl 6J qls d7l e
1 EI7 (static eleclricit)) : E-.ll4l llzl dlg 4H614 €q. Aa6J'J qq c+tr I +
El+l ol,ts r17l +, "le el.ll B
,9- d,qtr +ol EJel€.4Ll, +=*.1 gqq:- ag
5-41
rJa,!Ll.
2. Et:l(di'namrc eleclricit)) : q€ E- BZI q=ql, .l ag d7l"ll 96J €:toltl.
nl=- 5,oll^j q ti;]= d714, !|sd E, g=_r-J +EJ6J tr.d-ql^J+El qrl ,F+el d
'3;l= C7l= *+q. zl nll + Er Tl7l= ol+dl'Zl ,e*:- a ol -E-s-': d E
-e rlTl= idrJg 5J.- 9-i7l tl-a 9l+
ol EJ+lql^J ll7lel 7lg4l oJ c ?g .JoiF_71
=
e- 6lzl. Czl= (+) dzlel (-)a7lel + 5-+E
ulr-- 4 d El'.
_lelpl dzl= olB .a E3 Lllql^lEJ

=416}
iz}2 1e321 g*ti. d/l= -I'-E +a +ql =rll.+
-:,q1, *]zl f€ .ql:ql^l _rq r 1 (b)e+
=-del
g"l 9id zl,-:- (+) d/1, dzf= ( )dzl€- zlzl
4.J
-a 9l9r'1, %lt rle]- dzl ^lol-el oJ ei o i .Ezl7f

€ € +lrf.
(a)$ pol ql.J4l4^l 4
-l_e r 1
ol +=:-
oJg +d-o_tr r dJ4ql qall 6J€(e€, zl+
r;-1 o1 zlzl ilE€- zl;<lj1 5-z ?.1= tl4 el' ?ol,
aJ/:1f
dit
gxl
ld r-1 (b)e+ ae E*s_tr o}€ztzl ?l= g
?5
zl6lg +d os dTlqql el6ll rlzlzt rllE-E- €
Eilsljle+
^J;-lrrl 5-n 9lq.
lzJrll +c.ll^J *^Jzlel +el Tlzlel
gzl,_"1
Er e+dJ6 r 2
"i/l a_o_!-_+-, !-ts tEilql^lel -3ag .*(+)a (+)&7lsf (-)d7l

zlel +e+ +( )dzlel +71 ?J7l r4ft-oll tlll 4
l. IrlTr r50lll Ll/r sill : .''l , I l
o E:- +d (0) ol grl. r,r+.+ol (+) C7l= rllll 5JLl.
.r1rl3 EotEt Eil j lr ,4 'J
l/]tr c7l 4s=. +^doJ *Ellq 5lq 9]: €- ol^l ( )3/l=- q.ll 9E+.
ill=- dlgll ;l tr dzl€ 4ll 6J + "").+41't -= 3. rfff E^f(free eiechon) : :l7l rN -d,l
illql d7l= "lrll 4qB el+ql^J qlLl zl=a zlaN 1.,.,r1 q:4 q Ll t , ,l ol :
d zl,=- olFo-^]4 t€ol zll 1ll-_+ 6llof el'tl. al+€!l olSBJ i 9]:- d,l.
2 Eillef trE^ll
^lir 1l^l7l grol !.1zl trllEql AiI dTJzl 56l'

Ed'1- d7l dr:;21 iq-o-i Eill
= =tl:-
"lg;-111, zf+ <l7l7l .4e) €rl]6l',4l
(conductor)
elol d7l= F6lzl *61,:- cag €€nl (in-

sr.uil|or', :r. +:fl (r]on-conouclor, q oJ9.
-E-ille+ aql;tlel tr-t dtiel d7l dEE= /l
;<l
"
qlr- +'.lrr Lle +,,9- s+sl tr il ./l 1.1o.l
dEETf -lrl Hl{l Es A}+ql 4i} Eill :t-:- €

€,IE zl€,6Jrl. ol el.,J Edg EJEoll (semi_con rr.. {1715 i}tJr}Et= *qlrl E€rll
;+;f'f , E_ d!)Jli LI+t +:?.1 1!E+.
ductor) ?l 6.-1tr1.
EJ.EilL : ti,l+. 4_c,"li, \ti 5-q
3.
.l"ll +i14, E allB,d.rl Eloll_e
E 4A -dAf 5 €- tErl.
5ill7l d7l=- 'q= €,Jg cldolul ;1'-L!1, 1l

zl€ ol€r^l4oI ril dol $r+.
5il= Elg^l7l= zl d4t d+ql elsl] rtl d^l
a .].E ?.IJi, tl] dEJ gdl= 7f4lol +E
ql el6tl r]'] il^l7J +_E- 9.1rl. =:oi^l
ol4l ol?9-
^14
'd+4 el6J El]d'g dl] }r.<f. !f,'J+ +rt t t
-ftel qrlei Hl+ 349 i-ulg +4 E{= '-Jr+ 6eJ gel d+ 4d
=dl6lr,
Elrllql ulB
=4=1
Srlal slrzl=Ll. _lalE gol HlTl 9:- 'Jq ftzJ !l!lel- El'J+
el/8 a+zl qjl, ol gql el-o-lq +al E+rI +el zl ,12^1;1 u*9 trl], E+g :14 qt
:Lol7l Ll-,(l clo] H 1l
+ C47l olEJ6lol ull.l 47+ o E ol-F6lrll I q =
+el E4= (+){71= rqll 94, HIE r4e
(-)d71-=- .q4 €rl ,Lfl trl+, +el "+rl= 7l
1.56tE EJ9l : 3E-(lcl. coulomb)
q+ +ol A44) tl.tyol u,,1 Uu|. ralp 5o1 3
2. E6fq 7la : Q zlol +el "_l4ql g+Eg 4olrl.
3. If, I "l L' -- o24. ru' lel J tli d sJ gnlzl zl d6l E d 7l (electric
ilTl 7.1 t d /l rolrl ?L:1.. = ^l
charge) 4 al-l, d6l7l 7lzlr1 9l:- dzlel oJ:g
1. |Cr-q :lJ,- 62 . r0" .|J el %''J
zlTl zlLJ .d zl%t4 eq dzl *(elect.ric quantiry) ol 4 6Jrl.
d6lql= oor
{;l' (positive charge)e} -9-dol- (neg
ativc charse) zl ";I, *C6l7l g]ql^l € B "J

(+)1lzlol14, -3-dnl /l (-) dTlolEl-.
oldq= '+E"ll el'dJ Lll 1l'g ;ti !-rl-.
_rg r-zel +ol rlldEldl 9.izl 9*9 B€ s
nlql *(+) e-e Lll d€ +:l 4rll= /l/4ol +e
E, ,,9-il Er]]el 7l4S +eql= +q slue+ rl
rlldi{ s ++el a?l "J (-)d;'lll, d +€-ql:- +4
Eqlel Ae f-+el C7l .J (+)d;l7l _qql+. d
n zl= ^l 7lH (+)d.-l= .g og szlz| 44 €€
Eil.ll= ( ) d6l'J ts4 q"l rtl dEl=rll, ole.l
112
ral l-2 EE ?E + €*ol +Eql el;J ql dqE dd +E+ .J

El.
E E6loll +!-d grl
?:3
==el
rl] dEJ .-- €,115- zlzlol .tE, -'1 gill=el d
6l ;,1-e rls4 tr_= +t4ol 4+6Jr+.
^lolql=
ral I-3 3dl
^lololl
r+85fts C 3+g I Col + d6lel ,2.71 (C7l "J) el nlql
Hl,3l6f-j1. ,F d;+ el 44q nli--4 HlHl 4i;J
^lol
El= aE--g- egl+
u Ea d+6 r_5
(r *1) €oJ
ol ag ++ 3F-q B zl (Coukxnb's law)
dalql
ol;:l ;ly--91, irJel Fl+ Sl4el B4rl ji€ €
,l+ +"ll^l,l el ke #+ _. .l i
". LI/l +q.
ft:9xl0!l\rllc:lolr+.
"l i,, ,t ,-_ e 1 LrFlor, c,3- J
_LeJ r-Bq4q +ol 8,, 8,= + d6lel l
6*" Ple. {J '}3g 3\. r9 7 d6l ^l.ol=.1 t)el. fE
zl, ql dill ^l.lql
illi-- d'"-ll€33 s^l:}!-
,,1:l:l:
4+;l= 6Jol4 "JE, E++rl ?g +Al7l 9.lr+.
l
" , Q,'Q' ,-,, (l-l)
/-fr r','- .\J
q7l^], ft:, Hl 4l C?-s, "J+ oJ4el B 4ql
^l
+e,l ,tl+ cel eq.
ol zdi, 8,, Q"7l e+ ++el d-ololE HlEq
o_+ j].S61.a.
^]tr
rl= C6lold g-tqstr al
+-'Jtl.
E d7l8 (a) t+rJ^l

Zl+:i9l.ll +el .gdl /i,i g= c
6l +9l"ll= dzl*(clcct|ic ficld)
=rll;l= ol e ol
=4l6JLl.
el ,Jol Bzlql ele] ?71 qol n -o-=l- n
=;rel
aCj d7l?ol4 ;JEt.
ol lzllroll ! old;+/l dJ= eel *d:f ol d7l
*el d7l.J +el q€ dq 'Jsl d6l,
HJ-6Jolr,
(b) { )7f +aJilql e+
(1 [C] el o]da+)= +9lg rql _1 *ql 4]*;]=
d; el l7l= d7l tlel
î7l= LlElLJrl
dzl?-",] ^JlzlcJ trJ9l *d;+ 'J H= dJg
=.
"J+tl. rlTl tel .tll zlg ufrlLf i 7ln= 4 '.19l
E tVml :E=- [\,/C] q-s LlLl dL].
zl+, l? r-3ql^l -0, [c]el d;-]= 1 tc:l
o rr El Fol +glLlf .J 4;l .t-.
F9 d6l
ol d;l7l *= ;J /=
41, 1 (Clel
,_n,,0,.4r-1lrvl (r-2)
!FE+tJ+ t 0 -
"l !ls,a, ol d ql ^l el d 7l *E .q 7l
rl Aol gE+. +, ^l+otat
?
n 1l+ +el 1 (cl el r]6ls rlEl Ll_e

r:9 x 10,.4 [V/m] 1r
-a\ 9 ?l rl?i
^l
:e
ol_J, %ld.J-g --r TlalE "l= al d4 oJ il6Jrl. ., 1 I

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4El.^J, d zl "J_"] ^)17)71 E tvlml .J d ql q tcl :1.13x l01L 7lj

.Jdl, .l i4:- q-"f
el *d;+= +gtC "1, :1 d6lzl += ;Jel l7l = /,lqsE,
sl+ Tl+ (dielectdc flux)
+l
olelb "J€:
E f:q.E [N]olr. .Jel *d]9 dzl*9 BJ*q ^l+;t'l 1 tcl el d+ol .+-eq I d
s z++dJq. 4+Ll.
471.Jel ^11/lE Etl4lr_i ulr-lullzl -?l;J zl*
rcT +t r-2 zl'J d e=- d zl 4 C (tine of electric force) olzl al
E?
d7l4c i1., _1 €lilql^J E9l E4 1 [m,] B dzl 4c9
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iE dz]1te] 4l7lel A+.
dTleI zlTlMql d+;}dl lldl-.l
:rfl r-4-:- {zl z}zl d*9 dzlet9 tEtl=
:r7le} 9lil€ EI+E d/lqdq qe dTlqCg .lS6lol ++t ,;!_o-s-, €d9 dzl
4l Hdl';l=zl9 oJ+!r,4. qdg Ll4qlr, CCe dqzl ee Fd9trg
4El!lq.
red +l
O Y+ q+ r-7 'Zl+el 64*ql^l gillel 9xl7l E-e 1-ql^l

l-*g *9_E €qe
"tl-:- +q.I
el8l 9l;l ollr,lzl
d+l
1.d9,.1 7l=3 (0)+ H,F qJzl +- ;l
ei"J#el .J-9 6141 sln, E4l= 9il7l *g
r. rl]zlslel d9l;l=q r del d+l *ql^l +g {z}zl ,*L zl aj{ qil qlqzl 6-z}rl
r= ll9lqel aJEl. 4el-.q, d9l+ #el oJ.g dl +q"t +E+.
dTlel 9lrl ql-Jzle+ 6f + ?14. ul-{z}zle, d7l* +"{^J d Aql^J qg d B
2 r.r 1r: cr 9l i)or*q oJr, oJq _r
9,; ; r 111 r c,1 ".-. l-"1:- |J/CJ_o 4zl 'Jg *d6t5 -gHl;'l= ql o396J oJg d
Bq d Aql rllnJ d+l (electric potential), E= d
I [C sl ;]6l qE lll- "-"1
= r
Bel C Aelel d9lzl (electric potential difference)

tJl .J ag .tgel 7le +91_e d}_r',
ol4 3- 3q(tvl)e s^lEJEI. + .JEt
Q) dd +*4 +'ll^J
E A& eeJ
__lr,J r-be+ aol, F ztlel ;+rJg pli Bll

qTlql d"Jg 7lnltr (+)dgol 7l3la +
;-l_Ll
+EJql= (+)d6l7l, ( )Ag"l 716ll T.1 ;i++ql
:- (-)d6l7l !.olil 94.
-r al r*A llll
A-+, F e++9- a7l 4ql eldll dalg +'4;+
.eat
7l*g- Tlzlll 5lI, F +++ oJd
= ^lolql=
+ d9l= 7l^lll gEi.
+ 4iJ 1l 'l + gF rr i- .l ?I AEl. !F E+ 116 r-8
Q:CV tC) (r -4) xl xl €.ar
q,,1^], c€. ad +aJolel ;111, q r.t EillTl 1.l tFle !4lel dgl l t\rl
ljlel ^J+ = =ol:
ddls ++6J + "J= ;q-,? LIEIL]]= rll "Jer ddlTl 1 {c.l "J d r'l € *
olEl.
i^], el :rzlr1 .u_gt, E+"1 a€€q. g-3-
]r_ ill
2. ql4 tFl B9l:. Ell+61 : EJ 9lolr
_l7lel C+]tr !l= rJl ge d6I= g-str 6l= _r. "tq rsltltl( (rFl). rlir]l J,l
EiJl:- Cd +elol =l4n B ?r 9lr,i. ( [pI.1 )
=dr] eol .1717] a]g }I,-
LJgl7l ie ].t'}.
dC +a.}el Bgls= 4l 4(farad, lFl).+ #rl 1 kFl :10'lFl. l tpFJ :10 '' tFJ
dd +e}el lzl c tFle +€-'l Aol all}gti.
c:f rn (r-5)
D =rJl^l
-3Eil
^J
++ F- ill= g,d+
(condenser) + 2 rl]el
7J49E
^le "l+ .!JZl dlr ,l ^lolql e€"tl=
*oJ;+q dd +elg /l'lAl 6J i4=. uJ;1ri,
'.1,4
r'tr rcapa,-iror) tly'E dJEl
_re r-6rl +ol, a+.J rJ;JE, dd ral r-6 B-dE! ecJl^1

=Ell^Jel
geJ cE +*]el H4 sql El ell6l-I.. ++l
^lolel
714 dql plHlstlslrl. +, qe- .lrl e4.
E-J r'+ 6J+
C
coi a
(r-6) +=ef ScJlIl ol HII
4rl +i(ge-n) .ll tsl+'J + ?lEl.
+eJ-3: feJ(q) - CTleJ (Q)
dd +'""1 ]4n 6l= 4e "*e dzl *(d 'Jtr4 (a) - € 3 +.* (c)
=, i'"1 (L) - *Fl Tl3l (n
5f)g +4;J + 9lEl: ag F;11.1, olag-+i .l:d h ' Q -C.V
e) a7l7l ,rtr gg *sl Eg +4+ i 'J= ,l
4 e+.
5 rcT gt r-3
E tEJl^1el
=F 6.sdri aE
=trJl^.lel
eEll^l= ^l+ +4ql .rl4 €q zlzlzl ?l_o_q, ,- http : //$ara!..science.or.kr/lee/
l4 Ll,-tsE .JC"J zlzl= -zA
4d +eJ:F?
=\ll
47lJql d+6lq =!rl.q sl
dzle+
^lef lsg El d^l 4 oJelE +aJg BEI^la + +.*d/.1 C7l%tel Ed+= +lt4 Hn,
+lql ql;ll^l! oJo}Bz}.
91ts zl'd€ 9lrl ={^lsl
='J1^l7l
7f. rd
;f
tl il
'ljj
I-74 ge nd +d^l= +d"l 9L=
le/ =trJl^l
a4 +dol 9l-:- aol 9l-:-ql, +iEol 9,1-: d6ll
+El^l= d+ "Jrl7l (+)el (_),+- C6l 4
trtr, Elsql d+"f a+ (+)EJ4=- d"Jol +g
+ql, (-)'J1l= 1l*ol *g +ql d+6ll.f +r+.
9.1_o-
-al r-7 -:r^l -acll^l
Ll.7IHJ-"J
=EJ^l
lej r-83 rllg.4"J TIHB oJ +71 7f
='il.iJ
E€ =-.Jl^lE. TlFd d+rl j1d d+_9 -4Jfll tr
4 ql q/l d rl -$e*el .l7l 7l Hslalq, /ltl.o-el
F"_i El_qql Y*ol
^l+€El.
zt =trJl^lel
E+
-7 L .?trll r.l ol ;(lel
^1-d
ral r-8 7IBJ6J EEIÎ
_lH r -get z ol, d d g-alol cr, c, c,, oJ 3
=i7l
9l^l= 4E9' d+;-ljl r/ [v] el llg-g 7f6]riJ,
zl +zl5l= d6l= ad +rql eldlq
='Jl^lqlEJL}.
ag.*ol
ol 'rll, zi aq= C"Jg dd +.Jql
='J^Jql
HlHl .ll;}q,ldl'l. +,
..4
C,
+qL
.ol
+qL
0T
"T
t+ ol!_ji,
..4
-Lz
-.4
=Ell^lql
dolot dlrl lJEe
4
(r 7)
€r.l: 1l*el -J-3, yivl 7f
ffl r-9
o-r
EcJl^lel
I
^lE
E4
V - V;tVziVt
111
) ) Lt)\
a( Lt L1 rt-8)
ol 9r, qrl^l 6Jc 3d.saJg ctr,.l ole| afE
c:?. n (r e)
qr, 6J€ (r-8)'l f:i qt 4 r-1

ol cd € eJ c tFlg 4l (r
-9)_tr+E] 4€-4 Aol eJrl. =EJ^19 ^lC
E+
1111 (r 10) En{ ,,
1l €-*"1 3 trrFl. 6 tpr'l "J
C C,' C,' C, Hl^l 27ll+ .lg 1l +;J *x 6J{
eJ3
zl € d+^l ilc +*el q+
',r
4el^J,
=EUÎE .*ol 6*d +*€- cal
t[t= ,: ='u^l +?+e ci (;, j ......iet t]
6.}8,
r_1 1_1 1 3 1
r+ gsq, 4a +aJol coJ z7l=- 4g,q t c-c,-'-a a 2

=Ell^J c:i:
d+;+E ild ++e i.= *d]]zl
EJ+. .. z tr*'t
Lf 8g E+
=El^lel
lal r-104 +ol, dd +.*ol c,, c, c,t *
rJ^l= Hg_e d+;lq r tvl 9 d.J!=- 71,61tr,
-=Ell^l ql a4= d.Jg g9!__8, 4
^Jtr ^l
ql +4El= ATlaJg dd +*ql HliJldl,4 ="ll
Qr:CrV t rg r-10 EEJI^lel gg d+
I
Q, C,v | {I lrr
I
Qt:CrVJ f:3 qt lit r-z

71 5lI, +4El= rl4l d7l aJ 8-:-
EEI^j9 gg E+
Q--Q,+Q"+Q'
:(cic,+c)v(c) (r 12)
ed +'Jol 2 (dl, 3 trFl 9l +rtl^l
2rll=- B€ B+;l,n 100 lvlel d9l
ol 51qtr, 6Jc 4d SeJ c tFlg +€- 4lr+ aol g 7lg *i, d-€ +*4 4
EJ+. ql +49 371*e ? =t^l
go.l q'€ +.Je
C:CJCz+Ct(F) (r-13) c: c,+ c":2+3:5 tt]F)
+, Bg d+^l 4 6JC +%l€- +'ll^J 4 +EU^l ql +4EJ .l7l*g
=Ell^lel
+*el El+ eq. q4^1, dd +.Jol Ct Q,:c,Y:2x10'x100
='il^l :2x 10 ' tcl
?z4E Bgs d+61tr +€ +rJg- nCE, naltzl 8,: GIl:3 x 10 'x100
€+. :Bxt0 , tcl
oJ
'l E "11
1. 0.5 [c] el a5]€ /]al rld4 27I€- d* *4lrl 2 [m] €q -l 4l +.;g Ell, ol
^lolql
r++b+= gg gEl.J7}?
e. d7l+el .rllzl E' [v/m].J *"ll q tclel d6]= *-9]c- *I ELE ilel -fzlE oJploJzl r
3. € d +elol a00 tpFl oJ +Ell^J.ll 100 [v] el d"Jg 7]el9 Ei +49 d7l+g g"l"Jzl?
4. dd +*ol 20 tpF.l "J Cril^l 10Zl= B€e d+;l*g qlel 4€,?- d+;lgg "llq
+d d 4l + e}_s_ 4zl g tpFl oJzl ?
, ["J9"'
E E (C. A. Coulomb : 1736 - 1800)
il7l+ olt ,ql jj+a}g{ 3!;€ 17i16'J 'r $ .:91,..i +i! ilE}. l= JrU ql ^l 7l€al
e ,.+11{]1, l?891J 1.1}': eB.l ^14'=l +'J gsl'J 5,1 !f6l :-l+41 +r'.61 /ll eJE+.
3 /loll r,'l r! 1el E+:-3- 17&;rJ -. 1789t ^lololl *iEl9i.!.q.
6l ralii,ql C,lql ql+ i. l1l .,lEel .{}dl !l.jq. L
=g
1= dJ:-+l 7l€(_r.l): ,ilrl r'171 ul'l.,ll !l6J gil€;
(Priesrlel) el 'rr:l ee- r.:rll;ln oJr'lel ?+s +",+",ltl. ,J+. -ri- 1
''11/l e !dlel iion Lilrlli+n. r5 rf.,lel ?.lilel 4l+.ll
'.l 'Jlulr.tlElrJ. = ++el
qlzl9 71"-;;f ilLl d'l"Jel t9li
^l€.El:
''3+(C)" 1-dl ol=g $ ?rroll-l
lel^ Exl
rllErl I qgrl 4Exl "JA
9i s-l
^trl
ii,
ldlfal , [nr:] 'tf
:1r,1-ol
lb6:tal € tl{s1l
lgiimmal TluL ; 0 lomr Kronl

gElf€,
ltl6ltal il ]T lpi,l rlol
.! P
t
art _a p lrr:l
[€psi]onl
[d:6:ta] ^lLJ
t o(s) lsignurl
^llnl
[6:tal o
lEl- T T Itau] Efer
ql al r'r
,i,,, 106:tal r h:psilonl
i" lii:tal o Q\(p) Iti'1 rlol

lkePP2l Tttl X x, lxi: l Tfol
[]6mdal
Jlrl a ,l' ln;i:l r
^lol
[nr"u'] rf 0 l5:megal _e,ql7l
t+ 4rll I-1 I en aaJet+d(sg r165, +s. ^tzJ:2^t*)
t-EE--s I
ad +%rel ,llEg €B+ + 9.1r, +eJ !-zlzl5 6l+.'lq dC +elg +C"J + gtEl.
[d^- eu ]
1. (100 lp!'1, 10 [pF]) 4 2 /ll, 4. d Z /l
=Ell ^l
2. Jr_F H elzl, zl =irl ElC7l, +nll], g= 4 dzl geg
@l n
1. Sa t+ c:ik'lol 4. +'.1 E4l sol Bl,!l="]-_a, +nJ 24 dql ElLrlr{-6JE}.
^fol
2. H.et,t "J€.1 +x X 3 S€C c,-frc",1 g'r.
@r+g' )
1. s= +eJq dzl +5. "l dd +_E zl€-ol {7lzl e}E 5- +g+tr}.
2
=EJl^.lel
+*g ji= €-eJql Tlzl+ 49
^l€_++.
@
1.
^l+4 "Jtlzlg * 1 [kHz] 9 +++/] El
tr+ + a 6lE-l-
2. *e+
zl"] R"= O,c__e +=El.
3. +El7l= +lql qln lgil€ *g +, 7l
H ^l6J RA€ 4 B6.l (100 rE= 1000 tQl )
aoE rad Ef+, s= a?l7l +eJr+ ^l
El+q il "_i6I B'C^l n"E 1461.4 ril
_g
+4"J 'JedC +=4
4. Eca+ R"= +^l d"J :rd.-lq uJBdg-
+-i:tl. f,,n. : EldlE j.l J R.: *8JH 46J osc:il+

5. R., i", a.g #€ +ddJ4 4 3JA,l cx. ri : +4 q 3rl +eJ * 4"1 c,:
s+ 4t +* E: dil ?il K: S€ + :41:l
6. AC ++9 zl++E+. fg r -11 gEJ !.alrlotl el=d Et aaJE +€
l. $$ -u-elrlg +ct *4 jl+ qsql^J ?lt+ *rlg ilolTl Eddl:- ol+=

2. oJslEJl F 44€- ol.g;Jq td
+dg + 91:71?
€_*C
1. +*ol ii^l€ 4d ++*€-+eJ urlzl= ol+6l,dl +c.J + 9l:,71?
=Ell^Jel
EJa g!Lt{ + -+a d+ o=el gr, lFef C^tE 6Erlel 0l6lldf0l, E
=E =flS .Jr, ^fol=
+el t9l^le UZIE t7l 6ltro1l^lel t+9 371= Zlt-'J +
s-d, 8+el 6Eg gd6f= ef?] l7l r]e4 Eillq 30 el 'JE
4ol r]:.Je] aTloll olq-.J oJ =.J9 olil=rl= 0l6|];lEi,3E El6l01l c4
xle;ie EJiIE EE:g + ?ltr|.
=
(1)d+
:1+] r2!l (a)e] ziol, *d5l=- zltl s.j3- A
r
e+ € d-6++i 7l1l l3el rlol== F-.]-o--e. € A6lE
Bql^l Aq cxl(€-do+) 7t ol+.;JEl-. El+q "J6l
tr Aql^J B-!1 .JTl6|71 olsd+L+rl ;J + 9l=tll,
ol oJtl6lel 98 9- d -'=r (electric cuncnt) el Qlrl.
ol /rle A g.ol B SBrl d7l .l-s-i d9J7l +71
-1* (b)e+ +ol 'C =1

EllS-ol+. srEJ-1oll ul-il.;l-E,
Zrel +9lzl Ed:r Gel +9].UEI +ol^l :1 ++l 7l
{l elaN $ol e_E 4ql Bl+eJ + 9lt}.
_"_
6rl+E
d/l= g 9l d;ll== y-41 o-,e rllzlql gA;l-tr
C+71 rl^li ==4 tllCillg d9l= lllzlel d9l
el 4l +1rl
<l
4l7l 7l7l eli-el ?,41 ++9 4"1 (earth);l-I-

7A9. 47l 7l 7l el el + el rN zl el ! fl -i- + ,ll .1 ".1
+dol ?19 Ell ^}+zl 7l zit) zlzlE=-

zJ'tl zlz)41
rlv-!
L__r ^6
6la
- u rr-rn
', ,il4E "J4l= F;loi dzlzt cl'] zl e gE;l x-;1
&F 6lzl +l+ol El.
rr,_-i
t. ?iel .Jgl= *,;I4 lAl, ul:q,b / dF-"] illTl (intensrtv of electric current) !-- d
6l el ol*. Fctql -t:4 e}
2. 1 lAl el i:l +c]. 1 [s] 9l I lCl gl ul "J.J.ll Ul"N "J9l ^lrJ
3e tlz]e3,o1 q5il9l: 'llel d+ 41 7l eJ ol El.
gs-:-
^la r kl ^lolql Eilel +s19
el 417lolL]. d;-l7f
5 Tlel rlrl
0 tcl "J Ell, d+-q rllzl 1-:- q€-rl, {lr}
r:f u,r (t-14) 55t rllzl(^l r -14)
E4l 5 tsl 5 a].]] "l;="J .37li,l.l
10 tc.tqeler rr +sl !l7l=?
(D 4*4 zid 4 €01 4l (r 1.1)<il el61trJ,
',_Q_10_,,^,
t F-""
Ealg'
-3-9- +9171 *.'ll^l *g *qE !-=Li. !LE+ 616 r-11
=e
ol ,'ll, e=:- 5el +gg- +9lrfql el6ll C;ll C
loJ4 Tldal
rf. 4l7lel a+E _1el eol d4dJ ",- 9l-:-rll, d I r9lel ',re,.- f cr'\l j, -l d:. t,
9l il q
el8ll d+= 6 i. rll ;+= oJ
4g 11.
o,f (vol- olEl.
tage) olel-I1 dJr|.

2. ad.4lel d*ol 1.5 lvlel alts ,l
€. "Ji.el i]9l71 1.5 tvl oln, +i
_dl c9 7f 0 tvl 6lri
2 71Tj4
:{. r".l I €ol - l"Jel 'o!q 220
g.l +9l"l.tl _"]311 +g *ql^] l-*g ;19,Jr- _"_
t\lel .l= 49 i +l + dJ c-q
d9= 220 tU olI, tl= del d9l
i.al"J, 5-ol eJ +glzf eol7.lB rJ "l * g.g
=a
!J 0[V] o E+.
6=zl +6JEl,. 2l+6lq cg !'ezl ;+rlE +r- 1 lj 4ol.. f ; o _ !, J;r-_ L
oJ q+ 6J + :.lEt.
_E rroJ9 +q Cg €oj94 sl+4,q-e i+l:l
s. lL{1 r-1, i oJ- Ll ?},o :-.F
+zl ^l - +qol 6Jrl (tvl), /lr,+: tolEl.
= oJel
?g g4i, {+€ +_o_ _+_ ;_ =_7ll 6}4
oJ
E d"Jc +C^14 c9J=l= 4+ +zl ^14 +-:-

;J ol 'Jg+Ell, r 'il'=q zl d4 (electro-motire force, SrcT+t I 4
e.m.f ) olel 914. dFet d2l r1:d

n- http. /,/r'w'rv.scicnce.or.kr/]ee/
dTle+ zlTlVloll t+6+q d+el
d7l Tl6}rlel r.lll.aq dJolUzl.
(3) d 7l z'l 6J
Il rfi ^l:Bt
Egg rft î*
ts-4l.ll^l rl+el s+3 ',J6I6I= d49- dzl 1. E
ill : "+ 10 '[Q m] ola]
rl dJ E= xl ;J (resistance) ol el 6JLl.
2. CEi : sl 104 lt2 nLl ,iltl
F_,{el zJ'd}e ztl d-41 u}e} 494, ag ,ll dql 3. BJEit : 10 '-10'Io ml
9lol^J= _l E.llel ?olql rJE4ql E] Hli9l;-L1_,
Hl 4,
"ql+L+. dzl rl;39 Eilel ?olzl ?++,
'Jtr4.1 ilgf+ 4drl.
lg I*13 Eillel -"JE|lei
^la leJ r-13r+ aol golTl I [m], EJH4ol s [m']
?l ---illel zJ 6J B talg L+.3- 4lrl 4ol ulr|$ f
?.1tr]'
[']+ +rrr t_z

n:a j tszt (r 15)
,\l /r-16\ e€.
r olYr l',,1 =:-q,l '"1! 3LlF_ €zld :}.i._q. ol5- .l+ rlaJoldl 6l
p-:- Hl tsll
;lY1 lnlP olErll H6Jrl? yt4, FI,tl /,lolql rI il ,L-illel dzl 7l
, c'l lrl |iill= ]ol{ 1ol: !}oc =rJl,'J9l
;J olLi. rf,- *l6Je' g39 6-+.tl ut4 d;ll.l"J,
3ltr xl ;J e "lg 4l EBJ,4 ?
'J9l= 1.0 ml 5 iri.
s r 1 olel E:q r?
g r cirl Tlzl -3gel "a+ zJoJ€- L+Ef
1e-
^1-af
rI i1 9l-ql, I (ag; o1 /l+ v! jL, I El€-ol +4
(20 t'cl)tO-m(xt0 ")l (0u) "J 3-
"J + 9.ltl
-trl rr p -o-l 9 't€- o-z 9^16lr d7l CE,?
(electric conducti\'ity) olzl ;1-LJl. rl€l i- tt5lnl
E ^le
EE 4+
-.o_.--z| 5o1z1E F_ tjl el tl ^l €.Fol sJgsl
',ll
4 dzl 1.3q1 9l6J:. Ztltl.
Xlojj*lXl0 '
+,l:_ /l +ol r.l rC +l zl -o,l 44 4zl d ill zI +fr
I
Lx 10'.-1x 10 '
6l=rll, olE oJa']1 dzlzt "ltEJ rll flxfelel i
5 i-__ A al €.Fq EJ 8tl +ol 7l;Jol ;_7l6l7tl rJ
=_
rf.
+, r, ['c]qlr'l-9 zJ;J-? R lQ). t, trlql ^Jel
!Er+ 6J+ r 13
ri dJg R, [f,J] olel .o'f
E, R2-: L+:- 4l o E g^l
grl.
trJ+l
^1Btg fir:R, {1*a(h-tL)} (I-16)
,l+el l9 - q,lQ , q -j5 0
' l//All, .- =-€ { .Qlr ; rl1;lq. 4zltl, a? /ll+i, g
t, [1]loll
^lel
zl'J +E
j)or lel -i ;9 r'lo : _,-- oll € till 1 Lrl +ol d.ll IIl 4 zl;]ol {o}a}i ;o';+
( O] ) I
[N4 E] ule|'jr|.
^]+6J
20 r. a!7lel
^lrl
eg liillql^JE gEql 4el zl'6J +.E- zl+el .E I 2 olel EEel I7l IEE "l
^l-"J
EE
{iol rl=rll, -E r-ze+ eol HlzJ 9i:- 20 oJ

rl$ e5 al+
[C].ll ?.lq^J_g 4iJ eE zl+= ^l-€-+r].
d7l IEE{%I
20 rcl
jL I -2: 1l /l i _E-€- 4 1ld+ eE ll.j.-ql el r04 0.00s
LIEIq]I 9.1=rll, rj ++-.,1 i.ll: .J(+)el <i
,L_ rl
=
.t 7l^liL ?.1+c "J + 9lrl. ql++el E^ll-:'
T 100 0.m39
a l7 0.0c5
=,,'l
+E7l t+-Jql uli+ ZldJol 4 ll r+ EJ
i r-- .I tiil.3 0.0019
lrlLl EJiel A9- 'Jl_--ill j+?,9 g I 2el rl , 16.6 0.0I
Zol z.l uJ E Zl+?l ( )oltl. -, g-L-zl. $e1-

-.4-
Eil A El 0.0045
,Jq qrl 7l;J ol zlol llt'+. c oJ ?llcl a +E -a-I l O 0.fxl019
7f tf+;lql zldlol ,JA6Iq €€E.l €q 1r+. "t 4t 3.6 0.0ir00I
r] i.. 0.fx]03
el 'JE1l
1, d+: qqql^l qEls Eeq, d4sl n#r+= qe4 EleZl "JolHxl.
2. d+zl EeTl 916il^.1 .'Js+ q€ 4q *=zl oJdlH4.
=..d"ll:-oJ6}}Lz}.
1 d"Jrl Tldqe ol{1 ,}ol7} gl=,'l
4. eEzl +zldltr E4lsl z16}g qezl H6lq, €€nlsl +Eillel a+= Eillel q€
/l 4=zl oJol}].al.
[gcra
$rlle (Andre Marie Ampere : .1775 - 1836)
.Jql-: d+,q 4l7lel d+/l qa: r,. r.+l llsl 4cl E oJqll 'i]'J !: ^lolel
rJ7ll5 i4 oE q Elql9.E+. _14,r. 717+ello ".i i.ll
ulr.llflEl=
^l+€ .?gel 'J*
ag 'J+',j,], .! + rlrl sl= i zl--3 ?'Jel Srld oJ+ eol iJ:llEl= ^l!rr Eif
?l il rl.
E54qi,.(l/l: .(l!ol!+ !!'lrN $Lq rJ;(l c7le,1 iJtqeE g,J +r+!-- /l-g
3- gc;lq.37le+ 47lel +7.|= q+dl 9idl +911}. _1:- !r Srlr:olE€ 4lr.l
r:lHi5g 7l+^l/J tq6J oJ+,1!C "J,.:- 41r. td+9,1q.
.Jnleel 9'f + "J4.g. /lzl7l 9l-ll -171 4l*9 qt,4 60LJ toll .rrllel ti6+zl
d+el .J9l= ]_el ol++ IIl^l '"Jilq (A)'qn ol€.zldl j rJ. oJr+
=e
EA Eq + -'+* +E I+q 6=rl ^t7l8ll9 AE $Z.J oJ4leel E4g 0l6l1dlr,
7 AII t+
^l
4t361: E.J t^lqoll r[dlol €EJ*J + ?ltrl
^l0l01l
r4a, zg3 +561= +el HJEIe d7l: d^l ffE +gql
^l+
tll6H^lE loJg + ""leo1, €A0ll g8q: 6.\Eilal^1.\+!l "J=ol
Il-<4ol -=^l-q Hl;ro=t ol-l
^
(1) zl4Jel ce
ttg il+ql= 4,7lel ^l7l/l 44 Ezll .J zt
_o-J: C4alglrl. ;-, +oJ-_el - 4qlzloJ ql
_-lJlEJ
aEll -ql el;'il 1l-Fel zl,/l /.lololl--- gd+ +zl
71 9.lrl:- ga6lTll q9lrl.
Lr Y+ 6Jd t_r4 ^ld-g-
_1 + *rll_=-.ll el;+ol d+zl ]Z= ztTlel Jg
rf+!+
^f6l olel:- ag 4oJ4q oJrll-=-el Bzl (Ampere's
L ilalg "il.J919 'I ++.9- +61:
rl l-9: Ni, *+g 6Joli 4l€ law) ol 4;J:;l?.19_rtl, ol B?irol d+el zlTl 4.1
S +olel +rl.
$, Hdzl, d5zl, +lzlzl * dzl Zli 59 €
2. rl8lel rj9l : 9llul (webcr, [Wb])
/t a m,
eJ +olel ++ql rTll 7lq-olal !l9lrl.
[^t 5
zlalg 3 li4 59 ^de
=7l+Ll
ol ?1i1, +tlg =ol'J7l=
"lgB ts+g 7l41tLl.
zl.l .l "J+g /lrl7l :, ag zl+ zlzll 7l Z ri
6J zl.J ol 7l rq +.1 4, ol zlzl.;- zl zlTl eI 6JLl.
zf4ql^l ;(f Col zJ+ * € P$fi zl-- (mag-
!n.J+ rrxr t_: ncl.it: pole) oltsl '€ltl.
rlA9 85 14rL 'Zl 4g 2 ri olllo e Ll+qE -LE rl^l

7l.i cI € gel^l zl=
6l,Ll!l 5,e;9 zlrlol qq -,-- zl*9 Sd.,l +4
dl] s4.
"lP €*.1 ^l { "i:- "'lq.
z|;| (magnetic charge) -l- zl+el -{ll zl ?l 7}71 aJ
g s..ld-= aol4
-l SEI S4l
x r-3 q4 Tlrl EeE ulFrlE
^t6toll =Eg
F zl+ Îolql 4l+61= ;J -f Nl e -t- 44E
zl+q .,q71 rnt, m,(Wb)d, +!ql tsl4l8lr, ^l+
^lolel 44 r tml
el ;ll*41 HlEl46Jq.
q ag ,l6lq +'J E+el H zl (Coulomb's law)
ol?+ +El.
f :krllyLN) (r-17)
9l el 4lq^J e= Eldl tl+s^j, Tl* +ql^l

t--
x t0'el gl$ z|{Q.
4't!4:.6-33 '!r, y+ dJ+ r-15
+]9 ^lql^l tj4= 4+ ?9 Fx|g (magnetic
permeabiliw) ol4 614, r dlg 4g"l AEl.
rlTl€ig {l7l
l.lgl x 70 6 (I_19)
po:4r( x 1g-t -. 1. cJ $l : Eg eol*g "J! ol-?+
(ampere tum/meter, [ATlm]
rl;.ol olu ca"il^Jg F^lgg pdl 81tr,
)
2. )la. H
tt: !to.!"A 9rl. p"€ 5aq dlFzt-$ (relative
magnetic permeability) ol4 ;lq, qel €.eql 4
6J HlFzlgE <ig E I-3+ eI, .lae 1H
El 44+ ee *oJr,l, {+ql^l+ +71 +"il^l=
tr:rE oJLt.
El ^1716
z}4e +9q 9= azl+4 €€g sol*Tl=
d Aol il=Ell, olel eg gg xlul{ (ma€netic
force) ol+ 6la, zlTlqel gtol 9= 4+
^l7l
+ 6Jq. r4tr 47lqol ++61= +7J+ 7l7l*
(magnetic field) ol i+ +r+.
"Jql4es, zlTl* qlql +1 [wb]E +9 41,
ol z};|{ a++6}= aJg z}zlZr9 il7ls 6}4,
I ,f,el Btlg zlTl+9 *d.tss ,*q.
El4^J, E*9 Bzlgs+q zlTl?el .ql7l=
El+ 4+ +rl.
feJ r-14 rlTlqC
H:6.33x tTo+,/^T/m)
r' ( r - l9)
E t+ 6J6 r_16 ztzl,tlel 4l7l7l H tAT,/ml oJ zlzl$ Q,a,l m
BE twbl el ,1615 +eE, :1 zl+ql ++;lb EJ /
^l+4 ^l+
1. xl+ mH (N)+ e4 €q.
+9 : +rl4 twbl =
7l-e,:6 dzld9 A+e+ e"l ^l7l+el iilTl€ +4t
a- ^r= -Jjr. 7ltl4 oJ d9 zlzl 4 d (line of ma€netic force) ol
E€l : lwb/ml El 6l=ql, _fB r-14E uol N+ql^J Lle+ s+
7li'. B
3. .'.17171 H
o e =ol zl El
^P184
,l7l*. +4+ B9 E4 r tm,l4l ol zlzl4dg BlLlel +gqE- C4'J 49 zl
H lq +,14 il"l brl6l : 1os 6iq, zl4el +€l E 4 C
(masnetic flux) ol el
d;JE}.
4
5+61= zl+ +€ zl4 "JE (magnetic flux den-
sitv)ei 6Jrl.E4 s [m']41 47+99 z]+ d twbl
7l .Fq'g "]], zl+ "JE B= 4+r+ A+.
E4l
^149=
a--$lwr/^,t (r
-20)
ffiffiw E, 471 c-el ,ql7l Helq +al= qg'l +El.
(a) *z.lC 4 B: pH (1-21)
4+qE e'l -l ;5e| xtlr{l

I
^Pl
M + M 7l)l Tlvlol a +9r3 e =zJE zlalol
Wffiffi
wffi Effiffitr
=49
€q. ol "ll g =4ol ,lgl5lfl+r 6lq, old €
(b) tl^}.€ 4 dlg zlTl $E (magnetic induction) rl 6In, a+
Aol z}6}ill 4slq= €ag zJzl€ill4 .JEl.
fg r-15 ruJ4e{ €+
zl,.J4l= zlel!= 86"!q 4i+ _le r-lbe+
aol drl^dile+ Rlzlcnl-e +i:ql, z}4dnlel
Ag EJ6J9E zlEi9= ag tzf ^d ill (paramag-
netic material) 4 6ln, azl.t nllel- Elril d}d}gtr
zlslg a g- +zld i]] (diamagnetic materiat) e}
6Jrl.
=
rt€419 tF
L arldill : q4, ,?gE, *t -F E ^lEt
+dr+ 6llHlal^l^ +d
2. ArlCill : g.l=-ulE, pI-,- E
3. EJ^l_di1l : .f el, e:r F zlglgzl gg e€.ll ngg +dl d+= +71
^l7lE, l+ r-1611 aol zt+ "JE= 4 oql^l

rl+41 ill rtl :"=zl ;l,ol d Pql olFrl.
B(wb/m'l
€ p= H_o-s,l ^l+el zo-7171 =+Elll!',_ ol d
g zlTl sFld ol4 6ln, c oql ^l d ez1z1 e]
+d3- zl+ +.3ol7f altf.
qzl^l d+= ?/,:^14 oo E 610l -E +8. -'1
zl-",1 d,n=- 11+ol Hol 9]e4, 2l+d q d+el
:1tle| t3';3=9t Hl-Ftr I-1611 +g ql+d lB rfl I-16 6laBlal^la Ed
--1 6jd;l-i-41, olq,6+ e1^J9- ;laEtl/l €C ^la
ol el ;-l !., ril+tl+ ;-li:rilzlrll i-!! (hysteresis
toop) 4 t4. tlg+ dJ+ I 18
diel *6J!,,- Hl.?q zlzJ eel B6Jg Bl,3 '41 61.^'BlelAlr'.

:d3'
Illrl ;l:\Ell 4 ^l a -=rIel *J 4 41 dll EJ6l= + g ol ;1.
1 ]J7) /)/lel 3del 411r.r.=
Czltr^l gol +C tttl. ol €d=q ;ll:ullrl rl ' u]]:.r1 .r1 ,: i49 96l] +'
=rol71
€d (hysteresis loss) ol el ++. €rlq zlg 3- ?i 'll€"J 'i
=-{
j: ,J+ +g :.-.8+.
2."J+ zlCel /l]r.F-t C+ zf+(E
,"el <i)ol ag ol+++.
=
(2) A+ql E* xlzl*
zlzl+g olgll €tEl=7t'? dE"ll el6lE zl
7l d-,i +zl ol= cdl.l EaI €dEJ'+
dolE- A4Flq 9]-=- zl +zl ol=zl +21 $.lol

dzl*€ €,3617.1"J, ,l7l+g d;+/l ol-?6f dl
<- 4+71 ;=- "ll"J €dsJtl.

E gtrllEg g^l
ral l_17 llfioll g-d rfTldel gd
:.g I-174 +ol +"1 9q +l7l+=- +ilrl
+"1= +54= E;lql d,nq€ €-elql !7l.+=
+cg l.oJq-i EllgEl=ql, .l /ie Ec.ll d+
g €- al r +9141 zlTl*ol *^8;+71 'rll+.lr+
d
ol rl6J ag d+ql eld zlTl 3ol+ 6l'I, ol
a+ d+el r*6}q alTl*el '*"Jg 44 9-=Ll

tsJ6Jql f- il6l=tll, ole+ rl LI+. s4 +.
^lel C6J ol..},+ nl d = =ol
ral I-18 d+oll sl-d EJ-"J
+g CdC "Jqlqel Bzl (Amperc's law), lc-= ^fTlArel
, [gg]izt *rI e I g=Ll^lel B zl olel 6JLl.
l
rl7 | +Af g^f
]H I-189 d+ql eldJ zl7l.5lel *dJg +
I
I
4d 'i.14.
I n'tbr9.r-
I
;tP-a'ol t+o
Irl"r rg- its"l ,e ? ._r,, _r';3 xl 3^t4rf xlTl qe
l.ixlC j. 'Jq "lrl- -.1 in+ gil {l
l
I rlge I |]gql flLl.

te r-19e+ eq Ei19 g.l"'€dE 'Jg a
| ,r-t l!_q
i
-" il.=
,l _tct ,. i3
lo+ool 'l f .:
I
-r'l ;l -rl. "l 3+ I ++ll-,-- ol-L- -?oJ (solcnoirl coil) olrl ;l=ql, 1l
-- 6Jo
''trf, +-i
L'r { u-i ro.i
+ql -9+ zlzlt "Jd .!l,l_+- ol+€L+.
| 'liq c'1. ol 4 -?-
t,,- l=! al-?r'l
i "l 9 i4 9Ir ']]F zl Tl1rg i-"J6lq, Erll 7,l4rl
€. .l* i1g.I d+€- ,1q7ll ;lq :l ?ol "sellhol,E_ %t €41 zli.l dZ4.
1+el
t- 4" 'f6l-ol .rd-"-lr'l *-6,r olel tol d+.ll el;ll ,il::qC zl4g dal4l
i.l++'1. ol"l 'il 11.
(elctromagnet)
I ilel rl ^l .rl+"]] 9]: ?oJ,+= Pl
i
i!}'1.1. 9]+ql fl:- rg'l: +tsl ol uN {,zl1rel "J6tg, -s=+el s .<lf z}elg
1l+;tE+ Tgql -== ri+el o:o c tl ,, c +,'lsl.q ;l o_ qqlo c
iol Ll-L.l L-tl _.1
i *n"tg EII Ll.

91g ,ql, Lll €zI*€- d+el B-6J_o.r. Cdl tr t
zl+7f '+ol .<lzl *el EJ dJ.. .:i \ Tgr TlaJ7tr+.
zl .l-ol
^ll7l= i"Jql 4--," 9+ N4 6=-:- d
F 1el -}l" 4l Hl dl6JLl.
ol N1= zl€9 slF_. :'49 r^16l-:- aoE
ral r-ls €allrol_eoll elE! xfTla

zlzf ej (magnetomorire foftr:) ol + +gI, FLgl=
[AT i anrpere hrm] g
^]€-E]Ll-.
(3) dxl4
al (^l _23) I ll^l+r+ g= g4]
&rf r =elloJE
+4 .]rlt rlql zlTl* jrl +rl 116] + Ll qi 9l= --:llql dr=f= gelE Eitlzl,
zlzl
o _E :.J -!_ii ql t0 lNl e,l ilaf
1l+;1n
'.1ol
9]El. 5..!l= 30' /1361tr
+zlSlr+. +. E4171 dJ -3- E=rl ole+ edi zlTl
++;l: d^lqg 'J"l+ 9zl ? arl d+ ^lolql +€-;-l= I dzl4 (eier:rro 6J
g0l /:B/1co< dolqe magnetic force) ol4 6JtI.

/:10 xcos 30'
q 'rU
gd;l-- dzl43 zl+ "JE. C+ q E
:10x?=rJ.ijij [\]
i.tl ol a ol oll ul ;l aJq.
+, zl+ "JE7l B twb/m1 oJ zlzlal 'llqlC zl
zl6lE EJd'Jtf izl oJ 'Jol , tml 9 E4lql l tAl
e] d+9 gg rL Eillzl zlzl= iJ /=,
"l
/:^Bfl Nl (r-22)
ol sJ+. lts r-20E (a)s+ eol, E4l7l zl,7l+
r+ 44 *6}ql^l e"Je 7l&q4 ileE, BJ /=,
J:BII cosd [N) (I-23)
B(,i+)
ol €4. drlqq HJdle lH (b)ql^lel ?ol €
ell "J el €l+ H4 4l ul
(pteming's left-hand rule)
.l drl4g dzl tlzls+ dtL7l Fql ol+
=rl.
EJq.
reJ r-m E4lgel E+ H4l
u g-d dF 4tE6t= -d
^toloil
le I-21'l Aol, Ll+.J + Edq d+E 5
4E r +9lql ^lTlvtol ^871=rll, F d+71 s
sE R6Jol +"J6lE (a)4 *ol + EC ^lolql
l*6J.ol HlrlloJ a+= (b)e+
= +.Jqol 4+61j1,
+ol RlBq"l ++3JEl.
(4) d zl +E
ee *3J
E d^l f,5. gEl ^l7l+
(b)
Je r-22e+ Aol, 3'JE 'or €ql A+Zl G€ re I-21 gg d+

^lololl
5tg6l: d
9a3lr, E4 zl4g _a"J"I €9El qIEl 61tr,
e+49 Hl=e olgzl €zl?
A+Al9 ElEol 3++s +4.J 4olq. I ol+
Erl 449 a€ 44 894 4El +sEri 44 M9 dil,
=
E.Jg +F6tE Î+ +71 BE+6171 E{Eolq. ol +^1^l?14.
s+ aol ?.Jg +€l61ts 4+ += dEl^l7lB 3

*iJ"l dlB4.
"J "il Tldq
ol +E€El.
.ral r -22 trl 3E
'l7l* €+g d4 +E 4* (electromagnetic in-
duct,ion) ol?l 6lI. i'J"ll dd zlC4-.9. Sf z1 3
- ,f;l
-ii 4 (induced electromotive force) olel ;-fEl, ol t4lel
xt]:+ | 1 tl "rf= ii-i 'J "r lln0ucccl currenl I + o.iLl.
w Z ^t+el HJEloll 9-d llrl f,E
7f. +_r TldqE "J-d(alliel E4l)
r
-1e; 23r+ aol, +F- /l dcl-3- i.Jg +F
;|i- {{-ol qlq= ol=- ?i^l7l-:- B}6J
=z}€
!E
_o__+_, ?inJ '4ql= +71^l1l=',J6J_o-_+- gC
tf rn;":
LL]r'tjr-
., ,
"l"J +E d+71 g=rl.
i, -irF- /l d4e- ,++el EEI= EJ6lo-l= EJdj
o E l$C;Jrl. I 4 !-r zl (Lenz's lard ol l,B
"JZel
el 6Jri.
Lf. +_E Tlcalel E^l)

t i.- *dJ =71(rl]alrll0lel
+Fal= zl-+.1 Hqg lll giJ;l= +
.7oJ-9
E 7l deg, ?oJ9 $tsc6}t- z}+ol Ell= H!+nl
tlt o*t]-
=;<l Agel e-,'_ -{+el ;Loll Hldl'elq. ol=
ul d
ol
+Eq rJ6J rl Jl rll ol el B =l (Faraday's law)
el 'Elrf .
44^]. NEI 'JA ig Ltl -=- +56}= zl+ol

^lt,Jt[s] +6Jql /6t\\rbj el HlgJ. EE];J'41
el +E zl d'l a b rl+rl eol €rl.
I -23 ?E Tldqe EJ*"J

e: N 41lv)
zt, , \t-24)
qzl -:- zl+el trsl= tsJ'dla+:- EJ6;l (Flrl]
^J,
F
El
---.,^
rLr z6 -r ll- -- - EJ aJ)
;qr LlElrJ4.
+E Tlalqg r7l B qxilel elEl d^f f,E

,r. http //$aviv.scicnce.or.kri/lee/
:
==oll
J lel {.,ll;orl :l+;.cd toJel I. EiI Tl zlTl 1t Lll c,ll
^J +Fd6lq
zli,i=o #=q dl
e j.el Ll-ll el se; 4!4i 4:_l zl tl qlF_ 7l deJol .fty-g+. ol ,41, .fi-}__ 7l deJel :1
l_.1 J.J.rl "r,r 'I"l l ei- | r e 7l= t1ll7l zt4-1 l*b +Ee+ zl+
-ll lirl "JEel +ql
Hl 4l +E+,
r . allel rpl
71, ?E TlEqel 371
J4 r 2A (a)4 Eol, zl+ "JE7l B t\\h/m',l
ol rJs. zlzlz.!{, 44gE +oJ +e ++9 aol
I tml oJ 6l+el E^lol ?r tm/s) el 4E_q
^t**
i4 i/il!+ "ll, +Eq-:- zldqE lzl ai- rl€-
r+ g"l €rl.
]qq
e : Blu lY)
:1H r-2A b)q ?ol, F-nlel ,s5 *

dlol 471 +r+ z14sl *dlq iJ dr}--= zl=1"1 4
(r 25)
@
'll, +A i1il +E:- ucos9olqE, iE zl
g]C
d4 ats qgr+ A"l 9rl
e: Blu cos 0 (Y) (r-26)
+:. /ld4 (c)
ffE 7ld4el
Lf. HJ-d
5;1lz| zlf$ J;l6J ql Ezl ql +E9= tl zf, re r-24 Ee aJE 9.=+ H^l
4E *d..rg lef, r_24 (c) e+ Aol El=ql,
sel el 9-=+ B 3 (Fleming's rrght-hand rule)
"J
ol+ +q. BdzlE ol g4g ol+6J 4olEl,
E g50l dF (eddy cunent)

J4 r-25 (a)el uol,3 Fel ?+'ll5-= ^l
Ll= 7i+ol d5l6ltr A !l+qil= zl+el EEI
',Jdll6l= .?r z1 34o1 g4dlq "JEol d+
=
71 6
=cl (a) rTlel €S
gs El4ol e
"J=ol d+:- r-]]+ 36Jql 9"]l
9 +sz1 9al7l7l 6ln, dq +dg g^8^l7l=
Ell, ol +€g
"J501 d F€ (eady current loss) ol
+ 6Jq.
'JEol d++g +L^J7l7l 918il,\J= "J5"1 d

+q r1]+ z16}0l lril qEq -1B r-zb (b) el I "r=;r r+ *e a+s
"a
a{}g ;il ^f+61€ g=ol
aol 9+g A+g A€^14 44^j ^l+6J+. Bd a+ts 4 4rlE+.
(b) *e a+et +il
7l+ H'J7IE 449-" 9+g e+9 d+6lq ^l _25 oJEol X+
.lal r
+61= 4e ol7l5f, ol+ 4+q+.

E g]tr1El^
7|.. +E
^lill
J4 r-26 (a)e| {ol, i"J Pql 6 == C+7}
+F 4 **
7l.t e
Hi+6ftr 7oJ P5- +€'61-:- zl+ol H+6Jl:l.
ol "]], nE P ilnlql rl+el HEl,= 'J;ll6l=
*6J.o_E 7l Cqol 'g^J 6l=rll, olel ag ddg
zl ii (self induction) e| drl.
'9-E
rl.<]l r?-E- 4l el .'ll^J +E!l= zl dqel l7l-:-
^l -24) el zrl
(r .
!F,al, zl+ d= rl+ 1e+ i"J_el ?+ Nel +.ll

ul ?,ll 6l tr e
,d-+
a,J .t"t -\ d: kNI (.r 2T)
\11! ?lae +y
ol rl4, k= ulAl tlj=olrl. oJzl^.1, 4l (I-zng
Iiil'!:Lq,.r::r'n :,
(ollI L]] .J ;+8. zlill 'ft-E zl 1l ?j tl+
-24) -q
r+ aol FJrl
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1. zl-J(100
2. zl+ d+Zl "l r]9]ll, 3l+ dg d-^1, i+ A.Jal .j rlizll, il E fl 7l
^l
t "Jtr illl
r a, 6l ljl :.1
2. 7l e6lglel zll 1 Er ir
3. 7l =.;lt-:'--dj 41 2 R :l
t +rut-l_)
1. *
i+5171 'r'llt.ql ^l+e 4l.ll .Prel;JEl.
r]+Zl-:.
-al ll-e '9ol slil
2 E-#9 C+;l 9lol _a_il=, +El.
=€ =oln+
3 C+/llel d?l2l= 9dol gg 7ll 7l= ^l+;Jrl.
t-!==^r I
1. +E Bzl
(r) -lg rr-3rl ,Jol ElE€. +iJ 6Jrl.
(2) dSlr+ d+= +d6l Bzl-.
(3) +e-l Bzl.ll gdl d+g lltdi H'(l
2.71,e-;lstg lBn
(1) _-1+i 1I -4el +ol 6le€. +d dJrl.
:1aJ II-4 7l=6|EEE EEI
(2) rlg4 d+= +€6ll !.21..
(3) 7l E 6lA.i er B rlql el6,i d+= ll +dl ]rzl .
t--,n
1.
gol Lt il-q ol? olr:"L
0l 6H 2. 7l .r ilEr'_el 41 1 R 49 9r. 9l=71-'l
3. 7lq6la5el :ll 2 B 49 .Jjl t;;-r7
| ?
llazl-"1 i-r.'9 d+dl 919

€e Ailsl aC9 €-El-,jl
(4)
'J-JE d+
E ^laq ^l#
d+
_1f
zJ+g zlgtr a+6lE 1 t.tlLl qBrll H;f
R,t iv'
4l? l!
.l (l-l5l or qlo+tfl (l dJC org!. al
tl
n,f lvr
"-ul Tl
%lg zl -ee ?+6lE E,ll-o,l zol lg +7f;-l=rJl
Eillel EJtr zl s:- c;'},l'l 9j- o_-o_g 6Jc rl 6Jg ^r>
T*
+/1.;lAl EJ 7loltrl. Ir
_19 rr-sel +ol, R\ R,, Rr= zl €E d
zJ 6J rlaq 4tg d+
+;}t *'Jql ytvlel C"J-3- zl6l'tr, Eliql^l
J+.1 ;:=_= ?E.- ;l 4s:"1.".u. q.l "j.rl=
- t)v* 6J+ II 3-)
+g d+71 -.)-_=- 4l sJtl i
x1S9 aJ €+
_:]rlLl z+ zl6Jel oJ'EJ el d*9- -.oel B4ql sl 4l
i
6lq ;P# f"JP n-1 =,r- 'J'i.;ln I
.J (1..r 3- I d! .l +'Ll.
?l l
V,:lR', V':lRt, Vt:IRt

7l- sln, d+-:- Elt-el .!l 4dJs EF zlu|!--a
ddgr= f.3;, e u n-z
V : V\ + Vl+ V3 : JRt + IR i IR l
:I(R.+R,+R3\:IR (II E+ (^l II -6)
5) ^l:afel ^lg
qzlî, Rg *C zJ dJ_o__+^l tt+r+ +El. e4 zl 6}#01 4z+ 5 [Q], 10 tQl,
20 ls)l oJ 3 7ll el 71.J3- 4 €i d +
R: RrlRzlBt (ll -6) 6+'9 i+ ^J 7l.J€.E totslTl?
q,el^], zl g d +^l il^J zJ +e zl zj dJel i+ €ol .l ( u 6) 4l sl;lB,
R: I?, +R,+R]
4 +r+. : l,+ 10+20:35 lS)l
U ^l-Bfg
HJ= E+
B€ d+61tr -L -17)/l qB4l Hg
zldJg
417
zld}g Be,-q 4l+61tr E"I9 aol lg E;-lzl
e*=q, E'iel +tr4 s:- +71;-l!-_+ 6J€ 4dJ
g eialrll 5J aol+.
le rr 6r+ aol, 36J ft1, R', fi:9 B.i-s d fal rr*6 rlgel BB E+
1. Ale
^lF
rJY+ 6J+ rr 4 +dl_z 9+Eql rtvl el dg'g 71.+tr, 4 46}ql
Eerg EJc d+ ag- d.Jol ?4q_a 4+ 1,, 1,. 1,= gel H
=
zlq el6lol
ee el 4 n"lg r ?tl H B d+6]
E 6Jd 4d.e ] otrt =rl.
tt, V tz-
,_V , V
Br' Br' t:r R,,
ol f,E, d d+1=
f!.3 rrrrt l:Itt12-13: .VVV
R,' Rr' R,
gg E+(^l rr-8)
^lgtel -./1 I 1\
'Rr' V
EIll 46ilitol il lol, tj lol oJ 2 ?riel \Rr ' R3l -7) R
(rr
1l;f,9 BJ.J-i dJr.+E €C 3 6}e. ol El-4. ol +7ll4l_o_i5-El ElC zl6J P -9- +dl,
e tol?17lL?
*01 4l ( II 8) .,ll -ql;lE, 49 q €-rl ,JEl
llI 1111
n i{,- n RRr R2 R3 (rr -8)
1 1 2.1 3
36666
.'. R: 2 lol 4zf.{1, BE d+^l slC zl6J-9 E+ (*)='t
!......\ or 6Jr+ ?_r+.
^r;Jg E+ (+ ' R, l-1
E ^1eel ^l
. HJC E+
lB II tl Rr= 18?39 d+61t, olTl
7-3-Rr
.,ll fi3=- zlrJe B+'+ a"l+. fi,rl fi?el BE
1J+el ldJd z.ldJ Rl!€ +61 rE
ral [-7 rjgg HJC d4
^] 1 1 I R,+R"
Rr" Rr' R, RrR,
f.3j. or
^rr
rr + .. n,,:"*,34L [o] -9) (rr
rl .gal E+(^l rr -10) 7l EJrl. qel^]. ;Jd zJ dJ Rg .B,,el R,zl .4€

^JErg
?41 rcJ rr Tqlil 1? : /?,:20[o], s EJ 4gs g + 9J. o EE rl+ 44 Aol E^l
fi,:10 tQ.l oJ lI1], a, b tel Er! ,l FJtI.
Eol E ,+ J?:: H €olE-+, e-I^J 4;J R-R1r-1-R3

o, "p. .: R'R, 20 20 ,, DD
' '' l?t l?/ 20+20 -"' ,' --'
+
, _rrta\3rDr^r (rr - 10)
Kt+K2
lrltl-{ t rll 'tt 7ln}e
/? :111, + Rs -i0 + 10 : 20 [O]
(5) d+9 zl+
E A+E 3tll +E Ec+ t"l+ tt s
&Fg 3El{
B€ zl* : zJ'dliiql {l+71 s= 4l g"l
(r)
1.d+el '*€ ++." tlg7l, "lg d
^fa
g g"l= i 3- 0l+61= dol4 ;., d7l '*€, C7l El4Et, d7l +4
(r) -zlzl z|g: F_4ql d+E _q-_e-.41 alts Bd 7l F"ll .l+€4.
2.4+el 471 +€-3- r'l,l.l, E9+71
at zl1 +.3. ol+bl= ?i ol El
= dF7l, ?lC7l, dr|71 -E-ql ol+€El
(c) sl.l zl€- '. 4lirzl p-€ rql dzlgl ol'El_o_E 3. d+el 4'f z++e d7l :.dL d7l
E+, tl+ dl ts4 ol+s.lEl.
"J8I 9€61= Elq4 HF]-= 0l+61= aolEl
u ds4 e+aJ
dzl qsql d+71 ssE qol'+ gg g^J^l

714+, C57l= 9d^l7l= €.g gg- 'fEl ol
d4!.1 dqaF
4,, 4.zlzl g+ 9]:- oJ"+g'del,t(doJ) xd t. !4qt Eeti oJ;el da6lo- 4E
7l*'.1 9+. [W), 7ls: P= +4.
(watt.
W:VQ: VIt J) (r - 11) 2.1t\\.]= 1i'j l trlel "Jc- g + tl

3'l ,l tsq ^l t tsl 4l alts 99 d4 (electric ts,l€. "JiJr+.
=<, 1 tv]el 419:l
^lololl 1 lAlel
power) olzl drl. C+7} E= 'll9 d4e 1t\trlq4.
e--!:r!-w rw: ltt I t\ B. P= IV: 'R : J,R
4. d4t*9 qlg: (l\\hl), 7lE
e+_E_^l
w= 4=ql, dr tr ^}+6J d7l9

=,'aq:d$xd+'"1+.
d'izl .J .J9 "Jg e.^le ag d4"*olel 6J
=
'J.14
E+. +, d4+g d4l{}+
^l t'oE
Ll4.Jtr}.
Ptwl e,l dqg ,thl ol+61tr, r d4* r/=
4+rl 44.
w- Pt-vlt: I,Rt lwh) (x - 13) 5 rcr St r-2
E s=l dFE dq
=el ^ta4
.? http :,/science.kongju.ac,kr,/
E,il ql d+71 aets gol g^831=rll, I gel
_aF qllrl CelM dzlTl M.l B+
qlLlZl=
d+9 ,ll+r+ z,l.'J "l d+71 6= ^lA .lq a+el zi+4 d4rl9 +rl€-
(i)g ++ T{jtl +vl. iî6lq a4dl jL4.
olag B 3 (Joule's taw) ol4- 6In, ol Ell
=el
1. rl9 sle
g^36l= g e=- €g (,IorLle's heat) ole+ 6JEl.
tl t6 d_l+ rr_7 +, zJsj nql d+ 171 ,i FoJ €qlqB a'Hl
€gq grl 9= Aq* w= 2J (rr,11)ql E6lq rRt(J)ol
rrl g d+
=9 qrl, 1 tJl el "Jg 0.24 [cal] el €*4 +o rrg
L "f dg 7l7l Ee €g€- g* H= Elgr+ a4
.l+6J aq4.
2. 4l (rr-14)-.1 0.24=.Jel g+qlo_i H:0.24lzRt (cal) (rr
gr dl+!.-is Elgq4. - 14)
"J 3-
Z gdAI
_fe rr-8r+ +.1 +ald4 +-del .J eg 4l
+e 4€-, dd P,E eE=- gCdlzl 6lit dd
?4(c")
P,=- tr€:-o_,E 719-alE Flag EJ-6J-_o__e 1'l+71
; e4 g=ql, ol qsJ €tl-g- ;4ldlt a,t(seebe-
ck's effect) al 'ilrl.
ol d+=- 9dt (thermtrclectrit: r:urrent) 4 ol'
:1fl rr-8 gls q, olq+ *^15 I +l* (thermocouple) olel +El.
gCtre --oE, qalg qlLJzl, r++ d+ +€
Eql ol€-gE+.
ct tEx
1. 4 (Alel rl+zl 5 tsl F"J gflg q olt+ d7l+e q tcls.lTl?
e. 7l E6lEj;g 1B4r+ "l 2B=lq *-Fd4 ilqd"il
41 qldl €_€dl jrxl.
3. A+el 3 r1l zl+ql rll.il €B"il }Lrl.
4, :19 rr*6q^l v:10 [v], .Rr:10 [o], F,:10 [Q], -83:5 [A] g ql, d+ I, rr h, It
g"l"J7l ?
=
5. lg II-7oll^l v:10 [V], P,:fi,:fi3:10 [o]"J
'ql, d+ /: 9E]"J7i?
A+ ttll II -2 | ^tee 4 Bg d+.{l el-d gd ^lgTilc(ss 1rll4,4e^lz: 2^l )
l- E=EE I
1. zJ,-Jg 4e, H"l E= 4.89tr 1l+.J + 9.lrl.
2. l'lg, H€ E: zl .Hge dJ€tJ zl %l fls-.] 6JrJ .{16} g- Tll.i}g ?i ?lE}.
1. n4 zlaJ (5 kO, 10kQ. 20ko) zl 16 /ll. elld E Elr l 48 ill

=eJ
2. EIg
^lc7l 8rl
tE4--l^r-'l
1.4E 'j+^l .*€ Zj6Jg +71+El.
2. B'3 "l+^l 6Jd zls}g- +:i:6J4.
t="l^l-Jl
1. +4 {lql 0H r3g e a.
2. ale ^l€71= ^l+6fi1 L-J +ql= dEj l:9;<lg g-= *EllE 6lq Ir.t-le 4.
Lda6.^t I
1. 4.Jel zl€ d+
(1) -1e II -gel ?l"l /l .J-g d +6lr-L d-€ a sko l0ka ?oka b
^l6J G_iW._,\A/-.iM __-o
I zltl6ll Hzl-
(2) a, b 1l ol el Zl6Jg d'6JEl. rE r-s ^l-.JeL
rlg BE
^f =
d+ +^l (1) 'l (2) el a4ll Ll= ol+= ?
(3)
2. ,li}g H€ d+
(1) 1g II - 10,11 Aol zJ 6Jg i ?-i6l-a 'dJC zl.]
g ]l;ll H zl
,11
(2) a, b € ol el rlsJ g +,J dJE]'.

.,.1
rc rr-10 rlgel EPJ tsE
(3) d+ +^l (1)r+ (2) el €4/l rlE ol+= ?
@
1. rl6Jg zl €s 9l a6J .1. .J.! ,(.l6Jel qE ?ll "J4^l=zl ? B C
0l 6l| "i
2. ?i] 9 dA e el16l Etl .L 6J,,i 4 n}e] olBll B4"l-:-71? B C
L qe r49 + 6l:7t ? A B C
^leTlel
2. +CB ilq € +;J7l ? B C
EJA elql "i +* +E 4lF laql Hl6f0l 01al Tlrl fial-d Eol EE,.q.
"pJof cE-.1011^1=
aioll^lE r|]+Eol i+= ?lcl. 4af^1, cHfo1l^l {171 7 7l=
^lg6f_i
EE4ee ^fgdlTl +6ll^l: i+el +doll tll6J 0l6117f rJ96ltrf
E .Jg01l^]= r+ lflel ^f?lrl
iFg ElEl E^lE 5 r+
E ,li 0l=g 0l6lldla, 4==drl
i+ ile= d"Jg + ?ltl.
E-d, 3S tr+o{l +"J I1|HJ ll^.lg oldl];lol 3!f ]ll+ U dEel 5+
r !e b r-.J + "*El.
= "Jt, =dE
(1)
^loJ+ i+
EEF
i1+= ^lz"ll 4el =l/lel EJdlol EEI;+=ql.
d !i ol'1, d+71 rl,i+ Es+61= !..J-3- rl
^ltql
€olel "J+.
q€ ol :]E/ rr
l1r+ eol
^l.J El+el +tlr+
--r el rr 1l-3- jrl#E rloJ"J lt# (sine wave AC) at ;-lil,
-11
ol.J 4€!; dl^loJrl i+el 6frt.
^l-.Jrl7l
. t) e-+ dJ6 [_8 D +7lel +tt+
iilF"l 7lE 'fc lrl$el lojolul d+7} Hcl6l -:-]rE t o"Lg
^lsl+: ln+slol 7lF. +e o + nr. -.r
3Jd7l:
oJ,d'+l
^l?lEl'rl aP_ Hnlzl H!+51=
,)lg 9l +
ÎoJ
!+ il"Jrl il+71 eq
d i 9.1r.= d4, rll zlEl dl 91L+.
rH rr 12el ,Jol, lr1+71 ^ltql 4"f =1'll7f
.J H eJd;l d!-l6l"l il€-el .blErlql ol E7l4zl
I 1rlol3(crrle, +rl) ol+ drl. _14 _r_ 1^lol
,Jel=
^J7Jg +71(rreriod)
rl 6l'I., 1 i F
=ql
'J +49-: ^lol= i=- i -4'j' (frequcncy) zi *
?':ts = 16.7 (ms)
r+.
:19 [-12 +rl+ 6}tr, ol=
+7]sl
azlPa T tsl, i4,i5/trrzl 4 ^l,ol
ql= El+4 ?g +2171 9]4. LY+6++III
r:] r'r, r-| tnt (x - 15) 'T'!r'l--
-.'-l ^
1. E+l : digl4(hertz, [llz])

rel I= 4l tr HJdlr'rr +q.
=..
-lg II -12e1 ?ol ?i*+9 4 tr 4
d [rad] o 2. Iq39 r+ +4+ : 60 lrhle} 50
4.llE, r^lol=_sl ,J? 2tr(rad)ol.ntr 44E rr.,
el + 7l,l7l tlEl.
tllzl
3.,9-zl +elq^J:- *+ +++e 60
lradls] i- lH, q +61i1 9.lE+.
=
lrad/s)
a:27tf (x - 16)
7l €q. qzl^], ro P=- 4 7-4i bngular frequen-
4-a-E -J4.
cv)
p dt a+f u-r
El _ilFel EJ8 +71,+!l+, 7++Eel szl
^tel4
[ Azl Tls), ?tli Jtl{zls} 44-
_l r-J -13e] (u)4 €ol, N, s + ^]olql^l !:l
a) [radls] ^]olel +41s,
+lo-13 E',ll a-a'-i- SBaJ S,q, b-b'= S,
=e-Jts r:?4rs. r:;.a"z
"l a5lol gEl
€
ol EiI= X-X'+g ?ds_q Eld^l7lB, E,,l f=# ... a:Ztf [rac] /s)
a a'e+ b b'= zl+9. Go E_+, el 9_=+

=r,ll"J
Hzlql elalq zl !{ol frzlslol q+9 4d}ql
6== d+= Bql^l A,tr _e:=trl.
_r.H n-139 (b)= ole+ ?e +al= LlEl',I
/d.Jril, I4 IIIeI CEIqI^l= zl dqel E*6J:ol E]
qlzl 9n, _f +?J4 IIe+ IVq "Jglql^J= 7lA4
ol gc 6l-,'l g=El, elrl
BL Eb : -9
ioJol .J€6J +Etr gdC nl+4= 5.J S,, S,:+B A
g=,Pl sldg ull"lri zld49 dldJol El1,l=q,

(a)
olq eg Tldqg Id zl dq (altemating elec- -fl'=o'

tromotive force) ol zl *Ei. o(il+)
o lil|
tt $ 6
bO -
z]+ 5, 3 ,r.]ol$ zfzl{ llll
(Etrp r(,=+') ltll
_rB II -l3e] (a)ql^1,
lrrz=n ffiIo
I rz=0
g l3 n-14E (")4 *ol 4+ "JE7l B twb/
I(r=4 b lvk=o)
<\ - 161
-rlllt .2
m'?lol r35 471+98 7l.d 6la, Exl aa', bb'9 l'l
zj olg I [p] e] a]z]. .J*
"bl-++E
C=.Efr
rr,= !.r
ol E;ll= z [m/s] Q.l 'Jdt
=zl9 +Es
tsJ^l
(b)
zl *dlos 5g 4, TlAqel g^8ql +E€l + rg rr-13 r+E g8al 7llq9 'J6J
L Jrli st)E
E= -1 zl+ol rl6lq +4 Bd"l9 4g t,':tr
sindol EE,
Enlql +}._q= zld4 e" tvl E
6J
dzl +E Bzlql el6lq El€-4 aq €Ei.
ea: BII)' : Blu . sin9 (x 77\
!'-, bb'el t14,4 eoY e"q +a, aa'-bb'rlol9

Tldqg 6J EiIE 2ts17l. 5lsq noJ d4lel 7l
d4 a tvlt- 4+4 A+.
e - e"*e6:2 Blu 51nB: !'. sind (II-18)
4214, E^:2 Blu ol4.

+, ,"oJ-ql +719= zld4 sE le II-14e1
(b)4 ^l (rr-18)rl gol 3la4 del
^l.J{t"ll
Hlel;lol HEldlrr _e,dqol+;Jol5 7l
^l,trl
4. r4l .JE +^lti aql^l 7l-grJl Sr]]zl 9=
z'-g 4tIdlol4'6J+.
z +lar.?+rf +lat^t
a-+izl 42 zz\ ol *9 irl+ ^lol el ^l/J4

ilol= LIE+rll= ili 9ltr (phase) {alb 7,1-S: ^l
S'sLrl.
-Le rr - 15el (a)ql^J, i1fr r-r,, u, ts ;'l
^loJr+
ts].il
q d4r
',dllt4. g-ag +4+= Tlzll ilzlEJ, u'= ?,.lltl ^lt
-v?:
4otr 941 ^JEtlql^J Eel-.+J 9l+C.J + 9]+.
o1 d $1rol "Jdrl
-op 2r -.o- r.rz-HQ (lead) 4-tr' alzl
ul, a,ts u,-Hrl,9l tlol 9lli-+oac) efi €lr+.
olel Aol, 24lel i+ zl-olzl-
(a) ?ltrl1 Ll= 2-rl9 i+ ^lololl ^lA49l
fl= a += 9l^Jzl (phase difference) zl *t+il +
El.9l8Zl:- ^lt4oJ ilolol!-,e ^lzotr Ll4
"J +E 9.l.zl"J, BFe zloE Ll4dEl.
-_le n -lbel (a)el Aol, 9j tlilTl d.J il.J+
;r_6 r.,,, rzE ^l-q_e
44qlB 4+i+ 44.
(b) 5*-.1 daJ4
ur : tr/- sinral [V]
d+
ral lr-15 .d+q +ld!f 9ldil uz: V^. sin(atr-d) IVJ (1I 19)
f cJ rr -15E (b)el Aol, -,=- flF a, iel gtl
ilTl fl= 4 i9 €ld: (inphase) ol el oJrl.
E aFel .=.^lE - f, rcr gg l-r

cailn+ g3at
7f +^lat4 ;n|4il
.F http. //ww$'.powerteli.or.kr
r+el :.71= zlirel 94 ^l4ql IIlz+ H6l=
d7l €ElM -le ol€Mol .d+BloJ
ql, le rr-16r+ aol qE +ael dlg +^lri
^l6Jtl r4+el dd<ltl *fltg al=
(instantaneous value) ojel 6l-tr., zl-tr= 4E7l e, ;l= uJBg.J+u:].
?E 4l n 18rl gol S.+lrJEl. El izl ?
_H-F
7lt rll6t (maximum un1u") ol a| a|tr,
= ik+ 4
E^, IôE E^l;Jtrl.
+ gEal
1+71 tl.Jg rjtde 6ol lzl
^lgrt ;1+E
ntl 8.,1. le II - t6f+ e dl (toJrf el tJ14akg j dg
+141.4V
1oov
+71 +.J9 tJ tilg_tr g^l6Jrl. 90v
dg "i d+el 'ctllg E",, r",+ 6l qll ^l- sl 0

rf ,l+el ,JtAlg ilrtl*el 2 Hrl rf+ 414 E.
-I4l.4V
aol gEl.
--rE - r0 lr-lll: 3/
, :2,
Tan.
, :2,
pou
r"^
(rr -20)
rl I
-L ,\l*tL
-l7l= E^l;J ull= z"i+ql Irl4

I ''+9
=lEllil
6l^1"J, HFg Fg+ 4;Jql zl+
^t+6l7lE
€ €.qg A+e+ ,rHl dq.l A€ '4lel lzl oJ
d-E(i (effective vaiue) ol "J;l ..ôlq, i+ dE lJ E+ 6J6 rr_10

zlel d+Zlel dnag +El{E}. nt:dE4 ntrE
=?E
dE<tg E', IE s.^lEf El, lg II-16r+ +ol
{} el d tr<}e
oJ,i} ]L+orl
^l
44 #9 } oq s El 4.€E:::+
"dt6[ L",
q, El+ z1r+ E.l 94. ___L,1
-24r,-""'
11.
l1 iEflri E.
^tz ,tz tii/,t E
: ,t, r.414
+, î"J+ il+el 4rI#g €s.*el v/ZEilol4. =
l. lllii 9]E
(D n+e+ R-L-C9 zi*
E ilFgI 4IEI EÎg
7f. qlEl
^3alq
'Jol,
gF-, aa} -.-r+ g"l lTloJgE _r *g
E^l;J + 9= 4C l4zle} Gcalar quantitv) ol
Lg [-17 EE] lg
?+ ;+r4, dJ4 +E r-.-r+ gol l7l+"J ol qel *
6J4xlE "Jo}"} I oJ'g eJd6l jl^l6J + 9,1=
uEa6J+il 11
a 'aa- Erl r,J eo+ (vector quantity) ol 4 6JEl.
:1a; _17 gE zl+el A+= +61-al .-6.+el +zll flol Ad- -ô}
L EE-l rdql4 ?l=ol !l= OX€-71 qlql^J-:- d.J'l d+71 916lz171 glssE ia+
olri ;ln, irrlE.l iel ./l-=tlol
=d
.l+= 4€ { 4 (argurnen0 ole} ;J -s^l7l 7l,E-6l'.^lEJ, I+e] d rq-= uralel
aJ_o-_F_
q. 6+ql l[lel €ldlrlTl 'J4*l -1 <l-,sr E:^l6l-:' tJl

2.7l+4,6, F,ji 4fl+el 4s+Sg ql: -a7le+ R;J-1- F^lql 9^1610l +t+. olsl
+El.
eg .Jel s^lql ol+9 a ol dl El :1e,J olEl.
=
Lt qlElel +^l
6++el EElrJg LlElll= Ell.ll:-l? II-17!f
gol 6J d+g +l6J r++, deel zJ_ol= qLlel
_L7lq ;'li, c+"J.ll !+€E=- €-q^J Prl El el B
dJg Ll+rJrl
olel Ag -lH g El El l? (ver:t;or diagrarn) ol
6la, dl El eJ,€- Ll4"J ag 4 El el alr+
"l
trl, EElel --Js
lg rr-18e1 (a)ql^lel F dlEl Ae+ BE B9
7;1.L *8413 leBlEl= H-o-
(b)e+ +o1 F
g 6l= rJ sJ^l H€9 _rr1.^1 rllzldf.r + Elt:,lel
Y-"- flgs ;-l= tsBt+ l+ (.)4 €ol ulEJ Bel ^l
4d9 dl El Ael €eql gzll "J3J .]ts'dJ +, il
i EEI Ael ^l+d+ El;<lEl ElLl BE €eg "J
re x-18 BlElel *al il c;+:: .; 3.i. + ,'lrl9 {tgi "'l-= ur /L <l Hor
rr. de 0l=
'x
ol 9lrl.
erd, 4EJel il=
-F6l= 'JHe qgr+ E "I.
dlEl Ae+ BrlEl Bel--ol xlol=- ulr,l c al OT "J
=-,
A:A-B:t+ (-B) J. +Et"J i 9J.o-o-.4,
c= dltl Ae+ '!lEl ( B) -"] eq-q +6fl-l.
(-B) :- Bel *6Jg '$t}] ts- e-l a ol o- a,
c= frJ (d)q gol 76J + 9.1r, IE lcJ (e)el -el rr ro rl6i 6=
eol +g .-E 9.lL+.

U qe
^l-Bt
_lH II lge+ gol TldJ P tOlt 7l,zl= Eljl
-= (.! 4al H zl
xl6J R"J_g FIE-:- +^lil- a:E. sina.r t [V] el

d oJ=q zl dJ r4l 5 a :- d rrr el +^ldt ?.- rf+el
44 +rl.
. e E,,,sinat
"R R
[,D
-1';i sinat /2/sinru/ [\l (rI-22\
4'+^1, d"J eel 4i r-:- 9l*7tll gl:- 5:l
olr+. ol 4lel esi r; el yl€g le rr 20el (a)
(b) EEI rg
e+ eI, dlt,l l"J o -s _g^16lB _Le rr -20e1
rfl II - 20 I16J =dBel l*rr ll+el 9l$
{b)e} +ol EJ L+.
rl [ { 2tro,l ^l {E 3-= e] isglP I i

[A] 7t EJ tl.
El g]tr1El"-
=lE(RE slE)
i"Jql zl+ Ag9 7l"J A+e+ il+ d
F"Jel
9l
=1
zld a+, qq+ ilolzl 9]:-/t= .Jol}]-/l
9ldl q+4 +e :-eg aI 97i.
t'e,
\',-id=
le: rr 21,+ aol dg, _i.oJ, _&r'ld+€ 4l E 4+ A$ n+ Cg
tr .laa+tr q_-- + ilEld-tel gqq E+e7l? rc rr-21 F.E qe

cilqliJ 4+ d+]=1 zl-g}=o "l el ]1"1,d+:-
2. rF qe 51
p^l+++r z Ei2l 4Ll= rll uJalq, jl+ dgg TlelC 4+
DFig4 = Eol nlul;-lA.+ olql Z/l ! .e*:-+:- ag "J

eq l.J " -i i el ." ; uli5l6l:
+ g.lEl
"
{91'}? ?oro ,r n= F;}+ | ,,oro'
ol
^}€ql^J _i.oJg J1+.]l
rllal 46J sl6J€-
;-.]L. n :!ero+er 4,tl +E ar 6J4= ag .J + 9lrl.
=
3.r=
+"i elatl n"J.l d+el dFl= EJ6r
rr-zz (a)4 4€ +E Eltrq^J, +E
_Lel 7l
;l= U 6J, o t +5 7ld q ol +4 6l.i
d+el n+3 EJ;ll6+71 lrllE oltl del a,€- 4l (r 28) ql ei6l rl+4 aol g]-l.
n, - -L
. di . d ,.I,,,sinat)
fr't - -L ],
(
) :
--LffGtrI sinat) ,,tZ aLJ cosat
-,1 z oLt sln\ut -; z )
:J2Esin(at-:\lv)
z
(rr 23)
__t/lr ol ElEql 7l = ;ls ri el 41 2 'x zl9 4 +

;-l E e + €, :0ol Ir ! ,
e: -,J LL Slnt(,r-;l
z
v +It
(a) +E tls 'J z \ - 24)
E rintrt
z
.l llq d'J ezl 4ii i-H+ 90" *dg "J + 9.1
Ei. olzlg :.Lggs _*.^lalE r.e rr-229 (b).
(c)sl €4.
-^l (u-23) o _q+El d+el d tl- +4=
^lolel
dEalgt HI
rb) el * rl 3-el 'Jzlzl Ce6Jq.
trFt;
@L ZIJL
. ral (rr 2s)
I' -X1'
qq, +E
t-
I
h 3s!3 3+.+Ll
4z),<l X":2o71tOl
crlve reatlance/ + t+.
4 ql eJi (lnrtu-
,i-_"j o .l_
(c) EEI rg fr:. e] "4 r3.^ Xr$ i.$:; /el- "J
El EJ a l"ll
JH rr-2 i-E -leel lg4 t+q 9la tsl ql6Jrl.
U aal qE
Lg rr -234 aol, =Ell^lel llEf d-l= zl €-
_+ SlAal.] 4+ dgql d+6i9.9- qlel ,/+ d

g.tl B+6199 "tl/l .Jol,qzl.
"l€.1lol71 9l=zl
4ri d+lC 7l'+ A+= -Erol 4zlzl -e+I, -f,
+ d+l-3- zl''J A+-:- tlold+zl Elzl El.lzl E;
g +.J6J + 9lg a"lq.
reJ rl -A 8aJ ale
rr 24e) (a)el Zol, 3d +'"+ C tFl .J =

-teJ
p{*a++r r
'J^l"l +d9= tltle* q tC:l -,", dg d',i e4l I ell EcJl^lol 4Fts q-e^l +grt?
illEllaJ4
e'll^lql 4+ d"J€ /16+tr et^J
q: =,
Ce: CE dll :rdq eile'J ,,lzl,l:- +Z4gl_
^sinat
(rr i]+71 !r._e.xlRl +dq €LlE C+71
- CÊE sinat lC) 26)
oli1, d+ z tAl E dzl ?ot q tcl sl ":i_;(l *=cl.
^l a[s] '] HF] 2. e]1 EE!^1oll i+ E€ + 9lgzt?
t}r+ ao EE fl+ d"Jg /1.'}tr i-EJl^lql +deJ
)^ 3dl*dl {tl6}.ue +.*r1g zl+;}
i:ffi:J2wC'Ecosar d4 o-l+!o + .l+71 ;r7ll !El
-^,EaCEsnt@t f)
: t sin{at _ (rr
"E f) -27)
e Elq d+ t7l- d"J e-H-ri 90" *dC "J +
gl91q , ol +zll g 19 q _o_ -* ^l 6l€ 1e,J rr 24
gl (b), (c)9 €rl' (a) ** 4e
l4ri ll (rr-27) ,q+El zr +e} aoJ ^lol.sl
+zl€ dAatg--E Hlnr.6ll Hts OaCE:^[rle)
!_+/l ol F e
Lf,
tAl (rr -28)
(b) 9l d il
AL
I
ola. q,l ^t x.:zitc [(J]o-q. ++ al"'l il..
(capacitive reactance) r+ ++. +t+ 4'-l EJa X.:-
+++ J 4 Cd +aJ cql +dldl6J+.
tg u-24 tal ilEg Ss4 d+q +la
2. .rF qe
E ^l-d "!
PIqEJ'.ef aaJel
^l=
Ele
I e'J II 25el (a)e+ A-P- n-r-C 4 B 3li.ll
= c.Jg
h", 8,, h,, tvl + ElE,
EF:IR (1e] tvl 5*91 C",])
[,_/X,'\'' ]art [ 9]! loJ)
E IX lvl ,i.icl !,I Fl r sg')
olrl. 44^1. r14l r]gg r7l
"'lEJ,
E: En*Et.*E,: lY) (ll -29)
7l jJ+.
ol rrl _ol Erl t.l --1
e,l
9I eJ rr 25el (b)e+ e-a,
_le;_o_iFrEl 3 /il ErlrJ dJ_ol
doJ =Lzl Ev,:,
_o_l _o_l
\o] E:^[(E)t+(EL E)"

rfl n-25 R L.c ilEef ElEl
^lEJ
_r{R +It; n;p
:I.Z lv) (rr
Q tq 6J6 n-4 30)
-
ol1, ol 7l
qe ^l
,?,t..c
^lg z:,[R +Tx"_xip p) (rr
-31)
I =leJ EII (seies reorance)
Z:-- d+_.1 n=.g 4l+61,:_ 9ioE oJ4
9.r.,_^1,
X X"l :..:. 1 k. -.l4 16;
EJol 9.1r- !lEi.l{ 5d1l;+11 Fl:rll, LJa(impedance) /l d-q, jli; nliql^l Tl+el s
.el lo;r"r: ir '.1 h,, EJallsl-:- !.= si=- i+nJ 4lsE, 'Jgq=
.-. Lr .l l ; I rl l1l il{lcl ,' =.ql
+ Lt2l9 ^l-Se'!rt.
-o_tr + d+/l ; ll Ell], I]r. "l r,
P
=
ilg r]?llrr+ /,Io_+ El:_- 4 !
=
e+. r/+ Eltr.I^ll z]+ Eltrel +el B ul4
aol r++rl rl+ +ztl i l c eJ 6JLl.
F
+tl+ .fi ]., .( el +7lle+ul (rr
-32)
t
2,tt L-
,Lr, | .
lelr reJ lb)E-+ El g + tsfe} ? ol 1l 9.{
: I
(2n)) : =
f " f n-fz c, f ' LC 1
i=rel lloJ e,l
^lol
rl tlt}71 d:,
o €, 4 _q €El.
I vv
" 2tt,/ LC 0: tan ,':Ln! (rr 33)
re HJ= A+el ol=olEl.^
-13 II 26ri' g?' R L C td"C sls"ll^l A+
1= +61-= 5-41= ,J+6lzl ,e+El.
--r HB el_eql -"__=_E di 1,4 I,= 4zl +itl
4 Etl4os *+sq4 1=- +!+
'
E.-E
Z, Zt
.. i:LZr+L
Z, rfl II-26 R-L-C EJg ie
_r 11 (n
-'2, ,' Z"'\Z. t17
") E 34)
qzl^1, +-i,,, l:I,,ol:r, ol r,4 r,,= qE

Zt Zz
ul€1(admittance) el al4, E9l= Etesl= +El.
(3) :a+ ilEE dq

E f,F Cal
J+ 4eel dEe sltrql zlal<l doJ:* alj1
ql "-s:- d+el g-lrtr rlEl"JE+. ol ,4lE dS
4 d+= ^l{!ql 4rt d6}E-q dqE ^lzq 4
el E.JEI
_fe; rr-2711 aol, a.Jq i^11\ e= oE
sinar, [v] 4 d]:1, d+E 3al] is ,[2 Isin(at
-a tAl 4 6lE, dEel +^l<l r= rl€-r+ zEl.
b : ei :,[T E sinal \,lT ] sin(ut -0) ral lr-27 r+ qeel tq
:2E I sinat . sin(a;f d)
:EI cos?-El cos(\ai-?) (W) (ll -35)
€zlrl, Elcos(2(fi-0:0ol 9trtr, J+ dq Qt+ t++ u-r
P: EIcos? twl 7l €El.
^l ill -35) ffE6l=
B^l
s6J, ;1+ sl_eel dq P= +^l dq ,E 1+ 2sin,4 sinB: cos L4 8)-cosC4+E)
7l F"Jg rJ+Ao_s +qdEl.
2. r* 61.tr
f;iqt 4ilb P : Elcos d [W] (rr - 36)
qE (^l tr -37) uq=

€t0 E dFTlql 220 tvl -.]
l tkrJ
+= +frdtgElq d+/l 5 tAl ir'+ sl,+el 44 P:EIcos9 Nlql^l d!-- d
*iEl. 9E-o 9ul?l zl ? .Jrl d+q q+zlE^J, or$ fiol "Ja6llE del
&l cosQ:fo dFlql Hl4l'=lq d4 P= tre+6Jrl.
: 1000
5=n o,''
f, cosdE +# dqq +4ql^J +n6lrl .l
220 >,
+q= Hlgolel g+ ?lo rg 9€(power fac-
tor)ol4i 4q, ++r+ ae 4str.+4{q.
p
(n -37)
f,I
n6J, qEg L? il-Z8rl,?ol +61 .J4'Ja
el zi6} d+ol F tol, el.-qHa C+ol x [O]oJ
a+, Elg 4l"ll elal +6J + 9.14.
PD
lH tr -28 qE A4E (n 38)
4I('+4" z
G llat d+
rltszl4 €"JF Fel 4+ +;-l= H-Er 4dJ-rl-
alalEa de,g- 6J4l Tlzlr 9.1.9EE, C.Jr+ d
+ ^l.lql ']p rr zgs+ Aol 9lt,t 1tl .,.9r1
iHl dqg P: EIcos?zl gcl.
q7l^], d*4 d+el # tI€ j'ltl dq(ap
ral rr-a i+ doJal d+ parent power) ol ell 6l'4 glE=
, C tVAl , [kVA]
rl* d4 p"€ +61-:- 4lg E}+i+
= ^l+dJE+.
aq
flrcr{tl + P" _ EI IVA] (rr -39)
0.F EJeg 5at :le]tr, P:tlcosd [W]F !l t] de +ql^l +
'&- http : //$-w14'.pou€rtell.of.h
n6l4 ^l+51= d+ol oq +E Cq (effective
.{171 €ElM El e olgMql 1l+6}c; power), lEts -1-J Aeloleln}- €lq.
r.l+e, ,r,r rrr, 1+; I.1 Er se olaq dJ;tl J"JolLl +49q iElEl
4lq el ++ +4 oJol.!rrl. ='J^l"tl
= 4 9*= dqg +A dq (reactive powcr) ol4 al
q, \l9l= u|= [Var), atrH]trlkvar]=
^l+++.
+a dq P,g 7-;+--'= .le ++4 aq. p !l aie u-o
P/ : glsind [Var] (ll -40)
d4orl s+q
rE, q* dq P,,, +E d4 P, Frs llq P,el r r|']4 : .l;.I 11 'l flo
.];
3oJ,r
+rll= r++4 44. 4 -r_ol ,! h dl:- H:b_ CIL
o_
(5/l ".
gd /1, Fll7l ts)
P,-^lP'z+Pi- (II 4l)
11gel
=i!
g 4EtLllts 4l r.l SEI
2 ffa Eq : f eJ II 2gql^Jel eol
ag',t l; ol e J-ol 3.o. j P e r,.
6J il o s, +.l,oll.{l J:dl:'lb C q ol
(4) 3 + ,/+ 3.
El
+6 alq : d*rl t+ deql^l 9l
*il,l ;
(e0 ) .J cEg +.J ;iq3,
Il 3Af rFg S8 +alqlC rl-*5lzl o*n Cg,!l !r;]
/.lol= eJ+;+7lt o-li- d 'J olE+.
:re rr-30r1 aol, 3?": A, B, c= t 4 tJ
4-q_e eg aC gql ?tr, ola-=q zlzlli Ll]ql
^l Hl^lzl *6J_o_ji 3ld^l7l E, -le; rr_31 (b)e+

. t-
#"1 -l,t-l +11 el t-i}?], \' rtz]", "- 3'pel 4r
.Jq. d.Jol *c6Jrl.
o' el €f ol ?,n !:'71 t:1! Sl'i-a 1 U oJ 3 'rl el
4€ =" 3 * i1i (3 phase A.C) el "J+. "l ql, zl

c- A, B, Cel 7l d?jel i^l*e El+j+ aEl-. ral [-30 35 i+e g8
e,,: .lI^z L,- slnc,I [v J
(n -42)
pn-
'.1 ,[I E sinlat - "]')lv)
-
(n 43)
. ,1-
e.. J2 E sin(otl --:')tVl
J
(rr - 44\
ElEl l?e rB
(.)sl Ecl ol ErIEJ lHol.
+rl "J + 91ts"',3*,/+el Etq Be |)qq (a) 4il Ee (b) 3* 4q
+, rl+ 44 +q.
E"+8,+8,:0 (rr 45)
2 3S rF a-eel EC
3+ l4+ 5]ts-el d+g 3t ?-cq4,rl 6l=
ql, 3"J ed *'xql= Ya4l, 4d, ved ts
^ rg rr-31 38 r+E rlg 'i qEl raJ
ol 9.1rl.
z. r4ri slE
)1, Y'JN
lH n*32 {a)E e'ol, 37Iel noJel + €g
d d.I d+6lol i-C?(o)e-q 6lr, += 'Jel
+zl A, B, C€ q+ d-Eel d+6}= aliBol4,
44\ d € e C (srar connecrion) ol rlIE -€lrl.
+^Jd oel E^l A, B, c ^lolE AoJ 8",8,, E"

(a) Y ed $ 5r{oj (phase voltage) olz} 6}j1, trJzl'Ael dg
E^, En", 8,"= dt d'J (linc voltage) oli+ dl'=tll,
da c.+4 trld"J ^lolql= ++4 ag gall]
ol rL
E*:E: E::E:+ (-r,,)

l
8,,,: &-8,- Eni \ E") (rr -46)
|
8.,,: E,-8,,- 8,,+ l-8,,) )
li|I, Ya.iiel z+ c"J.1- 4 El .lqo e LlEl

(b) C"J lrlq 3e 'ilE :le II-32 (b)el +ol 94, *d.J t"el C
,J d"J t , el a7l= 8", t, /l 6J nll, ol -'r diel
+/rl= q+!l ?L+.
E"o.-2x E" cos 30'
$ 4+ tt+ n-z -2v E">
r-
'z "," -/39"[v] t| -471
YENg CZJ &gF!t AJdg
{t 3.J'.q 9, *d.J€ 8,1+ d}n, I e II -32e1 (a) ql ^l , 4 -? oJ OA, OB, OC ql
+ .iji ell o g jr^latd, ;- r .'d+= 1r{g (phase currenr) e} a}q, el!r
E,: lE E, z =
tto"
.Jet ,tt .l ilia4l -.-:'-i- d#5 {t d# (line current) 4 alE
=_=, C'J d *+ c'11 dl
r. +l,!.ol 30'++ .+dEl. rll, 4 dd+71 el+ dtrql :1rll-q -92]+7171
,ql#ql tld+el dd+-:- arl.
f.!;. er I n-o LL
^
Z,!
(rr _47) tNel ToJq _1e rr-33 (a)el aol d+"lq
J
^l EIEIE=- "J=I, z+ i.Jel 1l+d A, B, C= F!
5.4 Y€!€ i+ rlE.I^J *C"J
61 100 tvleltr da d*e H Nl z|,4 ',ol 4.d€ 4.d r'-= EEI A d (delta con
oJTl'l
eltr ;Jtl.
^
necljon) ol
Eol Y €dql^l dt C"Je +d9l olel +ol, aa.dd_E 61tr d+l 4199 qezl
el /3 !l olqe d,J C"Jg
Er:lE x 100
=173 tvl 4ElE= +€611 9l9Ll, r.+4+4:0olF-r-
+EJ C+= 6=zl g=rl.
!r, 4 t}el dg 4, i,, &: _lrilF- 4 d/Jql
Ll4+rll 9rl. ulalrl,
E*:8", E,,: Eo, 8,": E, (n -48)
Yg
q4. zl dA C.Je zl CC$r+ erl ,^d
=,
d+ql gldl^J_:- 4 'Jzl A, B, C_E5-EI eli- (a) .J El ?d
C-eql -"_-=_E 4 +ld+ i", i,, i,+ zl 1}C+(f
"Jql sq-:- d+) 1,, i,, i. el'el ^lolql:- Ei+
rl' Ae +7171 9.ltl.
I": I*- L" \
.l
r, - r^ t" | (x -49)
f
-l _f I
-f
tr-,
^
a.del 4
T1+= ElEl :189-e +El.lltr (b).dr. EEI rB
leJ rr-33 (b)el +ol 5lr, dd+ 1" el ala+ 1, ra; ll -33
4 -L/l€ 44 r", r."4;IE, ol F <lr ^l"l"ll= ^3t
Et+g rJZlTl g.lEl
1":2x1,acos30"
ta
:Z"I"t t'i:JZt"olel ril bor
$^Jta++l a
a E!9 Cd+sl SEF
ddrl=-= ,, *d:i= i,e1 all, a
rf. vEd il+ e .,l o- e E^l;lE,
:L+ rr-33 (a)9 a?d4l^J 1+g 4l7l6lq h:,[! i" t -30"
<-, Cd+: *d+el
r.B II-34e} U ol AdilqE d+ d.J Eô, E*, 9l dol 30" "J+ +l.lE]..
'Trllql,
E"^= lB rr-35e+ ?ol ag 3+ il
+ dg"l grl.
âdrl
olrl6J eCg v edol4 4q, dA d.J ,'-=
q+4 Aol 5J+.
8"":(-8"\+(-8,) (ri-b1)
;qr
r\
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i :r€ r lel =g '3rl 'rrl^lel
q Ll4Ll= J+ d.J-q +dol +("J).ll^l - l":: +q.tq, reJ rrr 2eI ?ot
srj
J. EEI;'trl= f,dql +eJ s,ql d+Elq j + ,r ,-+. "".;"1 ;i f: rsn'di ,t

I
(+) eJ i
Err-- dl.etr-- 5t:loJlli

flB grl ^l b .9: 3"J B s,E, tr rl rl b,-E- 3tl f-E]'NE )
eJ s'9-i *4+8, !-q^l b,ql= dlC' +(oJ') :i
lel "l + tU* ** t t,,,"

olel Aol, u fl-rl bL, b,=- + (o.t) , - (-3-)+^J
q.q #71= F49 9q;]9 49d(switching)ol
r+ 61j1, iel a zl+g d+zl€- F"-6N^l 7.l-F4!_
J- ol+qzl2l elq.
ol=- 9l6i
^J
lcJ rrr-5el zJol rlE e€EJ 2 7l]
gITlel 7lE +4
el ?+S c,, c,5 3l dzl-91 € il;l--a, qzlql i .tg rfl-5
^l+
"J9r d*^,l4 +41 sld6l,E+ "J= cl+, q7l.tl
7lAl4 9-r.,i'-C ^l Z lrrl ^l= d+^l A+. 1
flr
_1/lE rd€
rrzl^l= idJql frTlrl= 7l dq R)
I +Col BElg "tl, 6J+q ?+!,Jql d+Elq

?lrl7l d +zlel 6l dql el .ll^J zl*.4 gtr BJql €
ra n-6 r{+ 7l{lq
I #+€s_E d+"1 s,-4, rr4^l olEJql:- _r
{ rrr 6i+ eol ;},L} +(*) --€el .l+ rl",iol
L+ElL+41 rJLl.
ol r:,, r:,e] Sg EJ+l -E""Iel 3 +^lTl
'-4T19
(conmurator segmenr) ol4 6lr. ?.1+zl'E ol € il
FJ el dzl= € f (cornmutator) el +4.
le rrr-7 E+^frJrf ?"J Hlol 47l]9 "l
gC6J 4+ d"Jg del +e+ C+
z+9 Ttrq "l
',il
zll4el +7f 44 2 r11o1".1,. ".J
Erl€: ol :l1lEJ. ioJ
S rcT gt rr-1 d-ql 'i. el 4+zl€91 j.5-,1 7le SelE 1.J rl

TIF HJ-d 7rl +dl El+el €Jlj./l ec 6q=L+.
^lF "Jll7lel ol Il ;J rE ++ 9l ol 71 ;'ll _i. g, el +el, ?j .F
', http://${ \..sbc pe.kr/jnileri.htrr
9-l
^l
if{lel += + +/l'^171tr, d,=rEJ doJe _IeJ
L-l
.r :r.:l.l t.r |.l al ,,.
-_r'Fl - J;"1 | J I l-r !
III 7 (a)e+ gol ./lel 4l d ,BoJ:ol EJr+.
,.1 ,. ...o1 t6J. ,,'\_ .l
+ '.l117lel ,:+el Erl. u,l+ {l7l '.,,1
.,
2^4F "JCTlel +4
oI^l: !/1 .(lot ; -t. ,.r ii rJ-d.:}ol
9i!;I dl i?l !o,r9r,l rl.! EloJ;ll Pldzl-l ?lzJ, dzlzl. 4+zl, jLJl^l q
61.'r
TlEl ++ d alq dl+q zl 9.lr+. q /l /l i.tcf
^1, {l
d+zl :- el 'J+"ll Eol 9l-1. e1 3qg Hll q'J!t
g zl zl!.lrl. iltlqeJ+ l:sq1 4 i,; E 4loleJol
1.1 rl 3 Ll 5,rl tsll c'l roj ol ,^l+rlI. Bel A+= 1r L-ll
=el
Dll q { ol
zf
^}++lr}.
,sl ?J d
71.4l^l
lcJ III 8i+ +ol, Zlzl (field magnet) i, llzf r-1
rg m B /llrfel +d
d (field winding), 4lzl :tl (ficld corc), zll
(nragnet pole) 3(field yoke)F- :rr€tlq 9l
'l 41
_o-14, _rg r -9:, d ?,lJ 2lzl -ql -EoJ,olrl .
4lzl 4,il :_ 4l,+ .+r t1 o- +, zf-rg E!_.i_ tsrE

olul. zll_ol # ++:1. zl=rdol rl -4n, q,jloll
el;N 4l i{f /.1++ +I/l /.l"ll !4 B-i._^l ?
=L+.
?d!-- ,llzl Adql 4zl 4 9leq, ol 3
al.zl
nlql 1lii7l' _6_:.H zl'+ol Blc;la. d+-"-l l7l
.,ll4.+ -FJ +el d olLl rJ zl ,aal c3 ^l.s,il.trl .
ral nr-g /llrlel drl 9s

7ll./.lel CTlzl Bll jltr ol ++ol4 614,
^l -q
++.1 f,€.i.+ zlzl ?d_9 zlzJ.{ol 5}o}z.lr} 'J 7u
_t rl Ll :L raol L,]+ +-o_ Hl 5-^J dl Ll-ul- zl 11, 7l /ll
3 os -1*ol Czlzl dzl "l t,.ll "JElzlgtr i

e7l.ll^l= 3 [nrn]. rN€/lql
^l= 6-8 [mm] d.u_ jr.
+rl.
Lf. d7l^f
rg Ilr-10 lTlrl
I fl III 10!l zi ol , 1l zl..r.f (zrmaru'e) -! d zl zl-

d C (arrrurl,ule rrxe) , dzl zl 3 tl (arnrature r:oil)9 ! 4l a++ r:: r
r'. 7- c 5l ol ?]r+. 3t(lron loss) 0laJ ?
dzlzl .ed3 1eJ 11r 8el dC ++r+ e.l 1. e+P. 'JE:dl i=,riir+ ;l lEllrl^l
t:f o_e ll iJcl.
7ll.4l_o-l 1f=i, zf=i"J, *a(air Cap), zl a tsrl 6J
2. "J5ol d+++ :3!"I "_rrJ "J
4l zlTl 49= 1l}=rl. ?, +l el 4l-Bel .a,.r= A =dl
iiiql el6l] EdEltrl ?.tl€
+g 4rll ;l7l 9l;l'q -,--41 0.35-0.5 [mm] el lll: 'il+;lE,Jrr^lt + !.IEl.
3. .l4Ellel^14+e 3el 6ll:rllel^l
,J+!-. C+6lq uJ=rl. ': d Jo'l _ol.{ r'8\)q T i r1.r
dzlzl 3C3 El dzl-ql ,!j + a+l ^lolel -a g rl+;fq i i^laEl.
(slor) 4l zl 9l LJ.t ,-7gtl 7Eol
'J+El= i"J
EJg C+zl $ql 'J€+ aolq
r rl^l
.7gel +-Fql= 271^lzl 9l-ql, ie/l e-l a-?
ql:- Hlsl +4 F= +4 d-=q qrl d
'Jo} i"J g,riel r-}.
Hlel F- ill ;l"lzlg +ql 5i-r+.
tl
rI€7lel e+"ll= ullu] -E,(ta;en sk)r)ql €7} +

zltlel '!€t'l(formed r,r'ourd coil)9 rl€-drJ.
(b)
trl. d+4 :rg u-11 6l0L ololTfel ttla

4+zlEg rdgol *3 ?"J59' ^l+61q,
d +r(teJ ^lol _o,l €g7l_r:- rllolTl (nica) 71 4oJ
rl
Stzl (collurutaror) i- ;J* lj q ^leI "l+61,tr
^l rlrl6l=ql, ElolTl= € +rl{]!-r} EtFl.1!- E_
d+zlrJol iJ 7.1 Elg6lci 1e,l rrr 11 (a)s] pol
EfolTlTf d+/l",1Hri +ottl *r]]= Elol ElolTl :]eJ nr-12 ;[0] nlolTfEJ E+^lEg g
(high rr[t:a) 4 tJ;l^le+el d+ol L]!D]uln c]16t01 +al 6E llTlxl
"]q.
B*ol gq+= g.Jol gEl.
F rcr gt ilr-2 a€: B'^16lT1 9l6loJ re m-11 (b)el eol

ol
r'lol7l= d+zl€HEi *41 {LJa (undercut)6l-q
dFrtEE +el !+d
,F ^l+-+tl. -13
il-12= d4l9 dFzi€!; f4
http : //iinyargmotor'.co.kr
-9-q g -.t] t Folq g+i: +oJ E+olq.

+.1
{el !r" - cr ,+g: g-oJ;rz JLj
;+ 7ll A El all 84. af. H el^l
9el;.1 15.urn,= C+rlgql d+61.1 dTlzl d
ltr+ E+ El_s€- €e^l +-:- agE, 4 d+ 7l
laJ-ol 4EJ-;-ljl El}r-€ol 4_o_q, A+zlrJ€. +tl
( al ?61 Ll, ?l!l zl o E E=6 ol 6JLr.
"l
!-al^lel +.'iL= -.1:€/lql ^l+61'= doJ +il
44 2l
9rl ^1, g E] 4+ Tlzlq € 7l .d 7l :E
^l+d}=
€ !r- EJ
^l , r11 d.,=- zl ll .l rl*o-li #+ + "J lr
/]^lzl 9lrl.
rrq^l ",1 ++ 6r-iel +e:- lg rrr-13r1 A
qq, gel^l= -F+41 5-ql r-+q /-'cJotr C+
T,lrJql 4EJ6J .J4e_E d+-^lAq.
,sq^lel u|-BE BaJrl sladel q4 +89,"
ral n-13 !.31^le+ ++ eil
*rl 5 [nm] Crzl^] ,l19 7]+a]E].
(2) zl + gd zl9 olE

El ce r++ rrr,r n F5 7l3q
(nt-1), ([r-2) 7lE €g
^l Bdzl el 471^ltl Fl ddJ ,41 1 7l] el F- i,ll
4#
p: 7l= + q +zlq= ,?_-- z1 34-o- e lvl al ;}tr, eY C
d: I +'J +{ 7}+ o\'bl
o: F +! ^lolel B€ ilE i zl +E E 4.I elBll r}.g-el 4l (rrr-1)rrl eol Al
Z '. 47)^l ti4lsl + + +l5Jq.
?": d7lzlg dJ,l=.
I : !zlr| lrllel
6 , 2nrt
+c eol Zttr. I " 60
zr: 4lli lrpml
fr
. F)l )l)l
:p6fttv) (m-1)
arlzlel zl €
7ld4 t= ^l (ilr-2) el ?r+.
(a) +*{
o - oon.fi;rul ( flr -2)
U d7l^t ddE
dzlzl dC9- dzlzl9l ,J7J 717-+e) ig.ll +
E+l Tlcqol ^le +dl zlEe_- d +'.-tq -eel ^l (b).-.*il
"J+ql '14'+F-+ Ft+. rc r-14 gafl4 ran
-fts III-14e+ Aol, €CEql:- Sc-{B(dne
winding)4 nCflH (drum winding) ol 9.l9tl. €
zlli ?-del x.troilt A= I*ABol ^l€-qq,
.attgBe +^l noJel €g C+zl€ql d+dl=
EJEqI q+ _18 ilt 15el Aol ??(lap wind-
ing) r+ tl? (wave u'inding) 9-ji- :*BEJ+.
?{-3 -1ts (a)4 4ol "l€ =g+ C'=r/1tJ
Elg gE a+zltJgE Eoljo-E+ SIABJ ,i oJ
ql, 4+9l sd- Eolog _z"Jol d4 471str +

3.14 6lq, rl?e rH (b)e[ pol r]E E*o
L ga6I 4ztr-,q rlS0lel ;JEt.
dzlx| 33q 'Bg EIE +-:- +?ql^l= 7l+ (b) 4?l
el +el an +ae 6Jtl 2 TrdolE}. _-1rltrE +{
rg u-15 eSal rlu
e qld+€ "Jdzl9 €cBql, rl?€- rd'+€
Edzl9 fldBql ol+El+.
-7"J,9 +"il .-J= *Eql Elel ++;lE, e+?l
4 2 +Aol gLq. 'J+A (single layer winding) I (a) ++3
_19 ilr - 16 (o)sl *ol 1 /19 J'a tql 1 zi el ?g
HC ddlB9-- {CBolq, 26il(double laver
windine) €-:1e III-16 (b)q aol 17119 + tql

2llel i"J H€- d4^J llqg= 'JBqq. 4+ (b) bl+3
zlql^l: _H-ts 2+tlg ;ll+6ln 9q. rfl l-16 eJaflal olSZ
E d7l^l HJ+g
zl+ i-;+/l e4 dTlzl adql rl+

+1.l.7lql
zl eeE, Czl4 {l'Fql eldll !lCFl:' zlz}qol
? uf-,r91 oJ d.lg +ol + zl+el zl+ +-sel r
(a) 4,1 1r+ql el!r al+
zl=- Hrl^l7l= FlAl9 T1lizl Hlzl$ (zrrrnzrr.ure
reaction) olel 6Jtl .
7 L .lr{ Tl
^t.4.
1e; I 17 (a) L ?lzl d+q
zl4,tl:; -"1"J
ji^l6J a o q, [z]l n. b e:l 9l "llnl= z]+g #
"l
zl 9+9!-tr /l delg- 0olr4 a, b5- ",1= .tl:' +
(b) al7 7l ir+ql !ll,L rl+ .6Jrl.
c d (ncutr'al line) ol cl
lrJ nl -F dzlzl d+q el;J zl+ E
17 (b)
_*"Jeq ,'leJ /rloE^1, +el /llal 1l+ql ql-l ol

,-'l /_l dJ6J_o_
!r- B4q6lEE Izl zlzltj (cross
magncldrr)l,ive force) ol/l alr'l
+1I/iql 5-;+/l ,jelr$ + zl-+.el 4+ +.o,=
ldJ rrr 17 (c)e+ gol Heq=ql, olrJ6J €*=1
i.,l Zl +€, (field disrorrion) olrl 6JEl. ol Ell, 1l7l
z.r oE 6d-,", r!= d+ lH rrr-12 (a)ql g^l g
/l;+El 4 +c d a b-e+r] 1ej (c)el a'-b'_+- *

4"1=Ell, ol /.,13 Tlzl 4 +€dol4 .l_1, +61 C
iiTl +zluJql ,! 4 olF 7lE7l
=716.lrl.
(a) trl /t1q Ll. ,J^f 4fg

C7l ':r +dt-o-i ll-rl^l=- ol-E^l7lE ol .il -o.
7l -. o _a dTlzl d+el HJ-6Jtol 3l ?,i Hlrl].,l 5l
q, Tlll/l t!4*9 rcJ n 18 (a), (b)e+ +ol
+ 7l^lE Ll-r--q zl6J + 9.1r+. ^d
_1+] {a)ql.! 2a4 qlgl l;ll= 6 E= Tl+ql

(b) .iiil ,l/l!l el+ Tlzlrl 9- + zl.<l4el EJLN o.I e s zl+d} BJ
ral lll lB Arlll^l 7

^fq
€ i zI49 EFI^lzl +E 7l Cqg ,Ji^l7lr'],
olag a7l zlzl4 (demagnetomol.ivt' force) olef
6Jrt. IL, leJ (b) "ll^l el Aol Ll-ul zl E4lel d+
ql el ,-J /l 7l il -,o, + 7l zl'J .'ll ql al i.il zl+€'
.
".-!rf
rl 712t rU*H
d 7l zl +.1€-9- tJ$. zJzI zl$. -=dlJ .li el

zl- i.l
olts r;-fr'JC^l7lq, olSg 5-;-lel H*.ql r4il rg 1s ."+
Ci+61 zl qtql +;1ql "+71 trrl^l=' dzl 4 ?

dd_o-q gzl zl -0*98 g*ol oJol+il *rlzl"ll
Lly- oJ6:tg +41 gr-l.
{al .r15 ol5^l7l zl -e+I d711t 1l+oll el6J
7l zl e 3- *:,'l 71 7l €l dll *l -B -z ol u]. -{,* A d
g C ^16l= EJ-'X ol ^l+€tl.=
^l
lll (intcrpole) I -le III 19e+ Eol lzlzJ { rC [r 20 .EA Z^]

.del .<lej4 dJrll l*.,Jel 7lzl4g !!do1--5
/1
+ 7l+ e) ol ,fl C ul ;-l= ,l dl tf .

^l
B+ Ad (compensatiru windiru) I -le III 20
.+ eol al-+tJ q1 dzlxl F-4lel tJ 6J dlTll Ed 9- )+
_rL olTlql tlcg- +o|^l {zlxl {11! 4He 4
+6JrI. ol 4*, dzlzl rl+el B"J 3d.ll ; e
:' d,"=--: ^l -+ FlrllTl llq dTlzl'el zlzt4g- t
r-llsJrl
!I EF AIA J-iS-- L
! fizlr3 o1 +^d C ql ol
= E, tr El
^l
oll el ;'lq
+qilq i.J4l gqi- d-=r el *dlol Hl+l=tll,
ol 4=o d i (commutation) /f 6lI, +elEJ
^lrJg
4+ ^l tol4 6Jrl
I r-J ul-21 (a) qlrJE B/]^l7l c+zltJ eql
"J d+qq 9l7l oll+.ll _ioJ Cql:- E+_o--a+ reJ [r-2i 6+ ^lE
El C+ 1zJ- ; d6l4 reJ (u)el
371/t7l sl
=ri. 6
*ol I E, Coll ='J d+ Iel "J+= eJ+
"oJ-
el C i=rzf € 09 F;;ll H rl ^l_q 6 E tr, LlEl ;<l
f.i9o,l d+ i,g ioJ= 44 4+ziTl Og ts6]] !r-71^l
:H tElql^l= i.J cql ta4eE d+

(c)pl
7l _s_-rxl g+_jt, (d)E tEiTl rltr, _"."J cql=
d+E HJ6J.] tsl+lq 9_=+ql,<J elggE zzzl
;e4, le (e)9 dql4l^JE _7oJ- Cql _.o-c+ql
\.s.i--L ^l E+ge r7l F€el Lqg 5--lq +=€El.
EI +A!I EE
7l gdTlel +A
grl7l= oJ49_+ zl2lzJ 9l uJ zl=- *ol
E- d714 qlLjzlg 'li H.ll= 1l/l /lAlolt+.
=qs
tct ol u-l oJ 4 o I qr9 oll Ll _ol r,'=.+ +;l otl
"l
q,.]tr HEJ6lzl *alr' .J+= +ali idl€rl.
olell-J +€oll-:- +4llel 46Jql el.ll giJ 6l-=
14€ (copper loss), 3C oJql^l zl+ol Et+ IIl
48zl5 3€(iron loss), zl 2l€ (mechanical loss)
e E+ +61+ (stray load loss) Fol 9.1.
rl-.
-_?e rn rr
^l-e ^l-Q
Lf glTlel EE
.Jq =d.ll^l qL CET} frn44 4 _o-ts_
= ^l
+rl=zl= LfElql= a9__8, d+ ag,+ iFai A
gol 9lqq, -BF q+rtt%ls'lEl'$r+.
r-l
3+ da:-/100
= [%] (nr -3)
!p'J+ +rit Irr z nq} n&:
.i eJ
(III
g= 6ErI frE EE =#
E ::j _ _: a ^
100 t%l 4)
d + g€ .l (lll -3) rl'

(nreasured efficiency) -,o:
"JCzl-.1 {+ql= d+ dgJ} +E e"l
agol .J o +, €= n+ol ^lg slul =?i4 "J4g d+alq ?lt6lq, +"+ E€
(convcnl,ional efficiency) -,9 .l (n
9irr TE dgol ^l+El= ol+71 Y -4) el + ol =
{oJat rJ.,}ill !.,}. q-.9 d+;+-1 .Jeg ifdg
',J'Xql el6l.l +!=
€ +dql d+6J ;J;J- dlg,c ;+q zlt€
=qg
Egg^], oJ-EJ4 o s t*ol
^l+€El.
IA dgt g5E
7I. dg HJEE I rrr-t
f.i3 rt
d9] EFE (voltage regulation) $ *C 7l= X 5g ggg({ tr_5)
4 *,E-(raterl speed), 44 A'J 4 €4 =Egg- €81 €4 d.J.l t\rtoJ "Jt7t=-
200
ed6lq/l I trlqlql^l +41".1 ++6lE da6ls. 3tzl <!! e 9-3;fEl7l ++al :f
o
g u.ll. qL 1l 9l "l +r dl= ul g g "J flEi.
..r 4ls slLl +^l d.Jq 220 t\rl7l I
?lEi. CoJ Es'dEe I uloJTt ?
\/ \/
Ll. dg BJEEq
Zlt^l €ot r1* EEE:ff l00 t%l
22tr
d4 dSC Y", ++61 dgC %+ !+ "ll, Tl
200
200 .. .
^^
.J H€:ES .l (ilt-5)el- prf. :10 [%]
. v-v
jt oJ H *'E x l00 [%] { ril -b)
v"
(3) 4+ gd7l9 ++ q 5d
gdTl-:- dzlzl tsd4 2lzl 3C!+9 d
zl-=.i
+ ,,lBql 44 qal ElBol 'f+7'lr, 471 rf=

54c e-c- i 9l+. 'l=9 ';-+el =d-3- "Jol
]Jzle 461.
Il q^t EJ^loil El= =F rg rr -22 rl^1 gITl
zf xf! EJdu l(nagneto generator)
€7 zl49 Zlzls ^l+6J

_te; rrr-zzel ?.1
ase, zlar'l +oltr Ag+ € =+6t t-tr el
i€ gdTls ^l+€tl.
Ll,
l3
qq4 oJlTl (separatelv excited generator)
Iil-23 (o)4 2ol zl4lel Bd dg4= B,

3@_ (a) 4.i4 +d?l
-E-r q= =l+ dtls,e+E] d4 il+t +aBJ ral nr-23 rl+ "JITlel
=F
o| !l z| z[$$ g^8 7l ]-- +t olE].
^l
tf. 40JIl oJdT
| (self -excrted generator)
Bdzl zlC.l BC'J 21d49 .J+€ Zlzl d
+s BLIq zl+g +E= z;t9_e, Ulgg o1 g
dzlol4, Zlzl Adrl dzlz| g5E d+ %I.lql
trl-4 ++rl aol ++€lE}.
(b) 4? *dzl
D Sdel E+ 8JEloil gEl
=F
zf. zl3 Sdu l(series ulcund genaator)
:rg IIr-23 (b)s+ ?o] 4lz] ?d r'"e] dTlz]
A7I 4l €,e d+€ a"1+.
Lf. Efl 'Jdzl (shunt-\ /ound generator)

(c) Ed *C ?l
+ol 4zl ad
_r.B ilr-23 (c)el ,q'el dTlzl A
7f €€=- d+9 a"l+.
+d glT l (conpound-uound generator)

tr|.
e? 4l^l €.d .Fel 4? 2lzl €.C r"= -B+

Tlrln 9lqq, lB rrr-23 (d)e+ +"1 F 2lzl fl
{d) 7r5 +? dd 4 dq 94 +=q-zl= Tlzlqel EJ6Jtol FoJsJ 7l
F (comulative) +fl4 rg u-n (e), (t)e| {ol
Bdlol Elrli'J ulF (differential) +?ol 91.+.
It, Zlzl Sdel d+ *Bql q4']]B?'+ el
sde_e e+qq, "JHl4g,e _13 nr-23 (d), (e)
sl Ag ql$?"] gol
^l+€El.
(e) ,15 +? EJd ?l
EI E€rI gE
4+ Edzlq= ++q Ag 5d +dol 9lq
q, ol al6J +Cql 4+ *szl z34g*
++61 5C +dg .JC'J Eld+ 6lql^J gd
Tlel +617I ++61.J q, 2lzl dFq rixl d.J
rlel +Zl= Ll4d +ddlEl
(f) E+rl $ 3Jd7l _t4 n-%,= .JH}4"J ++61 5c +del el
tal r-a ^lF
gtTlE -E^j, Zj4 A+el 67tql rlal dzl d.Jol tl+
=+
n. E)l)Dl
d;-6lzl 9+= zl5l g zlTl s5l-51 9l7l 5-ol El rEl
5;+ 5€ +,Je- slrl+el rlTlrf {l+= 9l€

61711 6lr, 2lzl d+e+ c4 d.J:,Ipl +21=- LI ;1
dJ
L:lLil:' +d"lq, q+ 5€ +d(-re rrr-25)g
sl c+e+ zl zl d+= .Jx6lzl 6ln, +61 d+e+
EJzl d oJq,_ql +Zl=- Ll r.lr-l] :- +C olLl.
4t,t C+
7l Efolrf gcTlel 3E
elol:l- pllzli
=d4
-1r; re nr-24 5+;l :r1c
III z5el ellr 5d -9il =d
o q+tl .J + 9.li-ol 3o; z];l-21- zJ,a, ?lzl d
*9 +ltlzl- +'1*4 *,41 9lol =C6J + 9.ltl.

zl+ d+zlel +E ,llol5' 9l+ +l: z,llqE
(\l'ard-Leonard) d"J 3lq $tel t'x|$- 1lflol
Ll
^lC+ zg
gdzl dg, F7l gdTlel qzl
lr
7l ts_o-i ol+gr+, TJ
Ll. 4d gl7l9 EE
.l "J :l ,,1= ,rl=5rf
4 I =.r'l -- ?61 sl+ol sE -Z +6t 3+
eJ [r -25q]^l e] +ol +;l !s-=q f;z[n] { rlz} rg ni-25 el+ 5d +d
d",l_-- tr'+'dJrl. lc]Ll +61 d+71 q: H9l5
'; qE zlzl -ss+51 dl, € zl d+zl --.7lal E +E
?ld 4-,1- trz|;-l,zl $;r|.
IE, CTlzl Hlzt+olLl Els-q /,l6Jq rl i1 d"J
,J;+= d+ql Hl4l6lol € dJ€, zl il!-F- EJzl 1l
*g 9;l 4 ?:j:;JEl ol rl;J =iC 'ql+ql ol uJ
d7l= ot=l Sd (arc welding) Bdzl, d* +"J B "J+ +rt ttt s
zl (voltage booster) E o ,E-

^l+€tl. t]+el "Jd7l
C'rlql^l= al+ EJd7l= ^l+;l,l
tr|. E3 gdTlE q54 gE _eln 5r/l gc,/].=,
^l++4. el 5rll
ol gd7l9 +Ce d+61 +=zl^l-:- 4qzl ,! C 7t=. (l +61 71 ?
.rel_n .trrl"ll €i.l5lq:l= EJdTl
Edzlpl dl+6l-.+, 4+;l7l rlE dg zlalzl i el .i.i. He; 9rl.+ 9,4 ?
4 ;,.l .J q 'l al 5l dl , ol a !-- +61 d +71, i+ql all
=
zl E 7ll 7t 1l +71 4 J:.6J71 'rl E ol rl.
++dl aol "J4a p=-'Jzl 9E
:reJ u-25q1^Jel
1
q+?
I
{
,
+6l d+= +7l4qn dlE *zl7l c.J.l €9
5!
R,
++ +3
4 s6l4 +61 d+zl +i+4.
$* *? ol gtl/l= +l*;l H9lzlxli dE Hts€.]
4!-a ol-
B9l olqlel d"Jg_eE azjol zli.;1,
r, ( ?4)*
q, d7l El-l€- dtl, dzl el +d€-, nr-+ gd/l
:]e rrr-26 +? "JX7l9 st+ F.! +C el qzl+gtr ol€-5Jrl
:L -Ea=l Hf-tr1-?lol E InL -aE
Il Ee 6Ji ill 2
ol gdzl-:- 4atl €d-q 5C.l €-il5lq 9.1
gdTl(ra A.o--q, 7lF +fl gdTlq ilts +? 'JC7l

=3
trr_26) =
I l-?7 r.vpr ,uml](, Ll, : , ll ' i I
llel 717leg 49llHr,l .1zll ;lc! 715 +fl gdTl= zlil 4l4el eil zlzl
r+^l
'Jzf il"Jp-.j ts"J a.lll el ^.Irll zJt .!l zl4l ul 4 rj+a, ,'l+4, ++ +
2. i4 53 (under corlrpoulrd) : rl il ll
,l ?111e1 Tlzl'el9 ,,J+]]HEl alTll n Rd/lJ. B+qEl, -1+] rrr 26!l ?.ol ^l a
;lq tsa "J{1719 /1?L?l 4e 5-,1.j+ ,SE= Tl7.lr 9lEI
+? =-x4l
"J+{€- '.1{ zll,<f Stel 3+= id.-}"] Fl
qE+.
3. il€ +3: +? 7ll:rl-q 7l4Eg 1
.r. -1. I i,l .-l o_e ?.:d, or zl Co,l.9: ,lel 946l?l 'tl= +tolq, .JrJz.rg
a o q, +4 3*dl 5.dlel ??lotl -q 4+ dg 4 dzl Tlzlel qzl+ dgg-c 4
lrcl c l,.I ,l , ,', ' -Ll
9lrl. r++3--<r- +6le+ gcTl ^lol7l col ?.J +
>r-61 /r 3:'.d
"r !: Jr,r ^"- J-:?!o

q. +e,l+ !geE ol€.eJr+. dgl-,J61-zl c7l-:- 4+ql 4il-ll-l
- -... - [1.a3..x,6.-6,.t.,1[.,..*., .]te

j
E o14l
E âE olal
ir_r c dJ,+ il+ e,l erl*4el i^f
e
o 4le 94 il-r,!f {}ru oJ 1l7l
// "J,,*
?
f?t;-71 +t ,E 4i6l= 7l?lel er il714 ollLl?l= 7l?l zl qlLl
+e ale E+;l= !71 7l7l
l (3) d E /l/l 3:l d6l tr r:-E6l ..1 ul-e: I. rJ9l: lAl
^J
:- 713 q € lirre of nu,rgrrelic lorce
i0 ilal"I 4!+ :l7lel rlil-Jol
E;f t+ "- ErlBe 167 4q4 +r

=
A+ llill lll-1 | ^t+ +d sdTt.el ++6t€d(sg
17[=, ae.t1u;I': z,rtzJ)
|':-,t^ls
T i
1. 4+ e{
gd/15 ++;} *EIql^J q7l d+=- Edl^14 'ff-F- Tldqq HEIF= --.l
=!61
E^l ++4 5;1J-3- =i4tr ?- ?l E+.
2. +E zl deel dnlq q+el FP6-l -=-C +d€-lel-7,
^fzl s+ A*€- =d6J i- 9.lEi.
3. Zl.4 {d"} d7l^} dtlel d+q 4+ zl'n=-BdTlel *i€ ]-€ala €Bg + ilr+.
1./'l+ +C gdTl (9571 -E6J) 84 2. 4+ Tl9izl (0'150 lvl ) 8 El]
3. 4 + 1]+zl (o -b tAl ) 8 E]] 4. sldzl (0-4000 [rpm.]) 8 rI

b. /14 Ele +^Jql 'J.q'+ "J+ 4lE-
@3-J
1.4+ +d7l9 ++
2. 4F BCzl9 ++61
=€
@
d+ d ald ^lr ql* 4-=- al^l
re rrr -27 ++61=d +E 3c5
r. 1e; 27 + +ol c.J4el {lF2l€ 11 il++.
2. {l7l-= 7lF6}a +lF7l r d ;+q +d /l el el d+5 d 4 +E,E +zl +E}.
B]
=
3. "JdTlel zl^l Ele€- €_7 4:09 *El]ql^l -3-F 7l Tl49 ;=41 zl*{E}.
=€6lq
4. llzl=< €?6la E,E 4Ell"I^l dd"l ei^la 4+, +41 4 o-4 zl'+ il+ 0,) 5 0.1
[A]4 +7]^171ts^l ,fl^] d+e+ ++6] +4 d "Jg- Eql 7l+;J4.

5. gCTl A4 rl'Jel 125(%)?tl4 c.il €*.1 dzlE 2lzl ditrr= ?l^l
=€="+.a,
? lEtl :r4lel zlzl d+E +E 'l 38, El 3+=- Eql ?l+eri.
6. _Eel #g- ol+6lq 7lF_+€ 214 d+-a, illtr+g +E 7l dqg.q +r lctls= l
++
1. Fr?al rdl i-d4 zlTl -sdl €*ql 416l.l d,B6J + il=71? c

2. Bdzl9 r!+ ^lzlaJ +9oJil deg + 11!--71? (l
3. zl+ *d7lel €+= 5n *tBe:1.149 €qal + 9l:71? C
4A BdTl= +fl *d7l=- d+9 tsl:t + 9l=71 ?
++61 -s6I +C3l7l 9l6lq 4e= +'JnJ + 9l=71?

=4+
(4) 4# d*zl9 g4 9 ol€
E 4F dE7l9 gal
dFTl= d+el zlTl* ,t'tolql^l gi86i= drl
qg .l+6J 4d zl21 .1 Es, dEzl9 Fz]g ol
dl6lelE, d7l elj1el zlzl 9e ^l-olq^J gol+
(a) + 4++ d,l,l ,l+ q ;1.1 Tlzl dxl +E il+g .Jol.l +tr}.
=
r[ ,(l,\{ F iJlol IlE7l Il--?
:rB nr-28 (a)4 ?ol, N+, S+E ,l7l+ oJ

q 9l= 4d E4ql d+71 6=8, .1 Edl= +
d-oE 9l+4 olell49 zl4 "Jrz| ge1z1 eg
*'J
(b) dzl4 el
A,* zlTl+rl Ed ilTl*ol "J=qd4.
rg rn-28 4ld Eille t57l 4iE
"ll, Eilg 9, "lil+q "J=qd a, Eel
ol
zlTle (b)el +ol glls
^lolqle :18 III-28
Bzld a+=q ,J6J eC"ll E6i 4lzl4s E.l
7lq= Cerl-Aol tsqd AdJ zlzlAol E6J ^l
7lt +9E +Zl slzlg^l Eill= olelltr "Jq..ll
C F tNl7l z++;Jrl.
=
"l €g dzlq (electromagnetic force) ol4 af.a,
dzlqql 96lq Eii= .JC-J B6"Io_E olgr'l7l
= 49 A+71 a-== zl.d Eillg d.F7l +sol
?+ 6lq, E,I7l d5zl 4s9 6lE+ 6l= gE
'tl6Jg =el"J9 €l+ Ezlql E6ll acg4.

(b) 39 d+"I 9+ ,tal,
Ll. ?gE d57l
^+E
_fe rrr-29 (a)4 Eol r,l, szli .Jql +.J I
dzl n.JE E4l a, a'oil _:fH (b)el- +ol d+E
s4E,4 Enl= slgE *nJe-E 4+g gC+
E+.
(c) *^J 4+ t,+ c,9 t,.lS :14-a:lg {n)s} rB (b)7} +E= z}+g ^l
reJ n-a ?"J lFTl oJE: Erfqel EJg _tr 8.il4^J rfl (c)4 ?ol €7 z|!el zlzl{
I rull a. a'E f, d d _r- szl f ?+el 471 d dl ql
ir91rJ.
ol Ell, a. Eel r.f rl *ql "l ,Jc5J
_ql 11714 r
1z)zl ,JI
-p' :-. ol rll4 r,. sldl [1]l a, a,
HJ-6J.
ql 4+;l.o-F-, f."Je *6J9e illl+L+.

^lll
o17lol zJ.zlir .Jql^l glol rl d;l-:- dFTl +
+oTq, 7l* ,JrJdJ tlFdTl (rnotorl z| :-3 11.
ol rql. ioJel gl +l *dJ€ ,rl+dtr, [i]loll E
E= 1l+el BJE+ :E_:. zl-7]*el HJ-dJ,g- ULNE ul
f '.1 -J Lt.
l-l -e. -^]-Erlol -Ei(f .91:l

'(
-1a; m-30 e| ujol, 471 d .Jql noJg El
(a)
d6l-E+ gil6l.l]| olAi,,i B 6.1qe zl+ C+ /

LA:l + €-r]tr, -ioJel C57l 4|€--o-i noJg
^l
2l uJ6,J9s !l Tl."]rl.
l?J+ ioJol El d4q ,1H rrr-80 (b) _",1 9l"l
71 51tr, c+ oJdJol _18 (a)el eo H^l rl= +
! el zI+ Eq1 rn:-ol z1l rlr,9_, 5191",1_"_1 ej3 rg
lql 14el tfl (a)e}:- Elrtl ?16*ol El- A,+4
r [N]ol Eill"I +$6]q J_oJg ;l €.el 9l ils
!JF=df o- ll gLJ.
4+=- 7l;lq _"."J9 ^lzl Bdlo-q Al+ Flrl
7l 71 9l6ll^J:- I I,J nr B0 (c) e+ gol Fl d-1-:-
^l
e +zlel r ? FJ E eJ ^l= € zl6lol 7l zl 4 -qtr ^
9a ++C 6lE+ "J=rl !E Y+ 6J6 ilr 3
3+la ++-S- +"J+ql dl'JEl= Eil a-a'. b- 3'Fr;s1 tl31119 ^+ld
^13
^l7l 6di n n'9 6d_o_i N+ql^l "J',1
b'71 .d+ ll.sol4rtr -lul, noJol nl
€ szl+s-q S 3 ,41 ol+qd4. c6lLl4r: \, S+ "Jql a= F.ii:
dJ,J. ?..i dl6J:el d+:,} rrgE=i ;l
.u.q^lel 9lzl= le rrr 30 (d) el Aol i"Jql q 7gg "J,J+ dld"r o r Fld6+11
+7lq= 7l tl4ol 0ol 5l= 471 +C+"ll j1d^l sf r.: zl +olC, zli dt.Tlel ?l.g
eJ.l q r+.
z+.
fi3 et I n-z
n ^lF 3E7lel
0l=
7|.. qTllal (counter dectronDtive force)
ETldq (^l Iil -8)
gx{ EJz} doJol 110 lvl, cTJz} ,l 4Ftltl el rlalE d zlzl--:- Zl+ zl+9 -:+os
,n--zl 50 tAl, CTlzI al6}01 0.2 [O] e HJCTlel Aol zl dqol +7]51=rJl,:r EJdJ-.",
?t 4+ dFTl el .Jildqc? _?_=+ Hzlql elslq +ii
d"+r+ EJrll
Eol E:v L'. R.:110 5rjxo.2 =-ri"Jel
: 100 t\! ll-dlol 5lq dTlzlql !_ir-= {l+el q Eg zJ r4l
AJE}.
ol ,l J49 or. i.l 4olal ;+q. ,l l7l-:- *d

116 n-z Tlel +Ii zl d4tl u|{z}zlq t (rrr-6) 4 Aol
$,Jlr
q+ olE aol ?lLf ? i,'-^l q-.1 ql+-e+ doJ-''l 80-9t) t%l aEolrt.
^lFTloll= 7
1. 4F tEi7 : oli ^ll,36lil 4l E Ddn'* : K'6n(Y) (il -6)
qe --^lrr:'r ; -J"l llor rl 1i v- otrd
olq, /1+, d,l, 415, lrll €il

il, "lrl {l r.= ql I rr. 4qql .la};} It Xl -7ITL Hl^l9
F,+ ,9_dl, rI.+El 1r+7lell, ^f1l
,1, "Jrl Ll il + +-bl +s'o: :'ql E+dJ CTlzl-Hlzl+g tlzlrl- Ci{ -qd *C;1,'-e
61,11
^l€-5JLl. d-E-zlql,^JE gdTlel A+el ?lol ATlzl BJ.l+
!. 4+ 9LI : :r I - ;3 F!. ol "J, q l-JEl.
^']ls
7.d rJ .,1!!+..1 tld +594 F|+
r1. 71 7ll !l .dlE+.
1J ,i]5. 3- 6J d-Fzl -= tl,/lzl C+el tl 6:10l Pf iTlel A+el
ilfr " 'l l! y-lor' d;ror '6
Hlql.a ElTl u]l5-.ll dzl 4 +"JCel olFo-ol *tl
"r _€-5-"l i | -r rj-l= FJt6r I
zlel +r]] L nl 1L HJ6Jel Hlr.t *6J-o- a "l5ldl=
orr""l. -6 r j,1 .u lr.ll "J
ol
^t+ELL].
aR] += +, I oleldll: Btlzlel A+el eut
!E e+ tr|. +E, Ee "! Eal

0f + ilr-4
(r) +E: dTlzt 1'l-=,i= 1" [A), dz].<[ z-1 a39-
dETlel €!!+ €E [A], "Jz] 1l "J-,.r y t\rl z] ;-]pl, d714 c+e]
^]# R,,
d='zle] +dr. *d4el ?ol + q7144 E t\rl :- r++ alt+ Aol 9L+.
3. a+, TlZl+ Fr jr+ rrli+€ 5 ol
. ji€."I i,- ?= E€.4 ++ d . V_E ( nr -7)
'q.
€.1 91.:-rj. ?l dJ,l o e +e+ d€':'
i+ol ol+rJrl t;: t/-I . p (ril -8)
r olf,.t oJ + d7l l
4 oJ zl olqE
4l (rrr 6) ,4 t (rrr 8) ql .el6lq d+/lel +
il.,r, ;i€" -'^l-19i f'
=del/l
+ 9.171 lql€.olrl
6J r N[rpm]g- r+g '-'li+ aol EJtl.
'!:lula
+e+ d+:]!:#.10(r l%l
_60a(V-1" R")
"", - ezT- !E E+ 6+S n-5
(nr-g) 7lE aoJ
::ff1'o^1
ra f p
(III 9)
1.
^l
d : I +€ 7l+ (\r!bl
P:al--+
(r_)E:(9d4). dFzlq -E;i 1zilql zls;], z: 4lltlel 6- 941 +
-:- Eldqg lB ilt-31r1 aol E"lql 4l+61= @: td€ lle +
2. d.F7l9 +5= E]'l d*ql dlrtl
dzlq(.f)4 elSzlel X^lE-(D/z)el +9_t_ + dlri, I +.Jel 4+ol EIll dl+r+.
4.dEl.
:1aJ!-F- dnl 5ld4 7[N.n]E q+ ^lr] +
ol 9q
h.h I
T:.2.r.'iZ:X,dI" tN.ml (trr _10)
d€7lel
rtd *nj.-*
5l d+9-s5-El El dq r:- aTlzl
=, l+BE zl+{'+g=
C+el dl dl6Jrl.
(r) sl d zlzlel P", twl -:- -tr-lel

=q:
zl+Eel +s_q E^l'*+. =4
zl+, 4+E=- ra [radls], d+F=- N [rpm] ol ral m-31 E3(qdq)
=i
al 61tr, 4l (n-10) ss+El p. e-- rl+ 4l
rl Aol EJ ri. =q
rr E+ rJ6 r[-6
-' 2ttN Pd ]a -
60 2tt a'
ZttN
1 (
60 ^l -10) aEJ
r: p,t,=2
z', 'D:al -.1,<l
h 7,lgr
(lll-11)
66a.ZANI":81" twl
-
F=JZ, l=BIl, Â
B =JlL
oJEql 1"€ #;lE Ll,-L4
E6J,
^l (ilr-8) el .. T: (*Y .) I lZ r (l ::\I^
Aol 94 zml o
EI,: V I"- I] R" lw) (ilI - 12) 2. 4l (r -12) €oJ

vt"= 4F7l4l Tliriil= dTlzl 9l
d57lel +dg 1:R" Eql e+4 zlzl+ol 9.1
4. !.'R.i- dl! q dJ+errll 99. i
-oF-e, +dg ,aq+ dFTlel P= q+4 dEl= l*dln, LlEl zl r/"= dF7l6l
aol E^l€q
=q o-q c+9= dqg
^J 7l?14 Fq
+4'dE+.
P:P^-('J++7lZl+) twl (rrr
- 13)
(5) 4# d FzlE ++ "; 5d
E 4F dE7I9 EF
zlF dfzlr gdTlql^Jel aq 4rl Ad4
dzlz| 139 d+ *Bql 4el Elqzl d+71
(a) 4qil d+71
(separately excited motor)ei ulqzl dtzl (self
=@ t:+=l H.
excrteO motror, -E
Elqzl TlETl= :18 nt 32 (a)e+ ?ol Al4 €
d4 dzlz1 Adol 471 EIE d+l'il d+€ 74
oll, ,'lqzl d57l= Zlzl €dq dTlzl 3dq
(b) zlil dETl
ae dgql d+9 q"l ?.1s4, Elgrl
+itr
++ t+7t ilq.
4A dETl (series-wound motor)
7|..
l? r-32 (b)e| Pol, 2lzl fld4 dTlil 3
dol agql zl€-" B+qq "Jq
Lf. EE dETl (shunt-wound motor)
(c) ed dETl le nt-32 (.)4 €ol, Blzl ?C4- dzlzl {
dol dgql BBtr d+qq ilq.
trf. +d dETl(compound wound motor)
_.]H rrr-32 aol, ea 2lzl ac+ 4l
(d), (e)el-
3 AlzI ?C=1 "s+ 7l4l 7rolq, 7lF +€rl

ilE +{ol glq.
(d) 7fF +{ a57l (r) zlt -B€ 35zl : rH III 32 (d)e+ eol,
4{ 4lz} adq 9-'}q gdg= 4+q ea al
zl ?dql el6lol g^8El= 4+r+ Ag *d.tol I
"1 ild
zl4.l +aolq.
=7t615--
(r) :IF 9{ dFTl : _1? III-32 (e)e+ Aol,
4? 44 ?dq E6lq g^Jge-- zl+ol BA 2l
zl A.dql g6lq gCq= zl+r+
^lE HlrITl
(e)tlF +tl i!+71 El
rfl III-32 4F dE7 el €F q +4lgE+ 6l= +=o14.
n.8)l)Dl
El 4F dE:|"1 55 p +",i ++
dFTlel €'J6l= ql=, Flzl d.Jg "J 1. ( l_9)
=€g ^l
N:ffiw^t
c;'l4l +zldlr, +6]- diel +41= +
d+el El
E+"J +E 5C (speed charar:teristic) 4 5 ;1 d+ 2. ( t_io)

^l :
el E_rel-ol +21= LlElt E.a Fc (torque 7' 1i, d1" [N.m]
r:haracteristic) ol +E ol+!l q , ql rr}

"l + 5 C aJ
al +Ezl eaFJ4.
71. Elol^l tE7 |
(r) 4s(n) . ,l+@\ ol zlel oj{;}!E, ffl

rrr-33r1 ,J"l r"7l +7};1tr 3c4sE Ed
'J
1:a14, I,tl ol L il old:ql^l= dTlil H]++"I
ej6J ?zl zl+ ull+ql 9;l 4 1t;6Jrl
/"+ : i] d+
(L) -E.r(Z) : --1g il-334 eol, L,ql 1d4
:.aJ rrr-$ Elqrl t57lel +5 "l E3
o s ul fll;|o] +zl;++, I"zl
Qy- tI oltlql^l-:- -q^l r,/\l
arl ++ rqE.ll ?zl dl€-F- zlalEJrl.

(c) $s-: +E=
'JH9l6}:a ^jl"J,;ll]l rci+
+ 9.i= 5^J EtlEql !l€ oJglzl4 f,zJ7l r;-ql
ol+rlq, qlLJ._ oJ^l +E 4lq t^l.el i dF
il
ul L-}l
zl_+- "J4 lroJ4.
Ll, rlfl l57l

(r) f E (n
-34e+ +ol, /l+ol f:F+
) . _rB ilr
+dl d+ 1"-....*
9zl dzlzl= 4el 1,,41 Hltsl tstl6lJ, 4+ol I'-El rg r-34 d.5719 4E I E:
^ld
!]tr 1"zl +/14,E 071 TJel "Jd.'l7ll gqE +
E:- ltrlz'l ,Jl;121 g=-O.
r\E, I"/l
,J:ldl'ol 6ql 7lat4^14 +++ + !E r+ 6J+ ilt-?
E (runaway speed) el *El zl gtl.
Er(?): fg ??* (runaway) 4E
(L)
-34e1 Aol, de+ 1" el *
rrr
1"/l l-.J oql 7lz,9ld9 'iI t5-71
"ll ul eJl6l"] +71.'lL} zl+ol EElq E 7:- 1, ql el +r/l :iBl +of zl= *Ei qr+.
Hl dl alq 7.1 dEl
5.,1, ++;l :- 71 41 4.q +
+Ell ql^l
(tr) +E: tl+ EaTl 4l Fld+:- zli1, El
nll + 9l c + tlEloll q _e-71 eJ +.
=
j+,f 3 4l EZ:- 3lof {l= z.}Fd i}E E+ +!
--!- zlzl !-E , d;1, l7ll .J 5ql oISEJ+.
tr|. Ed d-F7l
: lg III-35e+ +ol, I"7l +7lz;\
(r) +5-(?r)
E +E dclTl gF- 9l= c+E 5€c H"JEI
(L) Er(?') : r.g rr -35e1 a.l, 1.q Hl4l.-l
+4 a+ 1".....* Ll, 1,7l €71617ll +7161tr {zlz} p!z}$ol =.- z}
:19 r-35 EA tEzlel +5 9l Ea slol {f ol +a!l E 51 g;l ;J zl6}6JE}
qd +d
(c) +E: A+E +{ol ,}6}71 EllEoll -6|41 7l
zl, 'ls tsql .lsgEt

(;l€ +{)
E
A(c+E) al. +d dETl
+3 {lF7l= gd/l el 70r+e+ aol e{ dF
zle+ 43 d-F/lel €=,J 5Cg /lxlj1 iltl
LB ril 36oil^J A-:- e3 1lts7lq 714'-9- c
+61t+ 1".....*
fE zlF; +A CFzl, B= +E H+€'l = C
ral ru-36 +3 d57lel +E g Ee 4-= 215 93 dF"-zl, C= zlts +A d'F7lel
-E.r!+ +E 5Cg Ll4{ aol4.
.e..\l -!,\l
ilF ,++l d5zlr,_: d5-.+ql^JE ++61 +4ql

r-tlzl dJ + glzlu.l, {j-;-} 4lql= c
rJ s+ 6J6 nr-8 ^leJ +5=-
4 ?ol 4s-zl gela 9l eol 9lsq, Er 5C
Sd d€719 5,J
=E F_ +zl -e+4.
<rrr , !.? _- ']EiHdl9, :9 'r /__
,i(-l !"- e't-o 9'.lFr. l/r 1'. 1
at;,yg +A d57lzl lloljl ?1 q4, o}alzl,
oJ}]-71, +4 Tlll 4 +;,1
.li,_ rE 3,l dE,l: lar l-3 e
",i=-71 4"Jr+.
Bol 91E]'.
=ql
!F, zlfl de;uli- 7lF^loll trl
=
=,J t i.,l9,._o _r. I 5. (1" - jlf' :-
3. ,H -l,'. !'J i J :rlq l !l
ul llr ,rr,l i,]ilej r+.4 !, e
t-"l 'l-: 3r) ! BoJ gJ_L: :--
(6) 4F d 5zl9 SA
9l E+.
Il zl E (startins)
/lFoleJ Czl *qlql 9.1= dFTl-=- 3-4t "JEl

E 6l= ag "JFl+.
,l+ ftql= q/l d4ol o[v.] olr'-i, gql^J rr) Y+ 6J+ rrr 9
"+++ rl (rrr-7) ql elall ql+.'l = 7lF d+71

==q dFTl= +t^1714+, dg doJg "J^l 4
o tr rl 6l^1 7l +l.J .l I q , ol 4 .+ aJtr'g HJzl
)lE) G"lft€') : 7l+5J Ell 3 71 4 El
=
dl ,l ;lol il5- ,l ,.l .l
2.
Eql 4 ++ 7];J 9 *oJ 6+.! Tlsd d
,"1
= +Li+.
rl ilslrlel 2Htl dl4s 4l+6N
"-= 7l?
El +E rllol += 4 6J7l= Y-ldJrl.
sStql: d4 4lq 7l:jej "JE
zl+ cFTlel *E N[rpm].9- *ql^l q+'d.l ,a 715.4iJg ?I€,gE 4l.,16ll i:
7l+ 71s7l7l
rNs 44 {}ol _*.^l €rl.
r-13- ^l+5JEl
r/-r 12
N:i773 trorn) (nr-r4)
4cl^1, zl + iltszlel +E "ll ol (speed controi)

*Be d [wll], R. t0]. Ytvl :6= q- 6]Ll'=- d
El^l7l F1 r.lr+.
+, tl./f 4lq, dTlzl zl dJ 4lq,
d"J 4ldl F3- c4+ + ";Ei
7f zl^l llol
ol ,19- rl+ El+ol +E€ zll q ;+
(d) el :1/l
=
olrl ,l+(il+ Hl.'rqE q4 d+= Hl
= *^lEly-!,, Elq^l
+E dF7l, 4{ dFzl, Etl d la III-37 zlxf ri qEJ
:l7l Fel a+ql= le rr-3zr+ e.l Zl4 3C
"ll 4r3-!t alzl d+ iC+ zJ6Jg ii"Jdlq q4
d+= 4lq'dJrl-
+. ITlrl rj:d llol

olag d+ +*ol zlH 7l6J7l= :19 III
=
38r+ aol +l zlzlol _F-41 zl BF- s"J6fi1, ol ag
zl+dlq +E=- iC6l= *.loJr], +fl, zl3,
+3 dFTl qqqlF ol+5J i flq.
k;e Hq"rl ea +E= 4lq6J + 9.leLl, rl
;.J6]l.! el g€d ol 7l^J dl a 4l zl ol rl ral u-s lTlrl ^l--J 4lqrJ
rl. doJ dol
fi3++rt u +
dTlzlql +qa-:-'J4 d"Jg Eal'41 4 Ut-=

xl6f g d€ifel +5 rll0l
,llq;+.= BB _o,_+,, i+ rlo]zl d57lql
zl-IX r]+:rl= +,Jol= rll S5l ^l+FJ
^l- r|. zll p,f el oJql7], r+ g /lEll ol El I 4l ol ql g
: d+71-ql ++b q,5 ',lgtf i
];li1 ,3F,lel :.L!- 4l,JJ6171 9l +49_+ L0l:_ ol "JB_s., r+ rrr 39q ge
,'l] C pl +!. r ol \l g ? 9lE- ellrJ E (Ward Leonard) uJr'lol 4 olj1 9ltl.
"l ^1.$6Jrl-
Elolzl zl$ 4# Bdzl cq 3.J Etvl
=el
4l.J-$ EloJ zl C5'7lel dTlzlq d+61-r, 4
=zl
"j 4F Hdzl-",] 4,n'- doJe,l =l/lel '*d.Ig El'
q*l +1l7lel alzl d+ 1/ [A]E ta
rq"t4 sd,1 1* 6Jo Eral dFTl_o,l *,L- N I 4l [rpm]
q;-l: *.l.lq, dts7lel +[e+ u<]
.a}-,o. gH9ldljl
dztl trdB "r ?l:
'r 'f] I ill 'Iql. €El ElTl ol E= ed ol 9lrl
",n!
tl,++qe= dFo 9]61 zl, dF rDl

*il, qi g"l F'.I ++q.a ?.I_s_Li
i=ql= HIEill jr zl oJ ^l ol al:/- El
(thrristor) ql el+ +-\- ,ll q B ol L: al ol-8-q q
zll 9.lE +41 olrl.
Gd=
-- fi;. ot *it lr ;;
zll-E- (brakiru) ol + dgg :l.JdJtt +^l.ll 1'l ts
71114 xllEq d7l^l Tlel clJ r-l-rl, rl d
el
^l7l=,1-,"' EoJrl.
d 7.l r,l
^llE
zl=, ,gal C1l rll54€ +#;-lol +^;
| 'l ^l7l 4E
?rll l.!" 1".". F.tr i
/1 5ilol 6lr '.1 :I- "J- ::- c'] . qlLJzl= tl4"l 4.1 6l=rll, rll+qlel 6-+ql I'l
,lotq, ..1 ot+: +.i g 4l,r
i.lr c'{l 1lllt
q TlAl nl "ll-E-J'} 'Jzl zl 1ll-F9_,r. +B5Jq.
'tr
'gi rtl+ 71214 4lF+ 4l+7lel El-+"j:. ol+..1
^ll:rrI
iJt 6l irl 41ts
,qe 4l+7lel 459 ;.:;'olu]- +'J. 'J+ +rl
i. €rl'J 'll5
j : r' l'ri. d' . 'r o,r. 59 ol€-.,JLl.
=01
* L. Alsd+ -- 'l
.ld ;,1 .r bl
d7l4 *IFe ulp,Nol ol-ul dzl zlql El+g
cEl/l rlli.ll /l4li:loJ 4lFdJdlq r? q
t, I,. "l , I,l .Iq) r ' ,c t3-'
ol+.1 +1J .llLl zl= *il^l7l= *B o-+^l E
elB|J (llt 'l *"61- l ' o_ d : lL 415 (d"vnamic brakjng), Elt 415"' (rcgcncrative
Bolrl. br:rkins), a (plussins) 5ol ?1.=ql tllel 'll
=rl
+g +! dF;zl5- ++;+--'= "Jflql^l qE4
fi'J+ +xt nt-s
T.I-gt+t ot 9.e
+cl +'Jql^l ,l al 4 ,,ll 5 dJ dl L+ r.r
zl3 ',llE B.o dl€..-l-rl dJ= .d ilLl

,'l7l= o}= qc :irf6ll ltrrl.
el ?E^ll
1. 4.'? gdTlql^l 4+ 7ldqol "JdE-b 7l+ €4E Fr9oJzl?
e. zl+ "JdTlel 3Eil +.q +c +€.4 4zlel qgq +qoJ,l +*614 €B.i c4.
3. 4+ *d7lE qrl *4"11 4al E+6lH ol€ ++71 9,1=71?
4. 4+7lql^l EJd9i: dzlzl Hlzl+ol+ +solq, a+ 44.11-b qB ?ol 9l:71?
5. 4+ AE7l9 F4 g4= +8617il €Bdi Brl.
6. 3l+ d+71"I^J g^89+- qrldqol +qoJ,] ,J+6141 €gol JLzf.
7. 4+ dFTl= 7tl^l €tr+ d714 fldg d+B"il El4 +iE qE ++71 "^lz7l?
s. 4+ d571el +E" 4lolB 37l.zl= 5r, 449 ,J+614 €'Bdl Bzl.
S {or o++ r-z

d7l trEg
=F
d7l 7l7lel At, /lElel jrd jeel ?9l.". 1,t11 ,ldEql 4al^l L+€-tl pol +++!lr. 1+t3.'ll
nlelri elr ++ +l'-71 adl4 t.lEl(KS Cl 40|}1).
6]+-11l gI, !E.J TlEql *r"l fi:. d
1. Y= Ee1 : +8, d, +ol F-eJ
"IEE +€Eljl. dlq^l=
e (3-a 6l+ eL 90 tlll)
2. 46 EE: +..1. 11, +q =d_.1 "utrs +.J91, dlrl ^1.=- d-+ ?F^l7l4Ll tl^l 7l+41 ld dc
(4 1 6l+ *t 105 [1]l)
3. E= Ets: gtr :E: beqel rd o-+ ts3 6,].4 +^l Elll^l Fql .J.3. A=.^liJ 391 (j]t 6l+ ,a-E
120 ttl )
4. B=EoJ: ElolTf, +A !+ rE:,olsl +^l+ Ji,l,J ;l]r.+ dzl ,lEql elall e++ d€(jiltr ;lS
gE 130 lltl )
5. F5 EE : EldlTl, +il .tl*, 4lE F;-.1 E-=. !4€-, i4 tsel ll + ,l eql el6l 4 ++ d
'ri
sl(nn 4+ gE 155 t'Cl)
6. H5 EE IrlolTl. al C+ itts qel +^l6J +7le 4E€- +:i: ,i'.?.1
: 19- +-E- "l*el 4l 3€.
/l= 4lE'5i el-ll d++ C€(j]n 4+ gE 180 llll)
7. C= Eg: rJ ElolTl, .lE. 7l7l E-:. ole]. +^l+ I€.6l] dqb 4l9"ll elt lE (ilr 6l€- eE
180 ['c] jarl)
g* 4fi1 III-2 | l+ Efl d€7tsl4s x.t1o115g 17tt4, a.e.
^t?ji
2^t7J)
1. 4+ d*/lel +E illqBg ++HE ol6ll;Lt ++6J + ql L+

2. 4+ t-? C+izlg ,cl4 4ldlB4 dzlz| x1;3- 4lqHe-tr. +E zllolS 6J + ?]4.
1. 4+ ed d+/l d Lfl
2. /lE z];]71 (1.1+ +rJ 20 [A] ol"J) 8 zil

3. 4+ d.Jzl (0- 150 lvl ) 8 rll
4 4+ d+Zl (0-30 tAl) o Lft
5. El d,4l (0-4000 [rpn] ) 8 rrl

6. TlEl ilg_ +^Jql 'Jg6J g+ "llB
rlF 3E'l_"-] 5-+ "l +r- sldl fg rrr -40 &fl lETlE +E 4q ^ld ele
zl r';^l
zl o}ll el zl 6J-9- 3 ir:, z1 :;o
Zl -dl *g ZJ
^l ^16}zl
;l llle *dlo} ;JE+. €
\-,n= +,{ t {l-
Rr
1 _Ld rr-404 llol d9]zle+ d+zl= dil+E+. 6
2. 7l+7.l9 ol+6lcq dFTl= 7'l-FFlrl. I
+q4 nt+1t
3. Zlzt zJ6J7l R,el tIS_ ;lj:ql^l dil €71^14 100 lrprn] * r.1 .J x (0J
'J+lji +55 -jr.ll 7l++El. rfl rrr -41 llxlld7|4 rla

=4;lq
III-41I1 ,Jol Al^l 4lq 4q +{
4. -rg +d9. rgE+.
5. .l€ z.l"J E€ 0 [0] o- -- -5_'a, d5zl€ 7lF;+q R= E il +71^l7li1^J 100 lrpm]
\+9lF_ +n€- jrq
zl-_**El. +F_-:- 114 +Eel 120 l%),411 E;}.r1 z3 L+.
=d;fo,l
6.:19 41,+ ,Jol tlTlal zlt* 4lol +dS reJ4.
1. C+71 7l.o'-^l7l5' zldJzl=i ol+= €q6f i tl-:-71? C

^l€.6}=
ol6ll 2. 4+ d'FTlel *E;rloluJ=9 f +iB_+- gg'a3 + 9.+71,1 C
3. 4l+ llFll=.1 ++= E-n, *FEe 21o14=r €'ddJ + ?l=,1? (l
1. +? CFT].el lE :.d 9: +lal Zlr.l rllq eltr= +^J6J i fl:-71?

2. *r. l_ d 9 q;I d zl zl zl6J 4l ol $1.{_== +d dJ + ?.1=z} ?
l _ lrl rlrl
EtJ Eql "i ++ a+) zJ E)plel ?E 3,=71, EJgrTlef 2J0l i+ caoe 54tq
=E t il7l7lel 3^l ) )l= =d6E EJ0ltl 57171= 571 +Fe nl
Ij6l= )l) 'J6f E1, 571 gdTlel 571 !Ei7l7l ?]tl
= _r+ Eld 7 Tlo d]gq: E)P el +E t57 el 5
ol trJfl0ll^]:
4f galel +5, +d, AdE EEdl?ttrl.
=g
E Egq olal-s! et+ L|]33 q=dee*1, E)l2lel ?E 8571
==
3T1, ?^l "! r+--J + ?1:7li:al3 ull*6J + ?]trl.
(1) F7l Bdzl9 Sels+ *=

q++
_ +rl d.t{rl{ ? ..
Il E7l gC7l9 Elel

l
I z; :llc rra {1"+. b-'
iritr(l m 16)+ sl C;lb "Jdzl€
7l .JA r+ Tllqq gd iJ*:l ---- -j
_rg rr-42 (a)e| pol, _Tdzlql 7l dEg .9-E
6l= C7l4 ?d a a'=- an 4+g *i+;f= zf
+ S= "Jd +E.e sl d^171tr, dzl f-Eql
N,
el;J lg (b) el a.g .rrl,n=- /l d el ol +-E-
^loJ +
g+.
ol ull, +Erl= zl d4-"] BJA:e _o-=
=4lEJel
+ B3ql eltJrl
il e]- zt+el q qi
^lql 4=- 71 d4el =r7l-:, -1
(a) 2+ dt?f.J 571 *.171
_F-
il Ir 42 (a)ql^lel eol zlSol 6')el 9lzlql^J=

+(C) *dJel 4cI zlC4"l +Eg_a, Oq 9l:l
ql^l= 0, Oel 9l zlql^]:- -(i-) t*dJel 4rll 7l
d4 ol frFEJrt.
@el +l zlql^l= 4^l 0ol qa ,l+el 92lE
+(e)tsJ6}el rj rI 71 1lE9 Bd6ltr^l 1
=o}el
il A6l/ll ElB, CTlzl ali a a'4l-:- l rlol-.? {b) ltlC g 4l!l -'lisl nl€
(r:yr:tc) 9 Ei^J iil+ 7l d 4 ol +-E-EJti. :]a t 42 rF Tlllqq g8

f..3;. rt
^l trr-+
Erll 1.8+el F7l 937lzl 60 tszl 4F- (srnchronous speed)i- + + (p) el +
iR=
"++(/)q el.jl acq= +}-_olr:l.
lHzl -ql EJd 4
^l-ll7l ""]6,1.
A,lel !i d r..I:i- ?
rlpw
_-LeJ II-42 (a) s+ 49 2 lzel gllzl ql^J Fl A
eol "": 471 lclC 6lH Eil.ll +_Eq:- zldqg 1^l,ol
=J?$!O:soo rm-; --= Eplnle_a, p+ ,Jd7lql^l= eldxlzt t=
**ll 2.lo:lel Eo.7l E:.!7.l71 720 F"Jo,' 1il'-d - 4z ^l "l€

61tr tl {+E6f 01
hpl]ll ot 4i6lJ1 9]r+E g,JI -Lrl E-E p+el gdTlqj ^l sl dzl:tl rz" (rpml
7ldq,.l i++=? o E !l 1]o-|s, +-'t+
= f tHzlel El d+ n" ^lololl
*ot t:!xff 4lrl +e 'JZl7l ?.14
:! "lt -aotut = ++
r:1"fr tr,: (il 15)
ns: 720f,
p'$Pm) (III 16)
olzl*1, n"= +zl +E7+j1 6lq, +7,l +E'q

slcal= il+ Edzl€ -F7l gdTlrl +=rl g
dzl+"J olule|, gzl +_-- + 3l d;-l:- dzl zl4l
+44ol 5/lzl (sFchronous mat:hine) el 5J4.
=
rL e^l- -Etl Hl-XltI
3* il+ 7lcg€. H-g^l7lll 9l6tl^l:, le;

III 43 (a)el {lg ir-q "J= ,zdz}el a+l S
ql dTlrl 3d aa', bb'. cc'€ 44 d7l4qs
120"71 qE+ (2+el a+ql= oJ7l4r+ 7l
dlTl
Zlzlq 5:"J-"J);111, _tA (b) el, zJol pz| a', b,,
(b) 211 EJE;
.'g eJe|6|9 Y eCoJrl.
r.elr iil rlzlql zl,+ ?oJg rJil 4+ ol zl d
== sd "JE
,=r zI _- N, S= ild^171tr, ildzl
-?oJel
=4 'Jzl A, B, Cql= le/ (c)e+ e-9- 3
*.,r1+ 7l dqq Bd+l+
2 E7l "JdTlel ?I
lcl 31] r.+ Tldq
5zl Bdzl9 +== lTll rAzlsl nl{z}jt_
ral nr-43 3A IF 7 Eqel
+cEJrl. €7il ^f€-q jr_ 9.1= +71 Erlzlts 4!r
+ El d Zl zl€qe^], El dzl= llzl, Jttzl-:- d
Tlzlll EJL}. _/ g III -44.-- 3l 1l rll-{f€ +/l e}
1l7l el LN -,l- -77r= LlEl$ 4 ol rl.
7f. 13^l
fr-J rrr -45e1 eol, te zl (stator) -1, -14J zl
icrl Tl+1. ]1dzl -7oJ, (staror coil),e 7c -7 nt /{r}E: E7 glTlel
=,
*il Lt.
AA LH+
rC:l € (stator frame) * r C zf ?j +19 zl zl

6lr, 7l Zl dill= zlzldJrl -E-^lql zlE (zl zl El
i) el 'Ji-7f q= Fzl€-"1 11 4l -l e'! -.ts
!l dtr ,rl=rl. "1-o,-+-,
rC zl A d (stator core) -3 4 +S 4 4l ;l-71 9l

6l"J +41 0.35 [mm] -0.5 [nilr] el +i zJ'J€- d*
;l 4, Fr"r 'lE(air duct) ,'- 1l ildt+. l'., ed-'-l
.J i.oJ;"i ?ol B* €'(skir)-,1 €il6l
=ellql=
4. + -",1 E"Jql:- H]!ll€ rl 7l] *e ol ?l -=41, ir-.
/ll"J€g Pnlq .=+.
Ll,6ld^l reJ l[-45 ?3^f

I e,J ilr 46r+ {ol, sl {z}(161or) oJH!119E
zl-, Fl Tl zl 7ll d, r-tldlEJ, + + =-"; ii'J { -o-
tr +c€rl
zl+g tsCr] l-"Ji Elq 9.1_o_1ll, 3C€.- cr zll
71 16-;j.2 [mm] "J +6]ci U=t].
'Z]5J-3- €
lzlel +a:-
El elFTlel +fi-ql 4el Ljalzl
q, n+ Fl 4lzlel a+ql= gdqql el6J €"Jf,r
rlzl;|zl +l6}q il dzl _9 ^lE9 ulTll ;lr, ?c,l
?,21 +rf.
= rfl rr-46 571 EJETI allrf
El =71 "Jd7l9 EF
Tl nld^fel e^loll el-d E+
slt 4lrl€ F7l dJdTl : _r+ ul-47jrl +
(-r)
ol, d7l5-+71"1'= dzlzl i"Jfi ad^l 7lI, Zl

zl= 7l-:- € .l ol Lt.
3l d
^l
ol oJcTl=, Fl 116l= ,4lzlql= zJdoJ, i€-*
el {z} {Su.1 ++6}_ri, €^lal,l ilts dziz}e
+El zl 417j9 +zl;l-71 ulj+ql Jr_lloJ, 4d++
ql zl 6J6}r].
9d dzlzl€ Fzl gtTl . _lg nt-4811,

(r-)
ral -47 ill 7l

^fE aol, llzl= ilAEl q 9la,71 3q-+ +7161= C
/1 .<f/l il d;'l: 7-iolr4, 4+ gdTlel Ag 6J
4l olEl. +q 10 [k\A] ol6]el a+"] gllTlql ol
€ sJL-+.
Ll. fl57lsl 5+0il 9-d E+

(r) r'lel *d zl (turbine generatoT) . + /lL+ /l
a ElRlql _olEtl +Fdsl:- Bczl= "Jdl4, tlu++
_o__+ ol-sil= ,r1 s_ -i +
4+el j1+olri. 2,
(r) {ld Bd zl (cngine gener:rtrir) : €l F7l 7l lll
oJ TlrJ.olr!, =i += 4-12+olQ. !e!$_o_l a$
re rrr 4B 6lE TlTlrlc ql= rll+ts El,J 7l+-,"r :l-6zle dJ4
(r) iil Ed zl (r.iater wheel generator) : .i'il.ll
el;'l] +5q q, jl C+71 200- 1000 lrpml 9! ,lol
!-Fr oll]', ?id [rpn] t ,lF 9,lrl.
'4E:-
rl. qrl HJto{l gsl E+

rl..l Fzl *t zl ; 7ll.al C C el ol zl=
(r) Elol
Bdzl zltlpl gd d"Jos dl= aol olLln,
;7+"iil -l _lal m-49e1 Zol H7l] -o-l doJ eJg ,rl+6l :- EJ
.l olrl.
oJH]4o-i, :1F *dzl e4el eg +ql qzl
TlelI +q= zlf 'Jrlzl= H F,_+_ €il;1oJ 4l
reJ r -49 Efol^f^l E7l glTl + gdTlql^J gc6l=- d.Jg- qzls cgge
ol+elrl. cl'll= Tlel
^l€-Elxl 9+= *4
olr+.
(r) ;<|ol Fzl B+lzl : ,I.tl ol g^86J dg
-xlzl t 1 q,+ +;l
g HIF_ill d+/lql^l 1l+t- dl+q 7ilzf iltlql
.;".F61= *il
"l+
:lg n-504 ?lol, BdTlel trJzl=ql 4l;lg
C.J HCT] (P1') F6il '.1zl C"J"ll t:lsll;lE C
=
+=- a=61i1, F^lql BdTl e,l 5-;+ql jl EJ. d
rB rrr-50 rlo1xl^l E7l gulel
+5J H+71 (ClT) F;ll 'fdTlel +61 C+ql dl =c5
ql+ d#=- a=6JLl. =
.-- f_E+ 6J6 ul tn ..
ol + rl+71 zlts d"J
=dzl
(,rr,rp1 5 4x7.1
+7lq^l 4+E qzl d+zf €rl

El1'ldl .
^f
0l
^l^l =71 'JIl7
|
(tr) lrq,\lq/- +zl +d7l : _fe; r[-51+ e zl,!7l.l +71 dJ Cill.t- Elq rl,:loI
dl6l] +;lel :17lLl !! €_dl Hb 5ql
ol, d Zlzl€ i $dzlel'El d dzlzl € qzl
El Lrr
"l_ol l?Lo 1.E.";
o." ZlFlLLr
$ E+lzl 4 3ld c+7lzl F9 ilT,l+ "Jql e ra ;.'€'l !." 0,"1 ' t.-.
;<l€ +rolEl. iri+cl rli'ol +ol6J olllol 9.lEl.
iol al{;-}$ qz}€. g1]7l= jl;-r zl +149
'JC.J4 ol zl d'J€- al ! {fizloll.rl zl+tr C
t=rs'l rl*, i gdTlel zllul il nl9l -o--l+ +rl.
"J€,
q4+ '*C7lel olzl- d+= + gdTlel
BIC dg "Ji-= .{fol;(}.] Fzl Pldzle]' c}+zf
zltr ol zl *xl= 441 ^J zl+ EdTlel zlzl a
c4
cql ++,-JL+. re -51 Eal^ ala E7l glTlel

tr14^j, + ={1E
t;llel C.+ EFql q+iJ
EJCTI
€zl* *dzlg
=4
d.J.l Ea|;11, r.=. oJ6ll - lrl Y+ 6J+ nr_11
+ 'JCTlel zlrl 3c9 6E= q4 c+71 :rd HalAlel^ g57l
El dl + *d7l-q d"Jg zl,-E-.1 qE oJC6l, =rl
=q " 'l:l : ll tl ' - rL.J /l-' ol
,r ,
rll+zl;lE+ ++. ( 'l fli u-L J |orl el L3- u-,,

L.,l :
€rll, dEi-"] + gdTl:-ql++'rr,l ^l 4a Fd 'Lr +{ ."" .sd r 9,;911 -u i
Lr(Ll t,Lrbrrte\s) ts,1 '1 ,J4 rl

7l gdTl olr+.
ul, 'l!l E: *o :jr +ld.o 8,ol;l
/l II]]E.I ttslel i gdTlji gal rl
.*rl elrl
!* ]liil III-3 | ezt sdTtE €e H ds îs +d(28 17rt4, â ^t'"r: 2^t )
tAa=*_l
1. F7l gll/lel '73e+ g7l5 ol;ll;lq +J;idJ + .Jrl.
2. 5zl EJ d 7l el +s- ++el e S rlBJg 4-Jal : el El
1. 3 571 "Jdrl 1Ul ol:l

tl E NI_l EE IJ_.J
=E.E
2. 1191 zl6Jll (500 tvl) t rl] "l1l Seii k\ j 34cg tv
- - ,.% \ :.r.r s;
3. sls ^l€/l El+
EE llg
a. 7lE+ 1.]+dll '.1 LFI 'l ?i ,llE 7H4
BI ;l
d+il
l--Dr lrd I
\----:--i:-----:
t. r;71 BC7l_6,1 +r q fl4

t7l +d Tlel e -fr
2.
l-+ErE
\. 7l7l 44 4 €9 7l6J a nlql= d ,l d El ql^l llg 19] il= rlEJil ol 6JLl.
=
2. €,1 E +?j^l 4lzlsl d 7l zl 3 d ol +tl!l "l ?+5'.+ BI oI 6JEl .
1. zl+el gt,LIE *i+1,lEl=-d ol*++=- cHlLlgE q.JBJEl.

d 6l-r-- 7lzl.]oJ
2. 47l7lel zlil ^l olel ++ol 4 +ql^J 3oJ;Jzl a^lal-a, Fl dzl€ +-o -a ol*
rl.
=c
++E nl oJ 6f
3. rlE_ ^1617l=- q+61 .4 ?14 Tl.fl-irl .lTlzl fl il el EJfl +5-= +SlFlE]-.

4. c; cJ rl H :l ^l ^J Ell 3+ oJ dJrl.
= =
5. dTlal a-drl ad ^lol. zlzl TI11!l +l,il ol, IlTlzl 11il,rl 2lzl 11.11 el 11€
^l îol
a6f,9 s ll 14 A3- €41 oe /l+6JEl
=3u+4
6.*l7l7lel eoJ zl6J 6l ^l di€- i}€-3lol ol=, ilx;Jrl.
1. 5-71 EdTlel +3el ts+ g.,l= €B6J + 4.=71',1 ts c

o l6H 2. 9;l^lrl 2: 571 EJdzlel 5rl gelg !edJ + ";-/l? B cl
3. F/l/19 :l7l €oJ ,1.,J*'9 llde + 9]:/l? B C
L FTl trd7lel d?€' si eiLSE rl;}ll "J + 9l=71'l ?d

B C
2. doJ 3;*='J *d zllj:d-+ d+d}/ll 1l9l zl

".+ 9 +d6J + ';=71 : B C
(2) F7l Bd zl9 olE
p4t a+d ur-a
E d7l^f 3dg ffE 7ld+E nlE!

jiTl
'J iTlel
j1'br {l i"Jql +[E]
;"1rjl4 _o-r-., .F 7l H d zl el d 7l zl { il H :, + .l
-. Ilel :IoJo diel .(i+ EJE
a, 'la :; dlfl.q_e. El+{'l z+{q_s, Tl+3 +sef 1lrl. Itli+^l. TlCejel tleg
rl B:\|{lo_L, dCAr+.JA3o,e -FBrJq. qili9l
^loJtle
o-e ;l?l 916l]^l=
.a.+,.] 7++ :.1F +j'.= ol
^loJrl€
E lisi .lJof 6JLl
7f 6d, rld "! 4A _r.rlr-l ,l {l 3!el '+71 srf, 1l7l
le; [r +{, (b) -:- i43e] 3.tl"ls
52 (a) zl g -dl 916J. il,l,l !]+€. Fel I
=
i, 4+ BdTlql^l €'d;J Hle+ aq.
?l ol 916ll .! d-61 ,lqlrlrl o - ql
+ $o.q, "l= id;l l+l. 5sa
?fl-S- €H ili +/t Y+ol d+ +'Jol lzl olLf EJ? tr I /.lCiJEl
s"-zlzlel 3d',!ql E*ol dl€--Ur+.
"ll-E.ll
leJ III 52 (c)= illd (chain rvintling) ol rJl, ol
{CHe ++3.1r eslg ++61 ;J + ilzl ,ql
+ql nd*g ,qal :' dzl TlZlel ?CRql ol S
EJ L},
-1a; rrr-52:- EJ*oJ a+el 3d''!"lq.3"Jsl
a+= .l cl6J 1 /llel I zl 3 %Iol 9.1r, A
(group)
(al;A
4-?, <ltl49t 120'"Jt €olzl 9lrl.
Ll.
"J=drl 2=3
'J*fl (single layer winding) I 4+ gdzlql'rl
dB+ ulel aol 17llel €-41 I u1e] i- "J dol 5
ol7l= ,r1olj1, 2 ?tl (double laycl r,r,irxling) 3 I
(b) jfr-l
Tl]el €ql 27llE i"J {ol Nr;f{ -=-ol /}-L= ?g
"J+rl.
5-71 gdTlql= +-e 2+39 y+ol 4zlEJ, 3l
fl-o_ i'd -J A j-:- trJ=,)=€ol FJrl.
+, d=drf Esfl (c).{{

d ?{ (concentrated winding) I 180' d 71 4"ll ral r -52 571 gl7 e 3cg
l/]]el +g "JEq^J qTlql 3il€. d+;-lq +
=
tsJB ol 4, EE€ (distributed windins) * d zl zl
Etr +t6lq +g +5q 3"Jg 'J= EJ
ditlql
Bolq. Esdg dTlzl trg ol+ ngol +71
.JE]40tr'J4 0l+9i1 914.
'41+ql
rg rn-53 "Jd 6+ E63E dTl|E d?Aq gdl +719= 7l d4g 4 i'JolE+
-t dii +71 7144+
L717l FoJ6l7l trllEql,
z+ i.Jql^J fzl9E zl d49 + + tsI(6+t
A+= 6El)71 gtl.
lelLl esag + + EliTl El;(l *6lI ltrEl
zlEi. ol 4olxl= €E= Ll4.ll= aol Bs
'41,
2l+olr, lBEl 49 tlol4.
lal n,54 oll 2g EES9 E4_E
l3 rrr-539 +t 6+.J a+e] d6€E d
= TIE9 LlEt.J lgolq, l3 rrr-54= Bdr- 6+
.J a+ +'J es? +q ,A+71 24,"J 4+
"tl
el eE+lel dTllEolEl.
!|B+ trt tu+
EJS4 3At ddg AI, EEfl4 AE3
t. I eJ l
i J-e ;lcd 3 t- i
-52+
dcg 4 dol d7l4-o-,e 180' €qzl4 e4
tl!+ r+?e] 'J9:3 l€sE JZ TI ag d€{(fLrll pitch winding), 180' d7l4-H-
n €EaI q.al. q zlal ,Jg ac +€{ (short pirch winding) ol
2..19 r-539 +a-e 6lq 3tr'6
+ d+39 =lg oq jraa dB6ll zl .,JE+. ol 'tl, i"J- Hr+ .i.oJ HE t4g tlil
(pitch) el 6Jrl.
lB III-55= d€-3r+ Efe?g ACEC ,-+El
'J 4"14, 6J 3'J Eql +7lq= zl d49 eel

+ "rl, ed d4e-- dd-flql^J= 2etl s)zlu1,
7l
"J€fl"J a+= i"Jq F E{ .'9zl9Y zl d4

ql qd^l7l ^JZ^J de€(2e) el 4*CEl zUil
€E+. ol +agg +a 4++ 6lr, I alg l,H
Ef zlEl
(a) d€3 (b) ed3 U fE Tldq

ral n-55 Seaal .JE3
tzl gazlE 4+ gdTls+ aol Tldqol +
E€q. 6f, ttq 4€e €a6l= E4l += 24
6lSl, ."1 tteel 6Jd 7l dq_.-l €tl} 8",,-:. trlg
r+ €rf .
EJ+ it;it 1 {
1. rle+rl rlrgel ate q";4 +
t".- offiza rvl (rrr
- 17) ;fq, d6lq r. notlrl i= r]]+ dl!
oJHlr.rs-e, 11+ c"Jel x r,."Jzl'1
d.ndig zfal ++el :<l+ t3!/l eJeif ^lt!l
=.21ts 2.
7l=LJl.
^foJrloJ a+-el dag]
t-:- rl-€- .lr+ e 5l:{l ++= ol+7} rrlo,l ql zl r+
^l t 446l] .tizf.
TJLl 6J
E:[ i€=Jvf.,:t.|O {OzO

:2.22 f Z0 (lll - 18)
!Er+ 6J+ m
.l
(rrr 18) e Z7\4 E)\llqJ 6J"J +-9_ gll!.el
l. | (ul
12
-r8) €oJ
.l:14?l .^l9lrf /l 114ol +7194-a c46J a+
r+": +:+ l.1l
olLl, d4l= l+4 e+71 qlE.tl 4l (rrr 18)g =
r:2. L:,t!L
]IC;fE, ++ .lrl *Lt. '260 120
2. | (n-19) 7E€E
E:2.22fZdK-+.++KfZtO (lll 19) zt.6J ,*Ee) A+(79 7N+)
El d7l^l HJîg ,:Z

K,,: ++X 1l+
1ll1.+ H]++ol +, 3l+7lql^J €'B.J Hlq e r,: \.1?ll tli
ol Czlzt C+ql el6t.l C7l= <f/l*ol + zl+ Kd: rlji €-]r alj-.
ql .J *g Ill zl -:- zl+ t rll. +zl '* C 7l ql 7l r- K:!,
^J
=
dqql 'rl+ dTlzl rlj;el 9ltol 5-;}"1 4+ g
',J ++E i;|el f;-rioll
al ,<l 7l rll t-ql d zl zl u|
/f 'Jefd+.
ld:4!il illl il.7l4tel ,t+
e,:iqj (+zt & -"l+)
7l rlC +6|.7f .J,IEJ A+

fr= 3q4 z1 CTlzl 1l+71 :ltol 7l 'ql
#ql
d_/lzl al+ql el6ll *^8 9 -:- zlzltel +g te'J
Iu 56 (a) ql^le+ A.l dJt + zf+el +rl 4l4ol
gri.:rrJor. dTlzl,d+q elal 4+e zl+ N,
Scl zl=*lql Elldl Cl+ql 9l:, + zl.+g .-.71^l
7l_a g=+ql 9l:-+ xl+g ,Ji^14^l + zl+
I 'f]+o__a 7lg2l ;-l= €zl zl*9 *4 (a) 4.J +dl
ol rl6J zl+-aE .n,l 4!+ ++ E= zltr+ Hl+ rg [r-56 t]l^l l+oll el€l
^l+
-$ ol el ."]r+.
Lf. +E +6|.7f E=EJ A+
d 471+el
!l ,l .L 'J -,r cl ,l
4+('I3l+ 4+) ! -ol bto lLalgd f *;L
lrarl)
5lzl7l '!lE"tl, lc-J trr-56 (b)el aq dzlxl 3
+ql -q 6J zl + ol + '(li.itl {}rll EJ-a}ol r;l ol +
rl+9 E6lrll 4= a4 zl*=1 qlrl.
+ EaJ +6|.7f oJ=EJ e?

rlTlzl C+el 9lt.l zl d'Jnrl f tradl EJ+
(b) +-F +61 oJ^l 7l rqlEoll, d 7l zI d+q -q
6J zl + -o,l tsJ6.Iol
qd :l7l+el :leJ r[-56 lc)e] Aol + /f+n] ts":;]q + z]

,4+(!!++ zi+) e': 4tN
49 z.!;|z1l 6l= 6 zl' 1t+ 3- 6Jtl.
r4J (c).llel 2lzl=el BJ6Jol -lH (b)e]- PIIIE
!J a-3- -Pr_-- ur;l7l oJ ?,FJ A+lJrl czlzl d+
.el 9l *ol z [rad]"J+ *^l /l ull+olr+.
rL olH lllol 719

/l tsT1 /lql -!r;l7l d +9 q ril: 7l d /j
ts
+* +61 (c)
E [V] ut] 9li]ol d (radJ "J= 5l d (*C) 1lllz]
re nr-56 lTlrf x+oll elfl rlq
d+ 1tAl z| ar_$ r{l el 1l7lz} H}.1 -9.-q. leJ rrr
57r+ gol + €s"E Ll--r ol c4* ?r g.l.t.

zl d e ql r]] 6J €:d E (-Pr . €) 1 cos doll pl;l
=,
oJ ol LlElLtI, 7l d q ql rll + ,j 4€'
".-l "l- 4 3-
(#EX-) l sin d.ll el;+ol ? .l (+/f ) 4 8-ol Ll-El
'Jr+.
rc t-s7 oJEJ4E e?el 17 rl EE|S
3 E7l g.,,lLJ -^
1ej il 589 dzlal Fzt gl!.oll'J -lilq]^l
-E-zl 4.!EJa: 4lll Zl' +€ 4EtJlel tsJ++
ql rlEB. i,l ._l rJi= 5lLlE 1'l-H-6Iq s^l+ e ol Ll.
il4 4 i! 571
dzlzl i! /l .qEJi= 11/lzl. rl.+ql el;'ll g

IO' ol.i= ul4 7l+rll ;'+-.i zlulzl -eli-, lzlzl
i"J zltl,+ jjlr6}-: zl.+ql q,il aollrl. ,ll4S
:1aJ m-58 ETlrl E7l ilE
4.qEJa= +lzlzl H!:i+-oi + -el elsrlEJail e oJ-
a ol El.
+71 g!1"14=
Ezl 49'Ja4 dzlzl 4-'J r
C El+ 4.14, =]g il-bg= ol el6J tf=g Erl
EJ _+ I+EILJ a ol L+.
-LH u^J
59ql E=
3-a +F- zl dq (nominal
g4iel +E 7l
induced electromotive force) o -?il,
rl4(Eo) 4l dzlzl Elul+el ga}:i 7lt-+ aol+.
E =71
'Jd7l9 =+ g Ea EJ+ &XI III 8
rL =ai
E7l gElEa(rg 1[ -59)
3* F7l +C7lel d"J P= dzlz| 359
gzl = Ig [l 59o]l^l r1e+ X17] .lqd]:
tlBql $lol rl€- rl.4 €"1 eJ+. <ie +qq4, x1= El^l ol€ <lr+
P:3EpIpcos9 "l€ l;g 6J+ *.J/l ?
:8 E,I , cos2 (W) (r[ -20)
-laln gdzl +6}el qEql +ll
=q(++)e
flol oJA6J Ag Tl7'l= rl:l d4ds s^l6lq,
rl+ 4l!l a+. t) v+ dJ+ nr_13
P,:,ry EI NA) (rrr
-21) 4] (r[ -20) €g
L Et: .'J7J tE E" : *C'J
1r : ddF
Lf. 54 wr!^t D-t-D
9.ltsr,ll, .l ,i9 C4"14 €lEt. E- Ep

^4C: t-t l
Bdzlel C4ql= d4 d'J, 'E4 4+, 44
4_1. .J-l +4+, 84 Ej3 Fol oJEl.
.c4 .J,,J4gtr rl'J- dq_o-tr li^l.J
q r1t
=e+
+. d4 d.Jc vLlv),44 4fr-e r,tA)+;1
5
E. EI*'l 'l 4 3^J'l?lel X4 €43.trI+ 4 E4 €el (^l ilr-23)

Ea 44 ,J.J"l 440 Nlqlr., d4
'+ a+. d+zl 100 tAl oJ 3t} 571 gdTl
fi -tt\ 7l !.lEl.'d4 €4€- g"l.Jz}?
'Jr' 't,t:*# tkvAl /
rnv r
aot d4 eq
B*,t,l:/TI!1' ftvAl ( rrr -23) "tE x 440 x lo0
- 1000
:44!T tld/Al
(3) Fzl *d zlel Sd
E =71 'Jd7l9 =5 +5
F/l +1l7lel 5-C-9- 44,.I_:- Ell= 5-+;l =
v, € +c, +q +d, +;+ y-EI +41 "t el+ 5^d
I
+d 5ol ol+sJrl.
-"
7t. ++61 sC
Frsr;l =dE !-j 56il
^l ^l +6}q, 5-8"-l- Alrll4l^l
gF;zl€- -Fzl gtlTlel C4 +Etr Eld^lA q
:19 nr -60 F+61 E-5 +d4 "Jel Ed +, zlzl d+e+ +E 7l d4rlel +zll= LlElt
*Cge, r.g lll-6oel N)ei 44.
ol +..\l-,"- al^l 4+71 49 +t-.ll^l= +E 1l
9.1 Zlzl a+ql Hl dl ..}q 6716l;(l EJ, Zl zl d+
,l 4.eql .rl4 4lzf ?d9 zlzl s.El_c .J;+q
-sdl +dss €+.
YEI€ (satLuation factor) I gsl9 CE= '+El
al6 n-+
S ^J* .ll= ll"l q, lcJ .ll ^l Dael abel El _q ,s^l 94.
EJ+Bl (short circuit curve)
4dlul ,l _rLl:_ l3_ t" !E= +. Eaf +c

+ l;l- Pl sr=e? ol-_ il al .'r ir' I
.:]Lr -- tl 3 er"l6.l r. , .l 'I -r 4
Fzl *d7l el dzl4 EJzl= ++^l7ln, Bd
r jol u "1. ,'
(l: 'r_lE
? E.ol Ll,'dL zl= d4 +t-a =1 d^lA "i, Zlat d+e+ EJ+
oL 4t"J E5E-ol *or4 r}+4q + d+E +alg +Ef"J ++lg'J+ +d(short cir-
dEln d7l,(l rt4+L 4+i1El.
curt cur-ve) ol;| a|{, :le t[ -60e] (s) e] e.l
++Dl7l 4lEl= 1lg ? 4 d.J 9
ft,+: r1l "l-l !5= !r ccr= zlCq zl?rll '+El'Jq.
o.l.F ". e- eulsl_'t. , ll 'lor-t gd/lel F
r 7I4 ol 14 4 q ll€-ol .=olCEl l
t4ul (short circuit rat,io) i- -F7l
. I itor e+;E.o ::ol ,.1,, | + dlo,' € I rJl -zd,CdJ {}ol4, Friol tlEI ql
"I4"]] = ^J
+;li, d Tlzl- tl4+g 7lrl4. Fszl PldzlS €4 +E-+ il d^l7la, C4 d"J
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ql 4+ trlel Hd+zI zl4.
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il E:71 4^J71 Ll E7l d57lsl trJE

fl
(-) €zt€ 9"I 4+ dg *^1, SzlE+ tzlzl
€-s-all, 7l4E ul4}tl.
feJ r-03 Ei71 48719 d4E
(L) zl-F E=t7l zll1, +E 4lq7l qq+q, 'J
a7l g^d617l d4.
rL -Etl I{E-7lol -A E:
F7l d57lel +E:- lzl i- /l^lt- +H!Jr+.

_l + ;-lL+= d*-zl-q^Jel +Eq4, rE 6lLl-:,
$ ^Jt
a++ nr_s
$$ zll {$ol11-
E7l 5s7l (ra rn -68) dFzlE^l:- -i€ ^l,4lLl g-d,E -L?ll n r
/l 4+,1 =e J-El m 68'l ? ol =lql
ol 7l E 6lzl"J, +-e
'J+71, erll 71, oJ d.l zl Fq
Z
d +.ln rlciil^lrJ $d;18, F;zl
n*71= d,aql^l 1l* d+-=- ?dlq rl+E rll++E A-FzlE ol+9t}.
g+el ?t^Je+ a+ E6J9;l!_e ?rdilel a",t sl,B zllC+qE r.ol:-
+ddsl 9E9 llri;+a ddJ t61= =d "j
*i^l Et.
F7l dFzl=- +71 4*71(slmchronous phase
modifier) al ;-l=tll, :1H Ill -689 +71 a)*7lel
+6le+el A.dEolEl.
(5) 3 tl +E dtzl9 flelel
Az
3tl +E d5zl= clC zlTl tg rlE= tlC
zl ioJ-ri +'14-49 gc^l7l-:- El dzl EilE +
Csldl 9lEl, El d4el qC 94= nCrl rlCql
t
nl g^J€ 5l d atzl+ol El dzl- Eilq d"J-S- + !J*
7l^l7ljL, ol dgql el oll ss= +--- rl-Fel 3l
41 zl71+
^lolql !}^J;}:- dqol
El sldzl, E,ll
ql 4+61.1 ElC6lll 5Jtr1.
+E dF/l= dgel +"iql r4z+ 'J* +E d

F;zlel 3* +E c5l7ls +EEl4, 3tl .ftF_ d
F;,1= El^l il dzlel +rql IIl4 b€4 T]d€
E 3Lf ffE 38719 Plal
7f. El8 flal

(b)
1ej III-69 (a)e} pol, sltl-J + 9.lE+ "J=
reJ r-69 3A ?E lE7 I nI
9_-r Fls-- gsql i+€s *6J:o,q 4.lg El d^l 7l
flaL
E, ,l.lql el sl'] g.^J El= zl+g g{ol i}E 7ll

qoq, dzl +_E Hzlq ulal fl,'JqlE "J::rol
r1-=rrzf _"-_e- 41 9.1.
ol EJ=ol d+el xl+r+el
^lolql= =zll"J
el p d+ a+6 n-s
g+ B:lql 4el rllel ol-Er EJi6Jq' ?g *6Jg fl EJg sld +E
_e, dzl4 ol .q+ql zl+6lq t] *I -."_ 21,41 o1 o15 -]g xl 69 (a)qlrl +]+!+ -3i 4
6l- lildJ._o-g- Cq El d6l7ll €Ei. 4l -{4 Eel gdg + 94.
olrl6J +l+E 4C zl$-9- ol+nql eldl] de tE zl4J r+ B+ cld +L
9lnJol
zl 98, g"J+ zl.l t.ll= tlrl +
q9i9q_p, ol g44 7l+=- olelrel flrJ(Ara- F_7l- glold^l ?l'Jol 1l-+3 zl€- +
go's disk) ol 4 +=rl. ,'tq ',t E-"1 3.ii7i +tcEl al 9i/l 4l
olel ag €,!tg dF;zl9 ""lEl= z*+ re (b) +.]] d44q +4qt ?*ol Et c +
5_71 19 ol4ll EJE+.
qlilE E.J4al +El+q, olal+ ?l4q g6lq El4^l +1S-o d}trl 44gr+:al,,i
9aal}-- dE-zl=- +E d57lel 6Jtr1. rl d6l7l 9= aolEl.
Lf, ald Il7l6t (rotating magnetic field)
.9-E d€zl -=, ol4jlel €tjg =EP, 4
drllE
iJ El od I zl4 I sl+ql ol
^l El ^l 7l = 4 Ezl
.d
-b-617,l 415-q, d7l..rq-q El { z}zl1t$ g1'r3.'.1

Z *l^lg ol:r^l 7l= a+ F"J;J 4*=9 6lET
6ll of 6Jrf .
(a) 3tt.iloJ
d zlzl*el gd+ +E d*.zlel IAzl A
El
+lql azl 9l= a.dql 3^J i/+ dgg 716I +

^l e + 9.1rl.
o _qril € zl !]iJ
(r) gd zlzlar9 EJ.id : f eJ ilr-70 (a) el tlg

flCEg _rg (b) el eol -l1€zl sl+el ed €-
9-
41 tl /lL6.j. "i' lradl ll-r_l +l or ull il6-I. J
{bl llEel dllil
{]dq d+ €i(a', b'. c')9- Bo}rl d+.J I (Y
gd), z+ 3d-al Li= 6J+ € A, B. C.ll -1a; (c)
el 'Jg 3t jlF= .;L;61tr, ol= d+4 el6lol
,371b zl+el il€ ,rJ"Jg leJ (d) ql .+Et"J Zl
rl Aol ;_;rql ulrl *sl C BJ6J " E El d
^lAel
617ll FJ rl ol= lg rrr-69q1^J zlalg 9l d;1=
(.) , :l- i+rl il6J
arl +g Et}= L+Ef dtl.
(r-) ${ z}zllrel +E: 2+ -,3-E d-Fzl"ll^J
4+el tl gr
,mb
"
r"\'\
^F\
\)s
( ///
YL)
)
/'e"-,, ,'itr\
/o /,/e\
(//)
\o// @/
r'\')
"t,@Ju \t--\\/
(d) q I 47td
ral nr-70 6X rt7l8(2+9 A+)
gCFl.: El d zl,zl*g 1ej rrr Z0 (c)el x1+ L e+ 6J+ il_20
.ril $el 1+71 ::91 lH (d)el +ol adzl_g ql+
(ilr_26) gg
E 1Fl d;l ?tl grl q4^1, + +71 p91 .ftF_ d +
^l
+71 b.Jj1 d57lel nld ?f
r:
+7loll +!-l+7f /tHzl t j1F5- ++6itr, rl+ 7l il -ol +E: r. tl€ el 1 i /lEll-l
cfr
4lrl +g El ! zlzl c-ol "J ^J EJr}. r)''n"

1 o "l ' s' .:. 'i,t+'t I
Hltol,t ll n^l 4l l"l 1l ilLl
- t:_ f > 66:-v
n.
1tl {
[qrmj ( III zrir .ldl tr +, I + +slel elti. 11,
pp
[rpm] q" Lf E+q E 1 +.6- fjo iq "
qzl
^J, d
El zlTl*el El di n"= t.,l +,-_ I 'rl (lll -26) rl. ?ol €Ll-
(sy.m:lronors speed) e| ul, gzl 4E n" ts dil
a=f
I +rl+q tsldl6l-1, + +ql HlHlql"]eq oJ i

cl trf
If 3Lt eE al=7lel +r
3* +E dFTlS +^J;+:- +,c +ee El d
zl-71 *g "JE7l el6lq 3"J 3C€. ,,J -,.. _1.4 z1
ei rlTl
^l El d6l= !ld4
(staror) rerd
^fll c-ql
(rotor) !- +C El ol 9.ltl -el Ir_71 -IlTtol ==
71. rSrl
lr; rrr 71rl *ol, rczl= rczls-, Idzl-
ts+], ilazl acel r.ll ++o-+- Elq 9.lrl.
(r) aC-215. ilC x}5 (st,at,or frame)-.o_ --1 r11.r,.
ql ndzl 349t -u-.1r;fi 9.1_d_r4, dFo-zl dlll=
zl4;l-41 €Ei. rc rrr-72 .nErl ad
.n5 +=E r€zl5g +=zl"J, rI€ dFTl
^J- +"Jg Eg
.ll 4+^)7171 +]aNx1 A+_o_r'.
<w\
"JEzlL .Jq. 11t\:4.{
nCzl Ad : rAzl ?-C (stator core) I _fl
(L) JL----ri\l,q\
-J. \
H 4+ol +4;-l= zlzl ElEol EE g+9 /
nge ldr/lldi- + iq
\
.:1'J +
/l tl"+q F4 0.35-0.5[rnn] el +i 499 =q

€oe ^J+4q +=L}. AdE g-q= zl+7lsl
9Fc
+ol El4l-at+ zNulgol il-o-4, -rH n-72= -a

II<E> (b)*,ct * iE
€4 e4lel doll soJolq.

ral n-ru ."99 a+ I ag
=
(tr) ?C . n'Jzl + +ql
:f,trrzl -:- ad
=olzl pol
(stat0r rcil) € --r€ rrr -73 (a) e| 7
^l 3c
"J.9- eol^j dE -J;let d€fl4 lcJ (b) el Tl
ol :-J"Jg o,l rl d +ol ++6lrll #ol +€. e Ell
,el 2 :6-Fzt g.ll-+.
-le III 73 si ?9 ^J€Ag La) zlEJ*4l 4;J

rg rrr-74 nll^l aE 614 -19. r.,l+*"J df-ql (b) EJsll
^l+qa, =
+ql 4*;1q .{1",}. :r+c}ql ^}SgL}.
_?"J,_.i tl.Je ,rl: "J+ zE H+ C,el
g,.tl
ol4+"ll H,rL. rlE t'lel i"J dg +l+.ll €:
l";l .fE r+. 3 * +[ dFdTl:- oJH]4_o-i Tidel ol+E-
+il+
@w@ 9- +ol 7l 9l;+ol 2 r.l+dJEl-
Ll. EIC^|
(a) i",l + (b) rl+ dc
'J+$
nl dzl 3 tl (r'otor core).
11,<l= 4 (shaft). sl
Cal fld(rotor coil)el ill :ig .+3ge slc'1 9.1
_o_11l. llzl ?,cg :tfl il-74e1 a+ +i t

3l
+el Ezll.,ll *9 "J,,1 ,J +5lo] 1l=tl.

gl c'/l= .r,7,:ol 4rl }-d€ Fl dzl e} ]l/J€
(c) -lilrl !4i
Czltr Ll€' i- fl.t}.
(r) +€ 3ld4. 5€ El dzl':- ad-'j +g -i
cj lI 75 (als] pol g6J +' : 4 e E- oJ-el BJ
^f
!lgo11 llJ-=-rt. ol +ql +el Elrll=, +q,,1 *
'Jjg ,tr?.1tr ,tL= +el r.4ql Bol t; III 75
(d) +ij:l tlllzl {c)e} }ol r6.e F,;lle} F}el+tq d+slE - ;l :
ral rrr 75 E6J qlrl rll4f alE EJB4 Szlel rr "-tr Eilel EJ el _rie.l$ oif rl
e-l
tsoE ig=o {-"1 +-.-= nJ',! "l 9]q4, :rg

ril -26€. ii!,, ? 'tlE g 4lel :,€ Fl d 4l= !,..1
+_1 9.lrl.
.:'6J il tl/+= lrj ltr 77){ e,rl El d'lfe-l *
ol + nJ6J.il td 61161 4l .c*ll. :r;-4 Hl=.'l 4 9J.
-L- * (skeg'ed slot) o-,e
+--:ql, ol a-9 9l dzl
-al rrr
-7A =^-R ; IITL
7l _i1?dzlel zl+:r #3- ,,l] *c;-l= i+9 E4l
;J= s:_tl /l ?lr+.
v;€ El -ael €Ell= olrl Tlzlzl 9l=tll,
dzl
:1 €:lol Li :l /lql qel^J df,zl el 5 r.r o1 .141
BelC4. 1ej rrr 7b (a)sl €-9 UF 5€s,e
3.7 tkwl d E ol ;+el i€ 7l ql Y+ol jl, _l
^l€-Fl
eJ III-78 (a) el 4g F+ (b) el 2+ €-e 5-+
'ts€q-q zl-E- dfi=- 4l+611, E zl-E- trl=-
rfl Ir-Z 1+ E
aTlJ 6l7J I .l .rL t El A ol tl.
-ts 6J .9-E d-E-zl (squirrel cage induction motor)
= +e il rrzl= ^f$af a_o-_+. +E i€ol +

oldl al {-6}1
7l-E- ol
5c +al *-5J ed ol -:- 9J.
FlFl, -/7rz| ?lFl;l And-q +g.l +oI d"l

A +dol zl-.-d"J 5C EllE.ll dE++ olrl4 s
+olql^l Lli.l ^1,*5ln fl+.
=(u)
3+l€ gldzl: €C€ El drl= F.;€ El d (a) ?,19. +
W
(b) 2? g
.llel .J4 Fl d,(lollF- -rldzlel ,Jol 3:L tldg
rfl r -78 5C9 ng E
6J +tol 7l r,llEq, il dzlel adg 1ej rrr 29
(b)el Aol dt i.Jg
+ 9l:- +Sl+ol
doJ6J
(a) pi e.l 3 tl flil
^lgFJrl. E, +el +.E leJ
g €:r ?lE+ nczlel €: ?-el Tlel +Ll.
3C€ Flrlziel flil *8.", ie.J a-?ql=
r1.l I tloll el eol 2+AoE Ad-6la''J, +
ar
r d7l
d+71- -q-=_= r|eel a-?ql= "-14 e".te] u34
irelC,=q .-a +ql zl$El,.
fld€ nldzfel 3* AC9-tI/l Yd2J-o-i
5lr, "J.c.ll 4-4 3* fldg ill '.lzl= lg ilr
-804 aol 44 rzlel eJ rl, !_eJ^l= -oE6il
il[]
el+ql "J= 7lF+ E= =rJ
^l +E 3?_+el 7lH
ziaJTlL+ 2)'.1 q^lzl 5i+ dzl4g_tr Sla;lq
6J+.
^l€-617lE
flC€ El dzlzl €zl€ *E dF;zl5- 3d€ (b)
+E d+r7l (u'ound roior induciion motor) ef 6f ;aal rrr_79 5-": i llrlel E +el *el es
4, sl dzl €d,=q €d €i+ Bll^l=- 54q el
lrel zlH olzle| ".14 6J + 9.1 o_!_e, 71ts 1l
zl
+.=. ?IA\l -j j. cl ? 7le- E t=. r/l 6l l.
9]= F /15 5Cg-F4l BJ + '^,l-o-q, +E :r
€E +ol6lrl,.
_ralL+ ++;+r]l 8-dol qrjr1, fld 4
+,r/f
:14 rri -80 flc-d ilE^f zJdJTlelzJ dJql elaf flol 7.1^J E-$ol Llg. e
dg zl^lZ 9.lqo_8, tll€ r9-E d-F7lE^J il

+61= a il,e 7l:.6lE^lE 'J^lt figf,-gal
-:-*ql +q olS€rl.
pd+ a++ n ro *=i (air gap) ol + n c zl'el il 1l zl el ?l4

^l'dl
Afofof 6f= olff "J6l= aoE. ++el l7l= +E
-,"1- dFrrTlel
=+0| SCql E''.€, €dlg zl ilrf.
++ol .1Yl qtrltl /._dl #ot ..lol
d q.l J; r E;o' .-_'_ rl qll i E .JBJz,l o tr, e l xlTl rldJg A C <,ll ril6lci
-;'r.. r:r-
/l el E €,'l Ll eL+ Dq oll+ l',_q ++g 5J i ?1.:- 6J +tl 6l]ot 6JL+.

!F. iil ?lorlt.7l +71;loJ Cf ol +oE
7l el ;t :illll i.d ol 'Ji.'ln d+ _t4Ll ;<lLl,.l 7ll -;'r.'1:r- Tlzl zl ++ E
,,1 =-
??l;i,,1 ,4+dlr+. - 3-el tl"Jol 5l ' r,
_r ,J $ ,1 r- 9.3-o'r r.4s1
4'Jq] g-+ol 9.e,;1r1.

oJRlzl9-8, dFzl-'l ++g 0.3-2.0 [mm] dE
+_ ;lq, €-rJel TlFTl oJ++ 1 .171= .1711
OJE}.
=
pt+ at+ u-rr
ffji 3E7lel Eld^f +E
3N +Er 1ltr7l'ql nl{]z}: nlt
,l li ql "l ; * 6J_o r: 4 ,,dl I ,lrl
(6) 3 * +E d*zl9 $d
,ll 'rr,l ' _'eL "..cf " _ _ ct ;'
E.:1= "J1ll;f: .l c+.rlrl oJ?j3rl. Il 3 Af fE C=7lel qE
;al 6 ; t 9orl Llel ?Lol 9rq =94
6l rr,lel +L ,l j' eL + !]t' 6l
J1l .l ,l"l:. +', .1..' .-.,.' g
41 El"'l -_-1.1 {,1 -r 0-l Ll I }l ir 3 tl +E rlts7lel !l +lzlF 'JAl t:zl f.=- "l
^l
4el +Li- '9q zl .'ll +lEl. dl'E d6l'zl [rl]t-41 FaTl +Ee] Fl dz] +E ^l-
El
qrl 'l +r i{-lnl al '. ;-.--
r;, f.-- Lt o_ 'r otr-I
ol
"ll +_k :lol 7l -i8 /lill 5Jrl.
-l Czl +E= F7l +l;q ql4ci "Jrll zlt
=,
+E *+ol 9lzl j;JEi r.$ cr I rrr-z
.l +F- ;--9-9 F7l +E"il rtl+ Hlgg +ts
6lq, !-ts P!BgE LlEld4.
(slip)o14-
( rrr
-27) .el 3E
^t
Ed 1. 4ld,l7l€ zl dll 9lg "llE
Fzl +E= n", 5l {z} 4E5-nola} 6}H, +}_ g
F7l +.--.e C;l-n 9lg '41
*€--P- n"-nol qI, +eJ sE 49 4l-o-g Llqll e '.lzl gEl9l/l ?
qa- + 9,ltr1. €ol d1"lql= a:0 olrz €C3
1, 5'71 +E,e El C.{l.il= ?r:txsol
": '"n, ' x 100 t%l (III 27) ".r- +g€_0olE+.
4l nr 27) ql ^l ,l ecg
( 4l el d}_a n 4l rll a.l &r{ 2.6: 'r€ +E +l+zlql
440 [V], 60[Hz] gl i+€- '""+;lg
4l_o_s_ El+E 4*j4 44.
qLl 1150lrrr1l1] 9,+. Eldd]9q. €
n: (1 s) n" [rpm] ( rrr
-28) dJe gEl"JTl ?
+, lrgj=+ Eldzl_el +E= *ol s:]B ' 1oo l%l

=eJol
Elol Eldzlel +E:- :44 lt^n IIEn
=++
3J5J, l7l= d57lql "J.39= +6lel
=eJel ,$*ql :4 2l%)
lzlel d57lel IIl?+ +sEl. 5g rlFTl
€-eJql qlalq +dl7l sl d49 llzl +l
=++ =
all^l +E d+zf y+ol gqol 6l-str €B€- l
q. F-"J,dFzl9 **"1 €f5 -.r qdqg 7l
zl trtr t-oJ +.1.11 ql+ +eJe 49q, +,;+el
H+ql 14= +eJel EEI +, +F_q Helr. z1o1
1l El
ql4-tr., +E d57lel +eJg d+6lql^l
oltlel dFTlel -d+= B-5 l%), a:e =€ $4* a{+ rrr-u
d+71e,
4+:- 8 t%t cEq+. 1^l qE4 2i[ q=
1. 17t qEe lil Flzl doJ.!l- lil d
+(q4 d+e} B* d+9 ,il) ^l
+:l"I el.tl a49+.
"t9 IqEI
EE€- i'ltl dqq ql.J +n dqq ts], E= 2.2il 6l il"l ?r +-q <16}--1 2
d"Jr+ d+ il grlEl relE dlolEl. oJrl\1171
^lqel +l+il 4el cos*oE E^l€ +El4 4el Hdl tr e g tlJ
€- gql^l EIS El "^.14. Elrlldl= qBs_
'lEJ ê+
+Bq lrlel ddl4l
+E c+7le+ 4ol ,Jzl ElsTl 1 ,,1=+ 2rl+ EJq.
ol g.lb a+= qEE 1zl q€4 2il q5tr Ll q+tl qEol adl/l 9= "lBe
€B.l 0"1 5l= '{d.14, €*lli=
c4;J i 9.lrl.
r--ol ia "+ql^l qEol 4r}71 sljr_ _t
+E dFTl= +*"1 +6171 6zl++ :171E 1!.El r;: 4+.
=++,
5 rcr *t n-+ + qE,.l =old4. oJEl4_o-_q d+61^lE qE
=q
I dEzlel q=qal al,{, }JFs 75-85 1%)el
+5 dETlsl Efref qA
#g Tlalrl.
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-t3U +E dETlE E3
trJ
el E
+l
^lolE€. d+;1.4
n!] + =al
E d;-7le+ rl9l +E C57lel +fr
a+ 1i ++g 5d€; .Jolqzl.
71 3d +E lETlE tra
!r6J el+*el "loldqts q+l rlq El dzl !l _eoll= zl dJ elqlE 4EEJa= TfzTs
?l: il €q!-?1. s 2il d+fr:- +71 1'l glr+ +l^J^l (d,) 7l ^871
4, El d _k-_=1= zl+r+ d+9 9l.tl:l(drql qel
n7l7l 4?|TlLl E++^l, +F- ll*.7lel dl d trt
? -:- 4ln=- llFTlel tr," 4loll el6ll q* 4+ +
ol S ^l FJrl.
7: ffd1: cos d, [N m] (rrr
-29)
p^J+ ul+ u tr d trlll :lzl *;lLl,
7l'F^lql= il l+7171
7l+51tr gl d I-=I-F- +7l6Jtl'. lrlLl E
E3q qE49 Szl =eJol
25 1%) vr?e) q! .Jzl=- .Jq^J+l 6l d trl=
1.dEll7l ?l+slol :eJol €e €
E ul"'lga5 €4=tl el,! 2 xl iil zJi6ltl 9"1, €'J S:0oll ^l= -l d trl:- giq
Eol ol;ol ,r I,rl \l .- E J r tl r+.
l7l;716,lEl
2 :Eiol oi zJL 'F,.3. 11.]9 IE;J, d-E-7lel Fl tr-l=
C+lsl i"+.rql !}
1l
"l E"l #P ?t ,l l I i-t jq _,-tl
Hl
'floJ.l, dFTlql tzlslL- dA d",iel rll+'ll
El6l 9_;l.l rl c trl7l +,i+L+. tsl Bll6JEt.
Lf 3a +E dETlel E.l
le rrr 81,o, r3zl"ll .J451:- d7l 4 qlt-lzl
7t sl d+el 4l 4 ollLl ^l _a
71 !l= 4 q =l el
=q
q.lA
"l++
fi +tt _ t.l
:1fl rn-81 38 +E dE7l9 ollLl^l EEE

n+9- Ll4d aqEl
-fB nr 81el 2zl(illrzl) oJEl,2if +d,7l !E E+ dJ+ nr-21
?l^l +Bql rI"J.los Ll-41iltr 4+ 4l
=49- (ril-31) dg
4'Jrl. ^.1
il l.611 4+E(rl)) I li 5d.Jql flit
2 E'J : 2.1 +€ : zl2l zl g 9!lr+ dl.o--l:-zl= gizlg_E
=;4
: I :S : (1-S) (rrr-30) i^ldJ q El.
4alil, zl9++(slC 4tz| 4eê-1
=B"l
2rl +{g Ai;}n, zlzl 4 EJ
n
rl =eg =/};}al Ztr

60
2. PiQ)Al?.) Er "J4
71A14 frE =4)!-- "€
=4(Po)--q
4,+7171 Pl^861= .E 6lEr_,1 el - 4i ' - n,?L el J6l r 9
r(")e+ Eld z++E(o) 4 rf -el +49 LlELLllE]
<Iotr,4l (ilI
=;!6J .l
31)r+ aol E^lrl4, 2il "Jq P,= (rrr 32)
(ilt_32) €g
^.1
e+ eol E^lgrl. l. 4 (III r]0) Po: (1-S)P,
o-^^ 2. | (nr 28) z: (1 S) tt"
Pn:u.f:q+.7
" (, tl
twl ( ril -31) 3 +-l ++F(o)"):ff - ,-
t 4. P, -:: +! -E:lel itlo|l.9 :r7l
P,-!+#.T
-.^
- bu r,r-.f[W) (ril 32)
,:r
.'/1
-"i cl lldlj ow'3 u,lel 2 i

ob !
l; LrrlL rr. 2'11 oJ" P|:j +
E 35t ftE dETlel
=d
7l efE (slnchronous n-att)4 6Jcl.
+F- dFll el +Bg d+llel +;+, E:1, dB

E 2,1 Elsel rldJ(3d€"J a+) Fq el6l.J
801;1a1, +eJel trElql rrl4 1rl.+ d-n=-,
=q,
E*, sl E €.ol Hil8Jtrl.
+5'_ d*lTlql,:- ol el6J rJzlg s^l6J q el 7l
zl 5-d r+ *d.l 9lgul, .l 7l^l +61 5 ^"i +C #1
rl tr-r +E +C, tsl dl +olq = ql6lq €E+q. R'
g
7t. +6f +c
=d
+af 5€ +;'l ESql 4= +Eq
+'d9- EE}
Ll4q= 5d *dtrtl, .]]g nr 82e+ 7!ol
=- +4
-?6lel +zl4 r+el +L7l Eli €qzl7l= ;'l;<l
rfl nr-82 +4 qd Ed
"J, C4 +6I"J "lel +Ee+ ++61.J Ellel
el zlTl Dllj- 4ol 4+ E{ d-Fzlc} z}9
F- d+/l (constant speed motor) el +dg Tl;<l-z
9l trl
+F EA +AJ
LI. FA
€Bel Hel"ll 14= _Elel {lg .+Efd .i.dg
_El_+E 5€ +d"lal 6Jrl. le rrr $ql^Jel
-al In-qa E=-4c .= l -:1,/\l
Aol dizl =zl"Jql lllzl(+Bol Oql 7lz49l
El
4ql q/l) tr:E d,l +7tz;lq7l "l- dq^J

;lrllzl 91, _1. ol+-:- sd 4 4d49E zJi,*
-Ulo6J6urr+ +. "Jt}4-o-ts- dFTlel ..lC+ +dA--q 44 tr
-El;l E=aL;lxl E=
t7l EJ^d6l= Eldis+tJ €Fjol 0ol 9:- +
Jb /l lr; lel !l ! 9_,1
II-83orl
7l ri6l F.l rrl.H-ci :1 di G c
I ^f ol ol+.
6Jt, d+7lql slaslol 9]= +"171
+7J) l+7]|= 7}+elq, l7l7l- ^le "lE +E
;fP d c.,l .l 9rt.- j. i,lil .l g .orzl;'|rl E, ol +F-ql^J 7lll 4sl "J4 €d,g
. -i. - j,- ol rrts- sl .J!6J + B+61= ,El= CFTlq +=.;Iof 6JEl'. ol a9-
Cd"l ? r. -"l- € L ; "..! lE'l"l
^J +dl Elll dFulz| 1111 11i- I -L +Eql^Jq +61 Erel 6JEl.
I -'uLl -' :?r lEJorl {l
L, ur;
TL2 -l 7,.,. H Ll :. z o-' +--= lj t
,Ji6lc4 dtTl= 7j:(l6l4l gEl.
trl B l4l +01
l.e; ilt-84 ?d€ 9dzl'9 z.;9=
(a) 4 €ol,
Ya.dg + 4 *el {del d+e- +eJ q9 F
6loj el+.el 7lH rldlql d +El "l "J9 o +, 2 ;1,
EljaE 4.Jg d3l^la
"i 9lt+.
"JE, 2;l
r,5 1,......, ullE He+^]71tr
4dJ ??z
+fl 'J 9d4+ 4 drt -1fl il-84 (b) el eol zltlel {l}cl 14= L+=
(a)
E:l _J419 ol9 + qlod TAoll /,1 U---ol E
_1._"] *ol ag d ol 2 il zl;Jel l7l"l Hl dl
=d
o-|ol olf,;l-i €dol czlFal, ol ag _Elel tsl
ell ?ol (prornrtional shifting) { ;Jcl'.
olel +g- Hl 4l +ol €c--9- _l;__-iqlFl € "J;-l=
,J."1olq4 2)l 4+, 1;l' d+, 98, t "3q
"1
FqlE dl4l +olel ^J?ol e6tl-+. dl +olel
rd Hl
€d--3- z;1 lt;g TlzJ;J i 9l= 3d€ +E

re flr-84 ace 35 Il-57lel HlBll +ol
dFdzlq ^l +5 :IolL+ ,ltHql -$+EJrl.
Z +Arl eE
7l ?E cETlel +!
+--- 4ltszlzl 3la6ln *g 'ql 4!71= +d-3- Hla{l +olel
++61.+'l +61+os +eEJ4. =3
rldq +F C*.7lql.\j +5,lqLl
++6leg F"ral tEtl4l^l g^J6l= +d,,e^l ,ltB q ++?'+.
?€4 zluJl€ol lteq, 4e1 "JC.J <l=9 zl'd4 +, 2 il Tld}el E3'Ioll Elel +-;l E
:1c+ Eid F:17l' rd eg q+= +il
+al+e +61 +d^lql +idEl= +dF-^], 5 dol t.Iqe 2.il z16}3-
4Eldl 7l-
+r+ e+ +61+0l qq ;ll']94 ++esri +r.= i€61:- cj *€-dl
3*(iron loss) I Sd"llrl gcq:- +d,a^J, ,,r- 9ltl.
IE+, 7l€^l4l: 2 tl- 716J3
6l:!Ellel^li +dr+ 'JEol d++otr 4--r"l d *s-+rl s:l +=q 4
=51€ ^J
t+. 7l2l+g +4 EllqeJ, lrel^lel A Fll 711),lrr+ ;lq 7lF E== e9
=B =
g"J dlq el 715- d+E *l aJe
9 "l*4lrl dzlS "l*€4 qd ++r+ +71e+ r+.
el "l€ql elql ++ol 9.1trt.
F€ (copper loss) I n€zlq Eldzl Adel *l
dJql el6J +dolq, _*+ +61+9 +61 d+ql
q"J 6J+
elall 'rJ^dslLl- 9l9l9r €qdl TE6J i s= +d
olEl. E+= 'Ji^l7l= HJg
?+e dÊlel^l ^+r+ "JE.l d
++qe +r-ol1l+.
Ll, ?E d.57lel EE ;l:!Ellzl^l ^+.o: 'tri ++g ^l+
+E C57lE nr9E q= *F9 d5zlPi ul 8lE ?i^l'J + fl_n, ',1=ol 11+
+e *e ?"Jclj€_dlE'J,j:^la
+7lzls d+ Egtl fr+ r'gol 9loq, 4lt^l i tlr+. _telB,a ? -:-a /-ri 71 7l
^l
E 5"J6lq. 96U^l= +i 'J*€ d+;+E gEi.
+E A5zlg 2zl Egg 2il o;qql ql6J zl
Zl 4 dl qq, ++ 4r+ e.l +
=qE =B"lLl
[! r+ 6J6 n]_23
EE LIEIB + 9lEl.
2 4 ji g :+ x 100:fi _S)x t00 [%] a47l El= E
2^t AEol
f2
+E dFTlE 2:l Egol 4ql7l
:Lxfi}l%) (nr
-33) 9 -:- A e, 41 lt -33) oll 9l-lE S:0
.J,ldqLl, Ege qsr+ El
€;4lel
E 3Ar RE d=7lel ed +zlalE, -t!-El "+Z qdql^l 4rl
71 9q. d57lel age zil a€q
3* +E d5zl= ggal4 gd;lzl 916il^J= 4 ql* 44.
715H, +E 4lqB, qd "l 4l+Bcl +6J l]l+
g .tr1613ll ol 6Jrl
B ++ otnt r 13 .,,,,,,. 7f +E d57lel T|EE

-ft!- t5ll= /15;-l7l 916ll ^l= 7l+ E,171
dEoll €-lE! ffE dETl
il+otl !:lslq 9l= riF7l +qli:
+dl trtBtrl 7]ol dlq. +de 7l-E-.=o 9l3l 7l
+-- i-" I' 'l ,l;1.- d Ir- or,. ;+ €l /lF l;-:1: :1E1, /lF d+= 441 g
€!ol'l dF,,lel + 'Ii: 9"1'l oJ,c7l 9.ltl
t) rl1
ddB +H tlFllql^J: 2rl 42,*el +71+
715 d+= 4l6J.J f "JouL lc€ frl dFazl
:- -f +i* 2zl il-+ql 46Jg oJd6J + H-o-
rrE. 4+_r+ ++ 7l+ llzl= ^l+6ll,i} 6JEI
(r) t€ +E d+rlg ,l+H

o ol;]el :'i € +E d+
/:;BJ : 5 [kW]
^lE
,lql 3+5]:- zl FBss^j, 7lE 3i-el =t./l/l
+.l. TltsTlql Z,l= 61171 4el 9l7l 4lEql H,E
_ol TlFd 1l zl ilol d4 d oJ-g- aFo-7lql Tlnl c4
7lF6i= *B.l+.
Q) \/
r trEl : {-v'zl-ol +*ol 5*15 [kw] C
F-7f El P zlF +li=rel lkol n/l "ll+ql d dq
o r. zl-E'61-:- rtl{q y / 7lE'71=- 7l
^l-€-a}q
+ e-ltl.
(a) d !!
lcJ III 85= +Fo',.1 Y-/ TlFo- c-ilel erJE
+_
^l , rr d zl el 4' d el oJ ';l ql
.+r 4'l F- +l g lull Lll
q y,/ d eil r- 9l i,l,{ addJ aolE}.

/15;J "llql 2-+l:l= /l+(Y) +_o_J. 'J9,".1
d+7lel rc7.l ?dg leJ (b) e+ gol Y d+ol
!"1, 4 *"ll :. 'Jl tloJp JJI t .Joo'ol l;'
,
J. il+= ! 3 :+ rl ,. el . I ;'idJrr.
_E L:- d oJ _._l ill;!ol Hl dl6l. F E 7l,F i.:l-E-
Y dC
(b) lc) ,/ ed
q .T ,;
1
e ,J rEJ4.
lal m-85 +E4 Y-l7lEi 8il9 ZdE dF"-7lzl 7l+5lq d4 +Eql ol = 9lg rrll I
9lil=- +11 (/) +9,:?-'J-o-Fl 1=l +lC-g leJ
(c)el +ol /4+ol Elol d d"JsE Sd.g- 61,
,I 9rl. d4l9 dFzlql^l= E= -E-zlol
^lill 3+ d4l
tr zlSr il 4g+.
(,tEFN g: ]eJ rrr-86,11 7Jol,2-47lel
B9 zlrl 3 * 'J1l HoJ/lel iri_+ !J 7lE -H
tlzl (starting compensatcir) 5 €il6l'c4, d-E-71 'J
zlql a4-:- d.Jc 44 doJq 50-80 t%) 4F-
-+- \'l"q!!q ,l+ d+= 4l6J.Jtl
ol *Bg +eJol 15 [kw] ol:]ol 4+, 5* ll
*g zl;l= z"i+, -'I= zle +4= 7Ja TlEd61 reJ rn -86 715 EdTlH
d+7l"1 "l++ j= ilq.

= +E
-"lEl 75EJ.
@ rrr-87r+ .]ts €.1, d94
d5z1 ;.1-o1q1 ed ol al 9 rl (reactor) € 4 E
=
_+ d +;+q, /15^l 4 Elel .?--- a] e} e31 u1'3
o-q
.-1- ol*;lol d5l7l E] zlql 7lu,,lal:- d.Jc €q
'r +l ltel Zl5;

d d+=
4l-J6l= *Bolri.
q "JHe 'JriLl ++7le+ +ol +61 Ea.zl zl
-Fg "ll:- zl:r, 2144'q1 qet +7f;l= -*ql 4
6J;l+.
?dd +E dF7l9 TIFH
(r)
3d€ +E d57l= t.:le:il +olq^l 'f6q1 r
e rrr-84 (a)e|;ilol aJrl lLal^l= 5i6fq -el r-a7 xlotFl rl.Er+r
=aJ
2 4 +lcr+ el+el 7ltl-s 7lH zl6J7l (srartins
rhcostat) -5- €a€ i 9.1.:- +rF- qq 9L7l ull
E'ql 7l .Jg TlrJg e E&l , ul dl +

El zJ'6}zl -el zJ
olq el6lq +gdcl^l -tr-Lzt TlzlEer a+q r)y+ tld il_u

=
gs+ 7lF _F_l= rH
e.+r+ F^lql 71ts a+E 9 -87 €g1
4+ + e.l4 d57l7l-/l+€ql lll+ d+i-

=q
F-Eo]€ 7lF zl6}Tlel 9_"_E AEEI4^lel 3oJ 4"6171
4Ezltl C4 +Eql =.41
il+zlll r]:.7lel "Jzl c.Jg rl+irl
z16}9 ++^14 €11 +d!=- 6lE+ 6J4. olel. 9e tolllq tr?! +z|.o17l €L+.
?g ?de +E d+71 el 715: zl6J/lql q+ 7l 715 ol €* E+-g-d:- elq €- 19lil El
s_e Fl+^l?14.
EB9 Z;1 zl6JBol+lE 5ftr1.
Ll +E dETlel +E r1l0l, el8 .t dE
qoJ r+6 (r) r?s dFzl9 +E zlq
(rn
-26) t"ao:J29L 361 +E cFTl= sr'101 fln +i7l
^l "":20 ==;+
( -A) r=(1 s)2. rq 7l4ol &lrl. ItoJ, A4 +6I"J a+ 4
^l =e'Jq
,r, ++6tE Tl -ur6lel sl d+ trEl,/l Tlel $.1-:-
d4E 5d=q zl.Zl4, zl+ CFTlql Hloi +E
fj y+ 6J+ [r_25 --- - 4l q 7f + ol'oJxl 1;'lr+
+ ElEfHe{ Af trJA +E= ^l (rrr 26)+ 4l (nr-28) ol el;ll rl+

= 4 Aol ir^lsJrl.
8d ^gil lzl!.âi +E rlol= d
,d _ ".]i..r B3_.J9 lq= I2-0l
9"1 I ij-3t.4a3-o: rl F i
- (l-S) r" rt St p Lrpmj { lt -J4J
n
9.1El. rl,4^1, +E rz-3- 419;lzl 9l;l^l= + +(r) +

+++(f)= H3+^l/-l ts71 4E(n-) El+4+, I
1z| { o*}olu} 221 4",+ !L= 221 zJ
"Jg EF}^lz
+ts s= Hl+E 9rl.
O + += El+: tlHJ: . +71 r+= ziel {
nt{+ q Bs+
dg +e +*4 B4+, rczl {del d++
'3el6lq ldzlel + += El+= EJH9_i, ol
-,-- zl4€ -F^lql 7l+6l'21 6lH 4'Jo,q +E=
Ht-c + ilq.
9* 44 rle +l*4q qe ol el6J EJ al _"1 dFczl-=- El+E dtTl el 6lq,
(c"J:lot) (t++ 4lol )
lit tl.flol ol+= oJelel + +ql +-3-nl:--ts€

ral r-88 olg-d +rl+
^folel4EE
HJEJ aIe #E dF"-zl.ll 4l i+dl7l ullEoll t € +_E- dts7l
-Saf= *;171, +zl zl Zl, g al4l ol rJ E ql
=
ol+€El
^f
at +nf+= !l+= EJg: dgrl dFdTlg

pdttf+n rs
7lE +tl+ Eplzl (variable frequency changer) I
^l,ololl
_:1d i -88
doJ;+q dFTl-",] *+ +'++=- tsl+,lL| i+
S"J
=+
it+ i''liel i t+lg iE++ gCTlel Flll+= Hl+q dfl +rl+= rC;1:-
-{i rde li J-l o; ilori}
jl, ol?9- Ll^l dj$€+ql^l El: + *B olri.
r++el ,/ii dg og d+dlol dedTl 4=q= ilqS t}-_;ll iZloJ rl+l Edzllrl
ql 7li,,l €o +c ++i Hi+q !l"f
(power l.ransistor) e+ ul /- El (thyristor)
zf zll9
+l nlqE 7l;;1711 tJEi. ^lol
E;
-o- -e
4l 3 :t "J 4
El (3-phase inverter) 4' € el E
+rf+ B+'/l7l 4 Bil rll+rJel +I d
+5ol lif d"J ri)v.
Fzl.ll^JE ol ,JH -,"r ^l€-sll 7lI 9]= +.ql olr+.
-f H rrr 88!J ^lol 4lE=- ol*t ii'li d"J ,+
d e el dl ol trl
rl
€) algf= rf+: PJb,l : +! dFTlel trl
==
zl d"Jel 4l+"ll dlrJl;lq H01;1; C1g ol+
;+q *# d9]g EltLsE4l +E c57lel +-E-
4lol6J i ?.1+. rH rrr 89= 1rl d"Jg E teJ ur-89 1 if lg Elnp| !rl=
=-
El^l7l:- a+9 trl 3eJ *d9r LlEl$ /iolrl. Ef -eeJ +C
l il rl.Jg Hf+= EJBI|_+:- d-E-719 1"} +
ql /l E q=- d +61,j1, I zl E EJa= d!l^l ? o_
tr 4rl 12]- rlEg ^Jlq;-l= BBol +q {4 6J6 ul 16

^l+51"1
991l. s4€-.ll= +E C57lel 1il +ql ^lol :19 trr-89 !g
aEJ=
el
^lS+ doJ €l* ,llol EIE=- d+6lc'l lil rl9l,rl y,6J ql tF./lel Fld
Elel +;l tr:-1_dl r 1l9l +El S, o
*# d'J-q l7l=-^llqElss4l 1l*-7lel +ts€ s i t+Ll r .}tr, I zl i1*+ v,r.
4lq4= *Bg Y+ol qa 914. *+P tsli Ao]el lli5|o jz *,rl7l
(D 2^f Ol^f"J : ol H]'83 {.i]€ +F- +lFzl el qs dFTl= ifl s', + .g rt;lzll 'J
E+. +. lil d*9 EEI^l7l += a
2z| .lEJ+ +rl.--ql zl d4-9- E^J6l= 2
ol _+-91
dll eldfl .rFTlel dlg i. d;
zl oJzlTl= S";61.1, il T-Lzl, dg}g rrl#gtr4J Ll =eJdl
+F-= 4lq6J + g:- EJBoltrl
2zl 4471e î-$q= E--t ll7lel --r+tr=
4e) /l,l/l Cleq, 2il ol4Tlql 44^l= +F_ q!{* a++ n rz
g'i} ol1-l 4 ql
Ezl"l-r- q 6J ol ?.ls q^f -q
4l
"i 9.1:- 7rl 2
^f
EJ
=F
Ll,2il ol zl zlI dilE tsll €-dl71 7lzl4l q= n c[ 4 rkn. ,.f i s; 'lrl ',1 --r
Ii ro :
-.=-el e_d.l 9.lr+.
(scherbious) Bllol !.1El.
I sel|Errkramer) g^l: 4i L5-l-:
6 Z,r1 ,t193 TfrJdlE tlEJ: .l *B-."- dd€ +E 3-6- el 'l drl-i 21I srJe
+E 1lts7lql^l Hl 4l +olel dd9- ol+-J 4s ,l',l o_? elr';rEr_(l -ll4:l-,- 'c
. o' o, | r ;. ,.' "l +61 ol ..i .J;f
E. Hlill +olql ^J q+Fl reJ rrr -84e1 +o1,2 Ef.
=
if+ql +5'- zllol* zlH zlilJ7l=- r-JolrJ 2 il 3l 2.

^l
-aE +a(schcrbious) 'J^l : 2:l zl
_qE 71 6Jq Z_71= Tlrln] _o.,+-4il Zg trLql r.il 6; ,' jot I. t.Jg 3 j.;lEr_
5,Ld.6t
ol6lq
+ E4alc4 +E=- 4lq6l= "}B"lq. ^J *i7l +F- ^l ..:.E€, 4ldl
=eJd9 ;f= r,Jlse, d F.l +il-ql ,616I
f,s. dFzl9 9t
(u)
',l_ , t,.F n E- !_ct | 5ol le_
d+zlel il d *dle +6171 e?,q= t}4+ql
127
^l _Bol ^lZl H]6*-3- s= o _q 611 9.1Ll.
38 {.dql _"-,rr,i 31} l/+el "Jel +l.l= ts}

1,8, Fl c zlTl*el BJ.Jol Elql dl d-E-7lel El d
*dJE Hlrlls EJrl.
4"1^1, alFTl= qlc^l7lLjE, lr'J r[ -90,11'
eol r3zl(1 il-) + -"-l .!l d + oJel el -'r dS
:teJ _s0 3a ffE EErlel q5 ul+E 1rl Cdql a=-= 3AI j/+el d-el '.r ^l
rl- ,J rrl 'l Fl E q. E 'l :. Hrrq 6J.o..-r. al ll;L
{.1
Eor
7lJ EJ L+.
tc)frg dFzl9 alFB

.9-E d-Fzlts r+= {F7lel e"l C+61I5
agJ;litl xzl ^l7l 4Ll,9e+ r+ El dol Fl:-
43- ''Jzl
5f oJ.q/l 9.lL+. ol
'4,
gF qlr-l 7l= g
e}6lll idl 7l= rX ol 'Jg6l4, ol dJ Bg ,ll
BJ
^l
F(lxakirrg) olrl 6lL, ,ll-F "JBql= /l /ll zl .ll:-
al .J /l 4 4l +el .F 7lz.l 7f 9lrl
71414 g 'll E zlirl "t1}e]g Pi4alq
'll-E-B
rfl r-91 "J! 458
,tl.F;+= *H.lq, 41ts71= +1t^l7l= uJBql
utrl +. "Jel c,rl el + 4l-E,, * .1-"J zllS "l rl
zl zll-F 5ol 1tolr1 9Jtl.
d7l4 il5Be ul*4=1 0l+6] al .e+n dzl .9
.J ++.9- ol+;'l c4 zll-F;+= *Bo_a^1, tl+t+
+_g 'tf H ol 9.lrf
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5. i l+ €tel d*3 uJ']]e ;+"1 El 1l **q
'rl??l=l.1= +"J;JE}.
6. 7r- Tl l1e-l 1l+9 FILI] _e ol .4 tl ir BJ6Jol El+l-:-1-S, qoJ+Ef.
tErit
L EI^J +5. TlSTlel g1,l= gB"J + 9.1=7l'?
-l 1l C
2. +* f-l; 35o. /'l,o,l /lso.Bql sll i] r;#=:- drl-J + 9l-/l? C

3. td PrE CbTlel 7l':;Bql 4= ;...=-B ed-E=- 'tPl + 'J-:71 ? C
zlF'lll ulF:. ++trF. 'jvl.}zl q_e= 7rJ+ + 9l=?l?

rlC l*6JE el rJaol 7l58lE=i rl,i-s, +€+ + 9j=.71 ?
!E y+ 6J+ [r-29
4+ E2l7l
I Halâl4 4l+
^lE
IE/l(brusl ess DC seh'o nlotoJ
5,1€ ,,1+ ^l'H, tl+71 (synchronous t\'1. Ac servo nrotor) +-3 €+ z!4Je AC
^J
H, C57l (pcrnu
nent magnet AC scrvo motor)q ;JL+.
3+4el rLiN^l /l S.9Bl rir --!l++
Ed,rlTJ llF7le,l ri-!= '3nl^l1E+. ?.]=ql= -1.=rr= 7lE
oJ4!l rl,e.-= ErJ.laElLl
itliel iir. He+^l-ll: ^ldl;lrrE ts FlFirl i7le il,ll d€E i.
"lq =++ a+.| 'J+ Î+qn 9111.
1l7l;{l d+el .lr=lelel rldTl 11€ol!e +-. "t 9l^l 4l"l/l t'J-lll .li.lal NC +41 7111, t
oJ
€, sl *tllrl?lel x-!i ,r'ts, zf*. 71?lol rllol:4 (table) el dl+ tsql +*$El.
!IrJ^], /j r-rrl, +eJej, eJ,rlq :ral il Eol q +i/l ol+ tr3;lE+. il r'l,l= +U6J'o + TlEl-€
oJ?.4.!oln ndzf ?te' 27lle,l Sdol ,Jz4 "JE+. alrlTle+ jldulzl llt t+;+"1 ?:,t'+-i
''i+
.ll +Eol ?l CslE/l +E+. iL"i. *# lltl el +i++el il14 +i'ql Hldl+r+. ++ts "JFl '{llj}
6}tr trEdl "1.1 ? s_d i'++7l' +E-ql +s6J soJol gll.
€+ ft5 dETl
L tE bC ?E lE7 (.lc{-'p slot squirrei cage indLLclion niolor)
-C
zil Eille^l Fldlel riJzl€- tsJ6jsl ?q7l i4l.ll dl ;tq r.llEJ dl + ElEog 'J ilz r.l+6.1 1l
E .,ls ErE+.
El dzlTt 71ts6J. ql= 2;] ,l6}q 7-tsE +L r]FTltiJ tr4l;lq 715 trl= gCdl/l "i+ql
7lt. lol ++?Jrl. 4d.+7} 7l+5lH 2:l iJ6Jol 3-n s.Cq +*
=.J,Jilt tse PrY- .lF7l+^J
= eJr+. zlF
&d;l!l F-:li C+;l tr.1''l 1fi1-150 l%l 'j-51dlE+.
2. 5e +E IE7 (double squirrel cage ilduclion nrrtor)
0l=
Fl a.4el +:t7l t ill= ,J16_0 + H9 + tl!+ 3dql 2eel +c "JE"l Fl?l+ €.ql= !'*5,rf c
ol .rJalq Fitl=, oJ+ Fql=,Jilol 3te d/lFel L4l= il+Eltl.
=
db7l7l 7l5g ql:-dl?+ +q *:- ]r4lqls! +r 4,+71 gel 3 7l=d El=- e:-r+. 3F7lel
JiEll g"lzlE "J+ +ql 9l: F4le "*g d+71 €rl +.i.6:! t-d +^J9 ec + 9lEl. 715 trl:
d!r;l F_:tgl 100 - 25r:) l%l ,!lolrl.
3. 4l.r+ .J3 ll57l
zl+ 4{ dFTl= ?14 ?tilr} d7l7l adol zl€i Elq .Jq ^l d+7lql 7}ill+= 4+ {1"J9 !J+
g El+qE zl+,il .J7l7l d+el EJ'6J,ol s-'i $rlls Elq Eld '*6Je E;lzl 6*:Ll'. ttlzl/.1 ril'n-- doJg
7l.,4 +q! dsdTl: nJ* ae- EJ6]!l E-:l+ !]rJ;ln eg *"Jqe 5l dE!4.
.lel +e 94= ol8,6J d:i7l7l zl . + .J+ d5-7lolr4. Etr 4lC ,r+4 d+71+aE ilEl. l
elq nl+ .l? C57l= lrlE i++q-" ^l+BlE adq 7lg!lr1 el E,r+ Egol *olrlrl e+71
+zt o*o}^l d5-7lE^J 4E};lzl ?i7l 4+oI jlH zt+ql 9.J e€€- =.1/l +16l /iaqE ..j" ?41
6J ri
g-
^l+d}:- 5el rlli H49 ;liol ;JEt.
!L ql d/l
"Jb dFzl (unirersal motor)44! +ii ol dFTl= 7JE EnTl:ln Fld+7I "71
IrN
= g, d7l ai7l, d7l E.q Eel t.F7le.! i+ol ^l+gtl.
2. a+)l 137
EJ:J elql "j -+= +E EJ"J7|: At€ 3E 4fA3 0lg6101 r+
dglf !+= HIEJ6I: E
xl 7Pltr^1, Ag0l r|]cJdl tsP d7l 71710101, Bls 55 .f
qEl Efl, Hlag gtTl =d^lts.
ElAt 5c3 7j5^lrlrlel "J^l lfl, r91t
Efl 5otr ^€q: qltrJo-l 5e-d dg gilolrl.
E Egql^l: HJgTlel flalel +4, ZCE 5= 01.-ll6f01 Hlg7lg
rllBJ 7la ol=3 a"Jc + 9lg #'J olqal 0l= ?lt6fzl +lB-g +
?1trl.
E-d, +lrlel galel 75= 016tl6101 0l= gEl=ll +l;g + ?]tl
(1) d *zl
E HgTlel fla1e; 7a
E"J7l= 94€l lzlel ril+ d.Jg +ol cn
+E zl+.I el6lol trl= _l7lel j/+ rl*o_s El
1.q^1, ol d.Jg +-lql +#61= 9;J€: 6J4.
HS'l tls el zlE € Eli= :19 u -
*-l,r- H oJzl (transformer)
(a)
lM (a)s+ Aol Adql dzlzJq_e ^JE Aslq4

d9=(1 il=)el ?dr+ +61+(2zl<) el {dg
*j,,il'. (b) 7l !
Adl^l -Er Cdg Zlzl4gE ea^la €4e =1
q ilEl
:1411 1zl=4 2il=E Ad, d'J, dF 5;-9
++6171 +l6l.J ag€. d+;+=
=q {dg 1
:l ?C (primary winding), +61= ll +61= +q
3dg 2 ul ild (secondary windiru) ol4 "14, l
d.J, d+=- 7+4 ral d*, t"1 a+ "i zxl d
oJ 2il zJ+ +oe +gL]
Etlzl9 +s ++e lB n 104 (a)el Adl
(c) .?rEBl t|Etlet d6J.4 d+
lal u-104 HJgTlel 7lE +5
zf+el 5tr elsJg 6l!-- c+ gd'+ r actlql
,J4 9l= 27Xq ?d N,, l/,,q +Cqq 9.1q. r
elil H.,i7l= +4I]l= 7l-tr= _18 (b)e+ e+. !E E* d+6 trr 3u _,
.]e rrr-lM (a)oll ^1, /-91^l Sw= g-q^l {d

Eg'19
N,+ql +alE d+6l,zl 9*-7 fld Mql il+ il =! :
g y, tvl 7l6lH, qzl d+ 1, [A] 7l €r.l d 1. Azl ,1716l/l 4lt,jl El€. i17l zl
= ' orr Hl;tor oJH -l.o l, i&ol : r.
q nH zl+ d twbl zl g^JE'lr+. +-i,71 tEl.I4
ol gcFJ jlB zl+ql el6l l,2rl {dql
"]],
2. d9ljrl rltiel rJTl€- oJelel {}o
i dlE + oJ_c g_oJ ol_Llel, til
C4 -ftE zl+qj el.tlii frs. z1 34 s, 1y1, "l 2:lel F tC ^lol= -!E d7l
=
EzlV)7I +Eqq, 3.d 1?"ll frsrl; zl 3q-9- 4 o,+ C 9l5ldl ?.lL+.
e [\l ar ;lE. 1. 2i] +E ,l Tl4e- E]+ irl e 3. 45; flel* glgelts i1+ -ql .E
6JsJ 4+ € Eg ,ll ,l ;lq, J+ iJ
ol + (15] rl +e ++1laE+.
Er:l/re[V] (rrr
-35)
4.f-4/l ^l+;ln 9l= d/lel EI+
+.,1 ]lji dJ4 t ol+ +el 3147}
Ez: Nz e (Y) (III 36) BfE €ral: oJelel dg.g EgTl=
++61.J- "ll, d.Jzl9 dE, d+, zl+el +Zl E--lq zl+ :.l'rN +- 93 f 71 4l
EIEJES +E+,IH :lH rr-104 (c)si ?rl.
=
7I, d"JH I - !r.l+ !lr1t _16
H"JTlel 1 zl El 2 ^1, ?]+lel cd i=-N,, N, -r al |lr 1n,4
cl "lE. I il {19},-l- 2 il, 3"J "l 4l ts Ei--q z.l -
,4 €3 +|zllzl 9.lcl
^l -lg n 104 (a),5l].i q4 d+oll
el6l] 9...J + !.+ol -o!71 + o_ji i€
vr , Er Nre 9zl e+.rl 4+q 45-t-"1 AC .llql
V, E, NZC ,! EJ i+6+: ol+= oJol,Uil.
: Nt:- ( III 37)

N2
.- f.!i ct at rrr-s
q/l^J, a= {$ttl (v6ltage ratio) tr-= €riHl
4 6Jtrl-. fioJHl (^l rri-37)
e4 1 il+el fli7l 3000. 2 ila<el
Ll. 5+8 |
3+71 10091 BoJzlzl 9lLl-.
2 7l=ql^l 210 tvl sl doJg e7l
LB n-lO5el +ol, BoJTlel 2 il+oil +61= I dl 1 il+ql q tvl E dSlS Tldl
d+61tr 2il Adql 4+ I"(2zl +61 d+, 2il oi ;l=71?
a+)71 nqil q-:-ql, ol d+ql q+ zl-fol
,f+el zl+!a- a+^laEl.
1 eor f :f "rr^r
v,-V"xfr
ol
'4l$ql 1Zl+el dg A.J l,'4 frs z1 3q
xl7il 9ol, t it gdql_:- q =zro*
E,
^lolql= t6dol zl
1%ooo:oeoo
zl dF 1o olel"ll C+ 1,(1 .<l +6l d+) ol Ll
qil iJ, 1 ;<t {l+ 1, g 10 el 1;el-el dJol 5l 4 EJ.

IoL 1141 tjlal^l Eil ro- 4s Eg ltal I;= .44
7)-a, 7J o e HolE Slrl-
-1 /.1
rr ,? 1 it d+ 11 a+ 2 ,l d,n=- 1,
^lolql=
:19 n-105 cl.J/lel +61 5+
(r,1617l : a+) r++ 4lr+ ag +Zl7f 9.ltl.
I, - Ii:!t -1 ( rrr -38)
I, I, Nl d
.l ef 6lq, d+Bl
=t d#nl
zl (cr:rrenr, ratio)
^l, i
d"Jdl"tl ilElell6Jrl. C"J'71 el i! d* *rl;}jl
= .l (lll-37)4 .l
+;+el q€-ol lol+a TlAalE,
-Ee+ 6J+ lrr31 ___ _i
(nr il8)E+El L++ 4lr+ d9 lJzll€ c9 + ilLi
(rrr-39) €g i
Vt It: V,lz (ilr -39)
^.1
, .l 2 -L z. i", _ I I 1._'l .
':"",
." ..1 lc -l'-. -l ,r ' oJ-l i ,: : | :
,l=,+= E+= :171+ 84901 rf. +I

HJoJTlel
^Jr l
(r) c*zl9 €^l : d"J7l-:- zlzl s-leoJ 311

22l+9t FLNqcri:r 1l.3o- !lEli'l
. Ll .I d7l dlaql ?Col €d4 4lzl uJdJgi iJ 7l
:;, 2 :l.t t6Jol 1:l+ cE-lJLl + I
4 zl4ol Adg 4'116l= €Ell-"'l +i-a rlq 9l

l
.l^lql 2.1+ql ",e= d+: 1-l+ i
" it,rl 'lol ".2,1.. ll9l" l', El.

+ d*q!+ *ol-zlH 2:f+ d+i I ]
H.-l7l=-€.drl ?l+lr+el +zlql el;ll ul-tsE,
,l ', t, ,; u ur E,J ol .-_ 2_ r \l rl-
.(l 7i.(lJ, .F+EJ i ?LL+.
-leJ ul-1064 eol
+, 3d"l adg :i3Jr4-:- €Elli_ ,(f7l ElE7l
rTllil Flq 9.1.=.ll A6d(lg (a)), e,dol {C€
f!.: *t oit n v
5-ali.ila ?.1= €EllE /-l r) alETJ --- 7lJ-+ rlol
d#El (^l III-39) 9l= el a6J(-l+] (b)). lalr. 1]+'1.11 '"'}e'J+C
.I1.J: /.IrIt B=ol g*_o-+ EJol-^J EJ:- il?-!
Efl 1 al+el rt!l-,il 6ilr.)0 tvl. 2 :l+
el ililol 210tvl t doJTlTl 9.lEl € (_r'J (.)) tsol 9.l.rl.
I:I d+/l 3 lAl "J El]. 2:I diii. ad. do,]zlsl 6
(L) '11_o-
ir-= "liEll 7l^l 2-:
q lAl 9l7l? (tl, E*7lel + !g i.l
i /jl o e rJ z+.J!].) g +ll dlTl 9la+oJ +4 ++'6tol 4-4.5 1%) n
E 5l:- .jSlFJ
r,-r,* J;.il^1 'J+g ^ls'{}r}
'8ZJ
!E+, "JEol d++9 +rll dlzl 9l;lq +41 0
r,:s'ff:ro ll5 hnnl el +J: ,JrJ"ll € € rl ,+€. o; ul I, ol a g
140 rrr. Erl llrl

I'-/lq î++ g.!ol ^l+grl.
(tr) rld : Hls/l el flde ritql ?4- d"J
el :lzlql rrl rl {,1.}} tltl!} rtoJ {.dol 9.1,11, +

fltl€. Sdql -Fil Hl^1614Ll, !F-= d,,91
^lel
e ol a^l tr Hll zl6J e rl ol 9.1L'}.
t]?rlol _Fil6j9-q ,J7j z,l 9l- a j_ql:- .J

=
H!4o-q {1"+ tlilg -rroJ Adel "J+ql a.} + (a) Lll3x
r !.lrf .
(e) dB* +r: d'J+ H"+7lel "J

Cg]zlel
FL40J 7-r:- 1e] rrr- t07rl aol dil-l fltl-q.
-E++ H"J7l ++illel dSl+, .fel] el6J ui 5-
d 5r-o-L +d5lq 9+
flCsl EJzl:..ig elf-E
Fd(bushinc)P tr9]zl
sl=;-lll 9l6J 7*d4 el+ ^lolg €€61n, F /bt e :€
^lql Tlzl 4
o-i 1l al617l glall r.l€,rl= .<l7lE
trl E- ?olE-6lrI
€"J+= -+ldel €.J.3_ +zl 61.a, !E LN+ +

€-ql gatl^J +61 gg eldJql dgol= E6J9 al
tl gel 'Jni ri t}=- +ol7l 9l;l"l el+ql EJ g
+o.Lr r{ I ,l .j_ S. o1 ,' ?.14. -,1 (.) rldd €
ra! r 106 "J"J7lel e^l
F! Il ai
H"+/lel 2 il+ql^l slE cosdo,l 5-;+ql *#51

:. 34 P rf F-rl lol tl'l
=
Pz- It 0 Vz t:.os (rrr
-40)
\=_ I it
=.dc Eli!;-fE,.l
*.1?l 271 o_rl r.l
( rrr - 37) rl, .l (rrr 38) -q-"rEl r+:-
^lrl eol
EJ
El
i!l z:lrli
-Vt
Zt: - :d'Zr - (rr -41)
11 tBJ n-107 IelE HJS7|9 +5
+,z)+=ql sle€ i-;}-:- ol4ql 3+dl=
+'+I tsllel +6lzl t=l+ql slB€ arl AEI
3. )lE.l 8)l )l)l

tf..l c6 a+6 Ilt-lz ul .ilE -Ll6-E
HETlel 2 it '.lxlcl 'lEl'tl= 1lE-,-q FF6lq
SgTlel dg S=E
L d"J E5-Eol +;+9 H3171= ^l d+6lE aiEr *olTlrl.
l'l+ 2 il =+zl d"JE trE .l ol-:- +;-l d+71 g= ql lil "-l 2il adq
=+ql
:r1l Ll4LlEl, "lel +e d"J HF zldJoll elal doJ ,J;'lel fl4lel oJ++?o Fo-q';+
g E.J/lel € e+l .lsdel 'J'Eef
i'd, d5lTlel F;41 4P € dJ +€ zl+ql el.ll ^371= i€ 4"-qEll-e .J6ll
= zJ6lzl
g zl.lEl. =''j dE Brjalzl u119o14, -?61 C+71
=i-
z. ]J*/lel d.J H+E.g + ol 46J 39' zlalzl g"l 'J^J6lq "J4 1l"Jg
+eq, ,H.a.o-- 1.5- 4 t%)
El *oldtl.
H317l-q +e.i,il Z 1i': zl+ Tl El.
ol elof {oj ,J;'}el C_E-= L]-E}'l:- 4C dE
EEE (voltage regulation) ol el -o1q, C+o}^19

$3 r rir rrr ru
Y-+61^l!+ d+51^19 trJ/l d
e4 2:l=el *4 3o;1ir,1 ol 100 tvl 'Jzt d"Jql r.tl6J
oln, ++-Bl 30.1(v,,) q 102 tvl "J oJel ..l-ts- Lt4!Jt} =;, E9 doJ Hts€.14I
d'J,lel C9i EtsE (e)3? ;}tr, e9 El-3- zol 2l+l9rl.
gol €: r+'100
^lrl
tnt-t
r-ffr/ _l/ x 100[%] (trr 42\
: '": nn
',:"" ' too:2t%l
I I iLi qzl^J, %+: d4 d+6l^lel 'J 2zl+
=qt
d.J.lq, %09 +5-.-t^lel 2 z|; t-lzl, {ojol
!t r+ 6J+ rfl_J3 q
Hl 77
1.,,J4 Se.Ig d4 2:l 3.Jrl €4 ^1
2:l .rl+€- ;L+ *qs^J, _t Fl-.1 EoJTlql +g dgol.+ +t++71 ?4?)
zll-lilzl
t- l\Al :t:- [k\A] = ^]++E]. El
Ll-lYl, +;loll^l :i:dlg:- d'le tl
4'l :L-:- r]]d+71 ;ed, a+4 745 E;-41
I J*rcl _"".c] er+{<lrq ;6 eld 9_€d,.1 ;-7}6lq E.J7l el 9--E Cf,ol 4l
A:ol ,,!r, t' i3 olol drl e6+; .'llzlr 3ll-9 €€gol +tl5J rt.
I t d9; lel $1'3- n; lr.ler ,4el^1, H9i7l= E€-zlol4 dJd;-l4l ^l+6171
it
^l6Jri.
2.44 3"Jc ': zl
211 9;'ll^l= ^l+ e€+el .llgE!+ +61'el q -Ezl^l
9^ 3- rel zil glsl rl
( :r "]]n
=qg gr.o_
€- _L4;1q ,,.f$ :rzJ;9 zl A* 'J,q;,t 9lrf
"j,14, !" til lr ?r.o ji'
Hglzlsl c4 (farins) ol+ ol e.l€! zl ia6l c
2"1-
d"J.ll { i'rl= * .6! ,lqE}.
.ll,\l EoJTl=
3. d4 2,1 C+b tl +'J€- e4
2:l Cg-.,_.4 +,E efqjt. ,j4 1zl
^lsc + 9.1= +E€ "Jo14. d
4 €-eJ, C4 d"J, 44 d+, C4 +++ E9
il+= X4 2il d+= ll+Dl + Ll
ts itss. ,J zl g ql e,l 1 .il 3 il"l ol ql +6}1, tr g'/l el E tJ (namc plate) 4l ts
jis "j;l= ae =q .lqq. s rrr_1rl +--o ll$ol s^lqq 9lq.
+d ";EE
^1.
(r) €d: H.Jzlr LIE- C7l zlzle| ul-{z}zls_ s n-1 HJoJTlg EnJ
oJ4 qlLJ^lel d+71 5l= ag ol-Llr, 8Jg7lE d4

:l g+71 tr.J71 L]].l =4gE.JE iI
^J +n *;+r
Cdlzl I Il.J 220 t\-l 2.: tk\ Al
fiqC4. ola€- HET] el +€"14 alr]1, +del 24 30J 110 t\'! 60 lHzJ
4i-€-g gE 'tltlqq H"JTlel eE= Al+^l7l

14 di r0 l\l 'r+ + EJ iI
ngg z16l^17l=,qoJol gtrl. H.JTlcliJ g 2 il- 3+ mll

-2,
^Jq-:- +del ++-:- rnl Fr5-a1€ (no load loss)
r+ +;l-+ ooad toss) o_i i
Ll.5- g.l r+.
d+lql d+9ol 9.19 ql= *61'el f,lrql t}?l

L y+ 6J6 ilr_34
9lol lzl=ql= ++;1 d+zl ;=-1, ole oJ aI EHOfrlol =9
e.! .llE zllel jzl\ Hnlql 4+ EliJ;+:--- + 1. d.J?lql LlElr+: ++;l+el El+
+P. e+ olq. 5-d€E ri.e
€g Y-+61+ E= e€olelr 6II'l, I + E 80 n/_
e :lel-3 Ll4 :1r r) oltl. (

rI
t%) 7l al a:Ellq^la+ol-L, .i'i

"lE "J5ol d+ 2.9Eol cosdgl j--lql tA+l P*
+ol+. Tlel ;iE c€-3 El+ '.lrl ?4.
V" I"ea<A
E"JTlel +€ql= olelqlE +6]- d+ql gdll n= vJ,co:;iffi
w -100(%)
3tl"tl 9^861= +;++(+71+), $+ +6t+ ts 3. 9lel 4loll^J Age +;lsl E €rrl
ol 9.1+. irilel q7l"ll r+el tEl+g.J +
{ o q, gFlS o.e HoJ/lel a+C
(L) s+:
HE/lel n€:g +El4= HJH_o_tr-:- B4 C+. d4 d"J, +;l q€ r.J
"J4g d41tr +C6lq zl.l€l €= ng 4lel d€.B^l .d +r+.
=qr+
!l ir+q 44 +€e=- AC6lq agg t€+= 4. H9lTlel 3+ (++il+)'l +ej-e
(+;1+) ,Jl pll 9= +;l"tl^J H.J
iE sgol 9.l.rl.
l
zlel cgol i]rtlE 9q, d4 I
el 50-20 t%l dF- +dloJ A+61=q

d= .E.ge d.JTlql d.ill,+ d4 +4= €a L+.
6l_7 d4g zltdlol ;luq, ^l€ol Y+ 5. ddJTlq -{9e- il d FS.l dzl
=€6lq ul+ql
ol 'J.q6lt HZETI E!-or L!t,tl
l
+ ^l+al^l e.n 9l ". i. _j:t.J 4"1::

{)a t%], E]]€.J qlq= 99 t%lzlzl
eq, ++q ulel d.Jzl ditl +€g
=C6lq
:r9€; +al'E r-lei E€ol t+6ls_+., H.Jzl
'J "J4.
n
ce dl+B +s+ Eg!=- ^ls+q.
+E sgg zl.il!+ql flol^l BzJ dnl +€g -- fl rcr {t n-s
+;-lqol 6l=EJl, ol= ++sl+rl +4+9 96l . Ul Or-7lol -=et!.:-9
q, olcl +e +€-=g ++61 i
^lC^l dqzlql i ht tp: ', wu-w.dbeco.<r,.kr

+ElLl= d4rl ++ ^le^l dqzlql +Elq= ; ...]q ir (lo s., B+bfq tE-t9
dEolgE ol= F6lq ,J+6lAl +g + 9.1+. i €itrs :e+ol olEl+zl dJolH4.
U EgTlel 3!g
7f HJoJTlel +.5!f trJIl 7lE
el eli. r,l <foll ul ul uli. '?r zl A el gl
EoJ-/l
{dJ{+!).9- i Ltc,rl LL}el- Jrlr-E ]ll+l/l !l trE
oJd;Jzl gEl-.
lalLl q_-- + ^ld.ll^l + '4, lil 3+lr+ 2
(a) t+€ :i {ilel Ez} d"Jsl +€e 4 +ltlel ,Jg EJ
dJql 44 e-'"r i'E 91,4, tsJrll "J +F- 9ltl.
^1,i.-
E.Jzl= 'J5-9-" ^l+;J oll-:' +dol H 'Ezll
7l rlzl -e+e_L+,2q1 ol*el H"J7l=- €€ d+61
/lLl E= 3* d+g a+q: doJel +rdol
='
4 zl 9*E+ 6llol elrl. ol 14, -i€;oi € ,ll +H6f
7l +l6ll^J H.J7l q "Jql Fl4 7lg= E^ldJtl.
(b) ,tl1i +, I zl+ (-II"J+) 'Jzlql ^.1 Hl9i7l=- -9 ull _o-
le xt-108 uJg7lg +d ETi_, U, eJ3.!.r V_r ;r_ alal-.a, 2 il.+(z.lo'i+) ql

:, qrt "j7JqlE Uel gg +^Jol !l= .Jul= u,
Ve+ ag +€g Ll4Ll]: F! zl5- vs -ii ^l'dJtt.
V v' ,lr5lvj
o-- -
d,EV"
<- :rg il-108 (a)o[ pol, Ue] uz] el*-al <19-
r c1 Yzl g:^lFlol ?l= C'Jzl=,J+dolel 6lq. I
1
'13 61il =ql

1l.d .i 2il a.d.ll +I'El:- 1'1"+el "l*ol
|
u*#
-) P/
115(v) r"
I
il
(a) 2ix)[v) +:] 2114 Aol + Adel gltlg ^lJ. tsd'olEl. lt-, 1if
g 2 il LJzlTl
'J3 ad!:- "lI "l5-.ll 5-
9.1,'l
EJ,!- zl EJzl tl'Jel zlql dlr-JEJ
^lol-el d "J-.i
r+.
El"l, I'J +ol, Lle+ uzl .r'11:- e]

[r -108 (b)e]
'Jel rll4dCql s^l5lq 9l= d9]71= 7l+dol

rl ;]rr.l, lil Alt "; 2?l A.dql +--!l= d*
lr.[\ )
el nJ ;*g ]r, H!!ll "lsE --r fld ^lol dlll- 9l d;
^J
F?30tvl
l1;LVl
;lzl z lracl] 'J-,,= BC;-l- , 1 z] 4 2;f Ca]-:- ^J
i Plql + C I 4 a 9.171 "ll Eql + EJZI ^tol el
{c) zr0lr rs[vJ ++ ]l"fl nl
clig 4 Flzl d"Jel a+"1 5Jtr1. + 3l Llaloll^l
]r.a lr 100 "JA HJ*7le.l ZC :- ?-lc-,g- -s=-e--a ^l+6}1 9.ltl.
')l)l
144 It. 1)l
Ll. Hlld8 HJg'7lE
=C
dli d+ H oJ zl (distributron transforrner) E H oJ
7l 5-.ll 9l= g+ql^l ',] tj il=- Hl+.E ?dul
']i
g dr"re + 9.lrl.
EJe- 2 il ?ldtlql €,1;1i1, l iI
ilgql *+
ol 4'J-eL ts-S- dc6lq d+;lE ziJ=oI^J rl
+ tvl !L= 115 tvlel Czr CEC e3- +
230 {
9.1s4, 2/l= €del d+ ',JBql q4 :z'J rr- :iEJ III 110 EJgTlel HleJ E+
109 el ?ol tvl rE= 11b tvl el Fltl 2 C4l .l
230
Lt 230/175 tvlel F]* 3d4l_qE- g +71 9.ll'i.
Lf. 6= iij=
ol |]l
Î€, +.J E.JTlql +6171 =4ajq :1 +
elol ++g 4ql=, 4ltrs H*zl€- ;-€d-q l
H aol I il+!l 2 xl+el trJzl,=g 4
rrr-110.r]-
4 BEe d+6lq ^}+6Jtr1.
:E, E"JTlel d4l4?t ,3-d9- 9l;lq q+el H
"J7l€ B€ d+;lq Sd6l= d+71 *r+.
E"J7l= H€s +l+;+q +dal,ail + af-,
"Jd6lr a-S4el B€ edg qdlq 4 E"J7l
^lolql= +--oE iag'++qoI +q. rg n-111 3s HlgTl
?,4 d.,izl ^lolql 9l lrrlLl cgitTl gd6l

E +5J Tl -n=-71 ae-u_s_ 4 H.JTlel +€ol Bol pd* a++ u-zo
oF 611q, :E 4 dg'7lel +l+Hl7l,
4 jL, I il ") 2 eJS EgFTief 3 Af EgTlel
ilel d 4 d.Jol ag- 4 ol olol 6JLl. =g
ql=
-14-t 4 H.Jzl9 d4 +*"ll ilolzl 9l= a =ol 30 tkvAl sl EoJTl= €
"l J." r?. q:3n k\c rLlo r-
e +"J61'+, ol 4lql_:- 4 H.jzlg +eJ.I Elel el'r. .lt :lE,l .-. r0tk\At 3rg.l
d +61= ets-lZl sllol -lsE, 4 EoJzl .rl_ol €-s;f-n Ag- +,J LlBDlt4.
JrtLl rr."tL..jil 3rlet :?
E "J"-l EJl'rl= C4 +zJdlql H!tslgl.liol 6J+. Ltul 2 4 e. V I ;l_g-a Er 4ol L
"l 1l
ol 9].IE 4 d.JTlel Eld :?lrlltr 6lzl ^l+ir} + 9l: d.l 9lE+.
q
=EC dl q ud J8_ol Hobl,t .:- qr
?"11.^l= 4 HETIE z:ldlq- 4EEJ-.-Hlz| polop ol o_Ll.
:rol DJ
/l€el ELjE oJ
d4. s j4 q1r15 gel ra 99lr-
il
+a13e1 o3 .6tl ^l€-eln
"Jo r_ 3* toJTlel ^l+ol 671
6.ttl 9l*ol ?olol t4 i} tlol4.
rl. a .^l
^14.
dq*ql ^l+51:- Lfl+*g tSoJTlE-:- -rH ill
-1114 Ag 3t H"J7l= ol+6J + 9lsLl' ;l
t^lq:-3 si=- E--r fela101 4= Eldol 9l
zlE 'oJtl.
.+4^J, d4 5.E 5C"l ^JE A-,"- +^J EE

:LzJ t-112 /-/ eE 71 3 til (lE= 2 tll)= .l+6lq 3 t H'J7lcl F'J
6J nr+=- ol€-6l7lE +tl.
e= *Hg
.Jt H.JTlel 3Al Ad EJH.ll= 3tlel HoJTl
I, 2 r.l=+ /4,1.Jtr1 Y A.lleJ 4l€61
=- ^l-04-610l
"l++ qq adB+ 2tI-q EETI=-
ol€-el v
v 3+l.l 9Lrl,
rfl III-113 YYzJC

l-/44: lB III 112e1 +ol, 1il.+ iltj
(-t)
714 /4i +4= + 4qi.
'rl 271+ a.col
+€ d d ^l 7l E7l;;'l'71 ull F.rql zl -J ^}A^l "ll=
H--a-71 :-+61 zll!, HoJTl 1 tllTl J.*ol *-,ot ql
qlE 43-ql €'d9: v v€1i-o'q llol al+;'ll

^.1
€.tlol 7}:..+rl. dz tlEr+ *doJol eq"
,t'- a"Jt 4'?ql= dg'l q4+'l^J +E 30 ikvl
aeJ -114 ,4 \ ltJ olnl-el ullC+ H*7loll ol++lti.
(r) Y Y€d : LcJ I[ l13i+ ao], 1, 2i]=g
s+ Y€1t9.- 6J ao-E, cdge c'ZJ rl"Jll
l-- ol 4. 3 * ol *"l"lI F ; J 1 'l 'L /L'o-61
-lelLl' f-,.- zl d49 zll 3lrtt€ -o'+61 :-

'/3
El.
Hl^loJr+7} qEq +^J+l d"l^l ++lc €'ql +
E *6}1= oJ o 7l /l ull Eoll oJ-+1r e t'.- ltol zl
rg 1 -115 Y-l 3d 9jo-q. Adel 2zl+41 /"3e) 3zl Sllg /+'f
+d d+.q=,I,J 191q
lc) Z-Y 44 . z)tl=, F4 t1Z
doJol 1 il=
dEq {TEll ol Eg, gdiel +"J H"J7l 5!+
aol "J_ EJ zl e_ _+, .d.J9 Y;olY rll olsgEl'.
\e)y /44:/-Y?cr+-:- Hlqle 2at+ da
LEol l,l+ !1 3%trl EuolE?. i?'+
rg lll-116 V-V Zd ,;
146 n. Ell rlrl

Edi+ E.J7l 54 A"l 'JEJ40s d9ig ql
el= rll "l+€Et.
v-v4d . E* H.J7l 2rltr 3^J H'Jg
(a)
6J'4lel a-C +:-tr, +d+el dd''=rzl A_qIrE
E*,1 s*9 /-/gt^l ++9 ,t ,q,t rl q.
t;
E.Jzl ol+Ee- ?Ell71 gEl
re 4= EgTl
7l .Ja HJ.J7|
-19 n 117r+ g.l, +A EoJzl (autotransfor-
rner) E {.S "Jg 7t1l BoJ7ltr^l, 7l+4
1711E t9l *+
9-,+- l/lel Sdol 1,1 Adirl 2il dd E-'rE
ql +1dl':1 9.1El. r :-q Ac
I o-260M
1il 4 2;l 3]l"l +Fos qq 9l= +Bc

3E ?C (common winding) ol+ 4q, +5ol ol
rEJ rrF117 trJd $g7l
U +eC 3l€ ild (series windins) ol?+ 6Jrl.
sE 4 zl € €del d+= N,, N,cl 6ttr, E
I/.N
EoJ.itel l!"Jdl= i, _ 1r, _,1., _aF.(t. a1
lolE zoroJ d<l"]tr +"J H.J7lg 4l+
EoJ7l,
;lq, 'JA HgTl= d4S d.Jzlel= g?.] d"J
ul ozl lql zl4$ Hq .llql^J HC.JEI
:19 u-117 (a)"tl^l E€ H.JTlel 2 it+ +q
v,1,9-^J, qTlql^J (%-y') 1'=
Il Ei aj+ ul-es
(+61 +*)g trJ3 EgTlel
H*zl zlc9 H.J7l 4+ql E6lq +E, dgq =d
E d4(zlzl Se+) olzl+, %1,= H.JTlel ++ 1. +? d*71ts 1 ;l "; 2 il 3.dol
+FgF- 5lol flq +cl+4 'er€
g +zl 9+a 1,}+qil 221=9e _]Eil_q d'Jel zl+ol 4qq.z doJ HF€,ol .l'_o-
d4ol o-e., olql 6l?"1-=
"J+ H.+,1 +'Jel q, agL +'4.
= 2. ee ac.ll= 1 il d+el 2 -il d
ol+ol 919q, dEElTl r4l zlzl+l dig zld cn
e-l ?f f ;- P- tr-: ,l : +el Cg
rl. + qLl, r?l+r+ 4"J+"1
^l+e
Illzl^1, dEHlTl +e Bgq^l= E}fl d.Jzl ++9_E_ slq 9l o Es 4€ol tel
dJ Bg/L ou o_rr, r 4i",1 6 ,J 3
el zlTl +*g 47il 6J i 9.lgrr-q +4dq .J g.q g,J dli- a ?, +^l 2:t+ql
4 +ol + slol anl dolEl € 6Jg z il4.
Ela H"JTlql= g 9lil= qel Es_tr 61714
E+4e-s 4CC i tl7il 6lq d.Jg 7lH6J +
g.lE+ llq 9l= 4ol 9l_e-q, rg (c)el +ol a
.J ";1 +.JC 46lE+ llq 9l= aF- 9lrl. +d
H"JTlel +-E= +E afzlg TlFd HelTlg aa
ral n-118 i! HJoJTl olq, i+*9 €elol9^(stidacs) + e'Jts+ +
'J7l F.ll ^l+gq.
Ll.i€ HJgTl(88+ bJ"J7l)

+€ H"J7l (leakage transformer) -I- d dF d
g.214,'r_E ;}:-ql, r-J u 118r+ eol zlTl el
ell "J+ql zlzl e_qg- EJ5q +€ zl+ol 561
t)
rrroita)
_l_E+ "J= aolEl.
m @* tr14^J, +;l {'l+71
+/}.}tr i€ z}+ol "JC
'@L "}q zil d.Jol d6l4 €q4^l dl=r€ "Jd;}
tg rrr 119 1l7l8 HJdTl 7ll +zl++.
+€E"J7l= i6l 5-€.1 9-,c;.| 11+ ol:l +
dzl, Llle+F, +e:. 5.E d?l AilE Î+9r
9.14.
!E Ye 6J+ ilr-36 rf HJdTl

ZlTlg
rg r[ -119 €oJ ndoJ sljlel doJolLl c+= +361-nzl
rrl=-
4?;lrSWsl 7E 21.-i? ,q4t!a dl4Ll ol= e^l6J arq-ql 3*al+ d+Alel
4l ,l ,ll6J oe !.lr+ Er+( 'l '!fr
7l= lt:o ;l7l 9+. d H9l€ slrllilr, AlTlLl ZlTl +l;|zl= jldoJ=
ol + : 2 il ?cel ,Jg 9+ N,7l N o,E ,H_E;l7l 9lalq nl-n=- -a oJ ElEel Zlzl .r1o1
..--^lq d+ 1,r !U +
'rldl] lJ|,
otl ql €"Jol +ol6J doJTl= r.J=+.
ln, 5^l.ll C+ LF. "|]+ j.zl ,rtl
3.ll d+21€- Ellq t ;le tsE rl "l!+ Ae +4ql ^l+9:- EoJzl== 2l7l+ H
i r"1 -"' "l{ f'"- =_ q"l 3j €zl4 "l-2. d"J +dql ^l+q= aC d"J E
I +-r6lq 99 'tl 3 .l 1.' rr I
C 7l E= Zl zl* H.Jzl (potenrial transfomer, P.
N,.l:. + doJol +Eqq 9l6J;lal
rlTl 4l+olE+ t9o?i I7l:14 7)) r.), d+ +€ql ^lS9= ?9 d'=r ECzl E-:-
"J"J A+"ll= !t,l 2 7l+g ++^l H*zl (current transformer, C.T.)71 6J+.
z 9- €^l6u ol +Et. 2lzl* Hdzl= !r5el dq+ HoJzlel ullall
g4el Trtl rlol= 9j,9+, HEdl i.-= Tl
^l =
+dl= 4q6lill a+q +Cil= =ol7l 916l] l zlel
2 rlel oJ!lLJ,- +61,=- zl7ll ;+r1, -?+'+ gd rl
-B= ^|+6loJ qzl Tlii= z| zll ;f Tlol +c olt+. TlElel EgTl

zllzl* E*zlE I e'J -119e1 aol I it+-,1- il+g rld^lTlErl 2 il:iel
I
=e
rl:d Eleql d+;ln. 2 i}=Eo doJTll
'8 tst-,_
d*3- "Jr,.4e-?. H!+^l?.1 + !.1r.+
+ +ir Hs]7lel eJ+.J EJ* .i-ii 3
n-:- dqzl el 11.,1 i'J4 d+6JL]. il ,i.d7l elql +.-l= e:lE.1319
-?-zl Llelel 4f, zl zl€- HrETlel 2 r,l+ 44 ax if j. 9.1/ll 6f llr] 3 :l 3,J€: ?
d.Jg 110 l.vl 71 gEq €?lElol 9l_o_!,_4, 2il ol i,*/l= tl++ ,l 5, I 5+el "l
rl 711l €Ello,l '3oJ/l/l 9.LE+.
+ql sla-61= d'JZl -'l 150-200 tvl 'J a
=Ae
*r rl*;1'4, BF HIrIF!+ d'J?l-:- 1rl d*g
4d glc + ?lE+ ir=101 iNz! 9lrf
d+71-:- _.Lg rr 1r9!+ +ol 1il llCg p{* at+ nr-zr
=d
;}rr..4l ;l= sltrql 3eE d+;-1j1, 2il 3.dql soJzlel iE
dt igS- ,il+,-JL+. Zil HtlTl+ +r1;1r .;3- 4lql:- zl
= C+ZlL:l sC4ullel
1.
C4 d+= [A] 7l' s=oll]. +-q EEl4l rl+ eddl 11+9 g

. {q. "la"l el6*0lL} 1t}g7l 53-
al 7l+ d^J7l=- ,aiiclql 9l"l esl ge.Jql el e+sl4 il"iE ull +13- 6Jea
-"J
^l+ F].rl=
dJE i+se Eclr]i. ttl.l *+6la
^ljl_€. *z1617l +ldlol 2
^l
1l zl sll ol 6JEl. ']- i'1.i7| :*ol,lE 311e,l zfjr
,!!u7l r,joLatIr e :9-ol iill elrL
lfl rrr-119e1 a+, =d6lj1zf ;+= 1l"i r, 2. E.JTIel *€-.'lll
ql^q 9-r.^j a
AJ. M.
4ll ;l= EJH
g t\ry!
^," h " r, 'J+ 1 + ,.'' /1 'l Ylrl. C. {el 11E. -t ,}11=
rlrt el ql .
'tl il r1+, ^ *, + ',ll= ^l
g
v,el rz- 7ll+ql .l+g d.Jzl ": dFzl"ll zl^l $6lq d59 +41^171,,:_ tsel 11,.
5J a"J 4 d+olrl. 7l :tl;.! Eljl 9.Lr+.
!E e+ 6l+ rrr 38
(2) dei* dzl c^lel €+
1. gpq elq zl {d]-= "J.a 'ql ,J
Eiild^l 7l= ql Ll zlLl '1, g :.el 5 al 4 ql
Ll*lE 43 d/l ollLj zljr- H+;l=
11. I 1N
+e 8l.E czl+ iJrl.
*il=
dzl:- ol€-El A6Jol rtE --- dlg "lF 2. ialel ++= lll nl+ dal, 94
^lE C"l,ge drlE +i.lzlq.
i 514-4 ddisrl ^lol el Fl+ql el6lq d7l
4q 4qi: 34elJ. ;l= A+:
"JEJ
Ef+
g^J 61.:- +il q^1. .J+41 o -tr **(anode)4 ;{l zl9 D-Ln} El-
= (cathode) o E dl-=rol tl {l+ (electrodc) 4 d

*-i
3. )14 E)l .)l)l 149
;li9 (electrolytc) oe 7€qq 9lL+.
. D,"Jsr., d?.lzl 7l;<l.a 9]L ;l'ql .tlqrJ= Czl qlLJzl
SHlLlef +- {;J;}oJ dzlq+El Tl]== 5olLtl-:- a-,i HJ
=Ef
'=+ ibE"I 9lq^lej 4t E- C7l,!l C (discharge) ol el -l I, ol e| uJrN -e el 5- -o-l d 7l
+;lq'e+= Ne alldrJ: 'J.r+ ol qll-l 4=- lzl LNel Elqt olr,lzls 4*6171 9l;1,
el 55a'lzf zJElLl= Tllr-.q51
EJrl ol
riEl .d€. d'lel .JtlEfn ql
oJ sl++_5-El 3#=- dz.lq ..e_41 ;-1.: ag +
=,u=.
.'1, ++= +ql /ll+/,lel ca4 Ll d (charge ) olrl qtr-|.
.rr3 d zl "J ij rl ol+fl +Lzl,l lil o ol q. +dol _qdl^l n+q Fi* E-del ,l,Jol
q. _r. al 3i]. i "ai9 -J-4-9
?+.,_+
':N
4J llr,l= ll3 97}+oJ Czl= 1z1 1l zl (prirn Lry battery) ef ;';
.lA"l €L+ c1l_qt Pteo=-:6Jgq''1,
+ dldlzt4l -r1, 7l] d ol ,}:610l BJ+4 o_'' ,j. 9l=
!l9lEl.
^l+g
7).2- 2zl d<J (secondary batkrr),) 4 dJtI.
Lf flal
_leJ t[-120i+ 4ol. +g E]t,eql +el +r+
olgrJg
"|i +i1 el+=- rdoq oJa;}tr +
rl'JgE+El 5d9 ts;-loi ol 91"J9-q c+71 ;-
en. 4.?ql^l:- +r.iE ol€+ o -a."rEJ 7-rl+o
i d+zl ;'=7ll q=rll. ol ,le rl€-j+ g.g El
9 HEI + oJo 717l r]15- oltl.
+. eJtl(H.so,) +€-.q +.tl^l "Jol 3-91 +i
P_
ral rr-120 1-l x^lel ?lal ol-,1 (2Ht)rl :olgt +il olg(so.'' )o_q del
El q, +i ole, -,1 l.rl ql oJ d6I=
.
+.11 EJtl ol
€-.-,1 ol "l"ll €-ddi= +.tr_+ f-4rJ.rl oI€+ /.1
-pd* olql= .J-de+ rl€lrl/l C7l 4l rJ rl

'l+ n zz
L+.i-ql F + ^lolql ZJ6JS 1l+dq
C+= .c
!^lol L|{+ ef e 7ll 6lyl EJil olg (SO,, ) e. oloJ (Zn) rl gle6l
^l
Silel LJzf c9l ,o, .r ii,l .=- r4l
oJ sJll olql (ZnSO,.r ol rlul, .i._i ol (2H*) 9.
e+ i' .r /.1 ,r: 3 rrll/f 4 71 El.r q- -q
ol.4 c 1.t rJ ?l d/.tel LNrE_= ;+ +?lql *d;+'=- +:L +a: zl1 (ll,)J. qol .F +
nl !l+-dl !6.11,.! .q6lol
d ^l
tnl,l dJc6l/l $llBol+
3oJ
'J ^lolql= dgl"l/l Zl+ +.lrlol C.F7f oJ+
zl-o_F_ _,r-irll 9q. q7l.! .f 4+€- *+, oI€+
q+ 3dJ 9. S zlel +i "i ++. 1l
allE !,1 ++, +r, . +tr. -relrl ?:l g €.+.1q, ++ -Jtg dalslql a.ul}e1r+.
.llel 6-+dl LLfe+ Lli-El ol il.l:- 1 il Czlel g+Slql, -gr]- C,.l (vol_
t,aic cell) /l 6.-f E+
+ !a
drlel
(r) B* zl*: gEl Czlel E+ slsql d+zf
-"_= 41 5-e i6l+ 69 ii olg-3 Elq ++ql
E6lq ii 7l-r9- Halll rl=tll, ol a'3.. 7l)-
zl rl^l ol --9- ol El 4 j1 6l:- a 6J!l 3_ill o-l el tsE
dFl-q.J6lq d4'il?ql= q7l dqol g^J6lzl

qq "Jrl d.,i.l €qalrl gtl.
*d ^l oJ q Ll:- d zl el ol /l 6J zl*=1 E* zl
* (polarization) /l.J 51+ zlSC "+
.l + 6l'4, ol
zl 916lol oltEl *zMnoJ ?-9- *l4l (depo-

f g ut-121 E+ El8
"J Lr.
nnzer., af €-
=
i* zl*: d+ tr-= a;ll.-l +9 +igol
(')
d+rl ddlq ^lolel -+4t d'Zl zl+g 6lll
6l= !ll4l7l slol dzlel LH+ql^J "Jd-1- "Jo zl
a9 ++ 4S.l+ al4, dzl€- 4.al 9*_rr- _,o-
=
4l F99 '4 +. 2azl 9:- A.Jol sJEl.
ol= r*zl'ot7l 9l+ .ll 49s= ++ 4lE._+_ +
+6J .l€+-9- ^l+6lzLl, ++ r.Eql +e!J E
+6lq E+cql el6J Elq ++!=- E=Ei. !E Y+ dl+ rrl-39
2 -J=C^l ,^.l H f-e =,\lTlol 3Hl x7l
7|'.+Irl Ir.;$e d;'F. '.Lr / oqol 6l

j r. I .l 'J bd i,;l] Fol-l. € rr ol I
I
q
^l+olr \} r++ +ai+serl dolalE I L 6l !l ,l ?.ig
dqul oLLlor. i5I aqd ?l
9]E d"lg 2^l dzl (+dzl,

^l+EJ + | 'J + slq"t ":'1.
+016ll^l
storage battery) zl-t ;-l=tll, B+ d4 e+ q 4 4
+5r I 15-
i2. +9r"r 95. qt.l -45
lt rroll
r:g 4lzlzl rllE4olq, ;l=ql= zlE J:zt+ I lll6lq oli-;J

(le!
$q+ d1'1,
| :r''tel d g.b-o, el6lq t 6ll",q
| .l
'"J4.
n'J€ 4E dzlzl +zt9ol 914. +=-sl"l ?+oI.I
dElql^lel +azlq +E= + Bdzlzl Ed
i
I ++r1^l9l
g:.g ql= qlEl6Iq Hl^J dFol+ tslt FCg L--
i B+rl^l=
=4]
+un;l?.1 zl4r-el
+l'J dtl+, E= tslt+ "Jd7l 'lF\l ?l(l el oJ gtl= ,{q ad qLl', gEq
i 'l€9 ,lec
+t Fql EJzl 9*n alol :4H
^l a€sstr ^l+€4.
I
I
6lc. 3r'r E'J "f q"l 4t'1. Ei-*.
E, +7lel ^lF+ d+14 C.ll FC+ dg, zl Hrel Hl * 3tl...E '34 *oa *
ir
€lEI .dElql^J +^l cd ?e dg olc-_o_s+El ir+
3. )lE+ 8)l )l)l

zl5:Fl, r-EJg ,F,_c-;-lzl 9l6J -HoJ+ d+1, _1
^l
H]el oJ4 /l.l +E-s ^l-+rlr 9lrl.
+czlel saJ-3-, c'il ulc$ dgee ^l+;J
a+ql_:- Hl*+el .3+;loll r]16ll^1 4qE 36^l
--++ ++E ,J q^J ;-TtC + 9.1:- +c*_9 aolqot 6lq, ol
"ll idzl €]ll= tlA*l ct- :1 old_.,] +l zlql
d.rlE -
0rjsq) € il all of +rl.
-re rrr-122 .J+
l^lel 3el ;J5J, +dzl= + 7l+ ^l+€- dAdE ^l++
a-?ql= ^l7l q4,4 7l+q^l= g+alq 12il
ol*, ed qrl.l /l.Jql^l:- €+6l,01 6-l "l^J
^ltl6J +
g]: +'Jel ziolqol 'dJrf.
Lf. LJ+dxlq +qt'J3

pd*u.f+uzr *q-dzl= 2zl dzl e,l oJ-Fq-q^], leJ rrr-
H=d^19 E++ 8Jg^1 l22el 7Jo) oJ+ql= rltil'"J(pbo?), -3-+ql:- B
Pbo,*4ll-+so,'+2c (Pb)€. elt€. ol€,;1
!Jt ^l€-;+r4, ddaqqE 5rg
PbSO4 + 2 H'O ,r- glrl.
= HJ{l +el El-E} z}+g €.'4H8, +t.9- +E
PL] + SO.'
u11
+11
+"I i.i olg(2H*)4 !Ja! olg(so,, )os d
elrlq 9.lrf7f +i olgol *+.ll 7l^l dzl(e )
oJ'-iel rl tElBS rlt'J
== Bol 6-!+!lJ,
(Pbso,) !l g (H,o) E gEl,.
€-+.ilil= nlt olrqdl ,-q3;]€- +j1 -Jrl n+

g4q oJ'i}"Jg_E €rl. .:;, ql *+ql^l:-
',JC;f
lzl 2e 1 e-.g,e ;Jjr-. *-+ql ^l-:- .Jztr 2e-3
L]]+_d_!,:4 dFE 9I._-41
^l +-+.o_..- _.-Er,t. oJ
€, i_de HJilel t4 olL'i.
rL t-lE^lTlo -f.t!
oJHlzJt -J+CZlel .l:r= _19 r[_129,+ A
.e-q, + d Zl el +zl ,"rlql ol rl Zlel Fl +1zl (cell)
leJ
zl 9.1r, zl 'Jdzl 'il 5-.I:- q q tel ?}._-rJr+
r -123 H+d^lel tr
++S "; 44"Jq-q +€9= +*I+4 A6N"-qol
E)l )l)l
=d clr!
+++g +d,,lel +€.9- +/l^l1J7l 9l6l-c9 oJ
€€(ce[ strap) 9E 44 1!? ++44 q/] t r)vl 6s6
g H€-tr B+^lZ €Elltr^], gd"J el+q +il E+E! +7f 1d *cJe olF
(strap post) I + d al +ir- 9.1tt. j+t-l*qi 5lol 9.1= oJ-1'Jol il
€lc +d^lel +rlzl'J 7l dq€- 2.1 [v] dE o e Eldl tl= +++rLL+ 4,6Jq ol
_eil, 4 "JTlzl= 4€E d+El ll +41 ^lol= E;I!s., !i ++3 e€- it €il'l
,:.?ql= .J dl?el oJ:+'Jol HJ
4l .L==.
4"rlEls geolol 6 tvl E= 12 l.vl +el +d'l d ^l l+ '.I!1"ll dl"jl r] 3 el Bil€

glrf 6l iJ 7.1 +nJol +l7lq 4+ gj,J"l €
-e- sI= ,
ol,l7l il,l 4lE4 ol5 %t1161/l 9l
(-) l*: +'Je /litlql lt+ 5'Jg Cdllsrl 'J aql+.
r+el d+ *J4€. 9;E+ 6J €lr'.q,E ++^lz a
o 9.,r.1,$alrll rl, ril olatr-.]. 9.l.ti.
=4lL.lol
4a4rlel rlilEl-LJo s "J5ol rl *',-+tl all
4I el olltr^J .Jgs sl.5rol C €'+++ 471"J
(separar,or)9
^lolql +r iliEl- DllgEl'l ?l-d-
4, .l ol +=+ i-:, *+',1 +.{El 1* r-l ",l7ll

e1tl.
44$: 44+e rc- -+,'J ^lol el 'J+9 El
(')
/l 6lci L ^tol oll € "l sl -:- a e, aI6l 'Ir-
9,1 -o-
. e EJrlg 4+trol +t"l?- + 9.lg g-El'lLl !E e+ 6J+ ilt-41

4 nltql rllnt"l qq4 dF+71 "JqLlzl -e+o}ol +8^l sxfg +8 ^lg us
6J-qE, Ll+4el +/lrSol'+ 7d:, I+, E-! LfF L.trorr
LoJ=:tl: ll.-.'D ii
F9 e"J'llE "J=qdq. .l 'l P3- !-: 1:-,5 +o.{.3-
(c) daI.l: Tl-rdqg d^l
']'] "ll^l
+sel 4l+ +tlti EJ4 /ltsel ,lE ol Ll l/
+ 4l + dl rl ,*El.
5d4 d+6lq + B1l-f ull olul- z|$el u| zN
,!l lr , .1""'3 .,. d.l 4l ' I .ol
q;'Js- * SEI .lqel, EillE-^l ++q! "J+-o- .lc 3 jlol.r { le r'LJ el !
r;.+ T +b rl!,Fl-1 E,or -- LP
-i d7l= F6lul ol!; "J9 6Jtrt. 'r
d6llqrlg A6J !Jt(lrl+ 1.835-1.842 AE) ql 2.2=.' 'IE:-'N +^l7l €g ?

z"=++= giJ6l.l 44 Hl+g zlA *g lJtls I : g ,.' +. L- Eolll- F-e g 3
s "JEq ^l+;-lq, ts16-g +dzl7i gd +d 3 rr d44l +n d+= €elE 7l
ill + E'l ,r_. E Ll]:.+.'li rl E_4 '
"J ull 20 t.C l ql ^l l.?A0, 1.260, 1.280 el
"JEi 4-61 = Hl rllFle :.
++ 1l2l 'JtI zl*, €rll zl*, 6J ei zlt*41 ^l lr

q, +4 '+4"I^l= 1.2809 jl+ o tr 6JLl.
*rl l+ ro lAl
(e) <'l
=: tlzl -o-l +7]= 1li (battery jar) a| af
r.21
1_2?
ErJl, lorrl, 9ltlulol-r., dSEol -. .j€. Zl u]#
2.1
1,,
1.2Q .,
*zl, Cd nY- F-ql zlqzl zl ."*,;L zl 4S .I ,4
t.18 ?
F:.0 t.tti ? +, "JEq 4 9Lrl.
"-t C:rel :l5-ql:- el+ +;l'el +dxl=- gA;l/l
112 |
l ]
0l2 il .1 56i89ltl
1.10 9ld Ell oliil€el Flzl (terrninal) s] {l6ll._!olL} 6-
*d ^lt lhl* ++= !_+;'l TlLl d.tlo_jel Hl+rI eE= +d;l
leJ rl-124 'J+ Erlel dJI 5d
/l 916J erl ui/lzf ?.lLi.
:L =. UII1 E I
$d* + rrr-z
*t 9d:'ii+llZl= q+ +6lql oJ3;,1
a-f
(r)
l=lltoll elel gtl] at altl
u oJ EJd^l 71y1,..t+"J_q rlt;1 "; +_"1 r-Jg C.tl
f. . y:l '. ',1 i,t ." 1 \lr sl i Ee' g'.r ,l er EdH;+ol oJnt ,l-"t 'J li-';'ol 5l q,
ir3 .'d- pl l: t6:.; o 'tr-l ,rlt5+* 6el ti:- d;llqel ..*t 6_g fj;al
, ."o 0672 8 3':l.l ,'5 Bl
tel +E7l ,J,jr!lqe, + rl * '11
a,*.+q 9 3, c d e-L'J 6JrJ. + r?-i'!el 6l E ilel
,t j I-_. dz.-lr {r;Lr,II .Jg 9,+rl Aol rJCLjol +lri.
+i- +c6lol .Jofe + 9lr+.
: 'rG; '.-:Ji ;;.'. l-;,, "Jd6f d+tr 'j+d.l€_ UJCÎ? ,4, +zl. d
rl+ o,l.g :f H rrr-rz1el ?ol r-;/lql:-
Ig5El :riCalel {al*s ].l #a;l 'gqzl
4 r],il +dJ j.9.lLI. .7, +'Jql= d?.161, -lelr =" FBgl.:- #4;l
,J1ri,=
r#+r11]E-,.1
".- *;t,"fi* *,rnrrl
€"1 dEl ol "tl, d"Jol ; zJ;+;]':- doil^lel Ftr,l
il gg EJ d +,i, 1l oJ ol q 6lq , H,.F EJ
d zl EJL
oI 1.75 [v:l 4 Eol tr]

f,,-,, E+ 6J+ lll '12
oJzl.rl, zl Tl"Jg y tvl cl ;f il, ,1443, E
uj
5s 5g gf5
[V]. L]']Dr zl6J-3- j? [f)], EJA diS z tAl e] al
L '{ 11 +.R tE ol;}el !lL+ "J d tr, ol=. Îolel .JZl:-tr}+ 44 ZLJ.
!__ +trLel u+€_ + al + .Jel 7l 7l q
,lir,Jql le';9 oJ o
^l
7l +d1l ql + V: E iR IY) (III 43)
Li! -g_ ..]+rlZ rl. 4 bnolel bl+.o, oJ
351 J ildolo, ,l tl -ro_E Hl
t.:. ,': ,"; ". . I. rll .ll s. ^l+ +ql d + d.|] .! _"_l ill
zJ ;1 5l E
nl i,: .r-. C;l'il rolJ,trtli rt- ;.1 ;l-yl ^l =
rL,r lo .. { L_i,L,r jt i .J -q,i, ;=iloE}FJ +d'Jel rld;Jg .J + oq, '+ 9.1
f,-Cillt;. i'lCal*, tEi- .J., r. *lo +llxl_ol tsJd *"-, ^l el Bl ?g 1.15 cliolrl.
.Et7.l g7l rl+ql +d!1.r1 ?l_-,rl
(r) 6d 5d : uJCol €:'J r-J+d'.]= z.lji A
+i rl '9
q ,t!_ +
'l it +i .d..t "1
;l.il :
î+ 3 i6ldf dLl.
^.1
€]_S-_++El +11^lql Ll dlc4 Bllrl Flrl] tr =6*_c
d+= _"_rr_ll dlE. "JTrCl eldlq +t}L}io_i E
6J oJ+S4 +++q ++ €de +dzlel 'Je
,? ts6ilqI. d"ila!E tiel +iF- e.ll9+. l.2r
1,-22
ol ui, +oI€ nJaITle+ iazl €$;1q g1g r.?0 {o
I t.ra F
tll;q^1 Cdll'19 r-.iE7l +7l6lq tsl+ol lu-ofzl : r.ro
fr
4, .J+Se- rltlFlB. g+'Je diB+]9 Bqc ir
lilt
El=EolrJrl. 1.10
+dg 4, +dzl "Jrl"il s17l6l= c"J ytvl +a ^1?J lhl*

el +d C+ , tAl= +d^lE zl d49 t't\'l 4 rEJ n-12s H<X^lq S +C
6lr, +dzl el ']]+ zl d*9 I tf2l"lal ;J oll, 4

+ ^lql^l t;J + .Jq
V: E + iR IY) (III 44)
:1? ilr-125= gc d+s +drl€ +d^l?
ol, +d
^lrJ"ll
trl= doJtl Hl+el +al= +El
d a-o_q, _rtsqlile+ aol +dol il.J€"tl ul4
CSj+ Hl+g ++6Jt+.
+aol ^l 4lElH^l 4]."11 dgol #461 *+a+
q 2.1 tvl drzl 9,4, ^l^161 67f6fq 2.4 [v]
'F-=ql^l= +^l ;461 +7loJEl.
,J*"1 2.7-28 Nl eEzt qE E-el d7l +dl
,l "Jq4 *+ql^l= ti7]., €-+.1^J9-- +i7l
g^J6lill q=ql, ol +Eliel +dg ga ?d.lal
6JE}.
dallqel '116g ol-a4gs]-.- +d%tql Hlell6l

q El o+ u{+ u'-ns
4d4_o-ts- +71;14+, .r,.zlq15 ul+g IlTl gfd (self-discharge)
=C
6l= +7lel 9++"s +7lEJ i*teE Eltl"l
t. 471 tsdoleJ ++619 *Elloll^JL
=+-lq dAq +E7l +7l6fEl zl$4o-t "J^J;)= *dqq. +C
4l+ql 7l+ :1r.,9-ru€ +4.q gi.
Df. 8aJ, EE "l +g + 4l;tEl. gE l"J d*cJ.el 0.3-1.
5 t%l cEolr+.
(r) * *:
+dzlg +'Jol+, Ed +a *4ql 2. 9..8 goJe cdl.-4 69 Bn5 +
o,-" "J.J ++ d^l € d. +*"1,\.1
^.1
Ezl, dgol +4q EJd +i, doJ4zl dladl
9q11 zl+ gaol el6.! ++]9l EJ
E^J gg f ?].E dzl*9r "J5lq, ++el + +, +. E= +rl,l EEel €-i.Eql el
tr41, +41, d"il"+ €.el *ol "*g++ 7l dr+ lJ + i€ d+ "Jd 5qq.
r, +d^lE
^l$g EIql= 19-2 lvle.l +^la
3. TlEl drl rlTl 155
doJ EF;ol 3lg ++9 olge+rf.
f_r y+ 6J+ n.-45 ,
l +aJel F-^l B f-i:- oJtrl dl ^l (ampere hour) ol
+E^lel geJ4 a-unqg elE r.l (wart hour) z| gl-o_q, "J,{ q
=s i ^li Ll.+r-tl tr
+d.lsl *+C rr.Jl.+ el eE4l 'rl i
trf+rl Zg ;lol €4
-l bo.. ct . ,. 4-orlor-l a i?L e
9iqlq^l +eJtAhl : Eld dif tAl x uJd +E
riTirl 7lzl1, eEll LIrl/lE u.lq
'Jzl al -'-l C ^l /J lhl III 45)
11
HJ (
Jrl
nltel s7l 't= ,,1+ :.el
olll!_- l E, !+tr^l= "+"ilol^lql d"Jg #8il ilolq,
oltlol etr?l !I 4 +.I u.l 4 ,J ,.jr;} i r++ 49_E +dJ + 9.lrl =
i, |l +.g *t}el zJ iJ !l :Ahx !JC, i,Fi d!]zlu|gl
=/}r
ql+ ldJ t6f7f EJ)J;l7l uN++,'lr+
'rl e+L-
^l SeJ l$Ihl
,df,'llgtvl (rrr-46)
r.$ r xt rrr rr +eJ:,, +91"J +dalzlE Bd d+el ^llTlql
4zl rl i}-,o.. zlzl=rJl, tsTl d+zl =tE €- e.l.
€81 +-J.l l^hl oJ ..t=- C zlqlll
100 = zlg
g 4olzljt,
,l] ^lrl 5lAlel l/l-r tsJ{l^l7lE 'J+E *c6IE + zJLa- z Tlrl.
^l*9 i ili {}9 ?
^l
olag 43 ^l aql = Tl+= EJd;+E, +rJ_q
g0l +*: EJ
1l 3ii x ^lt zf,+ +B4l 1l +€- ggel 5lq tsJ+.] qzl g,l
€+
-[]-T+ -sEtlol +t'J.o_a H;JjL, +- ;:- d#"I -9;ll *
: 190
5
: zo ^r.t rJ ,.r"Jql zl_+zl BdaI9 ++el +n H'i^r.l i;
idlTl ull+olEl.
ulel^J, +da_q +rJ'+ E^l;J qlql= q'! Hl
fl E+ 6+6 rr_4{j gl1 *dql=rl= r,fefrN; "JdCg E^l+ .J.c
EtlJF] (sulphation) 7f oJ+zlsE
9J9.r4, ^l+golrl= Sq+ ^l+
L trl t5lqel +r7f Eol:l\!
EJ dlil 9lrl.
+t*el oJr,!7l' ?-l.,lq +ol trl +, 10 ^ltg-q d+4 alH, e.I1l +11 tlEtlql
!- - -.1 ', ,.ll : ,el ,:Lrol
'';!o J:-l c.l 'L..o t iJ qlc +-- lloJol EJ rril zl zl 10 igrl
^ltol
Fij|]er .lt ,_ ui! :- d+_9 1tl 715. IlJ'+rl.
c "r.
-._
o,ry. T _Jr .l.l -
-, (r) -q €' eJ,J +d *Ellq 9.1= +dzl= HJ
"t:i-o: l. o., cl., tLod
..,J t _ l-l trr r.ri d -, zl .doJzlzl HJ,zl ^l 7ln, ol ag Ll^l E4_9
ol ;./lIrf
2 .'3 rer.l %'a :.r ..1 i,l J,,.
€=Tl t+rtli +g^l? a+, ',JC d7l
aJel +Tl r1
i}'l .1olL+ +4.1d+ ;-,rl

,!1, TlcJql Lll 6f dl= + Tlr.{.lel .i-_gol?,} 6}4. .Jqlq
'$il6J
ol 95ol'J ul. c-l]s!q 'L=8ldJ
^l ES (arnperc hour efficiencv) E Ll4ttl.
irro -_ rLlo. e Lr J.o dlel dlz
ol L|r +7lL-l +i=ol "J+.c ? oJtl dl
^l lt
g - qld 1l+ x !J 4l ^11
+ql ".1/.IrJEt.
x 100 [%j (III 47)
6J€, d1:]ej:el Bl=- 9l E s.'_$ ($att-hour ef-
^l
ficienc.\ ) o'el df Id. + {l1l-ol -{g 3 Ll tlrll : tl' .' rJ r+ 6J+ rr-4?
6J i*"8 o e El€ .lrl +r+ g+crlE +B
=
r'-- | ra s" - t;,+ { 1l lrtJ"J 1. *+dzl= z='J1l-" El+.l+ql
c * l.l !+iI +i+el d !.-. rl+ E
€lC:9}r-l
x oJlllol
^l e+ [%]
( 48) ,j el
,El el 9l El:iL i.l !l *:, ;ql el
+dzl el "J"ilol -r,l ;lq dil +;Jol nl6lEJr+

^l n-?e sI 87-93 1%) 4E_ 2. >\-d.<lel iBJe -r +rJ.q ij.?- +
olq, elE E.gg 71'79 t%l dEoltl. .*el 80-s0 t%l dI;e €q! I'll
^l
Î+ *rlql 4zl
(tr) + E : "J+dzlel +Ee rl;{l-dl i.. Ejd 9li.i qE}".qr+.
t'l=_ri. ol= ',J d c+_9 j.jr_ +l=
^la
^ll7l/l
ol a4,
^l+
gri/l '*44 tld*. Hl+ +qlzl
7'l ;lHl "J-dJ4gtr +d^lE ?-Bg #lofLlq.
UI. +IEE
=&IIE t2E+ 6+6 [r 48
(r)drll"lg foJ : "J+1lzl= lldllolr+ -r?'J
^l dei A&!+
ol e,l Elql ql]-J7'l= c7l qlqZls tsl+dl +:- a
ol EE, dallsrlg ?+ +dzl el €l*ejol 5JEl. =F+ =:sf 'Jg
ri el ?el +?lql 6++= t 4 H
d6l.l-3- :i_,e21 59 C;J s}t}tf --.+.-E --d ,rr. a* olF- 5 _qe nlt€ i*!l ,.J
6J6lq z.l a rjl:d=el *g rl$g_J. nl .,_E^l 3 7:ldl La.6J-I4ol 6lq, !!ei

^l;lq î+ glt +ql +++5 H o B rlol tlld
6l !q, ol utl €.f,€-ol E'Jqq 9l9E ++ol +
eql _"1.]] +g;f 7| 9ol 9le.-llil.
4q.,l"l ++ 4+ql el6J zlTl EJdg ': o-4 +-
d/lel "iHol Solalrl.
rl;tl"-lg +?6J 'q"tl= d+ +4ql 4ef 30
[t] ola]el #-g +tg +{lzlel iI qrltr4-zl
br=+. oJ,Hl4gtr, ;lr srltrg 4ilgql^l 10-
15 [rnm]dE elql 9lq. lrj v+ 6j6 il-49
(r) Cd* +dH : Ud.Zl'* 2.3-2.5 [v]el Hl e! EJ ?
^l6l^loll=
r",+. --d doJ=o ?ol +il, _r dg€. +zl6lE dalqrl€: H3 9.ll .i5:lolL+ 4qP
il +A;+:- E}Bol+. ol dau.4.=q +i;14 o4Ylol !;l!l=
,i7l !.1_o.!-+, ol qlql= +e Fl+el
.l
4e +d =7lql:- 36}0l zel gi_o-F__e rll F3 5Jt€: rl g =l r rl zl zl _H-
d+zl q=rl. -lels-F- Cd9l ?C€r glal^J=

"_l
^l
'6.+'1.
ql€-a*el +1l7l7l "Jsa1q, +d-q --"7lql:- d
+zl dil Arr-lfrs. +t tEI= lqlE FqE
3. rlE+ E7l
€rl.
Sgcn', ol +d{g 7}1 Ed"l 4el 91i1, +d ;€
qlEel 0lg E E ++6l-q. +dzl€ +dC A+ql= zl+ dA
(l/emory Effect) oE +ddlol 6l=ql, oJ'tl4!_E i/+ d+l-g- 4
r'llycr olJr.F_er ;.,1s L1l ;. \j-
+-e C+;1q +d d+= g= +d7l (battery
Cd "i Ni-Mn dll E:l al oll 9l!-- Ni 4l g -b.l
charger) E
:,; att4l r|]Et.t+ +t.xlr,t +.Jr ^l+'*q.
3 l"t;lq u|]11.1 ;81: (c) CdF +dH : gC C+gC ,q^l +d^l
,,1€',9.6Jr+. "i,l-l; 7l= *"!.1+. "JB]4_o_i, 10^lag cEel d+
zl+ +.'lrldlzll El:- 7le€
+ .'
=dl,
! eI ol u l rr cl.,rl 't g "*.1 ,l i. +d6l q, +dzlel C.Je +dql '+el +olr.l
,J +r+. E,+, Cd+ +dg 9lall^J= d€.l CoJg ild6l
r " +:-rpLl;l + t00tdJ 8%-;
.ltrJ 10t%l t zl+ + ,,J {te ?J ? +ol4Ll- zl;J€- ol+6lol Tlj=r= 7le^l717lE e
dl]Elelzl 7I,,1 +*3- t0t%l rf.
^l+ +
eJ.d 'J r1 trlrls oJ4-l /l 4lt ol
= olel6J enl= iiie;l7l 9-llrJ: d"Jr+ dl+g 30eEf+ +dq{c nl, sel o11r
'1,
7ll! rTl%) eJd Eldg d ^lEUoI 6J
.J
€ "J dtg /la tr^l 4 d6l="ll^l 7l^zl giJ
El. 6l= tlEllql ol-e-ErJ +tlol eJE.€ aolE}.
(a) +rdB : uldg eE +rlzl5 a
olEl Hld^l"ll=
^l+;l:-
+d +eJ ol*g_e uJd^]4^J
=
oJ 514,
'Jila Ltl "ll 'll +l+zl g,e-g .39 t
^lz's 1l+el 3 ullrl,q:- il,Jol flqLl, g+4-o_
E dJ d^l7l= 6JE= 1^l{!g d+ dLolr}. EJ
d rl+= HF +d d+el Ae4, 10-20^l {}€
ol zl€!6[q.
E TlEf d^l
71. oJ2J )Jl^l
d;<l +qlAl. 7l* 94 *Bg ,iolq, "JHel
+4t+(+)
I il el !F? ;1Zl +Eljl ?l El.
grloJF,ts ^l
"l t]tl "J ?! e 4"1€ ,rH n-126r1 +ol, €-+g oI€9=. 4,t7.1+
+11 d -E'
g +6Jnn' ecdlr 9loq, +Eql qel^l tloa€, *zl € F
++E o e sl.=ol ,(l 7 cl d
El a+ ?14
+ 9i+e EJ/r+olq, -1 +9l"ll olts+ "J7J.,+ -_-_
:leJ rrr*126 "Jar adrlE "Ji1 gel -'il e"JS-, g!+ g-EE €-o+-o__a edJztl
(rJ_-41)=- "lol^J CBal_/ !lr]- zl !{g 15,
1.7 tvl, ql+ zJilg 0.3 tQl CLoltrl.
Lf g*al ad^l
*+.ll= ol,oJ, *+ ++ g.d,g= ol.}6l,*4, *;
.J= g4l
d 114
ddlsrlstr-:- i+E++E €.el oJaTl d6ll"_qg ^l

+€l a-o-ts-, rll$* rll dri= e,"c-e 6l= Tlzlel
C+l"ll zl *61r1'. IE, zl',ll i.tr71- zlr *7l7Je) elt {
4*ql d'J+. =E=,1
.leJ r-127 ggal zE^lE +5

rf. alE Crj
++ ++ 5dE= ?+ elE, ?i+ 4+ €a
s:- €l'-9q5++9, oltEl"JA, dd1'19-5.=
+zl d.ll.jg ^l€-alt 91tr1. 39 aJ
zldqol 3 [V]_8, "JA adzl.+ +g dzlel )t')

E 2Htlol_a, ,a1lE ,aqiLJzl 9_E= z,l= 5,4"1
9.14
trlet^l, 4F zl4l45 tsll3il 7J
Tlzl= 35 tmml
',Jd ts.Fqd d4 ^l2l Fq iElai ,*d e.l,

E,* 108 oltel ,J7l +lEl,.Jol g+El= rc 4l
sq E g (backup) $ C €.1 t olzlzl .-J4
^t+rl
n 9,lrl.
+= drl
at.
.reJ r-128 alE drlel ?E
++-g .lsl, qi+ql= 8,, e+4l= +}EI f'q4
EJi +"J9 +tslrJE *e!qE ,J 49
^l+61
,a, 116lo-!,qe= it4a+9 +l+4-el ++^llql
^qEZl all^l "JEr 914.
7144+ 1.35-1.4tvl-qrJ *a adzlBtrt *
-Zl"J, trl ,r- 71 zl d4zl doJq ..ll rj Tlzl 9+= 5
Cg TlzlI glLl.
,il.l E +71
szl+
*+il1(t4+e.+€)
r1,'l4l.lEl
ol. E|] gf drl reJ tn-129 +e atrl
Ell*el q qlLlzl= 4d dzl qql_e H+61
3. rlEl Erl rlrl 159

: j-:- ilEl
aq_E, d7l5- +zl 6f
}J il-130r+ eol, !4+€. ,lln+_ ".-l P€
+Eilel,N€ *EiiE ol+ol4 9.lEl
ffimf =
dEJEql^l Elg "J9-8, _l ollLl /.loll _"_l6l] d-l
N 6j BJlzlltr. C.o'g p € tsJEilltr 0l+610l
zl 349 *4^lALi.
l. rl a r00 [mn] el d 44 t9,e
4l^l- E,*qlnl E
T
27 (\),46 twl -",1 +="f, ',1. 9lrl . Ell* d
1'
.qJ =eg
zl= +Sl ;-rI. +Sl +41n. glz- 9J^J r...sl Tlfl
rfl lrl-1m ElloJ l^lel +4
o E ^l+slr 9lrl.
Hl "Jrllc qe T|EE +l^l

i€ 2:l 4ri4dJ e9.L'., *+ql .-t
3zl ,ql
5l Lla, ++"ll 7ll_ts, c;'ll"-lse +t!l-,J€--:.
^f€-;+r4.
re rrr-1319 J +::=, Llrl 'JLl.
ol c4= :|d c",i t.2 [v]e 30061 ol.,J, ;..
EJdc +l .i fl,'i. :r+, Ltl+ zl'eJ.ol zlr d'J
€-uJ.oll C+ B{l"l 7}-ba}q.
tsl.tl rll
4i+^.], RE7l. Ell olg AliE, dFd ++, uJ *

S 'J+ €Bl, aH-ll -:-el rlgo-+_^l qel *E
:ra rrr 131 oJ4
e qe TIEE +I1^l otl .'.}+slr 9.lEl
^f
oJE I^l
.l Lt i ii=
oJE_ dll : gs.el tEl +.3-rl- tli_o_l 5Jg Hl
"J
+el id]ql elsJ ilq qlrJzl H+l.ol 7l rqlEql q.

a14 P],JoletlE -lq, €EE^l-:- i.i 7l ill. Ell
114!l !-+
Elg .lc/l .'l r;,ol 9lrl
l lil rrr lil2el eol, +i 7}15' €Etr. ci
a!
+ * tlEl'rll '-- ^l€-Pl ,rl ol oJ I ! r'l oll+.
zJ
ol illl. +iE ti= EJ+6lcq g(H.O) -,i ,t]=
ol r-l]rrl, ol El.s tldql /,J 3^1../l Edg -F;1 .!
sl lioll C zl ollL] zl= **'+rl'.
.le rrr 132 .-i +i ".lt d1l 17l]-"1 7l dgg 0.7 t\N A
160 r. !rl rl.,l

n+ol 4_rL r+= gd uJ zj.'l ul6l.l -L-q 4lLJ7l
r.E r5l 69-q. €9 + ql r_t
+Ei:- +rll+ +d d+.1+, +^l+, qroJ Sctl
Sd+, .lF ,l4l 54€- :.etr ^l+Ela ilEl
ql 'J E ^ll
1. E"JTIql^J dg-Hlel d+Elel 4g jt^lg.
e. i+Hl7l 10oJ EotTlql^J 2;l+ d"Jol 100 lvloltr, 1^l+ d"J+ gEloJTl?
dgTlql^l 2il+ +El7l 10 tkwl, B4 SoJol 100 tvl "J EI liI+
3. fl+ts171 50oJ
+:- gEioJTl ?(El, qEg 1olr, :igg 100 t%l q4.)
4. E^J dgzl= ol+;J 3+ Ad + + ^.iol n^Jol *g ql, V,VArj oe ol+€ -T
*: €dg "l€ ad.J7l?
5. :El d,lel o.!+rl €'+4lCel Elq
t}*4g 4^lg.
6. B+d219 +."Jd^l "J+4 g+"I el rlq EJ*4g 4^ls
^l
7. B+a^l€ }jJ-d^lz Ell, d.J4 tsl+aq Hrlql EI iI ^.1 oJolgzl.
8. 4+ dzlE "J+4 ++ ++ Ed, dalsl, +E -tsg E.E.e +501 446il Uzl.
t",i +r''
4rll d7l Ef il9 (lnternational Electrotechnical Commission, IEC)
alTl €:-tl liolel R4g,F.J6I/] +l+ +41 7l+e 1904.J El.,i 4191_E+ol:\oi^J geJ +,i alTl 61
elg a4s 1e06.J +€5lfloq rlgP.50q ,l]+"14.
IECeI +4-3-.tr5 t/l ++4 E=.dl E,lle+ TlEl +ql +4lql ql.dl +44 849- =;d;ln.!l2l
^l
t,.-l s+.11 rr€: ul o-9_ ltlildlts aqq. _sE d7l dz} n= 7l+ +{-,1 +..q1 }=g +a;JE}.
IEC"ll^l r++r ";= +olts t4 +ql, zlTl+. d.<l 47161. d7l +6Jq, 94 Ftl, =Hl6l-n
"llqzl dt'l
++!l] ts n= t/l +aJ t-4e} tE +q, 1].d, s!.1^j, +a Fel e4l=- s.J6JEi !il+l1ol= El6l?l
+olE *+ gtol rEC ,*.=g ;rlq6J i tq.
"lrl 6'l St dzl ** Ir?sl ++ql +jdl.J ts4c *a Î+q111 'Jsttg +.46,1+. +5-: ]:+tl
rlLlldlq g.lqq ++c 1e6.3.J 5e +g c5-eq 7l"J-l*E+.
3. )lF) i)l )l)l 161

!+ 4ill il-5 | 'r* BJ"JT1E fl+Ht +E "J +d ^ld(59 t 211E, +a
^tz1:
3^lzt)
+d- H.JTlel ?+ts]= +d;lr, +d€- e4d-.- uJH9 €-E'J i glLl.
t d^- aq_]
1. .J+ 'J"J7l (3 tkvAl) 3rN dld 2. +* +r-- c* i€71 (3 tk\Al) 1.]] olc
3. Ll"l n -i.l:l (2P) 3/I ol* 4. j'+ tl "JZl (0- 150/300 tvl ) 341 ol,*
5. el L +1, +a :l nl { 7-c4 "Js6J 7ls s}?
t E4;l4l
EoJ/lel €+lrl 4 +d
l_+"r
^r"-)
1. _r..J=3 1 :lji, zl q]--g- 2 il
(al (bl (r)
E ;lq ded-E-+ 8J+. v.v,.u a*4 F +r r,.r,: Ejt,r lt: +E 1l* =44
2. d.J id /l (R)= ^l+6J ,rll
:ral ur-133 "Jd HJgTlel +d g d+E
^
*C C"Jql^l .l rlb-l oJ.s
=
6J +.Ioj o_-Z +/l^lZrl.
1. i+ d"Jzl"il .el;J +c "l €+Bl ^ld *R

(1) :re n-133 (a)e+.dol 'il+sl F,- Sw= -Jn, zl A*,4lel dlg 4l ::r-:'El.
(2) +F {.1.J .aA7ls EJ,<} d?}€- Ee1^121 /L}e uJ rj o-+ +C.+q 3+Bl as} .i€
g_ +EJ6Jrl.
2. _s+ H.JTlql 9+ +c ^1 d 'JB

(1) .r d ur 133 (b)e+ aol ;i]+61 ,i-, r'+l ;l sw= EJdl r-i -/- el +'J .i +-= i^l6Jtl .
(q7lî T,g "lnl +€9 9r 9.1= EoJ/lolEf.).

(2) e nr-1&3 (c)e+ eol d+g- El+.1 ^leg FIE+. i,r7-;,1 re (b)el ?g d+"J
_-r
ull #q"l,l ?*,,--, -1fl (.)el 23- d+"J

'rl i+olzlEJ Tr-:- T, !l {}g +1iolq,
ol
el HlEl]gl a-?,(rg r[ 133e] (c)) ql T,-:-T,4 E]+ +,ioll+.

l'B ,-)
l. E*7lel {4"11 q6lq €B.J + ?,li il?

01 611
2. E"JTlel +d j'+ d4el +c 9 tslt16lq €Li6J ?i ?l:-71?
1. ddJ4ls 4+ d.Jg +9l:71?
=C6J
2. 8= HoJTloll el6J +-1:l ^leq^J +171 +'JEJ
q r "l+€ €B+ + 9.1:7f ?
162 ilr E7l/l/l

|
EaE4 1+f+E 0l trJfloll^.l:.!Ltl ull.!!l IEg gEJ4"J Lilgo| 6l].J!= d4 Hl]
5 Zl5!l H|]t'J^1, C3 d.!el 5+q +r, cLHoll^l d5

nL x cil E9 llEl*tol-t ^l8El=
^tii
g "Jfloll^1ts +oll IeJg 3;dl= H|]-! 8Jg, HHEHJ AHI
C4 4
el E.!9 +r "! IE Aril 53 016|]6101 CL|] d|l.!r|,!LH Z
=+el
gldg
+ "! 9l:d 4= rE !El01l +6lq Hlr.EE--J + ?1n, E-d
0l=
-44.H+e + flcl.
(1) 4l'll uld

II Hfld XIE
cdTlql giJEl d4-9- zt +alz-zl Egol

^l
+j_ +Fci^Jol 9]E+ -.--i+;,1:_ Eid ZlFel .F€ {€zt} {F7t
}aa rra
'J.lql=, _r+ rrr-1Mel, eol xl'i+l ddol i+ !l( ii
= il)
+;]ql [tl4 4 *H -o__+_ ui*zlzl x1 e; Ezl:;]; ) 7tE4
+zl t ul Tl 21 5; (trec system) 4 -r g III - 135ei

Aol tsldHlg ,Edg oJ*;+q EJ1loE. i{}dg
ol +ql^l 4 +71+1_o_j;_ ,Jelzl= e:}Al
=€61_7, i.+ct
d ll5 (loop system) ol
nl 9.1El-
tg rn-134 +rld uflt nl€
+^lt Dld 4Fe .JH] .!',J E; oldql^J LJel
ol+q= *R"lq, +* Etld zlFe stsdol 7l
^J
{fdel oJi4l l4-o1 9lq].- 2l+6}q cqc
*+6J + "...1= .l C "tlEql +El -:.el dldql ol
TElr 9lq.
2 Hfld HJ^l
dgr+ +6iq d+ *.?,lql= 4e d+ *41'l

H€ 1l+ EJ-41 ol ?l_o-q, 4g
d+ %l4l_,9 ++
40s ^l€-;J i 9.l"1t, .]l+P HE d+ *.1 rg r[*135 nJd HllE 7]15
g
î++4
lrJ Y+ 6J+ rrr,50 l:E'{}. 371 ''J4lql= 4lii
c.l 4 4+ 3 d4l,
2
dHjotl^19 gEJ^1E 8}ld

'3* 2 d^l "j +61 3d4, 3* 3 t'141, 3"J 4d
.d+ql! 5e.* il4g gd/l n+l
.l ol 9ltl.
5d-
9_E!r!EJ + lll{l'J!!} r}-- ,}\,} {l€ d* 'Jdql el6l] lldel liz)zl 13/39;, 4a
tsJ.lql 4= +elel ige}
I 7td {i dl] 3!}g 4 i !l dEl: "ll 9lq^l ol ;l;J {zl
zlol rJ5-olq, c5+ di"le 'Jt}4 ol rl= tr_E Jl !.J oji9 tl'j"ltl .
9-a ? ill CdJqlrl i t tPl. r' +

1l dJ. i Ed!] :':. 714 ild d'Jrl.
E S"J "! +.'f+
E l-2 Crll -r lgtvl _s rn-2. 1tE+ €il1 +eql ^Jel rl.]l Czl €
^l€
Hlql {';6t= ;ll d"Jg L}4LJ aoll'l'. :,ll-.'--
+ CEql^J 9.1= d.Je, 4i;el ,J+ql-:-
'l
f,+ t^l
110 (21,{1)
^l+;lr
3tl
2.11
451
-F4+,", 220 tvl, dts€--,i ll0 [v] olr, i{+el
r€+olLl id:
?d+ql-:- 3 * 5:eJs,"- 440 tvl . EJ:l€-+ 220 Lvl
!71 7li'* olL+.
il+ dF ": Fel ilsql ^l+61 :- *€ i'l+

-I- 50 [Hz] e] 60 [Hz] 7l ?l!-1'1, ? 7.1 L]e]el sl=
x ( ) !l+ .,]ife m..cl olrlel ?l!.-i.r ,j.r;
olr].
;ll: alqorl 'il5J ? . +rl+= 60 [Hz]
ESAdC
7l Eill
F, ill= Ed zllEollli EC+ol +ol-o} ;'lrl,
E ^l+ raql qef Tlzl zl +E. /l+€. .ll.l €,
d"ll C ;"1 IrJsl olo| ;lr'|.
EC ,llE:- oJ rl 7lzl7l 9leLl, oJ'j.l o-g=
+4 !.,= ,lelql +^l EAg + 1l!.,.r}*trl.
+el d.,ll +!ol Eiisl"l 9l-:- ee- Yiql .l +
5lq, 561 3g,1iltril af=1 ^f€'alE a+.ll +
H n- T ----- l qilol r+ rtl_o,l EJrl FlB6l= 43, 43-9_r'.aJ
+elCil jlyr/f g,+!l-:- ,lg t! ll6ilr+.
+r.1, -,41= I ziqql q/l leJ rrr-1364 ?l
"l c{j,r} gdol "Jr+.
rLt u3 +c + B5- U € ol 'q , il iL !r r,l 7.1 zl _e+ 7l 4l .E
rg -136 ECrf Ed
ql 7.lEol zlg a-,qql F! .
r
^l+nJq
€.tl+ +tl .", q,1 /L'+ jlol! += ,i"_E,
]JF'+ z|.Jel ++l i.d igl{ z} ?'}4 4}l [J Ee 6J+ lx_51
/lq4 ;z16}= FC -Fi,+- 9ol 9,lLl. oi l ol tL.a
dE €El +A4lrl= j-n+ d+ql

L|. EEill il+;l: lltlC :i€.i6}eJ 1l€- 4lel6l
ddJgi^l rlTi.ll= r+71 i*ol ^f€-q9l.9Ll, n= +.!.qt -.]+ PleS *zl3l7l rl
iJl "J1]g 1l+4!+ +t!lq ilEl.
3=ql= rNe$ doJ ll-E7l F+ol 7il'gqq ^l€-
El -t1 9,ltl.
+9 €-o,l ,l]Rg_:- d€ i1+, +EJ ,z+, +al
gelHl-J. C-"lqlgql 5-el 6JC +al, --sol, El,Ll [! y+ dj+ tlt_52
^1,
llH, !r= ol=el ilC ,llszl, ol+EJrl.
llol=rl ?E
1lS ?.1t1 +.ll^l 4ol=Ee' gEJ ,J
€ dd"lLl nF.oll 'rldll 3/ljl. illl
dtg €gcq ?E9l FrB, EJ'rI, 4'?6. *c 49E 'Jrl^lZ ?i 6 e^1, c+ €ril
+J'i : LP l?- " hu'l o.'1., \r
zN-B, #4 tsds irl9=1 "J6l Elq4 !.-= zlAl
+;1= {l,Jg 4lol+ (cable) 3. dl"E,.l
zJ o -+ .!JE6l,a 9.1+. t/l 7l+ql: 4r+olq alol: (cap-
nl-6+4 Hn= el8ll^J=
ri|e calrle)9 6-lri, i€ .tl7l
+E
"JolLl Hll-J IL:- 7l+.'ll flq^l=
^l+dll6l
iE= i 9.1
^l€.6J
i+d l+tr sl *(sheath) a+-7, zl2lzl ]in= 9;ll l+ Elol 9.lL+.
^l= +s 9*g zJrll= 4zle_o-E- riSa;]zlLl rL

Lld€g+ ,Jol^J 7N,J (arnor) ;lI g] p-ul, ul
=
*Eol +9 g47l 9l= -iql= qrFg ^1,++4
,J4qol /lol€(captire t:able) 3 +Sl ,.+ 9.dg
i1+ €-+gE rl++ a,o-F-, ^l+ +4rl +=ql
q4 41 1_4+oE +C6JE}.
-_lr-J rrr 1S7,-q d+ ddel + q=- Ll4"J 4
olrf.
ddqfr71= +E+L]]:- 'llql:- Elc'l .Jc.l
^ls rlqq. +dg del fr715 Ha_e +4.t1=
HlEr+ zltsel :l7ls 44!l= *B.l 9.1n, sld
g 'JtrzJgE Ll-El'I= plHrl idel ,(lEr+ ,j:
d i-a u1e1q15- oJB ol 9.1tr1.
+4 Ll4ql^l= cJCP,- Zl€ [nnn] qg. L]41ilI, fal rr-137 CA X{el el
Slal-.'r iC + E-:- +a Ctr4 [mm'J -o-F- +E+Ll]
4. tr_l{ lllltl "f 48 165

[] Ea d+6 rr-53
dcE a)l ca El+lql^J= slql ^ltg 4:r zlE€- 0.

12 [mrn],
1 [nm]-tr 6]q ol EJZItr e+;]n,
'Jd
L deel doJ 4d1, 6l+ .!+, Tlll ^lol= 42
4 ,Jt tsg iliJ;lq at.Jll. 4+ ql^l:- +a *H4.'".- .tslr]l 1000 [run'] , =l:l 0.9
d+= d d e-l ++el €:l *i"ll [nn']E d]q ol ^]ol=- 26 Ff Zl-e L]-r--I t]. 9.1.
ltlel 44 E+qr+.
6Jl,J, ul+ql^l= AwG rE= BS ii].J-, g+ql
2. -a.j €!1,3q €dl E d 1l- €Hl
el {l +-ql el6J do* ta}:- Iulel ^l= swc +4tr s^1.}r]1, +il4 €del ^JE
e4 3.Jel 5 t%l q;lc,l+ 8JLl rl-8-n'l':- #/lel H Tlzl=- 5E s nl-3r| +tl.
E lfi-3 EllSEl: .Jdal "Jc

^]e
gd Ed
AUiG
;'a EEz,l 9l.ll ri ztt',184 il,t zl#-
(BS) r-lYl1
lmm'j iC+/.1+tllllll hL'nJ lnrrnl lrud lnn'J
n 7 /2.0 21.9i1 6.0 1 5.0 19.65
14 i /t.6 14.08 4.8 ti 1.0 12.5r$
8 7 /1.2 7.9t7 3.6 8 3.2 8.012
5.5 7 /\.0 5.4!r8 3.0 IU 2.6 5.309
il.5 7/0.8 3.419 2.4 t2 2.0 3.142
2.0 7 /0.6 1.979 1.5 t4 1.6 2 01r
=E +il
(2) d €r+
nrJ
71. +^fE g
+rl +9lel -I'-= -.']-A.ll= dr,+, 4el/,j, :++1,
zlelC, xd, zd,*iit 54 A'g- Czltrl (clcc
!r_j r+ 6Js rr-54
l.rornagnetic \4ave) zl 9ltl.
=111611 ji}
sg0lP.t ? ol {lz}r}=g 7+71
^l}L
r}= 6}el ?ol5- z}
'r l"J dorl | ': ,:iro-? 8{l 'l zla 9.19q, ol Tf q*!l aolll 0.38-
grtl^l.E-
+^lf g, rj 96111 6lq, r + il 9.76 [arr) H9] ,-llq 91.:- da}t]: -?-"lel -i- +
=. o,lrl.-: *o- L,:,1 .1._ 1l
"_,-
'1 -c€ol Y3- Jo ir /r iuJor or3 ql 5l!. 1l'Jqq EqE e4Zl:-rJl, ol
=qqB
H glel drlirl= 'J (lishl,) oli+ 6JL'}.
OJL}.
'"J€, Czlqzl qlLl .{l= Tfzla .*49tr d"J

9:- aC 'Brl (radiation) 4 6l'q, Ell "J, EJ^lil -
?. zl-9€ 5;ll -E-
-q
olei er +^ftlol EJLI
+,(l+l_o-i5_Ej 'l9l ^ltq qÎ!l= otlLlzlel

771=- +^l+ (radiative ftur) olal ;1r4, EJ9l_e:-
[J ri 6J* Il rs
clr=_= +olLll^]'êl
^l+5JLl. =F
+nl'_llrJ1 "J',1+ .J_o.71= *dJ.I
: ol rl /1.{/1. :.loL}. oi + cTlzl
Li. +^l -!L il
q o t.6l i"r , _r i.,rl t i- -;
=-!
gil= 7t96lq g,-.= +ol 7lE, ".]+.tl= 4 +7f :.lEl.
eldol Llllr, gE=, rl --'-t'.r1 500 [f] olCol I IlTl +olqlcl : TliI ..|b ++ ;.71
q_q ,j:j.l c er {; {;o_<.
I E S:l = Se-4 el q g Lll zl ^l zl6JEl,. 4lc .Jzl tl-q{! t,: Er}, Er} :.
rJ + rl +E= :r.lH. S+^l ol zJialr El
o ;. --oI olar o.orLrd rp.*o ,l
^l Lrl+i+F Fel *drd-"ll^l ol+€rl
ol f;zf;foJ :1 $_Eql^J {eJ zl zl r}+el cz]-r} 2 +^f +olL1C1 : 91,'J !..= €'J E'd
zl +^l5l=rll, ol ,19 E €,- -9rl (thermal raclia ol 91, 4elt, x d 5 el +^l= Eol
7f ;114, Erl g d+q Llg=
tion) 9 -E--=- dlql ! -r + +uE+ I tl +el ',1 € EJt
^l ;lb a+ "J6lq, +,,J Lii+ €+
++El :. Fe ol€_ ol+6J zrotEl
3. E+{ +olLld^ : lLr',.e] €.iilol €
:3. 3 141 jr^1519 .l= ,l+al.l g
rf EolL.ll^l -\
*61: a . tr, €=-C .-d + .i.]-
E^l el gE=- +q^l EJ*^l7l= -.?--- q^1 o1 Ll T\rel !.eli+ Eroll ol+EJL+.
elel 'E.= g"J Cldg -Fllljldl (lumincsr:cmre) 4 17d +ollllC^: e,rlilloll .3zl+9
,,le 4l 3J'6!;1: e_!.o_e, E/'l_E ol
4 ,-Jrl.
Lf ,ftLts€.o E
^l€,El:. EL;Jsoll
+"lrll C^ g"J €*el A.Jg gg 6-el ol+€rl.
=€
dZlzl el+ql^l zl6ll d qlLi zl.e Sl6lq _lel
=
9l H'lE oJ_o-4 qzlEJ +. rl-^l 7l-41 .:lElltr €
olilE^l q .,ilqzl= BJ+;l7l Ell+olrl.
+!lql d. Bl,'Jql:- g"J_"] zl+cql 4el zl+
'=q zldj'tr 9l= 5.J"J g,'J6lq, 4+g 4la+
. Y4 6t'll
+ql= g"Jg * e zl 6l'= 5J * (fluorescence) 4 .rt.=,.4 6{ cf
zl+.1 sqc +ql-=- zl+ q_! dE Bolg d 2l

^l+ ^f
;-l= dJ tJ (phosphorescence) ol 9,1tr}.
E )l )l
u roJ .J+l
)l 'il
_rL !l+
aHl dqol ^ls eg
Eg-.-.4 €3Jts9 Hlr I TT c
;lE .3Fql tslori €'J+ol €d gizl -4,/J+.
"_l
4. 5U uflt1 q 4S 167
y+ 6Jd rr-56 olag 'Jsl ^l?! E.J"ll d'?Fq^J g{q:-
trJ+lel "f el 9+.1 El
g=ri4 € t y+/l ollE.lq, .le+
7la
=g"l ag qq oor9 nJ+ (luminous) ol al oJ4.
'Jg illl (lumen)
7) i 0ml
r'1,"1 (l'J ri (canclcla) Lf. aJE
7l ;- [.d] J]}gql^l H-ilq= qg s=
4;-fq 9l EJ6J.ql
'.:l9l 'J j: (ltu)
uli - tlxl €6lzl -e+= a+zl Y*gql, _14,o- 'J+ol ol-
5€ ,1Eql il+q71 415-olEl
q € oJiJel Eirl= L+EIL]] "JH 9E^1,
Bl_".1
=
[;-tn
l-;;;;t l 'l
l= "" -"*-+ _-1 BJ,*el 'J9l .Jil 4ql ,Epi!l= "J+ i=- +E
.--
(Y" [).-a
Iillmlnolls llltelLSllJ, r:i oJLl.
!;;. I 41
tI.--,-.
-l ,lE .,3ilql !J+ol oJ^l-qHl _t trg 9lzl 4L]
,ll i ql , I E+g B I=- i-=- (intensity of illu-
q
minari0n) Jl 6l'4, a,.- el -.1/l= q tr ";
^ltrql
Km oJ^lEl= Fli.l H4'Jel
"J+o_A LlLldL+.
f\ €ffi le.l [r-1389 4 i]:i9l ^lel 1E= LIE].J a
ol r+.
lc rrr 138 4 dloll^lel TE ETJ fl

-71 UHOCE
ptl
9ts (incandescent lamp) I +! EJ
^l=-
ol€-
+ *ggE^j, 7lt -F+ol
,ôlrl 9.lt+.
_-leJltr-139: -al ll,lel +i= LlEld a9
,rrl
+. i-rf ! ,f '"J J jr.-r ol l,-.1 I ,l* !.-

+"J€ +rl+ +dll tSaEll r,4/IqrlE= Bol d+
g-4"J zJ dJg-ql el;ll ngoll ol =:1, olql 4
=
rl *-3
r \ig , el9 EdJ,J1+il) rJ t+ +^};JEl.
+.,.1C(,tet E;) r +!:+ ?5
!t +ti 41 5. ?? ft?l 6 crldl:
(++) 7.
+-ol !r1l 4="r slTl 9l3l +al Ll]trql
d:'^l
t++ 3.8tl/ltl
e.].EJl+rl)'rtlqr
lr !ia+ r";!(qp r ::+_o-E+olLI g-+gsF+oJy,tsg 5-4"1 A !Pg
;dr rr .J1 (gq]l-dlcl 12,n2
4l "Ji_ ?g ^l€_;+/l,i +rl.
lc nl-139 Eg l?q i=
? aS 1.= L,lllil-el 3r+-:- ul rI€ (edison base)
158 n. e)l )l)l

tl- AL
oJ
e (srvan base) ol 919q, +zl= :ii A-Fol
=
,il,r]L"lLl 9il 50. el
+id:+ €Elql .Atr}.
'I 6-do-
€ *F ," ;q-$ol E1 d7-"1

(flutirescemt lamp)
7f4Hql^J +rla+zl Eit-q qg=l 4+.o_a LJ4
ol+sln oJ= 'Jgo__+_^1, €* tsJd+, d:. x,
-1,gfd/l tse_E +^dslq 9i4
B"J ',JC+l-."-_ ta; [r_140r] +ol a +el+el
t+ Eq €g gA.l gal4 9.1_o-tr1, +4+ ""1
4q d--9 ]i'r'it 9ol 9.lLl.
d+€. ol -r Jg EJIEJ] eenllti-olri, jitrql
u|fi-, ^tFF ts-o-l lls].€=q gel czl B=g .:]eJ nr-141 E5+4 EE ale
e6lc al rll 6lI .J rl'.
+4+ 9i9- utl zl;l I d*gE 'tl= +lql iaJ

el j.g ;-7le+ *d /l^l= €-olalAl dlzl 9lall
6l=-+ zl )-71 €loJ 5l c'l 9.1trl-
!E E+ 6+6 III-bz
€* *crJ9r l8-rl
^l717l tl6ll^J:- d+.tl 9l= Es+^l A= AEird- rrr-141)
e zlrtrllj-= +l-61 oloJ^lrJ 'J9z| 9.{r1 1. €rlFel d5 *Hql= qel zl^l
7l t o Ll. 9lt!4l!,.st-_ :rg4 eol
tdzlE,r zlCol zfzlrr- 9.1:- noJq zlill t +el+ L]]ql ,n,j C+rl 'rl,:)luIEJ
qr..lêl nl+g_q +g +E 7l d'jg H'.9^l?9_ rl+9 ,l{ d;rJ8 ol++ d 5 +
_erl €'J *11+q Bdg oJdEl ,tl +zl^l7l= .l 11ts ElllTl "*"1 ]l.JE+.
q€g'*Ll. c
2. 'j..-_+lg ''J c.J ot d+l rr,5J.!r
r+ *L=- 9q *ol^1, B*5-.ll ;1
+ c+]9 ,.; _o.H -flF+61 =E EJ
rL 4-9 HfI]E dg ^t1l;1q,71ts d+.1 9€. +

.l ""]dl Eo tr d+71 .l r,l
'{
i3 *+lt- (mercury-f luoresccnt, lanrrD I i-9- =el ol
d+iel '14P1tr7} 7lgsJ4. 41.
;zlt: -641î ol,z BJdg ol€-+ a e q^J, +7loJ d,f : r'J.=q 7l il4l r,lEl.
ol +old++ ol.l-:- rJel 5-4q1 sol-l zl= '* 3. +!.1, d;+q d-1.,1 €-q dlelH
'I il,:,l +?1511, eji/l ilil Ll]rlTl
4 -goloE slq, Esli ---oldLl. ol /l+ ol+q d_-9 94zlzl sJEl. ol ql, qldTl
+ell+ .dd E+ rEJql^J Bol ol€-6i_r ?lr+.
e_l el n6J"I +e +! 7l dq ol gd
;lci€ 'J-5e1 gel'JE 5 oJ:-1 o e
+!lel "J,j-,:_ CF +ql 1zlo,| {5o1q,
u3r"r-
;lq ol-1 *dq 9"1+q. d+:.
+g q++gq EcltLEl. ol= el+^l ol:lgql EJ3+ LUql^Jt ;e7ll 5lq dr;€
eldil^J 400 t'cl dE_E d+Elq. elTle| B+qq dql= +,1 "JE+.
4. t14 uilU g rg 169

+e ,Jd9- + i. 9lzl r4+olrf.
'34E1 sr E€-
+g +iel d r;, eltr= leJ ilr-142
tsJ,J:i_"_l
el ar+. Pl,*+el * + d+.1 1l!9q 9.1

=".11
o_4, dJ+ + d+.ll ii-ql ^l*. C rzol EJ
d glt+
=diJ
=ol
^t: a1:- + .ll 7l^= i:gtl i -o-l ollr,+o-A +€!l eJ
-l{ I ol g.le.q, d5 + +3,."- ci -6-E;19 zl?:_r.

+lr+.
d5.^l ^l F+rl EJllg 9.o_4 ol=-3ol olgc+
;+r4, olz,lol Pt zl + d+ aql ol-<+ EJ1l9 ^l
4"lE glzl ++;+_'1, ol_+- al;14 +gol =rB
;+q ++ 6zlglol +!-- ol-:r tsJdol /l] ^l
=.14
!. ! r,f.
.3oj/
ol rrN, nl +- i: c EI 4j "Jx ol 5l 4, eJ d,-J g,*
I alTl4zl.ll= 8{- cLlt J:9,+lr+. f -q--;3
ol 7r+9r,. ;}oJ +/!g il :| o q tiI=I, zl 7l -
-al r r-r,4, agg ,j HoJTlql el"tl 200 [V] r,. grl^l €il6t4, sl
TlliJ;+/l sl;'fq q,rl ^J r=- ^l++Ll . sgg-
=igr.;,el =
"l I 3-4 rill llliolrl.
(3) 1l++ rH €ul

lr] E+ dl+ Ill 58 E CLq gHJ rEJ
ôl rl-f.e r1l il= Hf 9l +4 Ll 1,1:' liEl€- iBel rf 4ql Llldlq 5tr
t. !H_.E.J oj,l: l-, ." lll n ' ;l n o Lt, .J +, Eqgll ol, -9 jrl-.
+ €;-izl ?l 9.1
nl :irtiTl !lti:i: aril /l lrj
"la 5 -"-l dEl ;=t4el {f P
7l
'rlJ zll ol-elof, 5roJ,
+-:- 'll '''l
j. r- "J'i !-''r().,1 ;r-d.
ToJ c#ql^l +?J6,1 ,_.19 9.1:. +l col Ll
=+d+r
,r}:l-:r ol+dlq yrzlE9l Elg lrl+= A-i i
_r,,i7t !lt: =,- ri|]il;l: 'l:l'ii
3. I'J ++ EA rE 'J^l : 11 9l '3 3,ll
._ ,rl i,.ii 1i ol ?)f .'P: eole.l ;l rl. *p=, nl .r,€€. 9l6l"J "J+rlgq 't
:'.'),-; .6 :'"r,l t:--t'- +qof EJ ide rl€-4 ?Jrl.
7l !lt, + ,i+ -i:E+ .l+. tsJH t) 1:Etl .l 6t ol 6Jrl.
(- EJ
(L) *-o] ei._7f !f F_cl 9lot ;Jrt.
(tr) +^l4Ll tls;lr.l elolot 6.-ltf. r-l Y+ *+ ilr-5e
=ol
7l;-r,:) ol +ol-o}
^4 +E
(e) €4d (cl']CBql
6sJ 7l?E Hllg gfH
".-14.
1. .ld 5E' ji':lol zld ql^JE 3- ul
(tr) iH 7lr'l-o-l ,,tC izlzl +olull"l dlq, n il='JE
Sdl +olot '6frl. 2. lE =E: +?q ?r*qLl lqEoll
.J \,! 'il"iq e+t !t= Hl^fg r,- 9l
I "l+;l= *B
Etr, )1lcJ, A7J7 3. EJZJE rg : j d i'dt+ {}i ,rB
21. |
c Eql r.l ol e,l + *g rll "Jql el e+ 7;E -el all Ej c df! "l*
c tsJc + fil_o-!-q Bi9_ l.ei 5r+614 qE E
g-el il-71 ltl. 4?+^j, ol rtol= S"I += "J'X
d!- tB +il= .!_ Z'16l= ,i"l +El.
E-el A4e 5+. +olel 1-1.5Dll dF-71
Li. t*ql +(s-++)g +liq €+4ss "Jg t! y+ E+ rrr-60
di+Yl ol E4l=- dlag i 9ltl. Tlsg .g
zlTlLl 'rll
cdJ 5-ql: ++H o i +
Ll. 7lslrf 4Ef! 3 iE€ "J-s-E 6IBl. i4g 7++
zl+de Y*e elg si'611 g*.qq, ++41"J ;I"l !++5. 5l= "[ ag ^]+;]= =
B €ulolqof 'J+. ]J"J r.lde i+l
i€9 +16l= 4'?zl lirl'. 7l+dg "}ol:r'i !-; el g!/l +qra. .l -gc ,r-ii.lq
e 44q 5-',1 ^J.l]5J. Tlqzl= a+7t t+e" Fg al4.i.l 6.Ltl.
J., 250 tw.l 3.--e1 "3-3. +q +g +Ll.
=ol
i4dg "lt ,-J6i=- +l;1€ a"l +9 ol-'r,3
r'1, a"Jy, I + 9l= lllE $g 43- Lll-:- 4"1
+n, i4el "i* elolLl 4 Al/lE r+al4Ll
9lg + 9]= EiTl dlPl !J+.
lrJ v+ 6+6 ilt-61
Fl o: l,\lnL Lll-E,^l
eelgg 40J
ol :'g zl q _E zl B ;J +
EJ--l
^lgolLf
.o- el €- --s- Fl Tl 71 3 srldg 5-;l i::z7lll u,nrdl g.d3l
?194, ts!9€."1'+ €o}tsrl a-9, g^]d'.1- 7l{l "E *+cq +-,1 *.9 ^}8-dJlo} at
q,:realTl rJ 7l,l 9*E+ !I zl6llol
,r'3 d^l7l 'J_s-61+. rJEt. B5l 'r! g:. EJoll^l: g-.1 dl !:1.
B51€g H€i ['c] ol;-]ol!_? € "]--;

oJ 61 20 4 dl4l q.llt_r, ,szl4q+ 4lBoll^l
_o-
g,: cErol e Elzl g+=rl lrlE-E. oc 6l- 50 :- Eg d+5 ^l-*dtlEi.
ttlq^lr dF.-J .i. 9l:-, €"J i9- *rl5;-4
4. .-tnu ullu "l 48 171
rlg 50-80 twlpl 5iF€; ^1.8-6llot
.6!rl.
f? r+ 6J+ nr_62
FL Tfrl Hl l-E
ÊlnL
/j$e- dElel $E.ll r!4 ol+ 6lql7l zlzl rl
el:rrdel dri},5ll^l -l.P i.
^l€.6lJoI
e;.1 +:;rl"h;JEl. Elr+^J, e*F eo-q €dlE olql i++qoi.+jr, +;l E
=E
.9- 4 sJdlzl{-dl'4. dEq *of,l4 ,H el+ ,J+ql iE+
^lslolEs B+€.1
,.t-+l
LI +9 ilsl]L {?,)1 +!iJ
,1}-71
iE Hl=
€-
1l g,
^l+,'lol ;ln, H ts -E,il= .! E ^l+o.llof
d.E+.
qE 4+, 'J+q,!el zl9 alnlql "f+
.dEl_ql
q iE €,El€ ,,I+qol ;]Ll , oJHlzl q s El5
1l+ 6J,q4l F'J7l 2/1,71 d4 +a5ql
=i]q
.adqq iBqi-+ "J+.
, Ut*
6J+ Ill 25 qzrlC"J ?*, d'I ol el zlzl ^l ilol +7-! g
01dj 7l^l 7l+ 9l;1q 9.19o_e, qTlql "*+oJ 4ea!
=g =Hlslol
+qol 9olo} ql4
qEE zJg: ;7lEol o.()|)almrllllsl t
Lel 4EE riel o}l *dJ,. +€Cql:- z]{of i$zl 27N7} rLB
=,,1
ol+6J a r. -?.4144!el .l.l J:.9,
o =tsltlq,
-d .llql^lLl r,.d€ id *i"ll^l r€"J i 9lE
B}^l*rt. .,1 ",1g E _.1 €!U7i p
"|
,H.,Jl.u,+ 1r,.jiiLl F_lg Jrel aB + El tl6llo} ;JrI.
"11
.'.1,€.;1 ,r rl. tlE €Hl +€dll B^l5ldl 9l:- a o
Eltls;-,"_
2. t+
LllE €9 ;i+*
Ulg+,+ uJ
_q^.l, +zl d, d9l€, Fe. zlFl +
39 "l+;f tl,q-" ql+iJqt^t= oJ tsql
€zl5l= 9119 €l+ iB €ts] =.Ji.
++= ol+nJ rtl !l dtl 1.r+qlc:- "lrl.
g ol+;fj1 !.lEl
=r+=-
l "dlel d.3 t=€ 14 3 Fn t trl aE{olLlcrf EJzc
9l;lt d r' +ql |ller 7ll:Eq : oJ
d ?olrt idl C?.1o1 .l ..-!r, + AEll olq= zlz16l= +l+ r;-ql= .J'I4_o_i "J
ot?, rloJ cr1 ge, -111? ;ql
^f+ Al,l /la:/l ol Ll-aE- zl--dd ol a p g, .<ll 1 *
r;ln 9.1.+. ^ll
3. "Ja]E_e.+ollll.!4 : El rl el irB 7l.r-.
HItl .;"^lql B*€ei E;-9 ;}r4, e€:+
^l€-6l]ol
!. /l.ll= tgn 9Lqr4. EL:,1E.+ ol ?l:_ ae 3_ rll6lldl 6JEl 400 lwl a,--el
^1.+
nE 6J+. e ''J +.33 fr t4l.I i uf EEr;,g ia! ol 3rl.
t^l z ,l!j. !i d_"1 {l+ /.},)lql 7l
r'. jr jI+ 3.J 3 /l ;+E ,,! 'Jg 3
Fl BTldI aE]lolLJdrl- ol?17]zl.+- o.lFl-c z]^
i+= +l*3 ol€..+ a.ll.l. olzl oJ
ql +P6l rIHle :r, q €Bl=- ++4oI ;Jrl
+ .J4lql :.lzl,J, .d* rl417l tf Li+
jt rg llE d ?ll'l ?*= 5 el oll Hg ,J+6l"ll Hljl4 "Jc+ iy-7f +xlqL+
ol .^]gEl _i'rl 'd4E 4q.lt4 + *ql 27il ol,J,-ol F3- €il6l= a.l +eq.
oJ:r:Bol FJ,,lolEl_. i
F;3 1!] tlLE;g .1 8-++.
u=+rE
/1.'L!6 ,,uJ.J.i &..1P!
2
ol+, ,tlc} €El +1 :-+

dts(ship lisht)
ql el;J ElaE5, dt, dEl5.., Adl :H
6J
eC
F, zlEl ;lld ?5: ql*'X.{ +Ag
rr-€. nJ6Jrl. yu
ol tsg dqf tlatel i-=-9- "lldJ
;l7l I .'ll olaql ^l+51 :- a ol!-_4.
/=u E
olB a++E zl 4r.l- 9l EJtl.
rq/lPlETl #olzl 7lL] _tEiel gsl
o-q gol '4 1l€ ,441F, ol J19r ztFa
.9 _o,_+_ LIEILJ r+ 5^l ql, 4 7l tsql
lal trr-143 ol=41 At6H5e H|lCE
-o-l
6lq aHsl:- *"171 + g,;ftf.

4ef^1, 2/Nel C+=- *4tr *il+ ol+4 4l
€|ol ;ll€-5lr g.lerrl, al_kdolLl +rl zITl 9l -:-
iliql "*6]1.;- 4lqtsJ-,?€"]'Jr+. :ie III 143--q
ol;- u.l ;Jall€:el tsil.d---€ L+Elt rlolrl
Lf.dol=, +85 "; EJ45

' fgen''
8=!+ 91871
€zll d4r;-9 ol+61= qgqE:- jrtsol'l rl
€3
i-.=-olr+I;+E q4: 7lel7l e+

zjol zlaluj qg, +11 ++"J q"J, e"l q
="J deolE+. _lq!+ €",1F
"=-3 ^J4+
e "l s-aq 4\irl qB Fol ilrl. eq qe -3- H el ri #5lc'l 9lt ,,l.lLf . 'q g?
!Et Etr U !tlolil qlEqr+
+ql ^J =i;'l +ol €?-* qBe- 11 -rtEzl t1t1,
3rJ *J +5€- a +7l' oJ rl +716t ^l
€Hl +aJ 30 [kw.] c ---el /iol ^1.+51j1 9lr]. ltdlaTl ^1..);lE te Et"I4^l eE
Jl4r;-4lY +dt'l i'+tsol 9lo-q. d+= 4l= +ol +rlElq 44zL+. {}rIe
d+i l +i6l] ^l dl ri9l zl 7l ^l rl;lE
qs_".1 ++ql Et"f 10-1000 [w] el a-ao- ^}+;] d +l .l iri rl ^l ;l+.il: .1 3 9J 7ll
jr- *q. +E..--e El*ol +golLl +"1, ..lq + 9= 1l d9 alqn 9lL+.
zlEJ FoE olA igg ;J oll, I g7.lE k+11= IllalC, dJ,:Erol 9.dal E+71= +
zl6171 9-l].{l: -1d6J qg3 *.}d
$_= q"Jel e.lLl i-rJ#4 €7l6Jtl. :.Jitol gs;}rl. olrl.f oJrJg oJ
BiFe gz4el t+g H?l +l6J F+7ls c 7l'aln 6l: rll. "J5 +ql=
€ dJF
dl 9-l'd 717I -5:4 l.lb ',l"lci.
^J,
!_5 + "*E7l 7)al 6l!_ e +d 714/l =Un,, ^l
gtzlg 7l=i1 a 4 zltsg oli-tl.
4. tr-l| bfiu 9 rs t/J

t]^l.Cg +tr +4 g3kl zlg (parabolic nr-rr-
rof) ol ..aol=LJl, a+ pl^la-9- }"= /iE olq
Tlzl oldol tlrl c+= rl€9- +i gg oll
F, A€-'9. EJ-rLJ d7zl 5oJrl.
ol oJ E "ll
1, dE d7l €El4 3#6lb 4_7 d"Jql 4al.q oJolgzl..
2, ddel frzls LIE-lq *Bql 4.il^J oJollizl-.
1 EI+q= +drl=gdel +4ql Elsl^l oJolHzl.
^JE.
4, zi +a.I eJ 3Eql 4.tl oJol!-zl,
^l
7l1e{ Ne \-a H: ( 1):

=+
4^tl *-3 Url rJ4
+.{ 1,,'J
!* tlxll ill-6 | atq flrnat E+(29 i7ttE,
ê^tz:2^t2J)
El'- Lll"llil +.ll tl ?l rl -.,1 +l:ra1 139 + + tlr}.

- != a'Eai
1. 'rl.J €oJ CC (4f-) sld 2 e+ol6] TjLrlEl(i€. +€) 4 2rN 3. eJ rj_ r_l H b 7ll
4. d.:1, .J+ d7l, E- r.7: +elolol, t-1,lolBl. el,rlq aEElrl, 1l* a, zl +
-)
@
d€-?.111
Hn
^/ tffi
t='[l."Jl n\
l. ++ E]- i.l 4 Ll .il ii ol + *rl :(l ?*I+ +el / ' 'l;lt"
;llol 6JEl.
^f€- ^l ry.),. R-,.t"n._rgg
\ ---124
2. 1lt1 ,il+ ++ol g+d;fH /Jd. r-'d. El,ll -iJ-
144 trJCel +llnal E+
el
^lil'Jd fl oJ ol 5JLl.
. ,o.trJ
t '\. '',' o
d+: 4: + 'rlS €.J 3

1 +-del +l11rl
t] tl)g lrJ nr - 144e+ eol -d+;tr+.
(,:.:l
Rli6l
w#9
t>l
.... 0-
D\ t.l G.Pl
2. €dsl +l]/q d+: 1l+6lcJ= + El,=J !.J d

d ("Jc)3, -,1-J rrr 145e1 aol d.ri6JE+. :]al rrr 145 E-!el +lrna a+
3. eJ 5!l Er-
'l 7.1
'rlEl t ol$ql alzrzl { g
(1) aJ aeltrql el6J +ll1r-l d ii:,- +4.liolLl- g
(2)
+r'l+tl ++.J A1 Cu eJ
d+;+4: dCg eJ =irl !,El 10 [rnn) d
=el]f5
H
^l-
oJ
s6J4. wl
5- rl aTll BiTj "ilr. c d€. ci}dl, LJ E}
^l{e .J++El.
+, dJ 4 j.n 9]+ dilE ]reJ trr_146 fl 0 EE! E+
=LrlB= =alHE
(3) elolq 7lqlEls ol+;lq d+;+= a?. rl i1
ol I -r z|$9! Ellql-.-r 4 c tl el rl+€- 10 tnnl
dri4 q/1,-1, ddg Ll'+dl .,+

4 i€ elqol
/l'rlq =e ^l'+-JEl.
(4) ddol 3-4llr+oJ A-?-oll:- 4 ddel q+g-
20 [rnm] 4n4 H7ln, ddg 4'J"l 6J4 +€ lal I[-147 elolq 7]LllElE ol.-d E4
elq q 7l r.rlEj E
^l+Flr+.
(b) Ea Ltlql^.1:- dtiflel 4r1d 9fr5 100- 150 tmml dE Frqo} FlEl.
t# 4ill ill-7 ltt"r 7l+ 'Jxfelel d+ "J aEE EllEllTl{29 17|l=, te ^lz}:
2^l?J)
t_EE---" |
cc4 7l+ \tzlelel d+'l ?Lel 'll';4/l=.J + 9iEl.
[ dsaUl_) (d+ r+41 III-6) *t

(_E}r|'4l (€-; 'l4l rrr-6) +.4 *ot 314=
['ry) (d; r+41 III 6) +i

a!==^r
r- I
1 zl4l *4el 7l+ a+'l rel€ d+ EJ7l9
(i) it 'lil d+€9-F- Tlzl 7l+ql ddg d+ EJ
6J oll4l-,- ilC9 1r,14 o s EJ .e+rl, l?J IIl
=-.al lal r-14B rlC "Jrlel 7 + d+
-148'l Aol 4ldBg-e t]Eq 4 d '* z 11;,19
3lq^l d+q!4.
(2) -aiJ€ cJ\al ;lzl= TlAl 7l+ +al l7l.ll Elzl a8@
C.Jzl=tll, C d -.,1 tlil- 9171:- ,Jol= 1.6 Inml d trttrrffi
11+ E 20 [mm], 2.0 [mm] td+ s] 25 [nn] 4I'- @+--.w-
Bl dEl. M
€ j-E.qg f rl 1 [nm] d Ee] -^/ql^l E+ s
ffir
(3) rll- ffi
-q 90' d]i +PB :a.4, il.'lj €=" -Eo-rL:1 ++ol
qrl_ ddl LJ.E,7} {-6J'qe r;-'3 rll _nil=i
=ol'/l= re IIr 14S ?al arl egi
E
=-r+.
(.1) 7l2l
'l+_d,l
4Z].'I el
^,171
2 zl 9l= ? or4li F
e}^'l
^lolql ddg Hn, e+^l7l 17l] 9l-:- 4+"ll
dc€ el4 "Jql €,r-1 Ll^l |r:- Ll tr= €Ll.
=
2. .asg
(1)
'itazl
?c9 €ql^j e+ 60 [rln] ?E-3 +ol +-4 '+E+. T? Vqil
(2) leJ III 150e1 ii^J ql q 4 S zl "lF1.7l= ;J+. lfl ur-150 srl ENEtlTl
t-- tll
0l 6tl i'4El€ ^t€.if= %lHr+ +lr/l dr.L!.1
1. el-olol 1r. Fl1l-9 t'dc i- 9.1-:-7i?
1. +lrirl d+9 nJ + "^li /l?

/6 2. zl d EJ!-el /l+ ,J+.3 if i ?]:-71?
3. ir-el ',lFlzl= + + 9.1:zt ?
Eg Erl| "i +* +E
=
e.JAe d+=d A.Jgoltrl. q7loil^l: +E6frrf 6l= l7l4g
*9 r1,r14os _rq += qel zl+ et^l 4, d+zlef d"Jzl, d+7tl
"l iltr ^lE7l 5el flalel 5d9 016|16101 871 )Pl a d7l deE
old ol+s 0l= 4+ zl+ Sile EZ-.J + tltr|.
(1) d+ zlHl
o
o\
€)
@)
@
c)
@
@
@
(2) +ril zl^l

E zl= 8Hl9 +E ei
oJ oJ
^l
o E, :il j +Sr+ 7t5 ++e_" +^d9q 9leq, 7l+t}ee 7
?l + tl.l
=
-F +il, xllq +:1, ,llE *il, 4a "f uEvE.-iai+.
+46114 6l= d7l4.J .Jql dldl6l= +Fqc B^J^14 zld 59 715+= F

+^l7lb a.ilolq.
-*F 6lil= e-d€g 4lsl6lr= 4el rd+el 715+tr +€El,t, 9zlql dzl=
+;6lE olE i.l-olql eol g,J;+q /lF+/l +-F;}21 EJLJ. +-Fqg Pzl 91;3 u3-
B9-r;-= d;14, Cll4, zlTl +F-q, SS?'i, Lzlllq :r-g "l+9'1tr1.
L[. 8^l
^]lol
.Ftsq"l *4elq^J 715l+71 .l+rl9-,"': ull, .]"il 46lq EJql
"Jb}str 4+61,=
*l"l 43 g"J^ltl : X?l "l +.
4el.î, :F5.qrl 4lqq.l €€€- .l+= dql^J 7l++= ezlq4, +5'J.l zJl .,l
l]tr zlEl+:-gel"ls 5lSdlgzl 9q.,Iolel tsJHgE:- :llleJel e'4"1 el,* a
"ej ,llq, +;]+ "J+El-ts A$ql el e'l Biiol rl]i 4lq, +el +,jql el'€! +q 4l
q, F ioJel dTlzl E:rel +€ql -qe _nil _7 oJ zll ol €:ol 9lLl.
tr|. 4lE €f^l

7l-E,+ql+Fqol .l+-J "tl, /l+i-/l _lel .3iJrl +!lel El+'' r;- -q_ gl;]-dl :l _o_
€:el4 alq"]]el ":€ 9l"l= gl olLl^J il+tr c+61= ,lf, .J*;l 4l+^l7l7l 9l6J
*zlol4. 4lFcpl *Hgsi- +71 ztl5-, sl4l ,iF, ',lE.l d+ ztl.F tsol 9.1Ll.
al.i; "! ^ld

;-l=ril, /tl= d ^lel 5^d "; g.--41 ul/l oJ /.1 7lzl7l
=+g €+;l_'L 9lll +l9]oF
ilq. "15 E= =+ql .E^l€ +,'lql-:- ?litirl ;lrlilol 919q, ol r-. ^lol-o-l
Hq=_ +a H9lel;}jt, ol +d H9l'ilql^l}.- dF,(precision) zl H_6y1 ]?=-o 4d
H9zl 9lrl.
'zl +lg 7tB j1 +^Jol z+rE_ ril oJ-'iI]lE:olL+ ,-r-Jitl -E--o_ + zll 4!Jrl.
=E61tr^.1
2Al= 8^lel EF
*zl:- _r 5-.1 gr]ql [tl4 x n-5el $ol, E 13Eel
,11+ 7ll+ql 4/l s trr 64
+q B+"J + il4
.3 rrr 5 ,ll= 8i9 E+
tts" E4 ^lE ^lE

H9l
7l.E t +tAl T"JM +rl+ [-b]
<t'* zlllel 7f7lij igg +r, ol r1"J
7..t* rn M
3X10,
- 10,
10'^-10'
"rl d+E 5rl^14 9c9:
LNql
nJ3
"l+++
rrrT 10, ll+ql elq] 4Tlilol ge'Jql 4+;E "Jgj
l0 -10'? < fll)
H
S
3€B .in -3x10', ol+6Jri.
IJ -r-l ,J : ,- 1"" ,l ' 'd. . .t' I'J
iLli t-10'
+E t+elel iln 1l+9 olsEt4.
'Ji 1-10' .. L0' J+ ].ll"jl +€ -I: dJ€.+.JLf.
.!1tq
1'5x10' dlll+l r]] d,ll r.lol.l| :L+;}: +oJ4

<t{l
"Jel(=. d ilq ): .l++Ll.
rf= ++e,l ;+il1 /lt"l3
< 10'| ^|olql 'JCEI:
ol€ +r+.
it ... J . .a' ti e.,-i ."r"";lq

I -10' < 1ll"
frs ....J;fqE 4+ i?.]*ri +4.
I lil-6 .,1'l7ll19 !E 4ld--t;lE gi-orl .oF'=+

Al2lel4lE
:..tHi. rU€ ilni€ tlrl?.{], t-dl J:r -- N, 11 t€+, ;

0.2; ,il7l +02
-EI ,li ^f+!Lf
0.5;4/l - rl.5 X'!ri. +q+ 2l7l; ^l F:lr+
1.0 Ei XlTl t 1.0 i ,J'l;. i€ +ql+ "i ru € i'l] {]t!} xl?l
Li ; 1l-l rl.5 2-o 'ojoe !;,." €-, t 1..+ 1l
ZDE
'
12.5 i u5;!. ,J!.:-J +sr.l ;f?l g=.:j:€ sl]3t8 zizl
E Ae
^lE7l
Eltr ^l e/l= EElrllatJ (mulrirester) el_/E 6lq, 7J7le) iLt 9l zl=- qoJdlzl g
,il "J.i.z.r oJ zll zl olr|. il!,. B7l_el AE*-."_ 1eJ rrr_1b1j+ e+. 4 e
^l ^l6J/l:_ _a
,JE zl+ d+Zl-=- zl 4jzls r +€e +*. C.l, 4l.F "Jil,4lq 61.1,
^l ^f€-.+r4,
rll:-4 ii;'+, j/+ rlg} :;lls d+zl, cg llzlel drJ igl zl ..E-.o_ q -rl^Jrlol 9l
rl.
^f+ dql!- Oil r€fr'{}r}.
-71 T.161 E^l
_r e'J rrr - l52el z ol, d5J a+l "l= :!- ?.1 Rql FE ?idlzl (ohmmeter) -!: ^ls €E1,.
-l Lll5- EIE= _'le n 153!1, aol d.dzlTi dl+l ;li=-zl €rl. el+
4;Jq C+= c-4jl Ll "l 4l "J+71 21 7l_+- g-ei^l 4;Jql =c6lq:-.J4.
L'll+6lq Et-:-ol
+zl
--r
^l€ +rtl4l "l+aF- d+51 .l ?+?I.", '9l4lF zilzl Mql d+71 6 =zl g_o-!_e,
^l€ "_l rI ^loldll Ltl+ ,Jdzlel d9l,ol deJq
"ll, ^l e slllel -ice- _lc rrr 1tr3+ 4"1 r]_._ 4ql Ll4'J.-raidrl_ Hlrll7l g
ol
4. lr]qE L+ol-g----Ll EqqzliE] :'el il -+- tzlel i'rJ 6;t, al "JdJ'g +Edl=- rll"ll
:- ol c€. +el6llol ++.
.fe F152 0[O] 6E .fg t-153 xld +E q+ qe

rg nr-151 ale
^l-d7lel
esg
zldJel n:-;ig E++-",1 "J 9l6C ^l+"1,4, ol tsE'el +^J= C+el d* i-r' il
Elol 9.lll. zJ 6J!.r i1l* rqlql-: -lP III 152 -"1 0 [a] ict+ €ol czl
^lel Hlqle
+ .\l 6: L'j rl'] el ,J3 c-+61r. 0 [o] 7.€7l=- i€nl ol 7ll /lel H]=ol 0 [Q]-.-l +-i+
ql .o- zll oJ El€, +df,rl. ol 0 tQl rCe g9"ll ulai d"f 9l;l= r+= r,l6J +
a H +l ql srJ ull olrt ^l 6J sllo} 6JL+.
zl
"Jel +ai,l3- 9lg 'tlql= d+ i:91
nlzl 'lEl.]]= U9l-"1 tsllgrl' /llzlel Bl
=€
5ol 7lal7l: zJ6J i-'.-il-9- #;]E grt.
419 jrtr. dei] a9l il+ Rxtooll *-9i.=q "tl zllllel Hl=ol 50 tQlI /t4e4E,
+.J5J zj6Jllg 50x10:500 [(J]ol gL+.
t ,L
100
20
rC r -1s4 DCV +5 .lal r-155 !g Lll+ il.e tg r -156 lF l.JeL

-
^lF =8
IL Exl
^l-a ^lof
Elg eTlel Tl +l a9l ^l=- leJ III-154e+ pol llCV4l ---R 4+ Co,l2l (dircct
.il
currer-rt votrmeter, DCV) zl qul. I .11+ 9lE-:' lg I[ 155e+ eol 4 tsl]+/]el il

qil eCFl-.|, olql ql+6}= E+g i-+''! + "J "J=ql 9.1:
'-qql =;-9 ^l+dlE
9rl.
t-;+gl r*g rB n 1s6+ ar ol -i-?-9- zl+ c+zlel +ol ^l
=;!-o,-+-li
+€rl.
rl Xl-=- rl-=.
=11
iil-E
^lE/lel dnJ a9l ;l=- L n-157r+ +ol Dcndql FrE 4,,,=- d#21 (dircct
d-J
currr:nl. rnilliarnmeter, I)cmA) zf qq, _l LN+ El!.-:- I I'J u 158r+ +ol zl eiiTl
,l d+gq glll. l4_a 4 B+7lq c'+ql ,+el d+el +d H9l7l a€g4
.lrJtll l? III-158 (a) e+ e9-BJ€€ €-#zl-"] d4 qtrql'^J= d+l ^9lil= d
+;+:- E+, + dg e+zlel Eltr7l Tll"JEl o__F- Tl+ztl M"tl ttzl s _a j+rtl;J C+
7l z97ll !.lrl. :lqy_i +l ztl.E-:- lfl ilr 158 (b) 9+ *-q 4l e.e e+7lel ag El
J.=;]_l 9.ltl. 4+ d+Zlgl zl =,r llgzl (DCV) el 4:t 94.
=;.S- =+g;J4l
r----@-----"1
tl
t--r,----
lR \
|
|
H^^.-o H
I F,
f*- ;
(a) S€ts r'c+71 (b) lBg E+71
fal ru-157 DCfrA +5 re nF158 4+ I+ 4+ €le
=E
fl ;;r-=. ,(lof =Il

EIE ^leTlel d+ ^9lil€ _re l[-159e] aol ACV ql +tr jt-F d*tll (alterna-
ting cunent volLmcl,er. ACV) _q
^f-sg i 9]_o-El, 1ull$ El_E =- fci III 160r]- +
tl. i+= 4l--rr_+- "J_L_= d+zl D,4 D,ql= BJE:I d+717]- 4qlr+.
d+zl -"] d"J-d+ 5-^"i9 +. 41, _"_tr-= d+/l 39 Hqql^l= 5-€ol zl d4o_
-q Elzl e'!71 '4lEql d9lol *g il+el +d H9.Iql^J= tgdJ 9^l -e+=
=+ol
4. l*1 Ej= 10 [V] El"Jel -n+ doJql LN6I^J:- A=_9 zl4 10 [V]
ol"Jel ii1+ a.Jc +de ul= 4+ coJ(r)cv) el =;f;? ^]+6Jtr].
+ol +ri.
=i+4
rg
te r -lm r+ tg 4€ 4+ Ele
rn*159 ACV +d
(3) +el ^l6J
6Jtt (+)tlzl4l, ?€ 4E
(r) EIE
^le7l= ^l+;J 'ql"I= B? 4E =eeJJ.i- =r,l
f.r'-- dJ'^J ( - ) Elzlql 4 E 4 =o *o}^l ^l+6ll of .dlrl
(L) 9E 6lq Ellql-:- +d-J d*+ 1l+el l7l=
^lgzl=- d"Jzlel d+,Sl-e ^l++
ql+;}n, d€l :s1;15 "J"+C H9l"l +j1 +c;llol 5ftrl
"l 4
(r) Fal, 4+ c*olLl J.+ d.Jg +39 ul"ll= +a6l7l d.ll Hi_L- ^l d+]:iolzl
71 4i't B9l, E= c+ +d Hglql glzl glgTl= cloJ6J tl'+ EJ
=4 =d6lol
4. rl+, le7'l -e+9tr 4171./l +*j;Jr+.
(=) ?c6J d.Jrl d+= El el ql+6J i gl=u 49l.:- ezJ a+l a9 1= ;lrll +a
H9lql
=e]ts=rl
zlalllE ;1s +e H9l= ut€ 'tll"l'4 0 [0] '=Cil 6J
(o)
^l+g "llql= T]il :s1
rl-i- +,€ dI ol .dltrl.
(H) Elg t4lql= deJ a9l"l=- 6J* OFF.ll, lloJ, OFI.' tlzlTl
^le7l=- ^l+;lzl ..e!g
fl9 "rlql:- DCV(!E= ACV) el qzlql
=q+:r+.
(4) C+ f,^l
Il ^]-gt =d
tr, @
r1){rf9l 1!00lol
@
:teJ fir 161 rla +E nle

(-) reJ r[ 1614 ?_ol E]s-=- ed6]J z] zl 6:]/lo| -*^lg <] R1.= s rrr_7 41 7l
+'fltri.
(L) qtr ^le7lli +€d l6Jzl_ol +A#C ii^Jrlli J. rrr-Zql 7l+-e1+.
(c) zJoJzl4l _s^l€ A R1'el +Cdl RMo_a+El _s;l= /It+ LJ€,, I #!-r.s n-
7 ql 7l+dJtl.
E III 7 Ilgr +5
+8 fE
ll"J nzl;,l Rr
:.'x iii RN'l
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7. 4+7le) +dql: +71+4 e+, /lzl+ E $+ +.-l+ -E-ol 914.
8. zl+7lel E+.I-,: +1= E34 rl* F-gol 9l!-q, ]J5 #E trgol
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41 F"l "l+gq, ol q+ 5{ql E}r+ +rizi adgE}.
lo. alTldq"l+ dF7l7l;1d61tr^l -Pr-E6l= ?laqg E6Iq, ql+ *; ?l.Jel 80-
90 t%l dEs^J ,Ft d?Ir+ Ii6Jol L$r.llol4.
ll. 4+ d-F7lel +^J9 ++6}-:- ql-: riE 5d ++l'l E_1 5d +.dol +s- ol+rl
q, ol e,l+ Scql El4 +li7l a.dgrl
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(60 [Hz] ) el r+ 7l {.i q g ?l^J 6}-:- rl c 7l7lalEl.
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q^lq, EI+e dl dzlTl Zlzlt ald Zlzl€olEl.
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+rolq, dE+"ll^l= rtl+e ol oJ4l9 ElCTl"lE+,
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aJ
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2. E.J7l= 1 zl {{. 2 zl ad, ?.il _o_E. +dgol i.l_o-rl, HoJTlel €44
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lt. oJ -E T]^l+ €F_el C+ P!+r+ *iel +€l ilJ+el iilql el6J rilq qlqil d+ol+.
14. B+-dzlel +zle- .JElol^l [Ah] _a s^16]q E]*r] r]q t11]€4.
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E5: ++ol oJ^l5l= trel Ele dE€ 44.1q, ri9ll- 9lirxlolul.
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20. 4l+ 6lxl= +zl gelql 4+ /lF ?oJ€, 7lF as€, a+ qzl€, 4+e, ed€,
gde, dde, +5-€, dtss€ol 9.14.
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o zl4 .? oJ += EElq 6JLl. il, li :l ^19 gol €il;Jq.
4. 1+ dJ3/lel 371^l tsJ 1l+oll 4l+ €B"ltl. ?lIrEJ 119?
o C7l3"J 6.€.l1jrl TlZl 4Sl +€Col e9' uI "JqB4
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5. .l+ EJdzlql^j CTlzl HI++g- e+^l7l :, !J Hrll +ll7l 91.= ?i3-?
r!l !,+9 41, il6JL+. (21 Htl €d-3- €il

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ral ['-4 lalE 3rl +r ^lls
/l4l/.171 3ill.e.il 3z| $zlpola, 4+ql +61=
3 ?,9 4 zl g al
=olLi.
:izl€..sql il 1 .-i 4l zlzl€- 51Jl
E,ll 7l
= gol, el+-oj ^1,
+Czlzt 49- qlLlzl5 7l;'N E zl+
dzl _o,l ol.E:ol +.1-r.-l 1l717i g 5]oJrl. zl EJ€e-
.re I!' 5 tel= fl^lE B? BC+
10-' lf,J .nr] ol El- (oll
f-rl) : Cu
+Fill:- +/lSirel 8+"ll 714+ 53E^1, 5
!L r+ ôJ+ rv-1 3+ 4elll calTl Sull zl vf r{ /f* slc+l dr-
Etl='+4;lBit;'1r,,-+-. el+el i-4qll drl] d
3*
=afoleJ? zlll ilql+g + 91ol d+71- ;=i gi-o,q, zl
€rl+ 94: :1{ lv -4el p+ r'
-: -_ \ or el_o .1. J J , ,. "l I dlEg 10' [(J .rn] olr,].
-sel .ol 4 lJel lJ,l I o-o BJrnl= ilelzl dalzl 4 7l"lE
^l!'.
ol*/lel
c rf+rl4 ?++ *Etl= ,Jqlr+.
€rzlzl,++ aEJ(+.F ol{-yg a}.a 9lq 8+ E
r')
xffi Erf aJ ?
171 e
Eldl4 o_E SIXFJ dEllq 9.lll.
4elzl 1,.1 a lol ,,1,1 3 j:7ll= j.l
IEJ rv 4-:- 714^ltl 4 Sl :43 €lzfel s'J
4 d {}?} 8"tl ?}u|+ +Eill el 7f .3
el
zl5.r!EJ {lr{}= oJ19 *9la
rJ}o}
g Ll-Llr-]J jr. 1rj n'':5E az| $zl -o,1 ++ A'J
!l7l tr,Ll: .ftL!]1 d,l=- rN.,l€_o.t g Lf El lll rl
'| 9r j;. l]. o/l l,lL-, r'o :l
I olel, {.1, Z C5 HJE^ll (intrinsic semiconductor)
dllLlilTl ,l;l]!r3 !r.ill il.,+el 7lrral
r .J d .,or Lt o l. r, . .' ol._ zl ,i/} 4 o.1 4l =_rr}E (Ge) r+ dcl= (Si)
{zl _o,1
fr Tl7+rl aJ.,l.
.,.1
el ?€ill"ll li'iE"l C.l gt:- ++Fl PfEill=
{,J l+E4la} .JLl.
.-"-f tl al ,, .
TIC ']}Ftll= Brll -oE 0E eJ1l".l
=EJql^l
-F+ adJ *Elltr Il-;ll ql Tlrl+Ll. l
=']l;].1
eJ rv-6rl ?ol + 7t
--4 ul H9- aolE {l1}
) el i+*.ol EJ'3a14 7l dal -ql "J5 : ,(l+ {lz}7}
o
-J Ll'.
ral N -6 "!E .I"Joll
il /I el zl+ dzl-=- "J= -g^}:- -l 4- t'Joll
^l
uJEillel a^l de
;J ,llel CzlTl rjr+al4l tlq. ol= C+(hole, o
olef .]_7, el+ql ,,J dzl5 6J 7l u=.-6j +
}]_.J) +ir
*4*p**R
9l= -bq.l ?lrl.
A ? rr
HlEitl.ll^l d+71 5;JrI= 4e. ol cJ {! 1lzl7l !1€ /le'lt: t|]yj
"156f= ,l o-e. zl-fitl,<|el d+g 'J+=- ge_
(1n) (Gel (sb)
ral Il -7 371 g 471 E]rf edJ

..i. -:- 7ll ill sl nJ+ 6l !r tr, o15 z[ z] ol (carri-
'l9.1.
er, -gr}7l-) el ell+.
E PCTI NE HJEi.lI (!l+ rll ?-l ol )
7l P -d HJEill
. til
-79 J 'ler ,1 'l 1
I\ gzlel E€
9, -lcJ N 8 3- t q ',r',' ,1 o, 3 6Jg .il:l
Ll] i1 9.1rl.
+"1, 471 gi?l llrr-I'l E

1ej ry -8.{ (Ce) ol ral N B PC EJEiI el 8ff
=-*
'] d zl=-(Si, .
.il 3 Tlel j+i-5oJ
_E ""1) oJE (tn,
rldl{ e +)
g 371""-lE. tE,g ol*;l :- llq"li- g 7l]
^.E_"J)
zl el *+ A.J 3- 6l1, nJ Tllel CzlTl ++61.o_
tr + /Iel €+(^ L%l) g EJEII gLl. IIl rlrl.
Ll+ f
i,t'J+ Er.rgel +zt 99tr -l +Fl#el 3+ol 'N ;tot1 +)
,3 {lr+.
dzlll +',Jg +tr d+ql el::al/ll rl!-ji. ol
rc [, s N-d HJE;llel 67
d +C 4+ zi zl ol (rnajoritr' r:arrier) /l
oJtl- EJE =*
'il C 4= if { zl ol (minority carrier) zl. 9r}. r,'v+ 6J+ r\' 2
r++ 7ll rlol"l e*.J Hl[al=- p B EJE 7]l e] 6t qf$olEJ ?9lgrf ?
r, ts7l'fl ++5rg 9drJ(acceptor) e|;J{. uJ
oJ, 0l*61 :- {u}z\ ol Ll+.ll 5q9rll q'J,9 +tg -]g N 10,,+ eol E +at
oJl= ,sdl!!.J r]] 4i E!/l +*
gEj g"l= eld/l= 4-_!.3-olgol EJrl. oJ:1q4 o +'iEl
"J!.7]- .*,i € +9s
q /lLl7l= 7l,r| ae B/ilg ".idJEl
Lf. N -.J HJEill
l e.l rv 9e+ Eig.J

+"), 471 giql b Tlel
dJqP(Sb, r s.oJ) I rlzl"ltr. ++ adJlr 6lI
af al !zlz| "J4 !.lrf. dl LJg- d^tel +-:-
zN
e /l6f gt.=_o,l iel 'Jol j zlz[ r]f /l el q 7]

rfl N-10 +t "la
l. 3JE4l 201
!lI. C + ol ii. 7l rl ol /l q ol N e rllE ill 7f
i{! 5J LJ.
i1.P€
i"rq N e EJEill= "J=zl 91.,,1 e/l6J gisrg E
uJ (donor) el
dzl= 6JLJ. !41"21 ?l ELJ €lzlts Lt
lel el
1l7l= nl= ololgol I tl .
EPNE-sti4r5E
71 8rJ=E dd
€ +rills- d+61tr, p€ H]
pe ,,llr;illel N
Eil lllql 9l:- d*g e+ "J.c./l ',t+ N€ 'll
-Edl +-oJ., Ne Fl--ill .llql 9L= dzl-: dzl
+t p€ HlEil +or'r-, _le; n' 11rl
rg N 11 alge +tl ol5 "J_-L2| 91e.
+ol pltl- €tlql sl"ll olF(.,iil d+) 6.ltl.
1;J I\, 12= p N 11
6Jq]
^l-o,l
+*=€ LlEf\rl
asE. ,€ltl €*otl ,o-l;ll Pe PlEillel d5J +
Pql- Zl+ d4(. IoJ) zl Hole} ir'Jzl=- ,tl
tl5lol d9l/l L|] rl ./lrr!, N e r,r!=-il el ll * +ts
-rl.l I rl
"ll- d*(ÊoJ=)ol LJolel ,+,d71 =- ,.lZl 5lq
-f C+l7l ++71 P N ddJtrql= rl9J ';r{ot 'r-
]AJ N 12 P NESq ENJ=
1lillTl e d 5.,1 -.;* * (tiepk:t,ion layer) ol C zJL+.
ol +rd+(,ll^l: dzl el d+el ol:rol BlTl rl+
ql ri F- illel ?_rf
rai I I
;I A Ll. tHJ-.J Hlolq.\
_1H h,- lilj+ eol, P N d-J H]!i.ill e-l P€ rll
,-.irl +ql e1l$, N€ FlEil 5ql 'r d93- 1l
+61H, p€ BJ!.tl Lll+_ql c*(,\ !.*) g_Ne
H]lr ill-+, Ne !l--. r,ll L]J
trrsl TlZl(r.I"9+) r-- P
t. ltn at/l 6J rJlr-ill q +9 +-,"r kl ol e]tl=JoEal dirzl
rle
--al :r:: i
11+-rr
-l o_-j,t].. ol d#3, iEJ'J lli(/r)el o.'fri.
t______--.-l___.1
rf E t$:Br ulolcl^
-al n
-1,/ oiHf6! *lol o rl _le N 14ql
^lel 4ol. l'€ eJl';ll
=rdl ij d
€1. N € tlEiil +ql (+r d€lg d+6lql, N B + I
rll Lllel zl+ cal(r fgi) i. dg-"j ..+-,,+_o_i,
_r-
I
p € Flrill Lil_ol e+(^,y-"J)+ dgel e -=9
1:- grlzf !- +, 1l9l ,JB,-q tl+ zl.a. N 6J Hl /.1
I
Eill Lll el dzl:- P€ FIE i,ll .Iel 3{- +9s
ol-E:;}r.l .n40f 1t+(|) e] s=.ol 4el *
+
?lEl.
I
(2) rilEill :izl I

I
E rlolgE
P€ +Iilel N6J HlE4l=
r+dl o-c_(diode)
=
z+oE d6JaJ p_Nd6J rJ}5;llel f;{-99, rll
ts-ql 4el 1H IV-15e+ e"l cill 7l zlzl 9.1tl.
-71 .Ln lo E
rlol9Ets .ll!!(anode, al: P e rJlE ills+
A)
7i il.. (cathode, K) 4= N € PlEill,e +^J I 2
* +*iJ t+ (lr)
+ izlolrl.
p N ddJql
^l €"J +f Ete]- Aol. rloll)E= d .-q*3J d+
g+ itnJ6J9,e d+51*.3- rtl"J d#== .9_rl.,l, (1,)
quJ.:*g,q darEJ A-?qlol+ El:r+ C+'il (a) 4q -e -= 7lt

.=e lBolrl. ole+ +ol, +'*6* d +^l :- \,-;il9_,
E'J.J 1l+^l:- 5-,L_ilei ?-ol 9F pl--ill ++
g rlol a - rl 6l'tr1
qrl^j, rl olg!:- J+(AC) zlii(Dc) ,e E
+;l= di;/lE Hl
=
tsq als Fq dzl +
i..-;14
+oE gol ^l+€EJ.
_le M 16e +ol q.E_el Tlne+ d"J d+ 5
dg "lEld /iolq, (b) ql^J el, eol qolg_--ql + (b) 4619e sr'J +,:1
*.J d.JC 0 tvt 5-El CC +716ll '}tr q€ <l fg N-16 tr10195 7lE ? + +c
ql/.l +'*6J 4+ q) 7l ; = 7l
^lzl+rl.
1. !]E-ll 203
ol=
+*ii ulol 4 ^ (forward 51ur1 3 oJol af al
q, UF 7ll.=_Eltsel 4-?-"ll= 0.1 Nl CEolI,
t;l=-.J a+q= o6 [v] €Eolrl.
IF,, q 'lldJ doJ (reverse voltagc) 3- dC 6-zl^l
:19
??l\' 17 gal qo eE !^ll
-|-
."g "i a
'
7lEq€ ii ol tl"ll^l rl+71 _"_--=Ltl, ol d
gg ;J+ d*olzl ul q,
4 Cg-
= ol
rlolgE/l
-d-,? ol+;J /rl:,
e-lr+.
Lf t++ rfolgE
.- rjE+ 6J+ N 3 *+ rlol9. (light ernifting diode, LEtr) i f,
,ti6J-o_ e ulolol -:J p_N
gB 1l ilrJg s"_,{;l,ol i.J
Lfol.?F ol
=F € ii- ,ll /l q 7I .4 a6+6]-"J ];H 5.1 ull qlLJ zl ;l
!lnl'.}83,lEr .J \- ^'l "JrJ, e
FUliel 4.f Pl,j rl rlel'l E!4 cr ql d]l.J;+: rlil-.,1 qol gC (+"J g+) !l= "d
?:r--olLI l,rr-J ldr-61 e.*nl 19* r+ d3- ol+dJ 4og, _-|rJ N 17+ :,ll oJ.rl /l jU_
=
o rl
l,_l 6;
=ol -a_olL+. LlolgI-:- 1-1.6 [\r] el iE]6J C";
PlrJ
+ e"l 5-50 lnl.Al dFel d+= €-q Elg g
rr^l r-,,.. ;}r4, X^l r,l g (lalltp) _e E*ol
lB.J+ ^l+5Jrl
1. Ef ol e r.ql 6J r+q6l I
oJ riJ
ioJdl
'.l? ." r! d 'ol "-l-Ll crolr rl. -f 0i9E
^llLl
_ "j', 1.9- . , il 3o; Y"-l 1rj N 18,o. 4lLl tlol-o--L- (zener diode, ZD)
L € ^r_t ur:: ot e . l3_ . _.,1 zld E d.J d+ qnJ-6J- Blolq^
+9 :i,rl;J U {1. +q =d"lrl.
Tl9ig Hc 'J,Ezl ltl
alLl,'
d?l_._l _rE,
P € tlEill r]] el ;"+ a6J rJ 3zf 7l d 6J Er 3- +l
"jHq N o3 al e,l aE4-+ {l oJ 6l_0l azl_7.l 15

*4lz| v],g,r] rlol_?-E_F _a lliig _CrlTll EJL+.
ol cJ €^Jg Ell €d (avalarx:he effect) E'ts
^l
41"'l €r}(zener effect) dlzl ;frL, zllLl S*ol oJ
':l : d ^l d.J E= 4lq d giol el el

oJ
4 s ilrll ol S_ al *l
d** c+
rf. ol q+ ^Jdg ol+;l q "J= 4.3- 4lq 4ol
(a) /le (br 'dij t+ 5!
9,4 6fI, ,!lq tlolgE= qdJ-6J. o,+ ^f€-;+
q, "JILJ d"J ol*ol 5l r3 d+5- g4 nlzlge
le N lB xl LJ trlo gEq Tlaq loJ Il+
E,\I .:]^l 4q C"Jos "J3;lll +zlC + 9.141 Elol ed
S L+o19.- ?+ 6Jtl .
€+ 4ill N-1 | "+*EfoleEEotsef 4oleE+di{le(2oJ17|l=te^lzf :1^lz!)
1. Elol-o,Eel +*6J 5^Jr+ al EJ6J 5^J€. +"Je + 9.lrl.

2. g,+ rlolgE= :ir*6J, Elolqf,,,l oJ/lsJ oll= jiF(91?)el.l Bl9 ul]1. sl *.Jd]J Bl
olol /-71 9l7l€- ul ql= E55l zl .e*ol q g!= ^lzl 4 5d -3- ii- oJ 6J ri flE+.
=q 'll ^l
3. Llolg!_el 5r1J €- dgalzll ol6lliljlErl Llollli- €-+ sl-+S llll df i ?lLI.
L !?r ? i 16 -:]0 l\J.0,J lAl) 4 Ell ol* DL tl$ tl.l
Z. g'I rloI_e__'. (1N4001) 20 7H
3. ql+ 4.lgr-(4.1) 20 al
4. zl.J (10-50 [0]) 20 /\

(a) i+6.f 3+ (b) q** d+
1 ag'alilql ++EJ c.J 4 d+ ids
rE N-19 "JB EloleEE olEE! trlolgE +d dE
qol9lel El+ +El.
^l€-Bg ^ldq
2. Llolg,, el sl t*.L}4 riB6J. Hlolol ;- doJ oJTlql ql.'i rlC.ll + lial +;6Jtl.
3. E+ rlol o_r_el +d9 dzl El++a, +d+ il:rdri
^ldql =El.
1. ?JEJ6J t:l+ "I.n . EiJ I'lolgu l itlel Elolg_! t 7I= r€ IV 19 (a)el ,Jol B+-l
_4, dtl *ilel dsl r4+ qolgl-9 0l\rl ql.(l il+ +7l'^14 Ll7lE, L+olsLel Elol
oll doJ (4]_=_rrl-Fe + 0.r tvl, gel+g e+ 0.6 [V])g Hq^'l: it+El ^J^l;l E]ol
a- r,_71 _E-F5l Eq grJ 4olgEqlr-r ge 4i4 +ol g= a€- q..le
:i 9l+. d"J a
d Elolgg- 01+6lq ?1.J9 ^l^j6l =.71^l7lE q"gll q:-7t= r+ oJ;ll E-El.
2. qEJ6J, d+ r,llr . gr} ElolgE 17lel ElolgE 1Zil= _t eJ N 19 (b) el a.l d+;+
r, dg t,lel d.J ix+ E+oloJg 0 [\'] ql^l 5 [\r] 4al ^.1^J;l +/]^171ts^l EJ{-El
ol9-rr= +oJdl eLl
r. EElElElel doJ.3+. 46}el *X u lts=1 HelBe €€+ + Li/l?

2. Elq_s.el iHIEJ EJ qtsJi} dg d+^lel d* d+ 5^J 9- d'B+ i 9.1=7l-?
I El ol a - 91 dl=. !.,]E-! o e ql 1l+9 +4: +i9 "l€-6f4 CalsJ + 9.1:

C7f Els: +9ol .^l=/i ?
1. !19r{ 205
El EaJ^1". El
EeJlzlaE:l (t,ransistor, TR) i

olE (transfer) ,4
zJ 6J (resistor) el dJC dl ol 4
, 4/l
6lEI 4j zJ l5.Ig
t
li\ ril
ral ['-20 TR Ar]l .egf
7l-"1 0 ql^l +6Jrll (co)
Izliel 5- C
4zl
oltl.
olF^lZ .,i. tl-:.
zl_+_^J, P e HlEitlel N € tsJEiIel 3+ d!+
r.,Jzj:rJ:- 4l= *Hql r++ qij 7l^l7l 9)

o q, le; rv 20-,1-
l:
'JI
qq.<l:,rrJ _o_l d4l rg}"lrl.

_r,_
d4 gE
7l EaJ^|r'-Elol +4 "; 7ls
)) ,f eJ IV-21e. PNP 'l NPN l.- zJ 11.':r,J -",1 7t
rlt
E
e+ 7l aolq.
P 6J Ellille+ N € FlEil= 3;!.s d'J6l_:_
\-.
it^lql Lrlef pNp E eJlzlaE]el NpN _r-c! zl ÊJc
Ll,i4, )rll ol ^ +P, 7j r,rlEJel ol fllrJoll Bl-ll roll,
cZf 4 €+ "JEz| Qr1
Ll. E aJrlr'.El ql
flal
leJ rv 22= pNp t.dzl - EJ _",1 ulolola .3 oJ-
glTl=,H-oljl glElr. cu uJzf i.1o1o11; .JEJ6J !l

(b) N pn"q ololi C'J 7,,5, E-B olql-:- ri4-6J= Hlololl
^l
rg [ -21 TRg ?r .! 7l.o
Tl* tr/,,= aol+r 9lrl. olulrJ .":9* d* 'J
lzl'+I, ulol ''- oSqg C* B.l,zl *r'
-te IV -239 l']NP ErllTl ^F,lel tstolol /: dol
t7l^lel oltl E+g LlElLIr 9.lrl.
3 -o--el
d* P,Izl +g ollrlEl od el.llrl €* jizl '3-
ooooc ooo
o *-.o- illl ola oJ E e _q I/o, ql el ;'ll ol nl ql g
9999o oo
oo ^l E:l
oo d+ (o IoJ)g 'rll ol êl (-,r d9lql ull oll:-E_

=4
1lo,.l (E 2l%) 4Ll6l4l 9q Bllol -A 4+ INtl
3l.l"ll q'lnj ; = J, lrll ol ,- e ol €.5J e +e. € jre Hll olj] oJ
( . E%t) el I- ;}jt El
"ll *g
leJ -2 Hfolola lgf sl ql
^J ts_F dz}
N PNP TBsl oJTl zJ
oll €q Ltlql +trlol B C d+Eql E'J6lztl

sJrl rl-^1, ol 3*Egqd*(%,)gl N P a_.-l ';],-t"1
",iF-r
-.., - -iL,c .r,4;--\
-: e-l rJ iel (:,, 119lel _--€-;+ Eot +"J+3- '; dl !i "6 !14 " + -
P \'. N \iI P
adlEltr "lF6lq aerlEl d+ 1./l _o_jr_41 +lrl.

-_reJ N-24: pNp t.qIzl 2- E:lel Hl.lqa d.J
dJ/l^l _o,l tl+= H-ola il.o q, olulul !fr 1si-
Is- I6tIc olj1. .18 -"J a(* 98 (%)) tsl]71 7i irlEJ
i g- el 1.r ,, I : o I ,zl :-l a, ul'el zl a+ 2 t%)
=
olj!-+ ir4
7l- tsll J R- (7-d) I,7t r;lr+.
ol 7l^], /c el 1e 4l e Hl €- 4l ol:'r A+ ++
rN
IFel !3 0 E
E hFu+;'lE, /z'.,' F tt+ .lt+ eol 5J tl'.
. I" aI, (v-1)

IE IE
rl. E e.!^l/-Elel E=d

=al
E /.ll,f :,:EJoll 5-;l zJ+g qlaalzl *g atEI
1r-,r;f tgl g ril ol '- (B E ^lol) el € El (C E
) arl
PNP IRgI d+
^lol).ll 44 4# d"Jg /t;+ '41, "J =+l Tl"j
4 Tl-Fel --l7l= tlel6l= ,i-:t A-li^Jol;l 6Jtl.
cri^J 6.tl^J 7l+ y*ol ^f€-;1-! a-3 +
=eJ
^Jrl "J4 5tol"l, qTlqliJ= C=€q 4l
=q
6ll oJolgtl.
^l
_rg rv 25= olul El -&F NPN E dzlilElel
+'J Eltr 4 5^J +d"lri.
='j]gd5-€
rv 25 (a) 4lrJ €4 +cg 1,+ "Jd.1ll
irrzl.l_i1, zlHl z.ldJ \rR 9j 5"lE-! i/c, -5- dF] (a)
^le qE
^l4=q 4 1"=- +,9"J Zloltl

_---Ig nn ro
C+el =171=- zl rA EJ9l zl 5l R Ic -:-
BE. 1a _____ 5A tL
mAi, 13 .t I nr-A ol oJ 1r: F A Fl9l -e I q , 18 7l
y+ol _d=++ _lal N 25 (b) ql
^l!+ eol d
zl
++e tl+ ilidl'zl gtl.

8
-18 IV "Jq+g zluJ;]!l$

25 (b)ql^J 1c'o-:- I".. tvl
"tl =4=ql _o-tr-= 1r.71 ++.14, IB= 40 ltL\) (b) €E 2d +t
e oJ € .-l .+ ^l B "l Vcs tl 2 l.Vl"ll^l 6 tvl9- H lal rv -25 .qaJ^l1El E5A

tl^l IcTl 2 tl]Lu qj^J 2.2 tmAls Hrlsl 9o sg,
7c"9 EF]41 9l6J 1"9 Holel u15- a"l
q+ =q
EJa hco+ 6lq,
^lrl aol +El€ + 9.lr+.
, llc
B2
n"u: lvu IB:"JA
tt-94
:=#:0.05
(a) 7ls 4 += lrrr't)- (rv-2)
o-L
EI UJT
71, LllTel 51t flal
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n, +4 4 5zl Elsoltl.
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rg N-26 UJTg TlEef +4 .l E7I ile HF EdzliEle+ ul+6}q, +i= Ne H]_--ill
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9J.rl.
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el 63.2% ql _E-Erldte |VBB HE.I I'il= d+ Iszl _:"-;:-t1, olql el6ll
^lzolEl
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ql ,lel=
^l?l)= ?ll ildH .^l6J lri rv_289 UJT= ol+6J fzlr+ ga gC
P9 ?Al qt4
ljLre Zrl !l rl
= (triangular wave generator, TWG) Elgolq, + rll
c4 de
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e,
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e-l
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c,! R:
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ql
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el6lJ
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El-'Jt+.
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€rl.
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ole+
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feJ N_30 scF 5î flal
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6J+ dglol .f ol 4 SCRoI !_L'+ LJ il 4 .i++lrl..
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ae
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4 ^1lL'1
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ol+ + 4ol EI
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=
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6
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PNP e !l +^16l-81,.
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2-
l5
(r) R, ,E- i d;l"J 10 [pA] zt _.-= 14 , 1,, E 0.5
1- [n{] 7l aE-L, 6} P"ql= ZJy",.:4 [kQ]x0.5

0.5
tnAl :2.0 tvl el rlgt +61-7}
oJq+q, 7i
"rltJ d
oJ y.' V.,:VrF-Vo"-10 lV) 2.0 tvl :8.0 tvl
(b) +61 5ri +.! =
reJ N-42 lF +51
7l FJ tl'. - D dg 4=tl
=d (r) zll*;19 R,=' :rd;id'l 1"= 20. 30, 40 [pA]
_a 1.= dd ;zlnl q 1.0, 1.5, 2.0
s [' 1 .t cl 11,,ef9 al4l =zl^l7lrJ
[ur,A] E sl-i1. l/,,,ts 6.0, 4.0. 2.0 [V]g 1lE 'g"l
;(l ,l - zldls. C. B, A 1l 9- 4 :-L+.
5Jtl.
(c) R, td4l el.J l:71 :lrN --,31 d+ 2.5
h-Al EEE y.z:0ol q,l ( 'M1l), 1"zl 0"1

_+-
slH 7.u:10 [V] + tJt](+N ?).
n ^r-o *rru n*Fl
^lot ^le
q7l^] M dr+ Ndg ol-,9 c-er +6ldol+ al
HE a, ol +6}cr} Bll ol ^ c+ 1, el,el ild A. B, c,
v,, 4 ti 8 D=- €;zlc.l4 6JEl-. %,, -r,..e+el +zl=' 9_.i;1
I', 10 [m\fl
2.5 ).;l 1.3
E .+ rv 1.]rl ?L+.
2 EaJ^l.^.Elo.l tul 3ar5 .-1r, -- S"Jcn',
-l'E"-'
g -l1l rR +le 016l

e q! zl 2- eJ oJ
d
^l+6lz1 9l 6ll
^J
:- E d l =8el
,laL.l_"] 3lrtl €4 :rrHi d4_",1 H+1 .1q1,.1 5u1 : _r!i r\ 4J -.- ,i, |l -4te
=:
arL e ?6.to,4;e19.old
'+'!rl. _r+tl 61,71 9lsll^l= _? C jl rtl
^l4ol A t € E 71 9l6J r.+l!-,+. 'J-{: .R". B
4 iHl d4tl9 fajol ;}r, -r 4+ql= +;+ i illdlol: .R,, EJrr+El Llg 5e
ir', Ed'+e C.el +61= l/,,,r +fl61
dg 314 €4 iBl Cqdel Htl qlql +E FJ
E, rfl tolot1.t1 UH 4ll gE Bl
4. =-
. o ,o,, Ll! t-el '!r/.rol r flr
;l r]] d4 iBl dqd-g- slrl d4 _l:ul CE i .r+.r;e] e.r1qs;- € e,l *(/,) ol 4
I j! ++(v,.,,)71 +r+. _l'rlL+ ]e ib)
Pc- VrnX It.:10 [nW] oJ ,,llel I/,", e+ 1, el +21=- el ?ol E! 'r r+ol gql iri.el +ol
s. IV-ze}+ol 4€61q, ol= Co_q €a6lH =
I 7l .l olzlll eJE+
5J+
,r|"li^J ++ c. H. r dg de-_q Sla6J /ig l
B rv +z (b) ql +ElLil gl rl.
G E aJ^|.\ El ol 4+lA
=E
7f, E d.!rl_^.E1ol 1fld +g
1ej r 42o11! M dg treJzllElel CE ^lol (a) 'Je= 1l ll €
/l €a(igl il oN) rJ a4 aol y,r:Ool Elj/, €/ l*"t
Nde C-E,t'lolzl zll*(agil OFF) EJ arrl e

d F_E lcr:Ool !,lrl. ofel^J. tslol ,- tl-+ I, el
oN-oFF ql -o-l3ll EdzllElel C-E ON
^l-o15,
OFF dJ +zl 9.lrf. (b) ,Jc5 gq g Ell
.lal N-43 lF +4 qdq +lE 0l,6|]

Ll ^+ld 5+oll el"J !E7l +E
-re IV -44:- Ed;4llElel :+l a Fd+
ol+6J g lol ++s-tr, 4f =-€€.
CEzl (DM)= oN
OFF ali- { ol11.
']H 4lola +el l]gil= +Fe-e oN

(a)ql^J
.+E /3alr] c+71 €-al Edl ol= oNlq 44a,
sl?5J 4+ dF"-zl= sl c-"J4. le (b)ql^j 1g
.l=- +59,q OFF;ir3 Ed,.l r-Elel ?,alEl d (a) gi ol oN
+zl !.-_g,'l ,e+ol dFTl= C,'l+Ll. ra Iv-44 TR ^.9! EEI

-re (a), (b)ql ?l-:- gellol= EllqLllil 'rls zl
F CF;zl9 9?.61q Sw=- ON-OFFaJtr €rl.
-!Aztzl= sw=- iE-o--a oN oFF6l9o+,
ol+) €
^llq *il
(Elollg-rr--a.ql
^J= ^l+6lq
rB (c)el 1\"1 +71 T:- 'J€6lql^J ON ^l+"J
dzJ6lq Eilal:El= +5618, d-Fzle1 u3;1
--1'b) gqq or,r. d"Jol adqq d5zlel +E=i ,+H961/l EIE
i1l: g rJ dfll
+E 9.lrl
oN 'll]sr 111
z EE!^lÊlg
=+
aal
+71: 6J
e ;]11
LeJ N-45.11^l EdZlaEl-:- dll ola +ls %71
.r7I
Eolg,zl 9+-3 ,rll, .Jc Elolq^ c"J tz^ o14-o1
oN ^17J"J
El qot E€iol g+. Blolqi: d.Jg *ii4 +=

(cl 9?: dJ 7l
El!l_€ tslolq1 alE.?+;lul, ["Q, I'ae) ilg u]ol
rg n 44 IFe 4915 E.l
4: d+rla ;Jri.
_l+ rv 45 (a)= +;]ccl Sild Q(Bd,
/,q:30 [/A], 1aq - 1.5 [mA), V,.a:4lV) q= d )
dq;+j1, Hlololi doJ Voq 4l DIol ^ ds d
=-
E v"= Hqlol^J oJ +l Ell ol ;'oll .*#;+q d+
1,,e1 trrlql 4E 1,, 9 yc,el Hlil= "J7l 9l5J
l'.q{;<l1tl g/l },ol tf.
=+1
(a) TR ++ lEl.i
d+i ++ i:l.e= +€6171 9ldll^l= 4B+
y,a€ tlc-llol .+r4, 54€f' d.l* "lql=
=
4 +eol Nl.-l 4l-1rl 4ol zlg +;-i+lg -14.11
d'l .dlrl leJ (b).ll^J "J el 4ls(%)7l. +?q*J
ad+rl Kel +7l"ll Tr+-i, =+:EJ ?,alEl d+ Ic
zt b clrEl i e jL, va; doJ-,? c d+El .ll 4 rJL+.
lBoll ae:- d+71 30 Ll4{l 6tl!,J. ;-l.l C
='
+ 10 tlAl-a =5€ "ll, Ti+
eF 0.5 krl^l-+
1"-=
7."-:- tl*"1 2 tvlg €.5flr+.
==4r,
{b) TR++ +l rJ rrlzl^J, olElEl dzl d+ h,,,.:/1,,//ln
=+-li=
:0.5x10 710x10 6:50dlltr =d+€4.
lc h- -45 ]F ++ ile "l flzl
l II HJC
(2) OP Amp 6*
E] +
gle
=+
-1H rv 46-,i OP Amp nl_+,= ol$."] r$Tl +
* dleolrl. "ldzl t ;-+7lel olE-,? zl+"I8,
7l .r_dlr;- el A+ B=lqli.l 5q9:- d.,,=- el -J
}L_
{1,1 3- Ll ?}-- tl =frel "Jrr,rn +o-gA{l -ilr. "l

rllel 4l9i jr d gti.
(V Vo)
(IV 3) Vr)
-(VoRr R1
q7l^1, Aeel d9 K= .lt4.J

=+7lql'{l
3d d9l (0V) el zqqE %:0ol €rl. El?+^J,
:]g tv_46 HJI nltr
Tl.,i Vo.. Vo: (Rr/R)Vt o1 rl-A, 6*E
7.1 =+
=
ve Rt/R,zl 514, oJE doJrl Pazl q1
=Eg i- J tg'++xl rv-b--*-I
471 €+. IV-46e1 ,ll' ;-" q9d 'l .
"
... ra-l z,J _l ";t' aEot 5vrol :
u HIHJa
=+
Ele ; *r
:-4
ra {toJr 9r' ot /r ,
leJ IV 47qlrl C+ i= 6d €zlql^l 2H

Fl++ -'l 4 dal dor' .;E-4
ol ii 3l oJ .;.+'l e 'l X 6l d_, + 4 C"J y,,=
va: (R,+Rr)i ( rv -4)
7l EJjL,2 d 'Jrlel c9 rfi,4 3H EJ4q diol
%g d9l/l +d'.E,
Vt: i'Rr (N 5)
.tal N-47 UIHJI qe
ol €rl. +l F 49tr+q i7l6lE, %:(1 =+
'=-
+R,/RJ.Vt ol El-1, 6+F-= (1+.B,/fi,)ol 5lq,
€49 +n= "Jq+'J4
E ^tE =+
el+
_rfl v -,t8"ll^J 7l e;lrjrel d+ B4C 4+

6lE i,:i,7i El ol
reJ v-48 €le

^|E: =q
219
(V,-Vo) (rv
6J6 n D -(V,4-Vo) ri)
-trq+ + l{2
ol 5l-l1, d"J %-:-
EEel +l= ol6ll
=q DD
4€.e rg N +'J tt t r\2 t
trv0- _tt vA\t' t\2 1/
-49.1^l t0. 3l
Rt)- Rt
vl
I tt(: | 4.) Azl o +
e6J;ln, 4
+Zql^lel €el +.1€. v, v,4 * ro +Rr)
_ ,, (Rr Rz ,,
ql, 3;zlTlel + gel oJ s3: R, R,r,
( rv -7)
S,: (%,it) + (.Vr/t) + (.V,,At) ol EJLI. 1p, 'J+ d.J y,= % {.Jel 4 djt fi1 4
- (1x 1) + (1xl) + (1xl):3
R2ql oJ +oJolg,q,
toJ v7l Ei+.l: <I.lrltr 3Fi el
q ,:)lkl ri+;l Y++ ?!a (ri6,!Lll) _o_j]_
-. R,
Lh--q "J;lE olrl 41,+ eol x EJ6J (rv 8)
(R,+R,) "
rdzJo- fal :- olrl
ol €Li. 9l (N -8) I 4l (lv -n ql ql 'J.+d
nf3 ^l
s-lim >n
n-.. h:l
/t- II vdt
J
?j Tlg %= vu:Ql,/R).(V,-V,) ol rln, + = o,l
qElg d"Jil=-++ofEl
'\ \ \
1lL
6Jq(v) F-T--FI
[--J L-! (S) II T1,.:''ll ..:"1 3 4= 4 olE alE

1.1*; ZilrJ EJ =u
1Ll
01?3
7f. 4E Ele
rg N -49 rlEel o 6|]

l e'J rv 509 oP Anrp 5- ol++ zle FlEs
il, _re IV-36e1 Hld Flg_ql 9l= zl;*,?, r]l C
r.J g sltrolrl.
"ll =rJ^J=
-rHql^l €-el d+ l,g-
=q7l:-
'.vl
- ltlD (lv-g)
dl Ell, dl z, d-Fzl ednl C ql ?dsJrl. A d el
del-:-3H d9lel F;d9l oJ 0 tvl zt 5lq, Adel

d91 0 tv) vo+v(,71 !;Jt+.
=
4il^], A del d* 0 tvl=
1f
0:V"_rh:iJi\(lt+Vo (rv_10)
",a+e ,l_fl+e+ /l 9n, 4 (rv-g) € 9l ^lql ql oJ;+tr %:

.=e!t-e--'V-V-*4'r 1r
Vo: -atl! (l\ -11)
*_- Jlvtdl
ral N-m ile ol !.1+. qel^l €?j %= E?j l/lC 4+6lq e,

OP Anp 4E
LT.
-f
,rg +d ++7lq^l o;4 zJdJ R, 4
rv-46E
+l"tl
=EJ^l
c= Et_o_ts, -]E N_51 r+ +g El
E El-+zl grl
=Ell^l
d+ irll 4+ fi/ql -tre= 4+ i,=
+61tr, .lal 4l+ gEl.
. ^dv,
,r- ( rv 12)
" dt
. (0 -v") v^
(rv
"" R, Rr
13)
*e+e;ffi*t+
q7l^1,2 d .Jzl_+. sol i,, :i,z
d+71 !=_ir-zl
7l Elq_a, I F al"9- Ezl -;oE El€-rl ++. 6q4H iiF *4 4
v,,:_ R,c dY:

AT
{N- 14) ral nr_51 Op Arp olE 6le
.Jq6lE,
"l€- rleql +e4 d.Jg
=q
d.J
Vu+, '*4 glt+71 9q
ri E+ 6J6 N-5
olEE +l= oldl
0ldl
€Ztrllce.:r€ N -52e1+ eol 7a 12, 3lg ",1= zlc zl C
el TlgTlerv/a:$'1 2\/\3 /(3 2):5)=
2) :5)
q3"le.J+ v(0E i"J+ + y(r):
= "J+4.idl:-
Y(t) : (,1\'/d0 7dl:- a"l
=-
rq, E-Ji. i(r) + +l oJ+ {6}cqlî.
s3+gq ^']. r'tg
.4t9 Oql d3"la9
d3^la9
oJslsl
'4el ++l,tgE, ^l?] t(Pd)oll^lel 1lc_ol 7l€j7lol
4, El*',+ aol +4'Jc+. .e.e elS
. ,11/ | tL )
r(1):dv,dt lim-.a; ti"r' ''";;
^t\2-i ' =21 -ral n -(t olEE 0l6tl
/t-n uI 4l-n
'l?8"il
1. Edal,'Eiel E:4d4 +6ldg €E6l+.
e. EdxlaEleJ igld E.4g B6l?+.
^l
3. ol+4sl €+ ++71.I^l 7l+ d:l+ +soJ7l?
4, r'lB qse+ 4+ els"il 44 +eEs g4alE €qe ol€ 4€ol q=71?
221
!+ 4ill N-3 | oe AmpE otge! q+ qe. +d (4 s i 2tta, +e. ,ilar : r .rtz-!)
L-_=E==J
oP Amp el 4-ts nl a: FlC, ;+ 3le E El+3 6+ gqel Fz+ +l3lel 4el +^16l
Ei. zle rleel t€3 56l] 6*;l:"el -Fzl'l 4+-"1 +ol=- ol6lg + ?l El
l-E=E n
1. -J+ 'JC /l (function generator, FG) 9 9-+lE-a-nt 4 l rll oltl
2. 4+ cg +il (+5 tvl/o t\'ll
5 Nl) 1rN .l*
3 z.ldJ (1 [ka] ). (1- 10 [pt.] ) 9 or emp zl Szll dl*
=EJl ^l
1. 7lE+ :!l=. +doll g.q6J 4E
1. OP Amp el ,Jt, tsl+1] 'j 2l+ 5lr-1-o-l gel=, olal -JEi.

2. dJ+ F]1! 71,.,1
=+
g- ol;I dJEl.
^}+ 'J "J
3. dS tlilql 9.1= +5 tvl, 0 tvl 'l -b [\r] cl- oI) Amp -dl d+l .J;<](V+, Y )I FG
el e +zlel-e-l €e EIH3 q;+Ef.
t-c*---eD
1. OP Aryrel V*e| V {zl=i /+1+ d:l ?
ilel +5 t\rl 'l -5 [v] EJzte] E e3ll,
t'c e-l (j B^l-, OP Amp el 3H rJzl:l d?l
EJ ;.lel c=
€e5J4.
2. 4;J!l +'Jl^Jg OP Amp 9l teJ N _5311
Aol €A;JE+. €? _6. r.c _.,1 te Elolgg

Ed 71tr^l 4"J+ +€t+= +.:-Ll. (ol rql, reJ N-53 OP Anp .1E qe d-d
-' €
"l +"J+ I l, " ::-.jd 6LEf .)
3 FG el O +zl '{l;J Rql ql e;L1. s ge

-._iu.a =
+o,l3lq, _r. fl N'_ 50r+ a3_ alzl,+7} L+lr=71= rl gl-JE+.
a =i :, =+jJg
L_3__11_J
1. OP AnrpE .l+ ElF.ll 4L;€, qL_,jr:_ ol6ll6ln fl:-71?

ol+d,l
oldH 2. 3+ g-+el "J E-l +alql +44=i "Jq;+E "l5t1l !l:4 .Jn ?.1
=q.3-
1. OP Anrrr=a .l++ llP nlF.= +d"J + 'ai7l',l

"il
t"-r
ETJ Ell| "J +€ +E -s= 17 lrl 4lol dil=3 ESol 'Jedltrf. -Js gE-.J 4l+ d
gE Eleoll 3;6171 gd^1ts E+ nle, gg qe o; EJEI qtr
i e= Z^l0l 610l, olE qe= +d6l7l +16l]^l= qoll^l qt+-d =el
HJE
i11 4rl5g 4E6l -e!tr|.
^136[0[
3 +fl011^1: goll^l ullS 0l a1 7fx BJEill 4^19 0l3dl0i
rF= 4+e bJEJ6f= HJEII +61 dalql 4af 8J6i:=dB dgg $E6l
Zl a|= EIg Efl qe= 010116lr, 0l= qe= ?dd|: ggql c}l
4q !g=d + 91tr1
(1) C# cl-a(rectifier circuit)

iii
f!'^Y-1
I t\-/i
n.ii
E HJrf dF El + "r*.'*,vâ V
(J) 4ol9.E ir+ X+ tlee+ +q,+d
71. cfolg= BJ4 E+ qB
--]r; M M= rlol_o,_E_ tl!} C+ 4_8,
=4
4€ 4 F;4 g;lolEl_.
(r) :l+ "Jqol (t).J 4l : _-1fl (a)ql^l @dg
ol 6)HEl +e=- Ell, re (b)g +l leJilel 4olg
^lolel dg
_L-71 F-rtqq 5-61 ddJ Rr y",:--- +
; doJ %el +P,- rr*(4frd +e) ol gr+. lb) 5+ Uil

(L) rr.+ oJqol eoJ ol : r? (a)4lrJ G) d"J .:le nI-54 trlolgE cJEl 3+
ol a4B4 ql, fg (b)9 ol4l le^l'; +.1
=-3-
9,._= gtselq +;J zl dJ fir ^lolel doJ y,:-
€(0 tvl)ol 94 tr14^J, +61 zldlql Ll4-J d
dl qeg -rH (a)el ++tl +ol r+ 'Jq
=4
E e+B"J
=49+.
Ll. SCR EJr[ E+ qe
9ls
^]lq
(r) :Iol 99 46 : r"J IV-55= SCRS ol+ (a) e* RI+ +ld iI4 4+ 4E
5J +dl il+ Hl+ gtl 4lq C+ 4,+olq. rc v-56 scR "JIl 91d r{lol
3. Eg Fl"
_rg N-55 (a)= 9:l zllq d+ slir-el + 3l
Etr^J, oJq d9 qlzl- c dql scR.rl +6} ,J;J€-
€ a a+9E}.
scR g EEaiTl I H] E
^l scR q ll ol E
"'ll ^J
=
E^l(c, K) ql €1= ++61:- zlolE EIE/I "3
(b) "J .
".tB
=4 96frf.
.:]al N 55 SCR
"Jrl +la dol
44^1, 'Jq d9 'Jzl c dql oJ4 220 tvl,
I: Ee 6.f 6 rv_6 q 12 tvl +el H$zl (transformer, Tl) 5 9l ?- =al
EFg LfE 0l6tl
BJJ.tf :2. q 12 Nl EJzl.ll Al ol E ElES_ 4l zl6lq
^! =
grJ+E+.
:]u N 56e q,'lg! Elrl /ii
r_ol ol6.l _- el'lc4 5J+ ';olo \, ur
cl ?lol E Eleq €4ld ^J^ll;-l €e
ql6ll^l (L-)
Eg .:i-7ll ;f= illl tsq€- qle E =

914, _l 7169 le N-55 (b)ql^JzJH lir-+ "J
"l €.d 6J re.lLl.
-lg N-56 (a)= ?flEJ LIsl +ol 'j cgel 0doll^J 4'J6J +lNtol zlql$ .,.14
ctr ii!tr= 9+oe 9?9 rdl 119l ol xl'J g
^lcql^l 6)rlErl ag- 4{++
(7,,.)
qi!-- i+tr 4€ ) oJ 4 sE Sdle €
e- 4ll !!!.= 7l:l lil l"-l= +=q .I= sle"l+.
r\' 56 lb)b +oleE_ =4911,rEu,ol Rr.Jol 7ll ol_E Fl_Eql^J gCEJ !r+6J 9:,'15- 5gg,
El+lol (dgei: e) .J4es ="1 el G, K EJzl4l *#qss, +61 4dJql EE=
e 9+ ijl:r. ,,!!ql elill dzl5lq €
q ol !l zl +;1= +olLl d+ rl€e i/+ .Jq dgel Oa"ll^l 7,,"
a
.le} eq 'J!'l e+: oJ,l tgel =E gtl"l zl9l+l
s]+ ^ld(t)^ld).?El =q Fl +
Tlel e.J aD zldzl.,l ;=il €El(91+rl +3-).
ql i/ls! 3iiTl :o--r-= dJtlolEl.
(L) Zl olE sl -E. (gate circuit) , :1+ IV 57 -,o_ 1
eJ N 55 ql olE -lEoltl.
^l+€ 2l
n+ +d : nl+ cgel 0dg ?=6171 +li] oP
r>+l-r Amp,0doEtstl 4']aJ +1610l zl E€ ^14 g
n'J* a=- "J-:- PDP (phase delay pulse) El,+ ".1
^14
(a) +*6}-o_e €ol !.s 91= !s+'dJ A+ g1q,e'llE= 6-+ Eltrq
+d €tl.
i+ Il3el 0E SCR9I 9lt} 4lq^l SCR9
==:
EFd^l7l:- ^14 )g(?,,,. ZltalTl 9l6N ^.1:- H]_._
^l "J4
j/+ dael 0dg oJolo}.5.lrl.
OP Amp 5- il+d ol+=-, OP Amp -"] oJqql
q**e'a C.l -te.,l +il
6)
+6l rili6J d9j,lzt gC;-l/l qH 6+-Ezl +
.re N-56 'Jrf E+q +lE ol.ll 6Jql .J 0p Ampel ;-49 {$ {oJz}zl i{;l
N. uJ.Er{gl EIl qe
_Eilllq ']e; N-57e1 {a)e} ?ol flj=r tltl
el +) +d dll
^l ^.1 +e "+zl 1l+6l-j1, e ^l 4d.ll
^l 0o,q. €q4 0d ?€.1
zl:';lr+.
PDP a tr : PDP qs= c4 rl Tlzl ol'3tr-l ";
rl zl Ej izl e -F^J 6J + 9.1_o- +, E n1-rl-oll^j:- +
'J9 +_9 c1"1 '3 EIE€ql ^l rlzl
g
i4= ol.sal
{ 1r!;-}gl_o_3_r-,- +'Jg 4ql^J cll;l €trJ6Jrl-. (a) rtlbls !ls
PDP 9E.9 Tlte oP Ampoll.! d=6f 0Aq
J.- +El 9ltl zl oJ 4.J Flql ab).'4 6jrl
^lA 7,,,,,o1
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o tr: PDP Eltrql.! Se 7€9zl
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_1fl (a) 10c+ 109 2rl+B HrJal= *E I]+ E€J

=
_o__qlJ, 109 2_e 4iq 7le^J _r'41 _] 4l qq zl E4 r.72= 2C++ ul+H ?
++ql zl9"il '1uJ4. *01 rg N 70 (a) el Aol 7tlt;l
=- ti 1001000,,,61 EJ4.
;l 'J all 4"lzl-= 2 il+el 416i9 rl-eljr_ .'}q Ed 2. 101011,,,9 10 ilie lrl+"J ?
lg-e.ii+E 2rl+ 1010o1 €+. €01 (lx2) + (1x2',) + (1x2',) +
211"-9 ++q ;1619l zlzl+E Obiti. alq (1x20) =32 +8+2 + 1:53
4. tlIlEJ 6!le 233

3l=g_a 1bir, zbit, 3bit a olEil- golr, 2 d:-
E n"-3 BCD ?Eel rod+ 2al+9 L|]HIE q 8zlul, 5- az1el bit €- lbyteel ;-14, 16zlpl
10 16 bit €- 1 wordal 6Jt'1,
BCD.is 2.]+
c-T_ t+ _rg (b) 211+= l0rl+E E+a+:- HJB-o-
t)II =
E^], 0 biL +E] 24+el 4' dix2('r! tr, 6lq
0 0000
I 0r1 u001 1H
=-
2 00r0 (-J010 2H _r drl dlg _q+ 6;'6ld gEl.
t) 0011 3H
2 c+tril d"ll_ql i-= :ir ,4lal6l7l 9l;J
^l;1!rJ
7+4+/l ra!ofl4. _l/lEtr 4 44=- 2T]+J.
t0
1l
tx)01
0001 0001
1010
10tL
AH
Rt
4l;lr g4l9l +:- 10 d.-s r,_"1;-lEl Tl eldlrl
ol e6l Zl g^l;+:- *HS BCD (binary crxled deci
maL) _*.ilB ol el dJEl.

99 1001 1001 11ql01t 6Jt1
100 0I1 0T) I,n1:]()0 I lmlul ttlH 2 llj.s^J 10€. .E^l6lirl E 4 zl47l
10 d+el
"J9;1q (00),,>(1010),,), 2ll.,i. 4zlrlr-'- d i
"J= ?l ql -ql ?i:- 16 0l !, a ( ( I I 1 l), + (15)',,), 16
fi.3 lt rt nr-2 Tl++ ^ls+fr.l
C+ Eei E rv 39 10 4l?-, BCD, 2 Tl+el +Zl= s^l
El+T ? j.i 6J a olrl.
ErJl 1. 169= 16d
€01 169= 1ej I 70 (a) el eol C+e s^lbJ lrtlotl: Oql^l g4zlel +e+ q
t6
16_0_+ Lliyl A9, ,,71 3Li. ,! Ezt A. B, c, D, I.l, f'= ^l+61r, l6alBel
EI{ 2. ABC i, lorliJ. d}+s ? E^lE^J i zl, 9.ll H= goJr+.
=-
(10x16)+(11x1ti)
€01 I (12X16')
:25(n + 176 + \2:27 48
Edl 3. 249€- BCD,']-tr i; +^l;lE i +. 2C tsel

Eol 2:0010,,,, 4-0100, 2 d =tl= glzlr f zJJl'JzL, t'391L-zlr
r+l
9:1ool :,, .. 0010 0100 1cr0l f P *5zl.l Fel + ztzl $rN;i 11^1;-|i zl-9tr
ol F /l,.l :hl]= +zl E+tr LlElLll4, Ojrl-

^.1,
lel /ls,e xl al€4.
F N -4 tsal Pldel l]als q 7l^J y-4 lol ? (true, +5 [v]) olB 0g
=4
AND OR NOT
HlrN r: a 9l zJ i (false, 0 [v] ) 3- !i-6JL].
cj=E-:' A, B, c. xel +,o-- E-zlg LlElLll

,{B =el ol+!el rllgzl oJ 4gE-:- AND, OR,
X=A B X:A+]J 14,
00 =/J
0 l)
0 I NO'f 3 7lzl7| ilEl.
01
r lv-4= rl+.ll €,8;l-: =el oJtql ql6J
U 1
1{l 0 I
1 0
11 I I TLel soltl
AND(.) €+: ol €Ce
(r) elEl6i
q, + /Iel =eliig
H+ A, Bzl 9lg rql Aet Bzl EF E Ee rJf r_;
=al
+(1)oltr ts-4 er+= al(1) .l g+.
oJt/} c ( . )g 0l+6}lr] ,,x-A . B" $tl+ .\9lil el.tr
"l gl ii_,1- =el
9.:,t ,1 ,t f d' ol,J:_f .t.. _;
4:L zz)'1, E= "x:AIl"elr 4q, "A AND B= "ll Ll-l! ,la,-o - ala!!lr' oJ-o i
xolr+"4 j1 9l=r+. 'i, "t J3 ag+ 45 :].'1 ;.1 :r,; .
3. 5 :-. :roJ 'rurorl /,,r ,J.l ,l*'

H+ ae] !]3F *4.J 0rl I Tlzlel
=4 =4 !l Ll "^.lLl
+yf il4qrl, t€ {_cq^J_:_ qrl 7}.Zl +e z.l olrllel ]eJ rv -71 (a). tb)=
=q
/i5lqE ANI) €tel "X:A.B"= t+ ;'C"J "X Et3 €EJ e4oldl+ i. 9.1!+ l
:AxB"E oJ
q il=' oN, oFF-l.i dFTl= +5dt
ol616I 94. rle= ql_e 5 gEl.
^l =ol =
(L) oR(+) €+: slile- E46Jg elul6}r4, -re (a)i- d\D 9ltC L+4'J re
el Ei' qe, A, B :gil= r+'5el+ {i
.-- ull .+--4 +q^l 6lLl
Ae+ Bzl 9l ='
elE +(l)olE
=
ol q14, sF 0g
=1 '41
5-7171 F4;141 €El.
=q a4= +(1) _rg (b): oR eltc L+4.J re 6
'4lY] -4 a'l-:-0ol €4 ,e, A, R 19lil-3 5 + Srlt 511
aJR ql +l-,", gr ilzl += ol+;lq "X:A+B"_E E + 6lLlt Ee,lE {lF7l7l ts41;l
7l eJE]..
4aZ, "A OR B= Xolrl"eln 9l=tr}.
olzl^l + zlp-i "JHl tl€ "rldol olLl4, OR
€tel slrll a.'+<Ig lol FJtrl.

F!"J A:1ol,rr- B:0o1tr X--1ol 9I,4-golI
B-0o1tr x-0ol 9rl.
(tr) NOT €+ : ol "Jtg
=4 9 (inverse) et}'J
+ag- elEl4q, AND glilol+ oR oJtrl-:- E4
._L4 Eizl
"t4el "J4.1 il4.
"l €$g qqlt4f r_l+ ol+6fq "X A" j t^
n, "NOT A:- Xoltl"4l 9l=El +"J A:1olE X [+"1
-0"1 gtrl.
[l !i(Boore) 4f
TI
r,J
dzl4 ^l.Enql qq^J + ++el ilg. 4l,,Joj W
dFTl dETl
czl il-o_E.! ^|+git 919q, -1. alge +5 Nl (a) AND (b) oR
el'0 tvl ol4 d7l i4= rlg"l +iiqq 9]= F
oJ F 7ilel d* +ql^l dl: + +ql (+5 tvl
lE lv*71 d57l += Eltr
+g
0 lvl ).rl Dl +ts+.
4. LlxlEJ qe 235
EJ Y+ a+6 v-z
,'r zllgl d"J e,ll 4s__e 2c{t 0r+ l ; q- 49
g dl zlllri. olel Ag ^J+"ll 4EiJ + 9.1= rll
trH+ef :flxl aE '1,--r
ql g +9 g (Boole, George) 41 9 all rl
+zt 18"ilC
olil el _t'J rv -72 (a)-(d)= I rll
gaqqo q, Eel 4+=- olal+qs4q +++
+9 €Ei ill olill"J + ";E+ :91 =
il nlee g^l+ 4 olE+. 4 +4c zJe+q-6J + 9]+.
rl ,/el ots ,,r+ H.lg +4\! 7f. rEJ H4l
I H _o-t-
(a)= A+B:B+,\ (r) A+B:B+A
(b):- A.B:B A614 (t-) A'B:B'A
Le! r er ..1: €6J E -J o:. Lr Ll t Lt. HJ
=ef ^l
(r) (A+B)+C:A+(B+C)
(c)-:' (A+B) +C:A+ (B+C)
d :- 4 tB r'r rA fl{r lA . r-l o L! (r) (A.B).c-A.(B.c)
trt. EHH 'J El
(r) A.(B+C):(A.B). (A+C)
(r) A+(B. C):(A+B). (A+C)
ol til il
AB AA =t _=ol
h) A+A:A
r-dnt r"at-t
(r) A'A:A
-l I L.<7o) |f -1 L-l.-do-
. LJ
| of +Eq "J
-
L___?o____)
^ L_no__J
^l
(c) (r) (A):A
AAA
r---aJ'o-t do-,do- (') (A)-A
-ltt-tltl c r--l p ll c tr
"
L&a--do) VoJt<?'o) (r) A+A=1
@)
reJ N -72 qe (e) A.A:0
^+lil
ul g+el EJ
^l
(r) 1+A:1, 0'A:0
f;.3 q 4 rv-B
(t-) 0+A:A, 1'A-A
:eFl,\lol Ttat;L
(tr) A.(A+B)-A
*81 b44l (A+B) (A+c)€' 3
'li' (A+E)+B:A.B
€. "l+6'I.J 'J +nl ^l7lql
?
sol G+B) (A+c) (e) A.B+B-A+B

:A,A+A.C+A.I]+I].(] E gEZJq Eal
:A+A.0+A B+B.C ^|..
:A(1+C+B) +BC
(r) (A+B)-A'B
:A+BC (r) (A+):A+E
re tsal El+ [] E* a++ n'-g
AND 1l0lE9 ql
E 4i= AND, OR, NOTeI €toE _s^lslq ^tE
l-, --- 4 oJtg elul;1= 7lF-i i,-^l6J 7;19 --t 4 1eJ [r 739 A\D llq E _o] old'i
€- E 7l e;+ ql€- dqa 9]tl.
El-? (kigir: r:ir:uit) IEE b4 ill ol E+ 6J4.
rl+el .1rl.lg ^l+alzl 9l.ll.Jts qjl
AND, oR "l Norel etql 4+q: :J.61l ?)?) il .J4+ q 4 +Ll +EJ+ el 25 [ks/
ANr) zl oltr, oR ll oltr, No1' ?l ol E tr ;f r]-. cm.l 6l*e,l oJ:iig +71€- rJe ^l g
,E zl
s_i tE+. '.IelC qE dI} ie56l
--- 4 Fli-i- oJ rJ TlZl dxl Eli_i +€;J + ?l AliD 4lolE-41^l uJ+5lq'if oJl c
=el
9q. 4olgE= ol+6J =q slri= r)L(diode ol
^lFdgll.
logic) , zl aJ4 EeJzllrj=- ol+6J :-el tlt€-
R'l'L (resistor transistor logic), tlol-gEe+ treJ-zl1
L:J ol+6J y,
'. al El E=- DTL (diode transisror
=- ol+|
logic) 6l-7, -s=9 Bdl î€-51= =zl 4-a= -fi iEl (l)
S +---:--::'r
TTL (transistor transistor logic), MOS (netal oxide
scmicondrrcror) ? ll. CMOS (complemenraD' MOS)
.*:l []l--] ?:j i.',',
::l
{++ +Hl (o/......r':._
s4 9.1El. .-.:i::l 3l--) g;l +i '

=ol
oJEel
-E,= A+ql €eiiig rlelii4 ql6J 6l
ral rv -73 AND zllolE q
q, 7ln E d4s=- +jrs b4el +€,JB-9- € ^l€
rl gr+.
F_t{E
a--f-ll\
7f. AND Zl0lE
AND 2l ol E=
b4*,9- elEl6l4, "Jqol E+ I "--l J* t:ttl:l
lrlolol
ol =J ,4lEJ 1ol gq. ]l (N_1b) l'l,l,l
=4ol =44g
ol q , I g rv 74= AND ill ol trel Tlne+ d 7l s
\a) 4i (b) 414 E
f.al IV
_74 AfD llolE
olEi.
X:A.B (N - 15)
-lg IV-75:- AND il oltrE tlolgr' dzl El r-.ii.r "= 'i',

\.--_?iE1_---',
-eolr+. -:1r; (a)F ts "JqF] Ael BoI 1el {l_q
7l "JEq= a+E^J, 19 dn= d"Jol 5 tvl ol tt --F:"4-
E-e +5 tvl Flzf-e+El A, B oJq-o-E dFzl -"- Lt J:L

=zl {;ll adel d9= +5 [V] z] qE
=4..}z}
i-'54 il_o_ A.B-1ol gr+. (a) A=l B rE 4l
lg (b)= A-1, B:0ol ";qg 41tr^1, B";q leJ n'-75 AND llolEe lrl aeE
delzl 0 [v] ol E-q +5 tvl +4-q+q .Je
=E
BE rl+71 -"_-=_,a, a del d9l= 0 tvl 7l qq
A.B:001 gEl.
=e
Ll oR zlolE
oR gare:- lt .Jqol 6J TIEJ 1le
(b) A=1, B=09 ql =4ilolq,
rg qeE tr 1"1 9tr1.
rv -75 AND 4lolEE 14 =q"l
_lH IV -76 (u) 4 (u) :- OR Tllol E el d^l El
_eEe+ Tlsolq, lH (c)E alzlgioltl.
_1. e (a) el ElolgE d4 qEql^J A:1olE A
.Jqql^l zJ + R9 €iii I'l+71 _"_-=_rD_-e, zl6J- R

ql= v:IR:l tAl x5 tOl :5 tvl I doJ AElTj'
E^Jal€ aCel d9l, + x= 1ol
=4
.l (v - 16) g OR 2l ol E el E4 .l olEl =4€r--l.
(a) alal llE X-A+B (rv - 16)
fA-fB-fx-l
t:It?l
lr lolr I
trl. NOT 7ll0lE
NOT 4ol E! b4 +d.14, "J4!l= b4el
Lrlrlrl Hlril --=4€
(b) 7tn (c) dAl{
:1e,J rv 77=q6Jq.
g NOT ll ol tr el d zl El ele+ 7l
f.al N -76 oR 1l0lE
A 4 d4s= _trol_a 9J.L'1. rH (a) el dzl Fli
4l^l A:1.1H TRol E€lEIq Eqlzl -\EJel ?- dl
^lol, + a brl SlBg 4o_+ E + 9.1
El-olrrlEJ
o E,q. xzl 0(0 tvl ).1 grl. 4 (N-17) g
NOT
=q
ZlolEel t-al rl olrl-.
(rv-17)
(a) d-al q-P.1 af. NAND ZlolE
f;T;t NAND ZlolE= ANDeI +a El_tr_tr

^J,
!.= oJ
(l) N (ol
^----JV
>-x trrt
lrl0l
qol lol ? ,lt 0+ €4rlr+
(b) 7n (c) aleln
I c,J rV Z8g NAND ill oltrel dzl, Eltr5:e+
7lt- * al eli'--ol L+.
rEJ rv-z llolE
czt qsEql^l "JE .Jq A, Bz| A:1, ts-1
NoT
,tL- *={er 5rr irtr

olE Llolgc D, r+ ll.,= E5q;(l 9*.1 Tlj;=
i5 [V] - f{,, } p.--- TR i €- eJ TR ol a b ^l-ol7l
"JeEJ as_q g + 9.lsE,r x:001 !.lrf.
=E
ts "J 4 +ql ^l ;}Ll r+E 0 olE TR g rElrl'Zl
9*o1. :=49 I ol FJ rl .l (N - t8) S. olr+,
=rl4l
X:A.B:A+B (Iv 18) (a) d4 rls
ol. NoB llol E

NOR ilol E= slgel f30_E q _-- e oJ
OR (b) 7li (c) lJl&
ulolziF_ 1oltr 0ol 5l:- Elsolr}. leJ ral l\. -78
=eg
IV-79-:- dzt Eltr5e+ 7ls "; rlel+olr+ d,(l
M]\D 4lolE
4 a_E-ql ^J A:1ol ";4q E TRol ESElol

=E
x:Ool grl. NoR rl ol-t.-el 4l-,1 r+€-rl +L-1.
]\_A T D_A'IJ (rv-19)
Hl. Exctusive oR (bl]El4 tsal-.J) zl0lE
leJ rv 80 (a) iliEl4 +zlbJel TILJS ol6il (a) d4 9-e
6f7l +l+ _lgol4.

= (l)
HIEI4 Eel6J-9- oJclol r'li r,i€ 4*ql"J ir B

(t
4ol 1ol qrl, :lBqdel eol age €H-"1 ^l (b) 7lt (c).14.f,
E 4= Balel q4zl A6J;+,-\. A+q,Aq. t0F 7 ol,E
_r 7ls-:- l{ rv 80 (b) e+ a-qq, d4ii:-
1e-; v-80 (c)s| pr]. 4l (rv-20)g Etl4zJ
=
4 ilel :-- 71 4l ol4
X:A@B:A.B+A.E (I'/ 20) h.,.,"
(o: dIEl4 I-al6Jel I-4 tlt ul q-9 =.1"l+Ll.)
ffitrffi9g:
,,- !Fc+otrr Ne--- -l
lt. -."J r-tgnl
| .e;1''11
lZ.,m
olg
NOR
al"l= =ee.lEr7l
?loltr dil rleEollrl .Jg B=
El:-zl oJolrl4.
17uel \OR 4lolE 2,ll=
. On Sr rli= +!;! {{.
"l€-d}q Exctusive
1
:w.ffi
(b) 7l.a (c) {4.*
ral N-80 u|1El4 tsalg llolE
4. rl{g ae 239
E ElAtrlef qatl
d-7rl!+ qiq= bal ile= r6J;1q "J4
t--; "'-,., lt t'l ::9iil(Dj)"J ':
,/
\.. g"J (a€ = 1) +qg l 10 tl drJ=- 2'J €.F--a Ell,= d-7tr1!+ 2
2:1 +F 001
=4
d XII= l0C 4.lrE El+:- qnLJ/l ^l€-g+.
71. ?l?tr1
Slirl Zlel +(10 d 3,8)

(r:ncoder) i, 7l *
=
I nElg +c -r\,,(24 d.lJ) tr de]61'-:- Ell.ollll,
,fe IV 8loll I 5o-+ g4=q -H- olll- 9.1tl.
(a) D l, D, D,=09
DL-0. 0, D,=0,
-lfl (a)4lrl e Fl4ll (l0Cie l. ol= i') a9l

z1 nu'J r--5 t4 (OR
"Jq.l 1ol!.r--- D,r:1_+- .-;
(l0C+,q= 1. ?ln
^l) 2il CHel =4di+ 001
El ol rl=
-7,E_) LltlLlll a 3- ?lL:}.
-leJ (b):, tl.!

el 91 7l IIt r- 5 dllel
U4ll .,-
ql= !-ol a 919q, -r 2 d :;i4 etl:- 101 (d1l

+tr:- 5) g LltlLHrl g.lr+.
(b) D =0, Dr=O, D =q D,=0. D1=1?

Ll. qarl
'ql
qlirle+= tl4l ziHqs Z
u:lJ,rl (decoder) +
ral [ -81 E]irl gal
=Af c €]J=- 10 1l dlr €El]r'Jl+= rJloll ^fs6l
q, LeJ IV-82.11 _1 ql= .Bol,a 914.
rBql ^J Ats:OOolE r d{l+ql 6l]'J!=
D.
rl3 ;l tqN ?4 '.lzl Duoll I ol LlgI, AB-01=
D
olBl -1 + Hl r,ll
=rl '3zl D,ql^J 1ol r+grl. ol
10, llel 47lzl a+
(a) 2 x4 qiq !19 "l 'J AB 'J49-r.= 00, 01,
e) +(n 71 g]ss_E 4 7ll7l- EJLI.
='lg
.di-=
B D,
I
DL D,
0
D
0
tg =43- srll-"-l s]-=-j1,1 QlrlH ";
ir
I
I
0
0
0
I
0 I 0
4el ,ll+: ABtl 3/iltr +^ddlo} +q .
I I 0 0 1
.]e (b).ll 2x4 q iLJ _.,1 tl4,*.E ulrfrN a gi
{elx
(b) qq, 'J q Ael Bel 7,:C -o g D,, D, 'F.ll^l
='J
f fl r\'-82 q?rl 0€. d'_16:] + .;El.
240 r'. tigx{gl E^l de

(2) +H++ 5l_s
€85+ qE(flip flop, FF)5 %l"JC gElElol.E.
ell ol el (bistable multivibrator) eltrE 6lE, d 71 4 g
s-27ll4.JAg dlEll (*4 0 +e 0 Nl, E4 1

+g +5 tvl)€ zle + *4.
E6J, ol 4s= Eqel tlgl7l Elrlqol"J
ol Ht4= elsE^J, dg
"Jq ^Jq=- z]+61qtr
=q
.ffi.w
00
7lq rltr, cHg ll+ 9E, cPUg
'Jaq d+, 0l Sei(Q= 1)
alzl:El Fq *.j î+€q. ++s= RS-FF, t0 Reset( Q
+.1
=0)
JK_FF, D_FF, T_FF 5OI 9Iq.

rfl rv-81 RS-FF ilEe+ IlzlE
I RS_FF Atr
rv-$g NoR 7]lolE= ol+;J RS-FFg
_1.3
E4 4sE zln 4 d4sol4
q7l^l R+ SAzl= 44 reset .l setEzlolEl.
R4 Sql 001 .Jqqtr, e4 oe+ 0= :1 {lql ,f
zlr 9d <t9 lqltr Tlxln 9ln, Rql 101 .Jq
(a) R:0, s=1 tE]I"14
9E a= Q:09=. reset9tr, Sql 1ol 'JqgE
Q7l Q:1,tr set€El.
f.H rv-84= RS-FF ts4 E49 C+g 617l
9l+ l30lq, ts4 azlel +rl dne+ ts4 d
ng +E6lzl 9+E+ E4 alE= ( )E s^lEl
gEl. rq (a): R:0, S:19 dnzl 5q-sq
= llg q
4 Q= Q:1e setq_a, Q:Ool g alEI"lEl.
(b) s=os-e
_1 +, l+ (b) e+ +ol R:Oel tlEI oil.^1, S:0el

dETl E.q_sB, r del sl a:1, Q:Oel tfEI€
Szl (219, 4Eq 5ql ^l+)3lq7l rB (c)4 4
ol R:1E CnTl Eq-Str Q:09E reset4-4, Q
:1ol 94.
(c) r+^t R=1e !l€ 4
rg N-84 F€-FF tsAI gqE E+
4. cl^lE ge
!# 4ll N -5 | ns-rr 'Eal Ele +8 (4 EJ 17tt:s, i.e ^lz.l : 1
^l'"t)
t@
RS-FF9] F+ 5dg ol;N6ll1. oJdJzl oJ El?.lEl
=el
:izl ,o,l +C 'JHg +;6Jtl.
[@
l. rllSr,ll oiEl 3 d "J d9l *il (0-5 tvl, 1 tAl)
2. zJ dJ 3.3 [kQ] 1 /ll, 100 [0] 2 7l]
J, 7402 +.^l | 7ll
4. *'J L+ollLL z /ll, i€ j:+l ,l 2 /l
1. AND, OR, NOT9I .Jt 9 ,lolEe.l ol+ ql€ (a) 7.102 L]]+ ,,41-,
=al =el
2. RS-FFel Eel Eleql dldJ Celn e];
@!-J
1. ,LeJ N &5 _1fl IV 84el (a) (c) 114+ alealTl
=
9+ le-o-E- 4+"ll NOReI olp-lrl 9*3- 7d, 14d
".-le 44 d+] 0 tvl, +5 [v]5 € A-f:. +7.]olrl
Z,. T40Z i:7le) 3.zl .;l fjEE Bzl EloJ.+r, /.lf 3
g *ilel 0 [v] caz1165p;= i/fel 7dql, +5 [v]
+al= 4alel 14 d lJql €46Jq. (b) te +{.L
3. -1e (b)el +ol zl;J, i€ a-']"1, "i,'J ElolgE E rAJ N 85 RS FF bZI d"J
a:/1= €
7402 o.:] 6JEl.
4. /:$zl S'9 ad(S:(1)), S,i- dd(R:(0))oe SZ Q7f E4 1115.5e1sl 7, Q

zl (0) dl El:71=
=e
=rl "J"J ElolglF_ 9916.!E+.(gol z,l{ E r.l (0), zilts + el
(1) ol sJri.)
5. u|_,ioll Szl- .1c}]!- Frtr, S,3 bd(S:(0))oe -971'J S:(0), R:(0) ol oJeltrlTl rrlE
4 Qel Q= ote d-"1 +Etl, + Q:1, Q:Oel *EN= 7l+ +zl (/lql)dJEl.
=4
6. El-:-g s,g -lr1] ? =r.7, S25 c d o 9 S/]tr R-lol 'Jq!l'l Qi- Q: (0)gs
ulol9r_ LD14l tsol /l crl.
=4
resetElol
t-tn
1. RS FP rltoll^l Eti del Er+s 7lsl.17l 9;,]' RS "J r-l .d tJTl +didJal 'J
ol6ll a fl:71 ? =q
2. RS FF ElEq^J screl resetol +.l"Jzl Er 1l=7f ?
1. RS-fFll €e rlr.5 d+d1,4 +^3c i 1.1:-/l ?

U D FF EI-"
D-FF !] ?
7L n trtrol E^t
? I\'' -869 € ql zl .4 7l (posil,ive edge trig-

I .!
ger) € D I.'1.'el 3liE. 7lE .f 1lalj,.olLl. ql+

ql RS-FF slE= Lll +;fil ?.lsq, qTlql AND
(a) D FF gd
"f No1' =el llolEzl !9v191r,1.
qlzl Eal 7l (edge trigger) :- clor:kol Oql^l 1i
+olgs4l+ +g 00.q;fa;l:- ^l dql.!
1ql^l
D-FF/I Fdzl6l= ,,lg elrll6l,4, tl^ll el L]]+g {b) 7ln
(-{a=- 4# I\,--10)ql €'Bqq 9]+ /
"*l,'r
r.: *, ur"r-ai.ruo nn=,L,r"r-l
FF Eljlel RS "J 4 e. R: oJ ull s:0, olq tr 1
rlll< r4ol: a L i? o. r cq : "
R-0.J 4l S:1E^1, ^ls dEI/l rl5_ a+71 rI Clocl D
+eolq. --,
.JE* tsg g,c-E slol aJ d-a= \ '. *
4al^1, -,--
t'-o-
BJol l tln= NoT=- zzl RS FFel RoJ4oE '---l ,-l
(c) <lels
ql ?,;111, c' 6l,Ll= _1 {l_q= :rql-q RS r,.F el s
"J4g< {a.-}tr D FFz} vjrl ]]al nr -86 D-FF Eleq 7lE "l l]al_s
dq,jrql^l D-tol "J45lE Dr:0. l)r:1ol EJ

*4"11^J. clockel 49lzl Eel 4 ili.=- (clockol +
olg_jt:- .rl{){l f,zllol RS FF Lllel R:0, s: fl rcr {4 n-+
,;' hl t,p :/,/(e.lqungiv00nac.lq/-sjkim
1el d,B7l dLJFldl Q:1,0:0ol EJLI.
9lel g rl.olEql B+6lc!
Ft'J +q,l Eel47l EIE R:0, s:ool rly-i D-FFel
5d,4 edge triggered FFel d
RS FF sl-aql^l €84'J L'll_a r ,-rd_9 *rI(e 4 6ll H7l.
=11€i
:1, 0:0) fL-Is +zldLl.
=-
El+zl^l'e D:O"J EX= 44lxl l-rlzlglrJ e: !E Y* 6J6 N_10
Odl q'Il,49 clockol ;14;J rl4r Q:09 _r 4l oll^l E dll (edge trigger) aJ ?
s +zl (71 I ) di-l. 1El -879 X +qlzl Ee].4B
rv
D FFel 3l=q ri€g qqn
71.=ee+
LI, D_FFgI E.E .Jr+. r g (a) el d .ll zl zl 7l € g _E_
clockel dojll(1)ql^l I)E dts7l Q

D FFe aluleliladql.{] oJ r.l 7},'l .gH7} ol
i d'ig n, 1Fl (b) el +dll.<l E rl4
q^l +9-:- a+(el=
=E "lollE ?+Elel ^l:- clockel +ql ;(l ( I ) ql.i Del
q ol
ol rJ 4 1ql^l f iel ri ol El zl j q /.1 Llg= o A B7l QE rl!3 eJ4.
'6
+)ql r +ql^l 96l= dB"Jg 96l= ^l4ql^J
ffi.;H (a) A(fi)o ,l EEl4

Clockg
.JEl.
*Bal4 €4{ zl9rlzJ A+ Fql ^}+
-].g rv-889 oJ4 rllolEl A,rel A,el +4 ";

qlolEl dB= ii dBzl
^ldql^l f
ffi.-.ff
ffin {--_],
^l7l=
B JK-FF E]E
=q9=
9li= gq(open) €4 Q,q +i Atr"Jg 7l q
ql= -H-oln ?lEl.
(b) +(A)"i4 E47l

.ffl rv-87 D-FF 8 +oll^l Ealz ].B rv-8gts JK-FFq qsEe+ 7ln "i a4
_9. olrl.
RS-FFql^l= S:R:1oJ Eqg ;zl^l
5Cg
4^l"J JK FFql^l-:- Sel Rq 4+ol 1.J 'qlE =
+ glql eldtl^l Hl.d 4+ol "Jqg i llE zl]
EIEJ FF Eltrq +eE+.
JK-FF= JKT} gF 0olE clockol +ol'lEJ elE

(ctock:l) se+ Rql sF 0q Q, 0=
ffl w-88 FFFoI
Êq=
ql =q7l.s
dslzl ?19 i 914.
J-1, K:0olE 6l+ AND zloltr= *zl€ +
gt:l, dl+ AID /lol E= F4€ + 91t|. +, a
:0, 0:1.J ttEllql^l .1o.pol 1-? *ol+:- alE
(crock:1)zl
=qsE d+ AND l]loltr= s+
oJ4ol s:1, R:0ol 94, a:1, 0:0
=q_str=.
q €El.
(a) JK-FF !l-e
El+ Q:1, 0:0, J-0, K:lql,\l clockol *ol
}I{
LIE Plqlg .Jq.ll El
00 =4ol =q7lstr =qol
t 1
+lqzl,a Q:0,0:l-E gq.
(b) /1.n (c) a ellr,

"J.J J:K-l"J tlElql! clockol *ol9 4 3
(r:0r+ 1q€ I}dl 'JeqqE ."+) 4 1.J tlnzl EJrll tJ "J 4 ql 5q 7t^l AIID al ol
fc lv -89 JK-FF 6lEe+ 7lE ",! I]als tr= F+^l7lEs El4ol Tlq.
=q.l
z trJSfE'=El 8f 0l rr ell0l El
FloJd ';1e]u1o1
efll oltlkrne shet mr tinbrator,
osv)= ",lE Flzlql "J:/l *#slB oJa ^l a
,. i.:=;;.;i
F.J("Jeltr 3:4 7l+) "JCFJ +€ jil= '. ..lRr4c :r7 F :3 €l
g q Hlol tr olElolr+. =4^l7l
+ll
=
rv-909 €41tr "*q il*;-l.]l 9l:- rcF+
_reJ
I 'J.JC HEldlol!_41 olEl (74123 :j: zl) el Lll+
+CE, 1l/ls q "; jrl€ol+,
=q
7f. LH+ H||ÎE E.!
_f eJ (a) 74123 i zl,-ql rlP 7€E5i^1, _F---r
=LI+ql
16 {lolq, OSV= 2 rl Ll]*;l_iL 9,lE} (a) ql+ l'-HE
'.1
7l5g HE .Jqg A, B "j Cr,R rlxl,,
=4
eaE0,Jzlzlxl4. INt'tff OIJTPU'I
!E"J, 14el 15tJ(6tl 7d)ql SIAsJ R,4 C, (Rr

CLR OO
L XX LH
el' c,) el r7l= el+ql^l rd;+q oJE B.ll oJ X ]I X LH
al tl_c-ul 5q+ +, .f.eJ (b) el eq Qql
X XL LH
L+ Jl IJ
+g= gêl 0N ^lzJ(".,")g id+ +=el
9.lrl.
.H
H ln IL IJ
+ LH ILU
Ll EAf g4 e!
(bl oJ=q nl.€
-lg (b) = ]eJ (c) el dzli. Lllql^l ls + a (c) dellT
.-9 .lB (a) ql .l+;}9.9 "llE .J.=q q€"1+. ]reJ N-90 74ta ql+ +dEef alalE "; g
A:0r+ CLR- 1-E fl dlEN ql^l q B.ll 0"I ^l
Et-d
oJ
=q
l-a *olL+-:- €a(lEo.F) 7l -F;|5lRl, €4 Q-:-
€izl *;'El= +Zl+El Z,*(:KR,.c,) ^lA tl
?L dnzl
=4 1(+5tvl)9 /J7ll
t"_L 7."," ^l{lg
=EEJ+.
n}r d o tr R,r+ c,el !| 3+ +u n-ro
tt€ =_1
?9 ^}+dltr grl. ?*.lql^l K:_ *+ €q Q9 oN iEE
^lZJ
tr^J Azlel +^Jql [[IE+ rlsLl }LF 0.2.-0.2 FlSle EElEl6l EdlolElql^l cl
^l
Qel ON ^lZ]9, ri9lo_e 3d3}:,.l
=-
olql^J dcdlE gEl.
E L ^l= Eleel 33
lcJ rv-919- i'lE* dcel +E 4ldl ^lae
el 3l-+- +ql .! 'J+e9- Lltlr-l]jl 9.ltl. ol 61tr
ts zl"Jdol ol LJ WH (u,'heel house, t4d) 4l gl
:- i+ z]l4el i+q elsll gc ^lt 1l4e,e
+E= ;'zl ^l7l:' tl4j- qq 9lq E- €.I^l
Fltr= tJEl d 7]l .$+;+/l 9l;f oJ
,51+6J r.l z.lE:
dTIal oe ++'J ili= a+al7l {l+€dl,9iq.
7f. qeq E5 €"J

ol6llE E7l +l-d
(-) qlts 'd ]l-= rlFzl :=r] "J esl ol ?ln, Tl
lg N-sl trE 9lUe ^lE +E ale
=71 F/lel i:ldoll eldl qle g-/f ++alq, CF
71 4 9"91 ol:l= .Fts61= ++ iltr-:- CeI;+g
11.
(L) ll ol E _o,l eJz| {_e_s} 2C €-

=/lglE+ ( )il i^leltl. =zlil=1
E;+^l 2c
=elilg
(.) d+zl-I- N4el N5,ql (l)"J_ 4l Bilol
=4lol
l7l €rl il 4l altf.
(e) c.!l llJall^loll +ts +71= ;ln d-,1 a+
/l! 191 il : -"1- C ^l (tinre sr:hcdule) rl L+ ON
+, +^l Of.f.^lZrl.
(rl oN +1 rl-d(a (o))
(tr) L-l ol ri (0) ol "J rj El tr .lFd6l,ol zJg 7l
= ^l
(1) i Bl4lE+ Z
3-1.;-ln, 5i7l zlLlB
=qol
d dl9l tl .
Lf eltr Eri €"J

(-) dJLN(it!^J) .]all +, A* 6"ldl}. ull
=oJ;J
\vH 7'll tsl== s7lE, Nl oJel o1 (l) 'Nl ir
=5-
4"1 (0) __- 4_,r5 4.a Sl{l ?.=+g .Jflq.
(r) lcj N 92-I- .1 ., :1€l zl ON-OI,'|' 44.'l
++ rf!(a (ol)rl
(tr) OFF
r'+olFl r+ 6;el r+]olEf.
+ol,i "r. j (c) u)) E
[ -92 alE 19il O\]-OFF E+ !f3 _1H (a)oll^l el - a+l 7l= O\r;-lE, N2el 2 H
I\. Erex{el E^[ -le

"J
ol
4 (1) ol 5ll + N2el 3 4l ol (0) --- r,lol
S,"J en ',
ol +q (71,9_1.) zl --+ FF _o,l .J=c.r
q Rol (1),
^l utrl{otl= oJE 4ol
Q7l- (0) q-e reset - N4e] N5el ol }tr--=.=
(1)
9,1Ll ?
=eJ
dl El ol !- itll ol=l-:- E4 i1 4E7l7l CA 7lq Er= : :l g-oll: a1^1.49
El C6l.l Sl !i4qE C+7lLl rr+61 :.ql ol€.51
F +Sl - cll _,1 +tr =71 *r+. q "Jie 5'bi6J +!.,| ^l gd
(tr) _19 (b) el 9l+ le'Jql^l el - ^91 ,l= (L) + ",?,Ig ?lsl6lF dd"l 9.1/l "lli
qt .Jlt.J eE= +zt-rd+ ;}= f_ t
-'+aql^l oN $f al OFF;+E N2el 2{ol (0) > el E. +s *l*e_l ++ +;! j+ola
3'J el E? ol+:tf Fq dl+eJE+. :t,
Nzel -Elolr}l= olzl,E- 21* 71,
=qol
(1)
+"1 g;l:.clc +zl"l= F.*"J ts
^1.
+tr +.J - FFel "J 4 Rol (0) ol 5l dl FFel R-S g "Jt:. Lll4l! ol+,9 + rtEf.
: (0) -FFsl i:4 QE (r)el rorrN (0, reset)€ 2l EloJ gdl:, EIi 4rJ
^1lalq.\:
4 Sxl - rlFTl= zllS al d-t{l +];: tl^l A'Je-: t=q B + .^,l71 ql+ql
=z} +'9ldl4 q+* i.."lrl. t.{ .I4t
(e) leJ (b) el olTll+ le; ql^l el F_ atl il oN
+e+ qgd i 4€-g g o 71.41 g7l
€, 5:-21- 5l E Elol'i ol (1) -'FFsl "J 4 S qlEql .J+ *71=i !ls_= ql ol€-dl
=q j1 "J+ ilol q "J+
zl (1)
- FF O: (1) E Set + N4al NSel 'J€ b--€. ,l}Eb
==J = r,ll"llF- r.l+eEl. !r, rtloJ /lr.Iel gd
ejol (0) --- d5;zl t- d"lql BAlol,r= 4lFg 8e 7l+-.1 ,rE7l -;-+++ +dlal
aEl". E+. trlel^J. +3 g.llr + ?l=
?l.J
4l+,'l ,11119 Y!=r! ECol tg 4
(tr) +^l
;l -L, ^91 azl oN5ltr ojel (r)-(a) -{ 5-,il€- tE- + !.IEf.
d-g_ EJ+;Jrl
oJ E "ll
'.'|
1. g 4l+el 4+ d€c €H-d14.
e. /lolEE ++E dB6ltr-, AND 4lolEzl ^l+g= A +€ qs 5q !rzl,
3. Els* +qol4, olrl.l +E ^l+gb7l?
=g€+
4, EJoJd gElBlol lJ dlolEl9 *'+ gelg €BBl+.
4. r-lxlg dle 247

!+ 4ill 1i-6 | +t* xte g4(pDp) "J& ile+d(48 i7H=, ts' ^PJ:2^l7J)
f-=Cs I
74123 1:7+-= .l+"lq +l* ?'loJ 'J 2- EJiJ alss +d6J + 91,,--, ol=a ol6fldJ + ilrl.
Ieaaur I
1. *i *C /l (function gcncralor, FG) I rlJ "l drl* ag *nl (0-5 tvl , 1 t^.l )
2. zl E 4-J (20 tkQl, R4 fi,S) 27l] 'l
^.1
(t furFl, c,.-+ c,+) z/tl
3. 74123, 7402. 7,108 4 1 zl, o- gE 2-?.' I E+l
[ "J7{
tt^] )
r.74123. 7404 q 7408 5,.-l TTr. iZ}el !]+
f !Lar -, -l+o- 6r-;o_rr L3=r!.:i6t
2. ?rJ+l 3el SCR 911 414 919.5 +Z;Jr+
t=,^= f^j ) ir itl::r i:'15 ol S+ frrP * !!l r !
1. -] e ,.rl A "l +;j.,r. ol= j--zl -,r-l il fl (Vcc 'l GNIJ) EJ

,J
,.lql dg *il-.,1 eel .- d?19 zl zl ql €_all1. FGel ,+

+zl= ?4123e1 2 d +zfql, r'G el ..., \i!?l:,- d?1el 0tvl
cJ.<l.41 Ql ?al-_rr., c g 1l il el d ?l+ arl.
2. 9 al a ^?'el .r EJ4= dgel 0[\'] +zl .ll, :+ t]z]=

rcel ! +zlql ql a6l 7, FGel L+o],3*r <€;lol Fcoll ^J
Ll9_- + € r,]lel oN ^l t ol 10 lmsl rl I--5 .E e 6JE+. 0,) zl +el
'16:
3. C,.-+ 0.= 1 lpr'l -o,-i ll i';;ll -rl, /lE .zl.J R, reJ N -93 PDP EJd 6 -e
=Ell^l
9_
=-dzlll7.l ^leol 4 [nls] 71 5l -E-=r FIE]. IL;J, /]E zl,* R,5 5.Nrl
(lr)
"14e1 ON
E^l (orl€el o\ ^l.tol 6 [r[s.l z] 9E5- -rd,-Jt]. oj /l^l ilJg Rg +4 7,,,,:l{
(ei 0.,1) ,1?,.C,9 4+ulB 7,,,,,:0.4x 10x 10r [(2.] x l x10 'l!'l :4x10 ':4 hnsl E EJ
ri 9.19 o q _t i d;]rj FIE+.
10 [ks)] o
iJol lc,. i+ee ib)
4. rJJ (b) ef "l€9 Hl36J 1lolr, ='j i.e)rl ee igel lat) rr'f€ el AND
.r6Jol! r,t. aatrel (d/l F^lql oNEl= +,,Jql^j +] .:-71 llc5l '_q 2,,,,,:.1 [ns] 7] gE].
rlroll^l ?1,,,. rlt+ :1'd..}/l 9ldtl.^l r:, 4g41 6llo| 6l:-7f ?
els"ll ! ."]t rl 9l E €.e,1 +g ('lg4l l:1-l=7f i

1. PDP ilr-s- scR t+ tl-Eql 4 $.J + ll-/l?
HJ=i1
1.4+=q ge(/lle-"}ti. del-3 i')g ol+;}= gzl-.1 zl3^l= ^lil -EL+6|o,l 8/ll5
7l7l:i 7) jrl ?]ol ? ilFlE+. - +]3 ? il
2.4+el €-aql 3+el g.l: (oJE -:') 5 d 71.'lE -3+ €i+qlC ;J r|el A/.171 ++61
q q+ql^J dzt + 7I €- +ol="J + il71 EI5-ql 4+ol E4!-J Aol tlq, d+el
i= d7l5J 3+ E+E-el 9lzl is} ?o4, ++E-9 #/1.+: a9 E'Jdl4 6J+.
- P € EJE rll
r.4+el +Tloll 5+9 elJ:(?lLl+)= ?7l6lH, *+ ?, i+6t,11 9e;J TI el Tlzl= zl
+ dilTl Elq,4+ axlel += aTlrJ 5+ gir+ +e+ +9q, El+ 7l4qb zl+
CzlTl €El. - N 6d HlEnl
4. P€ ElEAlql edil, Ne Els;ll9i ij:dgg ed;'lE. del *4.1 +Li4 1l-ii=
€4 Enle+ rJe ddg- /,t,n.. N€ El5--ni.ll a])dg, p€ Hl5-.nlql aidgg-,1c,
d+l +Ee-rJg +ol4 ai= 53lzl 9+ol +E4e} ue-ceg z,t=4.
r..{lll-l E}olgE€. al 4-'-Jge. ^}+6J dll, 4lLJ dq} ol*ol 9E d+€ ceJ 4ll-l d?}
_o-_a 9ld6l,Nl ,"r alB
"i 9l7ll gdl dlloJ Elq s,I_al F!El.
6. }Jp5 u{;lar]= Hiolaql^l olElEle d+7} 6ets 7j erlEJ ql^.1 olElEl-E' d+7}
_2. r-.i-,
_-o_
pNp E_q! zllLl---r olrllr,J oll^l ElolaF_ {]+7} _o-_=-fl olrrlq.,ll^l TjqLlg T.l
+71 E=r+.
7. olElElql^l a4ElE_ 4*ol oll;g "tl 98l%) el d+3 adlElg_, + 2l%) AE_el
A++ ol tsllol-aE ol€r6J+. Irl+^l olElEls .-e= d+ql rN+ TSrrlEl d+el El=
Hllola dzl d+ ++E+ +El.
8. _E-dzl:Ll7l EE-qH ?-djElel olElEl el xl6}€- +olzl-I.. il+ElE z]6}01 7.1
^lol
zlts ?,-o 191ilel +4r+ +o q EqlzllElel :fld +rlol;l +El.
e. r'ET:- C7l+ cr+ E-dzllEl'il 3lq, E-drlaE'lel-:- g?l C+€ 54"1 9*-.a 9PJ
"*'rlolola= aq +''J+ql el6l d+el 5E= 33;}q d+=:ra6J4.
10. SCRb /llolEql E7l7l dgol AelH, ollliE ql^J 7]liE-e d+=- gA liF6la 7ll
ol_E-oll T]Eol $q4F- 21+ _E5 *Ell€ +^l6ls,a, nl+6i71 9l6tl^j qd.Jg a
=
Ezl, dgg ilEJb=lq d+= il'J d+ ol6le +zldlqol 6Jrl.
aE
=+
t. EAzllEJel 73a.lEl + 1.7t 3lUlg ;e= 'tl+, ZdlEJe+ olnlEl ^lol9 d"J
v,.71 A}NE- El= Eg olg dg +-l-.dq4 ;J+.
.Jfl 5al 249

2.,+;-l-d.-+ ulldll: d-ii /,e+el ilAg Fzlddl;l;1r}1, r'rJ;{i:El ^}+^lql= 4€6J
F Zl d -g- e { 6tl o} 6Jr}
,. E eJzl Êl= +d;+7ll ^l*;+zl 916ll ^J= E d,ll/-Elel 3EN 4 4 ?3 erlEl d4el H
9l !.lql^l €:4f^liol +El. jf%r?l 6171 9;1^l= +;fd€- rlrll d4 73 dl El dEdg
H+l 'H"ll E4.
4. olal4oJ Eil ++71= .J /.1 .J9EJa= * ts2l. €4 'J4EJi:ts 0 tfJl
oJ
-=-dq 914.
t. €+ .J"iC H}{l "Jq \}4,
=+71-.-l 'rlHlC "Je Bzlzl 9.1_o_4, Hld "Jg +alql
.J'jl;lE €'j,9- .J 4 tl.Jol +.d5JLl.
6. Slt! ++71 Elsel 7le dlgB= Eld El_e, H-91 J fr i, ulrt f'l_. 4+ j E dl
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til, "Jtel tl!l ? g 7l-;+ ;}=

E ElsEel ff+oll el-d E+ alol9 ?ii r.Ji= L|,JF! e+.
rjnlTl Tlzl: 9.>lYl irt 4''l /l
rl EEIeI ++ql q/l^l= rl E_ El 4lqel
^lfla +, ?,1 711. E L4 +++ :rr.l-+71
zJloj 1.,- u]';ol {u}:- ag ol"l €'Ee El .JqL}, 9l+ +l ;d olol rl4 4l "";l iLl.
= nl6l9 s
.lFl, 'J'tl +3! ,'116--l:-
.471 ol= FEI :rrill jj _o,i +luJ;f/l 9l;+q
^J= Ll7l t iJ r;lq g7l!-- ;lL|. q lJg r
d C 4 oJ zllol (qualitativc ctinr,rol) el 4 t}3l t 4l .]] j: jlULlt:.- 4+6J /ll. 3/l ;-.1
q kluantitati\,e el .!l= zl Eol El elL,l.+\i, ,jd
control) E !-,<1. "ll:i= "ll ? :.s!,J
;f q s;,IFoJ ,.1+;l7l7l +r!.+71 oll
_rH -2el 'J9 doJzl 4qqlilel 4lol Erd
v
EolLl. 'q;l^1. .{oii/l /lzl: +lqt
e dg-rlql d'=,iE -.-,q,4l ;+4Li 5t--= TlrJ^l7l 7l;9 !,,11FI 9l+ ,ilnl +l .l+ql
olrl .1u^l El i+!.1€ q*+ ++ol
:- ao_q. dgTlel gg'Jol rJn 4+ol.-1. --- -.o-
zl +I "*+-3- #zll ^l;+/l .c*:-Ll. Ctqtr. q= i*e îollJl (cybo

rs) E^l 7l!o-;l.i rl i ololl ^J ++
.,1
4rl^J, ol 'Ete dC4.lrl.t -J + i.l=rll, g

"lolEf.
"lel ?_ _3- ,c d 4 oJ zll ol B d ql _",161,q ol+ol zl
4lq= Cd4 4lq/l a'lrl.
= olql ql ;+oJ,
_lg v _34 aol d7ltr 4lolel l
';:,"r-'. 1
zllol E€g d"* ..321e1 +*olJ._4J tloJ f, |+ Jg'r
q4l d*ulo+ dsiall rt ol_e+

=rzl r" :\ \ {7)-(\\a
v,\f a-a
= a€6+o
oJ
'"------ .\--) v_l
eg € aJ4 sl 4l q B € ql el ;loj ol jrrol zl :- 4l "l cii"t ,l.t € r:!t!1,
ol , oJr .' !..,\ -- .
q= c=*4 ,lol4 "J4

E5r1 rl q9
"lzl^1, 4lq H€-3- trllr-= d'J, d+, E9l,
el
:E:- gE F,'l eg gel +el 'i,lqltr +q7.lzl +.

4lq4= "Jllql il g ,4 g4e}_.] ++71 +91.J
zl-dl= 5-^llHr}= _l/iel Szlz| S.ulolfr, q r.-r
d
.41 HFI;-l=/l ;}-:- Eal e}el tlqlzl .-ds6l'tl.
a
ole+ Aol. Szletel ++ql= '3;4lalzl gr1 _:1
zl E EEI +qlq"J +te ,il 3- ,tlE(signal) el q il"J.t .ltdt g.: !1q].

q *: X ?.l.9 qe Cjl;+:i
dJr,t.
dgzl e] .354 4lolql^J 4q.B€ol !l= tl ral v -3 5aJ4 4 olel ql
1.
^t5
{o ltet f5 259
n:-, dgTlql d*€ -"--=- 41 6l=zl !I= ilE^l
7l=zl 6l= 2 zllel 1rq1= +BEl -:- aolE EJLJ.
gd ot?t dd so+
ON OFF;JT+.
olel, ?ol, 2 zlel +ls-F-"J q= ',lC 2al lli
(binary signal) al tJrl.
ol"ll r.ldq, dzleel 4i-
d3J4 4lq.B?d.l
9i 1l-o-ts e-E= 4-q {Igtr+El e 4lvlzl 4
rl ^JEll=- +calol +El. olel +ol, =r7l= g+
4 _o-E- +El,Lll= +l-A= ol'JBr 4)_tr (:Iralog
signal) 4 ;Jrl.
71. Ill0l
^ld'\
!14 g{
,j X €l
'.+.1'l.rl€ rf6le lg v-4:- €c4 "lF 4lolel lErlF el ql
^l716t
OFF *J T+
L
_e 4J,
-1H V -2oll rJ Llol v .J' +l ,l (knife swil.t:h)
r.,l dq €?{.1 C-g ol+d ,rlolL+. ol _l+ql
^l
aql ol S. -"1 7l ql tlE/l lll q B loi olt+. ol al
:q
ql II}+ 1+l7l .s.ol xt,F49.r: ?lrllg+. +, q

11+,"- 4lq 'd€ql el6lq zt-6' u,r o s 4lol F; zl
ol ol+dl zl-:- zl--F 4lq 1}ilel ErI= ++r-t, "").
a olr+.
- a1!
= ,-€l el /lql dn= ilB 13"dol 7l!
;1 .,.],^lt
zi 4
!.-, ^l .tc
'.+j1, :1a zlillTl 4lq EBg,a llq *=rll, ol
e+ eol r3r.d /l=- .j.R]61-zl 9*:- ct4 ul€:
^.1
rfl v -5 oJEJ *la 7l rJe-d rlE llqe q 4lol (.<tF ,irzl)i nll-i d'J;lrl.
:te.J v 5el (a)E lfl v-4_q €C4 zl..F 4l
ol *:ldll Elol"l (rimer)= E9l a9lql. ol ul,l
el *.1le 1e; (b)4 2ol .s" -E *sE E] .l"lql
€dg .Jd6J ^lt"J# 1lg7l7l llgql d+q
n. I +lotl ?+71.E+ qol 9lrl +, Elol4q -9
;ll zl e E 4l c'l 71 6ll -! :, zl F q + ?'l el
zl,Eo, 6J ?ll
;-l+olr+.
fe v-6 cEdtrJ4€E
lg v 69 rfl v -s-ql zl-Fo 4lol * il-"-l c
n d'Jg L+EILJ 7lolrl. ol tl'lql^l s"el /l]ql
ol !14, ol ar+ ElolEl ctl zl 9 rlq
= +g "J €
9l=- sd
aoll _el;lq dc s.el 7ilql _Fzlol
^l
ol+qrl+. ol El, srel ,llEl dn= 4lq EB"l
q, +.J .8zj!l= L+e4. ol +ilql^l= Elol f"Jgn''
=, i.jg *^J^l7l:- *ElH (hologram)
"lzl zlB 'd€€r *olr] 4lq "J gnlr/l
+€41 ?lr-' a q
q;J (B ?d iJ 4 5- q C) g nlr 9.lEl =!--lg S
aol HolTlF ;lq !_= tlil4 Elel
olel ?g /,15E 4^"j4 *llqolrr:, olgEJ la +illel s.Jol lj}q7ll ILol= 3il:] oJ
,!}dlr+. €-srd €*e .rl+ 7ls4
qI g,C_El €rd zlFll,
zl elzl- oJ'l-4 sg 6J 6lizl
d ,lel E,l, +:El ts6ll 7l-ll Î+Fl
7l EIE-ql
^l?1 4lq"l .J + ClLl. n 9.lL+. 14+
=e,r.:,!
il*g 6J
s4l= q rl 4]iql € r.l el6l 4l

tEl;+
Ll. -lEE rllq b rllql F* i3.51= +ddl
3, ^l?l,Jl
o,*
qlTl
'qlt,il €,l'= "u+ t'J+
-le v-3ql 'l4d 4r4 ee deJ4 CF- "ll r! TlFdlE+. _lrl+ *9.s: :i iI q
qzlql rll6lq 4lol Bld.J +salol lcJ v 7i+ d+ 'J+El7l 7llEl5l4 ^l- I,zl,7l elg
*oll.^J Ellg}!os,l4 zl
<]ol rll al d.ll 4 .J rl-l ;J "i, ol + j', {tql r+e} =ele,lg
d slirl 'J f 9lg aoll-l olel ge:
41q-J a+ql= doJ i€zlel ++olel 9lzl= gs,fi,lg ?l+, ,J+, li+ tsotl +:;
+_ssl-g HFlq ql+6lol +4 .lE qzl"J, _ra 4t .t+.J a.l4
"J-o--e allqel +4ol eJd6l ol+qd4n= ;J
"i S.ltl.
+, ++ol= -
+l"lq _aa^lzlE +9J €-E
ol
Ll' d+l d"Jel HEl, !E= 7lg Snlel lTlql 14 g
4 _,-. oJ el gE, = 4lol =J€: E^l6l= 7l ^l 4l el

itr+ +E{tg zl .rl;}i ,'l ^l zl el 619 Blr-tl ot I
+L+. -.
- ^lzf
r ar+, zllq eJol +j{rtql ol E Z'l *619_=1 ull
rg r'-7 +Eatq E! ql
oll -:- \ Clg] -qr.+ +ollt tz9- Io4l ! _a,\_ +
ql elE+ +dol= +4lq^J ;J* oJ,q7l
=C6J
?14.
4+l+ e* rl^l1tej
"le+ +-ol, zllqeJ(rlldl€ Eelr*).9- zl+6lq
:+
d4 rq+ ?tltltet it*

--*€ll jl ul i6lq -s;l al -e-€ gc 7l r ol F"-
!li,rlnl doJg id
^l
:l 11_e4l r+?+ d.J 2..3714 €d.1-= 3+-+rl. ,rl
olrl6J 5zl(rlEE t-it)C ol+.L,lldl€- rls:E

q el 6Jti.
"ll
le v-9= ol zlgg al-Fcl6J 61,+el *He lg v -8 ^FJol rlE 6E rllqg ql
+EIq] I 9lrl.
l. Illolllel ?.3 261

^lE;
I q+ql^l +qzl= +s<14 5 oJE eE
=,
el d <Irl9 il=- 44' o-9- i'6l-I, ol Al€.
^l ^l
=
d5/lql 7l;lol +etr41 ++ol=- d-F
=+^14
/l7l +1),ol +E#,+ ]i +9 gE ^lololl f-il7l
flE+ 6Jq.
rel 7l Ef
rg v -9 rlEEo e-d rl5

^11q9
q
9l ++ "l !l qlI gtrEI ol d ol gllj+.
el +-,?
+tel d+ E:- oJi-€ zff,Elafi /rl3 -str
y+ 6l+ v_6 ol ol4l (automation) ol/l 6l=rll, ol 7o=4li- €C4
I!
(electric furnace)
"; a'Jzl 4Fd 4lol7l llr-- _\adJqq, I qlql ^f
d7le. .J_",1 6Je!-. ;-l"J 4gC 5:qi+61= 4ol4E.l,
cg .q ol+.+ol ./tg-l:, I
(.8+,\)
/l.i
e{l *g EJ.l.tl 4e} ++6}Yl .++
ol ?l Tlzl Zl.t+, Zl+ e rrlel i/l . j.-^l . rd- el
r+ pP 6+7l !.IEf.
yig Hglql Ad il5E;r;__s olzlil LdJ€rl.
rj'ale: dgdel 7l +oll el6ll g'rd
1.
ofr- 9o ol€ 61 ' d 'roL 'r'-l
e:9- l-'d;},- j il , r--E
'l l"ll l.l i ;_ t"l 6r 'l dl,
El_4 ,ilol ZIFE
l
t.3- 1l+99 Elrr B.arilg 1$9 ill (4) +,^d
e +3 +'-i J,wor' ol Je Ico-?
6J + !]= d+ ,J'*s/l 9JLl. rilt-_,r! 4lq ll€lel +"J g:jr=- €B-l zl 9l6l]
z.olfE : j ero I o-el ,, 8'€ |l d lg v-gel d9zl €r- r.i'F 4lq4l= ^Jzl6t
3 t-q r'-r ,rolo orno €rxt l zl.
'r': 3-l 'l 'lt"+r "J -"e: 'l 1l
+ o a ^l+EJr+.
ol el :-s=- dzltr "Jel g_F,= .JA-+
Îq4l
3. ffE-d : r'l 7l g:jql 11+ zlTl 1l: ilqE + al ;}= Zl dl 4 6lzl. ol ull el El Elal t
7l;+q ol nlTl+ql el6ll^J nl TlgE
Jig.i 3n=.,,1 g rl € +6l': !l .1. <ic +E.* rE= €dtlolel 6JLl_. ol +.";dlg
7lC 3;J Fol, +.t+rl €lil= ol+dlq dgie
_+_ El+q
=:4. "l ql, !is*g 4.J6J li(ol 7l
.Jq A"lr+
fi .J+ otxt r'_t
^l= d.J) 9_E irl+: *^l= 7l=
;bL, El{ +l-A= 7l= "Jqole.l- ;J4. dzlr t
rlEE rllGl
-rJ \ eq ll l: €l .'l-id,! 'l
el -a-Ezl
glnJ6}-:, Al9_!,. +,'lq9l=zl .Jollizl
q
^l ,l g + ,1--lc4 -l .lc ,) L,cr r.
916llH4 gErl r"-g.q L 'JE gE=- zl+6]]"t
&-l , "J' -. cJc,l J l. itclo "r,_'! 6|1, ol el rl d"JgE troJ6N Frl. H+l+l ol 7l
4lq rle9 i^lEl]E .?.1q.!l/1. 9- 7l= oJqtl lrljl6l",l E+ Cn=- "JEdl r-ll:-
lreg Eljl+4 6J4.
-HF,r F;41 tl;s] 3t1= Eltr.-l'!-i ol9 ++ t:] r+ 6 v_7 4f
7l= ol+aldl zlrJsl dFczl= +5l^la
=+-^14 lÊJ(Zl)0lEf +X=
LJ. l4n d+zl= dts+ql slAg d"J :rdzl eltrl6lE7 | ?
t'Jjr9 id;1€ d7l_a "J.il €,lFJ 7lg-7lel g, 7ll !r ?]+,Jlrl +e .J q el ^ll
elg r€6Jtr1,. ol 41, rltsTlel Tl* acTl=_ F =
e (sJ'sten) olr+: LJq -ql +el"J $.+l
_o_ji, .,J rl ?lrlel ,1!d€ /]1 q 7l
5q ft5-, dzltr=- 4lq ql.*.lel 6lJ, 4lqEJ el (L:'i: (elemenl)= :t6Jî7l^l -r zi 9-
*(t g}el -gE) €. 4lqeJolel ,-Jri.
'i{;l7l -?l6ll t:61 C 7l;ii'= rJ
tlTlJ- gE ,lldl?lel 3+ tlE= ,lB v 10 9frf.
'+ eq'
/ri
i------r
"Jq ^t4 t
rg v-10 qqsj 4olnlel Es dE
zfts 4lq /l-t:oll^l zl+ Llg= +q=9 rl^l

Cel6lE 4+r+ e+.
rjt+ 6J+ v 8
Il t!a 5E !E (block diagram) aJ
+g'* .E.E €C,J(set, point) : sl'*alF ;ll

(r) +919!7f ?
4*pl <l!-r "JdJrl. ^lul€

el 95 {block)j} 'J (line)q=.
(r) zl3 4 (refercncc irumt) : +E#ql Hl dl
oJ 1l.a-'l n+9 +^lal ,le
61,= 4lol 7l-b-'6J Eq d_e:_= '36JLJ.
5zl di (actuatirui singal) : ,llq/ll5 5zl
(c)
.J4 - rillBrl dn'ql dll
^l7l= ";qgE, '71=
."r,;-l= *g "J+El
(e) xI4
"J4 (conrrol inpur) : 4lq7ltr+El
flrcrgg r-r
= gt
4EJ tlE_=- EJ6Jrl. El- H_! rjlolE
(o) Szle* (manipulated variabk-.) : 4l ol q tql hltp :,ryicel.mc.pusan.ac.kr
'F
4d 4+61= "+g "Jflq. 9lel E ^lolEql t+;1.! d.4tl
L ts4 4ldlel g+ 4E .JoI]J7}.
(s) 4lole& (controlled variabk:) : 4lqrlqol g oJ
=_
I "J'J4
r. rt5 rl0lxlel +3
(,i) 9gtl : 414*3- ?li
AlE(feedback signal)
/l ol g6lol + C 6lq zl 4 tl A-3 rl+l el
f "Jg, ', = =
oJ
€4 'Jgs E6JEJ 4lF_jr-^], ts+ dn=- "J=dl

rlld 7lg
=elel Ltl:- ql ol€-+lrl.
,q ql lir p .'.L.l ,.1 :*
",6 (o) 9zl (error) : '€ 4 ii - ill q a*'€- IrJ6JEl
ol J.' tr*ol-r1 .1
Jll e rLilLl-
qlr,rL Hr.E ,tL. oj ?J_o Ll.
te|dJ
2.9 t (element)
"t .t'hq .t"t .l l -: g.rq .. =,1
{ |ol ' r'I '}8-;}'d*.'.d. : r'-
:- a idl' lLll 'j-5.o -3' 'll e
(-r) zli oJ
4 dzl (reference inpul, unit) : + jr
lqlql iel:= oJ.€ slrl Pr7l.+= +9 #9 4lq 7l-.-nf Cs-s ul+:- +il= EJ'et+.
4oJ /ld.l ^ls5l*Elb 7l+ol d; (r) 4lol zl (controller) s.= 9+71 (conurcnsal,or) l
r+.
ol 7lB /l3.rll E^l4lel +?6I ,41,1 5zt il qE 4'J;l dA zl alnlol izl+ql 7l.ll
dl- |J:, ,14 r 1lc .cq6.Lr j'5 e i 9lr--- dn.lr+. +, 4lq ";"jg ,J=ol Lll-:-
.el +9 nlq ql= E n! 4lq 8J,J dl
nq dLl.
'l 9i= "J"J.rf.
? cl l'4.'l (l , - r4r4,J r '- ,l' J t4* (actuator) : ull ol zl aP El Ll+ = q
(c)
l6Eql *.: g3 flrlel 3- tsJ5dl B tlnql r}]*;1.,1 4lo.J *.9: 4lq5l-: rtlql "J9"J
E,^t?l"J 114 -r=- *B6lj. rtl4i+9
-1. - :, rlo,l ,r,_ (.,1 e. ;;_.. _o i!z3og $_ollrlzli- "J.l= "Jalrf.
?+ HEleal LIE_|LI] 71 916ll r: * €e-l (=) zllol rN{ (process, plant or rnntrolled system) :
eol o: l6rr.: .'1..."4 ,l I ,i .l- 4lq6llzl 6}= cl*g gdJlj+.

^l€.;l,i ol e=;f= 5-;J
iLEl. r+r+^J
7l+*.'_e E^lzl/l rll/ll iael (a) 7j €* (sensing device) : zlJ4 *-=q -C;+=
,,1!q aldl c|zcE| d'il= EJdJE}
^l 1F3_o.r.
(u) uli$ E: {}+4 (comp:rral.ing device or
summing point) : r- Cnzl *4 )(l= d€. "J6t
4. 6Jd^l= il_q-4lF FIEÎ +n=' €9 -,--"lol
r+.
"J
(,i) .J ?C (subtracting point) : ilE€- B /lal 7l
Cg "J;lq. dns- ge oJ=6N /f.-lefE ,l
rLr gg
- EJ rcr a6 r'
fl
\ .tI =
dnCel ila:'tre1;121 /dd-3 7l{lEl.
'.a!=
slol B€tg Sd 46-
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9lel .rl .ro r-! n_ e; ol .lLp",j (5) ptD olzl
lq t. 4 u" {-6.'l "J;'l .. 'l
+ii4os oJ.)l!.a-
-E r,l
-l.g v -10e1 tl-L-"rl 4lq4lel :+ dL F a1l
q "Jejg +-::ol rll= ++, + zll q/l= 4lq vl

Fqlnl zltl +96J ++olq dJ + 9.l.rl. zl
orl4l tEY+a++ v g
-F 4ldl4l=- €Zl.Jrlr 6l= a+ ol ^llolzl= ol PtD r{ol7l= F.xgl7f ?

€ 4lq7le- ddg aolq, dc€ "iqzlel "-i4 PIr) ,llq 7l: ul rll (PrcrporLional) - 4
"lEl
(Zl+) *9 ;}:- -E4lolEl,.
g-El-E 6J a"Jz]-
€-(lntegral) I'IB(l)ernative) ..tlloJzl
q7l^J=, "JH]4e-tr tB €+q^J L:-zl ol€. E 961:rj, zl .oE4g el',].-l: gE
qI .J=.4lq7l +cl 6lL+ "J PID 4lqrlqi ri 6l- el rl r4^l g9l .lE-.14 .i
=45
5 +E 3 r:*d}: t*H ql Elei P
q {B6Jr}. =
rllolzl. PI 4lol/1. PD ,ll47l "l ptrl
nlq 7l.e Ll+q C4.
I P xllolTl
P4lq7l= Hl .91 E+"Jg ?,tt- ;tl4zls.rJ, ul

.91 ,llqzlEE EA4. .l 4lqzl= ptD ;llqzl + 5 rcr {8 v-5
"il^J 7l* F]f,+ e4q ,JldlTlolr,41q71 €a

PID rllolel gt8
7.l xlTl elpl6l-= Hl!+ eol :]H v-10q1^Jg Fd http:,/,/user.chollian. nef/
'!- - choiseil
+ +ln('zl= d-e- - ul5E .tl-d': gil tlEe+ I el iq ,\lqE= d +aloJ PrD iu ol

7l qSTll iJ+r;ln !]=,1= :r^1311
?+ ^J4-3- ,+=rlr ^J46J + 9.l€.) el lzl"ll gEalq gi:ill jLzl-.
tsl 6l= "tlol oJ e ol f E EEI
,11
P4lqzlel +i 4 .Jq4 =4 ^lol el +Zl=,

'*llq .J4:Kx-Fzl tls'olr, +'J +4= _1
e-J v ll+ A+. ql= F4 dnz|'05'o1
=q,
a, "11
El ol5 (Cain) Kzl "J 4l , jl q "J €-
'10' eJ
'5'71 €q (a) +3
_lEJql ol P 4lq7l= El-+ql ilig pr, pD ,llq
Tlel uljl;J oL.l ^llq7l= Bltsjl g-a"J-g-
'*71
'41+ql 9sil(offset: 419*ol +*6f!l
oJila'}
zl 9+I oJC+ -9-zl= +-:- €*) ol "J^J dlTlLl,
+-*^J (rllolelol +Elig ul4zl* rll ilrqF--
^la"l d3)ol aqg= +dol glEl. qel
3i_3-
t Ed5.e: 7ll d6l7l 9l+ 4lq €zlEol IF+
(48 5zl)rl" D -Fzl(El+ F+).1q.
z Pt 40171
ol {lqzl= HlAl €lzlrl 4+ E-zl!=- F^lql '+ (b) uE

-! zllolzl olQ. lelB B71 4e E4.ll 116l 'J ral v-11 P llolrl9 g=q ca
1. rtE rllolllel ?5 265

o}lizl_E ,-Jr+, t1H V -t2oll ^l 54
Cg=- t, ^l
{}4zl 4SaJE}:- ae El;rrl E4g +6Jti=
? q_ 9l ol r.lL+
1t:
+, tr4: i,,e(t)dt
"JE, _1'; V-10q]^l tl5:trri ds(rllq*)7l-
^l ?! ttl 7l= CA(g-s*)oll oJil;-l,'l g,-.a .s?l7l 9.1-9-
14, ol zll ol 7l ol+61tr 4l ol .J e g -Fzl tl p,
=
ql illdldl= a-7l el Ev+ ile-el 4e<Iel sJeE
5lol F4 il _o,zf '9'o1 slzl -e*ts +, ^lzJol dtl
;J+ El j+q r:ll 'J..] ;i!-f. El jl Firf . ol il
= %r
"JEol T1 il 4lq "J4"1 -++ E 4lc'l rl+ql

o3 6.Fg
+q .ril oleJg -Y,silql d="I arf.
I,t zllolzl el l.r '4 "; "1.-] 3?
=j'J ^l.l-q
rJt/ll= -fcJ V tili+ ALl.
n i+, Pt Tll ol /l e1 4 + r-o-.1 (l t4l) e 4q *tl'
+jidl ^lolel {-l= gt"I:' q"Jg ,*'1.
dzlE-.,] .g_E zllqql P,JlqTl= ol+;J A+e}
PI "llq/15 "l S'+ a+ql rll6J 3-'Jg _tg v
1441 E^l6l-glLl. _leoll^l ot + 9]!;- ol, rr tq
tl d gE= trlql ^l 1000 trli trEl+ zJ
500
"l +, I,4lqzl=- ol+;+tr 117l_F-el 3el 4oJ 5d
* tl'J6J ^l (!ol a4'6J + "JA"J gE=- +-<l;t
7l= 6larl, ElEJ.l:- gH 1000 [.c]7] rl7.l *6]
_a .Jnl"J"J _:171 el "i r' .all ol g^8 "Jrl . ol glt-rJl
I 71 9lall^.1-: P 4lolzl -o-l ol:;-g -l7l 6lE
=ol
ol La4 9-!r- zf+;-l-Ll, €,.41 zlge= ol=g +-+;l
rtlf
+ 9,1= zjl g ol LlLl. ulul^1, P *llqrl'J
n4l .J
oEi-Cd rd/l='0_o_+, Fllr f $.r1.
(b) 1l .. alTr, r,r rllqTl=- ol+6J ,3i--o,l +.J+ rc/
leJ \i 13 g x10l7le gEq !s (d)ql el zJol 9:r_ nJl ?1ol +sal 1000 tttl"ll E
^l
trj.}ll 5J rt.
E PD
^11017
|
ol ,lldlTl-:- Hlql Fozl4 Els 5al!;5^l4l €x +\:

(+*il)
,llq7l olr+. q/lql^lE d4 D _Fulg 7lg
=
zl.ll rli6lq oJolHrl.
-leJ v 15ql^J ^la /,ql^.]g -E zl dn a9 (a) 416l .^liEJ
"leg c Aqlrlel +cel 7lg7l ol+. E4 zJ _o-i

,Ee6lE c Aql^Jel +{iE ddqtr _s^194
a^l7l d6f +d ++(d A) -P, zl€zlzi =r-'r, a
9JEJ6J +€-(d B) otl el 7l €-71= +rl.
^l7l ^l
leql^J ,,.lzl ttq t,,oll/l el Fzl tl s='_E e,9.E
ag riolri. "J+, p4lq7l+-3- .l*t}€.: ?i"I
^J4 t,4 t,ql^J 5loJdJ ilotr €
.4lq EE'9-
=
El. _relL+ A d.I^l= rJ2l-71 ;-7ldi= +..rJlolg
E, €;l= 9l dll^j--!. C d}Lr]- 3 4ldl .J
qol =ol7l
ei.€4
d C ql^l el tl,zl= 4 A ql el tJilel I ^.1
_tzl rc)P'iq'lt 1+q +ts
-:- eg *.JZlrlr ,L Eil= dil ei6l= +^]
ql^l el ,tlq oJ qBEl zl+ Aol
"l-Ir_a, C A 'J
_s-6lrl. olel eol D Szle €it7t €.714q= +
9l7l F-= zJlat z|flr 6l=- +^ll t7l-=- ^llq
,\'ll
"JqE CCql H]€6lr ?]+. ol Cal dJ!-s4l * (d) PI 4l.l7l "J e +el
^)J
€ "*
EJel n!l:r-zl (++c)= 7ll{tdJ + 9.14.
rc v-14 P rllq "l H {lqE a?9 ag
.l elrl, PII 4lq Tlel .J ej r+ el el +B HLi
= ^lol
+al= le
-164 a+.
v
leJ v l6el (b) el E q dn-= ^14 Oql^l ,,
vJilel +zl +E(71€-71)71 "JdB9
^tolql^l_:-
_q EIE ts4ql el+ oJq zu 9-_ LB (c) ql
^llq
el aol ^14 0ql^J r, rc 6J di"l grl.
^l ^l"lE "J
6J€, .Jqq Eel*g
^14 r,4 r,ql^l= ^14 0
ql^l r, Hl6lq +(-)ei %ld}_o-F- gd+
^lolql
di"l q jr, ol ^lol el "l+ Fzl.ll E + ^llq .; E ^ltttl
€:'J {c) 4lrl9 ^14 r,ql^l t,el +ol -zu7l reJ I 15 EIE EAt
PD{q?I .i1 Lt.
_14I, ^14 r,r+ r,"J +Ag EII.;il -H_tr, 54

4lrts e, o=. azl+ :t- 71+7171 qeEg, 4+
4"J 4lq .Jqg 44 ke1*zu, ke1-zuEB EI
\a) +4 g ll"l 9r, ol= lg (d)q ^14 rlrl 13 Aol
€El.
DC EEIE ol+6lq 4(rudder)49 4q;l=
,lF ,ilolaig qe }Lzl.
=q
ol zilolzlel c+ dE= :1H v-17'l 44.
(b) oJ q 4tn
4q+
(49 4E)
re v -17 5EP+el dlolllel E+ dE

^15
(c) EIE 5.zlol el 3J +q ds

q7l^J, 4lq7lq^J P^llq7l"Jg ol++ A+s+
PD ,llq7l= ol$tlg A+sl ^ll"l.+9 +8.+d
g _1+ v-18o]l _s.^lalq4.
Lg v-18q1^l !-= Hlcl a.l
El4el +sl}
g "J +.J(O")ql^l +€ 15""Jt 571= BBg
(d) rrlq gq
7le!.9 Ell, Pnlqzl€ "l+6J a+E +Be r?
.rg v-16 FD r1lq7l9 "J6al cE' PD 4lq7l= ol+tlg EI-ts-E+ FgC "J + glEI.
ol a+qlts PxIolTl 4 PD 4lq7l s+71 9E
jl "l '0'ol El=rl ol DC _E-El q +6J el -;'l oil
qZl (^JH 4lqal)el +d

= =
olt'ol+.
?_+, DFzle Erlel 7l-g7l= ,ilq Eqel ^J
(a)
dql +€+etrel ++ce /l.d.J + 9]rl.
*.8<i( "J 4 )
E PrD 111017 |
ol 4lolzl= tsl ql 5-z+,

F4 4e Fzl 4 "]ts
g ,*= 4l"l7ltr^.1, gfdg €.J4 Ei^1"il ++
,iJ g Ttl.datnzt e EI
"ll ol+q= zllolzl olQ. o1
trl q r* (e*) .tlq7lcl +4 4 ?=4 ^lol9 +4= _Lfl v-

ral v-18 iEP-+ qq dilel Bg Ec 19 s+ 44.
dzlle:- PID ,llqzlE 4 9i P-E-zl, I-E-zl,
"; D51tel *ql 4'J6J tli n,, Kt KdTl
="df,
xlrl 914, 4 5+el Et}€ eC6l.zl 9l6ll^J -:-
.l "J+el _1zl= 3C6lE flrl. +, KoE K"qI
ul olq .Ll449E l4l nl tr, nlE- -Ezlel a47l
+:l3ll49 elEl'aJ+. r}ts "llqAl= €2lqlr+=

ag g]ql^lE €B+ Elel aol +-z.r.l *4 qE
riqTl= CC+ +, qq-el dl+* Ko, Ki, Kd == '1
ad6l!- F.r4l4 "f i 9lEl olr]6J g- zJ €- 9^d

6171 9ldll^l= +o+4
^l^l
(q= el€4. E
=E I
rL
e) ol 'Js6J4 7l ^8 ++4
"l
("J 4) ,rlzj
^l =
E7l Et
u=ke+tedt++
-ot
Aa
PID ;llq7l olelql Eg+q LJ4 ol+qq 9-

"J 4l "l 7lg= tl zl* li*zl (lead lag compensa (+q)
ror) 71 9lrl. d* Bczl:- +l*g .J^Jtl 6l:- 4l ^lt
(b) +l -E
q7l olJ, zlll B+71= el1}g slzlTll 6l= 4lq
7l ol El. ]]al v-19 P1D r1lq7l9 .J=q Ci
"l"Jtn$
1, 4€| xl€| iloldg "J44.
^llole+ =zl9
e. nlloJa elEb 47lzl gBe *zl 71+el +E ilq€ qElq q€ +Z'l€ ol+6lHts-
7l?
l. "Jd4 4lolE d+4 4qq il.ldg "JBil Uel.
olE 4lol oJzl ?
^}?1 4 +
4. q
5. qEq"l* "lE 54c "J6l=71?
0. y -\ 4lolel 7l+s HlE €€ 6-l?_1.
=.^, ^JB
7. 51 e-l€X dol"l ol ql olalTl?
^
8.q=E 4lol 4lF9l €Eql^l Lljt= qC +qEg dB614.
O +s<i @ +zl-!r @ qE€q .!3 a) a.il
@ 3zl+ @ 4l"l rld. @ a++ @ *.tle
e. prD ,llolTl +.il,q r Elz+E qgql 44 dBB.l4.
l. 45 {totltq +3 269
Ea E4 "! +* +E -\
qaJ, rl5 rllqq -d E!0fe^1, Elai Sollll +^loll L4at f
^lU
^
E+01 el6l] xllol 4Ar9 r1l016t= 49 oJ-.Jtrl
^14"J
E .Jg0 fiEE "! +EE qeo +-d 7lE rl^13 0l6]]-doe
^1:
/rl 7lE4?]
^
A-{ nle "! BB nleol r|]6f01 lEg + fltrf.
(1) +4d gse+ +dd 31tr

^lu ir 'J;l ol+q=
zllq"ll 3l_+-ql= +dd
-lEe+ +11? iltr7l "Joq, BJ54 7l+el "Jg
,E d7l +da Fli/l +dd iltri 44lElq /l
n .;71= 6lzl'il, olzlS +d? alETl ts4 ol
+9i1 9111.
+dd El eq +'dd q,+el tl 'Jdg ,J'J6l

d4.}H L+3-tl +tl.
E \ 3!E 4leel +EE sLtr"- S EJE
O ?t4l ++r+ r+.,!6lql ?q= +r*"1 =t4. ili jtll t46l :lr+.
?t 11714 !.ol:ql ql6l oJc;lEl. i2, idpl'lE"ll el;lq +Bdll iJ7j7t !.lEl
e5 q€q %In6-lrl.
:.t G,r Ezl +!zl !!ltl.
Pr l] : q.r
G lleq 34"1 i-Tlrldl r.l!].. Gt /l4l.l.J +4"11 "F14.
i5l F1l lEl,ql i+oJol +ol;fEl. 6 sl€Pl i.*!:l4l nJ?14 9Et.
)kr Ll 'ol
c" i,'3 ;
l.l "J9 i,.;'1.
lll E.4 +9.7| !ul-e,r+. i! /l"il +,*"1 'rL/4 .lr]-.
i2) 'l]'Jdl
r.f+6N E +6,q, +Bol oJ:r'4lolEl i2t dTll Lrq..,ll eFlrl
I l-lil t;.,1, I li.l %.sd4l "lE+Ll. :t +! 'JElol
o-+.14.
ilr gl* sl :l:Bil zl zlb;lri ft C.:l ^J"l E'J'B"l1r+.

(t:rEl {'jol r}n, 7}4ol rlE} It By.el lleJol '3,q-;lEl.
E ftEtr qE
[f g+ 4!r v-2
.i3X ll ^l r]l=
_+_.llE /-.91 2l (push burton
crlg CFoolLl €IlE el Cts -9lxl +':
, PF.' rl g'E "-L 4,j -o' s.. -j switch) , dzl 2l C 7l (eler:tronugnetir: relay) , dul
"l€ 44 sllEld}: 'l oJolB4.
q r.l
d *zl (electromagnetic contactor) 4 elol "l (tlmer)
ql el6J aJ^l 1ld 5o-ol ?lr+.
+dC 5lr.-:- 1l€-o,l 7ilyi^l .+'*.1 "Jd6lq

Sgcro
ddol +ll+g +al7l 9l7l 'rlB.I. d7l HlEitl=-
ol€-cl l-d d EIE_g ol+ol =dTlq]l 9.lrl. E = trooot,
rlfl sl €u,+ +e E1 :j ;l:_ 7l
+dde tsq q6Jql 4ef e+;l E add,
iE.
I B^1, oJ--; oJ?l,)lelJ1! +Ll. LJrN
bdc 4 c,tl+lol g.lo4, zlzlel 5.c9 ++rl ,''l*el -s;-3 6J .'J € ql ,rlotl /l4l
= il+ f:il3l] ,.;r. +"J,rf 1 rilel
+:-l. 1t
Fts_ f tJol r,;rl .l _ l,l ,E;
6l= .+E {e g Tf rler+
>1. aEE, bdE "i cEE r.rolcl,'. r.o : -orel u_qlrf
a dd9 oll ole dd(make c6n11g1) ola| ;l {, rfnlMtir-r_ +o .:. 1920', r l: eLl
Tldlel 4,/i K. ittrilTl El+ r,ilel
r"id^lql= Sq 9l+ _lalLi €4 4q-q el+ql .J.a oJ rJ : rossuni s unitcmal rcbors.]
dJg +TlLl d7lzl"tr zlarlql d+= 54 3 gE'J olrN rjl,rl g 7l,zl4 qglrl
^.1
E +*.al"] dcol p;litl (oN) €EI iszla
'a'-+. -s €El.
^l
b 1Jd-,i tf sJloll .11d (brcak ,',,r,1uc1) ol/]-11_F_
-lq. tjd-^lql= P6l r+, g4 4 d E e,l+el
9.1_o-
el9 +4+ d/l 49-E zl dzl.ll C+= s4P, +

-E-6lqgzlll (O!'F) Elrl. itzl 'b'E s^l6JEl.
cdC9 a ild'l bdd.l +^lql 4F(rl+ d
d +=- ++) 6l= 1l o- +, ! + il d (chanse over
contact) olel 5Jq.. :j:E- zl- 'c'_E -S^l "Jrl.
Lf, +^l rilE "f Zll7l

+^l 4_=-:- +F iz+ zl-F +i dce=., z1
d+ isl,"- 7+ cltr -.-ql .J4 ol*qj1 9.lo
4, '] +.r= llH v-204 aEl.
ol a 1l1l€ 4-L:(button)g +rr-E ddol qltr itn
(oN)7f 5lI, +g ,tlltr Zltr(o!'F') d4_{ t_*=
=^l
+?4: dd"lrl .l bdce- 4=g +etr 7tl il Ell
_e(OF.F) zl qjl, +g Elltr +^l 4-e(ON) *Eg

++ldl-= dd"lr+.
_tr (b) b d+
dul Zl dzl (dzl Bglol)=
e{ql ,?"Jol ,JZ -:reJ v-20 +^l BjE.^+lile.l +r
4 ilr, qcl :rel zl5 ddtl nd dCstr'/
2 AEa 271
^{Ol
^Jqq ?lq
ol dZt Al d/l= T'l zl ig_oll d+zl gsE d
,<t^l ol EltrrJ 715 ?rJ=o +oJ;+--=ql, ol 41, a
dAg r"J v-2trl Aol ql +(ON) 7l !lr. bd

dg -lH v -22e1 lol 7IE(OFF) *Ll]7f liltf .
c ddg f eJ v -2311 aol, llzl i"Jol qzl

ral v-21 lrl 4lt7le a dE zl Fltr;/l5,Jd"l add+ +g-tr €a5l-,1, i
zlTl rlE, bdd+ +!-J. oJ?ol e,EJg= dd
ol LJ.
Tlzl ?j
+ 7l el Fdzl +l el :- 1l r.t 4l Tl zl e+ +zl
t, d4 FIJ-(r= il+= g4= Fls) el di+
zll 8l;lE d+71 "J;Jtl.
=-
d+zl ql:- A+ +eJol
= + 4+71(dq d
YJ)e+ d4 2l dTlel 'Jol d'". €-*"1 4:- ]Ji
ral v -22 l^f z tl7 E bEE dd(Cn d"j:a, bdC)€ +Foe 7l zlr 9.1
qlql 4
-= ?-F- 9"lri. l.eln + ddol E+;+-:
il .fl 71 4r dcE ?ol o.l*o_E 5zl"l2l grl .
d.1l d+7lel 'I+ +=-:- 1e] v -24s1 1!9-

4, -]'.1 +ql ?l:, gF ull llulel ts.} €l al= l
r-|]r rI Ji eJ v
-25 el +rl.
1ej v 25-.] (a) :- + Fll,el A+("1 a+=
qEl 3+) /l 4 4 ol ;f -e . ql el ,blEil Llt+
= =-
Llla 9]=4"tr .iidol !4l'\-'-t dENoltl.
re \i-23 C^f lll7le cEE
lg (b) :- + il ael CFzl C4 ol *9-!1 -e.
+ 4-?,e^J, "l A +-:- utolsl lt (bi-metal . 9-S
7t5 sx + 5d.l LIE --r #i9 Eq 5' a)ql e44
9]= i"J (61 El)ql r+tll+ d+7i -C-q HtolE EJol
rn ad c4 d +/r
q"l .l al €rl. i+el^1. _t_ 'J zI4= ++^l Z eE
I5 1l
'il71
(,l5 al?r ,{l d?"1 /lj,aoJ 1}Ell7} slc'l i Fli:_,o-l 1l -,rS
Tt{
€ts rldTl itEJ6tTll € rl".
I5 llal,l
+4s e4 rl. Eloltrl
tg r-24 nrl E+7le +-r
401'l+, d/l 4 !F-= Tlzl 40-e "Jqg +E
El 4 C Bl ol 4:}e! _d.41 Els= C 7l 4 !-
{l A + tle
^l 'J1
_a g.,lul 'J4l .+:- di=1 7lC AlTllloli-l.
Elol"l-:- r 531 gzlql
'rlzi rulr1 e1o1 "1,
d44l El-ol q, !lFo_.] ElolEi-E e+6J .,i. 9.lEl
It, E- zl ^JEllqj rlTl El,\l E-+ rj^l ++l d c
r+ +^l F+ 6J^l ++l tld.l 9.lr+.
+^l 5zl +^l +rl lldel 5+,", r++4 ,J
rf. +, ol q ololel a1lds "J4ol +q7.lE El
ol"lel €d
^l+ 4j+ + +4dl"l ,4li(oN) zl
El _1, oJ
4 ol gt 4 zl tr +^l 4 9L ++l6loJ /tl _+-
(oFF) 7l'!l='jcolLJ.
!F-, b d€3 "J4"1 iolzjH €-d ^l L+olElel
z ar+ + €:zl;lcq 4-+(oFr..) 7l Ela, .JEol
giq^lE i^l ul otr +rl;+oJ ql_q(oN) ^JEH r_
\r -25 gE 2lll7l (th€rnat rday)el E4f
El= A d.lr+, ?al
_ru; v 26e '+l^l Frl i^l ++l dcll l
4oJ il-F- (time LlElt _1golLl.
charr.) 5-
n, t,)'l 5lzl '€l^l 5-?l ddel 5,+,. ++rl,
€rl. dl E+ol'lel a 1l d-9, "J4ol +qrJe i^l _1Tlry-
Fzl6lq 4 tr (ON) 7l Fl j1. E q ol gi q ,'l tr Llol

oo-
"lel €€ ^la a'+ +ql grla}q 7ltr(oF.!.) 7t
atd
5t= ddqq. bdd

bdde .Jqol +qzltr +^l F+6lq /Ii fe v-26 -d^l +^l ++l EErf r El
(OFF) 71 51j1, oJ q ol flq zl H € d -i
^lrJ +ql "J ^lE
.+rl;1ol clE(oN) 71 9:- ddol'l
le/ v-zzg t^l F+ '+^l +71 ddj+ _1
El oJ ilE=- Ll4\ll _19 olrl.
ol4-J 4 ddE 7ln= +6J;lq s^l6lH _1
e v 28'l eq
D +€E A+
H}s-_i,tl tgel "JB-q ^lal dlol Eltr= Cil lel \i 4^ -Erl 6l^l -tlrl Fr
-t7 ^l^lnt -
+dd El-EElqq zla 9.1= +^Jlolrl. +dd sl g
^fE
bEd
Srcr{8v 6 ad€
'- http //ww14'.drcam\4'iz.corrl/nasih

: +^l tslE ,J
---o-o- - T
I
--ola-
oo-
I
+lel g ^l.lE= ++6l.0,1 46 :1
9l:lel ++el +ri ar^l-lJ !t7|. d7f nld/l !o- o
o ^ 9- --ap
=' Y
-tel
j!, +€ :lF!7lE 1lC7l,"l + T
+el +a:. 9+H 4. d4 d+71 ,, il

rFy --J,L Y
F4
:l
:l
"J^l
ir^l +? -* d
T
o:
--4 0
+^l +rl ?'
9t; 4dzl ---O O- 6f

T
reJ \i 28 olal 7l^l EE 7 E

(F=qI a ]E] qe)
_Eql ol€-El= +,q BJ'!.ll izl= ttolgSel E
zjzl rrl t +dll Fl!'.+ Itl F;ol 9].tl.
I ql-+^l _lj.zJ zl:E]ql el6J ON-OFir il,qoll
tll611 glolllzl.
(4d71 qe,) leJ v 29 (a)ql^l= ";q cn dc A7l oNg
(a) oN 9-a tr dll oll Tl+ 1"= '1'-",1 .tlrl (_k-€FJ dql)E rl
b 5c^l 4l E d zlaEJ 7l I55l 4, 73 al El c+
I"zt 5-;-l z.l + R9r 56lol !-rr-41 5.11l-.
-1ts v-29e1 (b) ql

=
Ptvl ^l= ',lq dn dC azf
OFFtlol nqlola d rar 1"- 'O'oJ
9.1_o_
tr__4, -ii^lql
4 al-F= c+ 1.5r '0'ol :Jrf.
(,E,q4zl:El !lg) olel *ol tsllol c+=- g44l+ gal;<l^ -e*€
_o, a4l Tldlrlql "JdsJ zJ dJ Rql c+=- +ib-l

OFF l^ 4 Ll zlEJ;+= 4 "l .l ( d d ) g.l ol 7l-:.6lrl
g. el
R. dzlrl ,41 czlsl 411 d€-, a44l 2l dTlql^l

EIE(i-tl)ei qE(d?)/t sld6l
= "Jq =q
59j, tflqq 9loLl, ol FlJ.el a+ EdzlaEl
( ?11! 7l !l_e) oJE alqel il -+-71 olEltll=- +r'F9-C 6l
ilE = =4
(b) oFF
tal V -E Ee.UlÊle[ 4lIrl9 o.lSF
r *q.
tr-, dzl4l zldzlql4= OI.'F .brEIoJ "llql +.1
d+ 1"= eJd;lil oJ (0)ol 9xl"J, _rj-dzlaEl "J
El4= a+4 E Fr€ CFzl €rl oJrl,.
!r d C --- tl i4= a+L+ el i,N 7l zl (package) *
"ll 11 4i+^14 ^lrJ6ln 9.1= :rzl7t 919q, _1
El qll'-:- TTL (transistor-transistor logic) 74LS125
= = + or4. ol IUel .ll+ 7ln= _le V 30 r23!irit

(a) el +r, zl 7lH3 (b) el- arl. leJ (a) q .Ii
-E- (a) ql -Y- 7ln
lrle+ gol ol az| {iolli 4 /llel P}-E- ill r-
= 2l€- rlld'6} j1 ol rc +q= --h- el 1a
91 9.ltl. T
n^161i'' lq 47l] 501 9]4
tsrt zuH_.i -la; (b) ql^l !,- Hlel ?ol +1 CI 'tg "J + slr+.
.l '0'9 dEllzl ElE. !l+_q ioJq d+z| grl (b) 5+ llHF.
9lql *= ,lF dcg +Sl.-lq r,{ €)e} :4 a3jol v -30 HJ.E^ll agilE ql04LS125)
5:F ^JEi e $r|. ol 1e;g Lilzl ++el llH -,or
€,.8 6lll +l pl a _o_J. q j-ql ol qd J_gol =JoJ

9.lzl= -q++q +elduol 6J4
El_iql ,4l+6'l:- il 4 Els=- qllrJ lczl
=4
+=rl. lal v 31r+ eol ANr), oR. NOl',e. i6J oRe4 l:,1
I =4 EIE€- Ll zlrJ rc=- ^ls6lq +d ^l7lE
L ; v -32e1 +ol +lrl.
NOT i7f
=il
.ral v-31 tsal il-+g ql
B.
C.
v -32 d= E4 r4rc)€ olgfl j]fl r -31e1 bal 6lE +d
ol _lflrl:- 3 7l] el IC (AND, OR, NOT

v -32oll
i4) ^l€-610l E4 El-a= +^d6lg=rll, 4
= 4z[e1 54 E)e rfq 6J 4]4le-l
izl +el +, ],
4 EIE"J ^l€-;lr Llq4 ii,E=_,o_ ^l€-alzl g
il qss Bl a4lulolj1, d4l dlEeJq ^Jql^15 feJ v -s r\oT b4 qeel Ml,D bal
g€,s+ zl-zl= Y+ol ilzl;-lal sJrl. iltr
=71
$ql
144 ol4=d NAND+ NOR 4ltrel

"J E-+tl
2 275
^131 ^{01
_o__E zlEl;J + g]El,H ull+ a 4 zl oJ a ol 4.
g{d*/-x=A
-4-f1t\ B dJe + 9l:- olE4 =z= r++4 aq.
fi 7[. NOT qa"E HJ6J

qeq MND
B
a=4.3-n g x:Aq =44g q€-'l ?ol ^J4C + gltt
fi x: A : (.\.B) (v -1)
+, Ael i-dg- Ael A.ei NAI\JD +4 2l-q il+l
g+ "JEl ol=- f{oE _c€6}tr :13 v_33
tl, Zol gri.
.tg v -34 AtD tsal nltrel NAl\lD Eal
ilB '=71 HJsi
Lf. AND El-trel NAND Eltrtrq HJEJ
x:A.Bel 49 .18z16lzl. ol 49 E Be
=zl
-4-{--:\ X=A+B
zJ (Der M0rsan) _"1 Srlql _ql6ll rl-:,4 +ol HEJEJ
4,)- + ?l.rl
0 x: m (v -2)
ol .l_o-g_+El Ael Bel AND +ul 2l= Ae+ Bel
NAIID ilel *dg-c ZlEJeJ ol€- i- iltl. :l
=4
g _o_9_ jrC;-lE _t ev
34e+ Aol +lrl.
fr
cf. oR EleE NAND Eleeel HJEJ
x:A+Rel Eel4g ^J z16lzl. ol 4E E B=

7Jel d/lql elall El€-!l ?ol ETJEJ.- 9lLl.
:leJ v-35 OR Eal qeg
E1e €i7f ElEt
MND Eal
x:(FE): (m) (v -3)
ol t,e.eir] Ae+ rJel oR E4 il= Ae+ Bel
C
NAND +al 7l e zl+!€- + tl. ol= leJsE E
9J,
€.}tr r"J v -35e1 eol EJrl.

B olel ?=-3. 3zl_+_ 1H V 32= NANr) :tzll'J
o,q +cq= 54 qtrq El+tr, f4J v _36e1
t ol EJ L+.
NANr)(5= NOR)= ol oJ 3;Fsl izl'+o

=-,
-" AND, OR, NOT 4 NOR(I[:- NAND) i.llel
:lal V-36 fal V-32e1 Eal nleg 7l:'g rtl c6J + 9lrl "il=.ql. NAND "j NOR jr
NAND qE 57I HJiI
zl-=- "Jts ts4 izl.+ +=zlE 6Jti.
g# 4ill V-l I Eq sleq Ezi(ss 17tt=, ia ^t7J:4^t7J)
1. AND, OR, NOT nle€- €.t6J + 9.lEi.

2. NAND, NoR 9.q= €B"J + 9l+.
1. TTI, ..L 4 iA} (AND, OR, NOT, NANT],

\oR), 7l+ 4+, B
2. DC {lg ++71 (5 tvl ) 8tl
3. Lldl ol,E- 8 .ll
4. El _+ 7l 841
^le
rL
el .c -- .l dor- .n
Lrt 5t
5. , Ef Lar J!JO 6l_ !llj:
J I
1.
^l+€ d^l Elsql
rJ-dJ dlllel ++
=el
2.71:'6ll elFl t-4 El-eel -.=+el 4+ E-4
Ele=q
='el.l ral V -37 E4 ilE
1
=4 :L4el 4al A?^l +e.l q!o}tr-q +el
2. -Jg €*_o_.F_ g};rlol gzl ?*E+ +el ! \ _r olEel rl:lr
l--E=T^-
r-
1. El v -37r+ eg
_]. €e el s= +^d dJrl.
2. 4 oJ4ql ql+
=49
tdal€ rli- ;+S.
dl"l €-El.
4J
3. +l+ i^l 2 el ?!lF-+El 4 irzlg E4

jlBg "J6ln, eJ/br 6tl 94.
=el4l9
tE 'il
L A,\D.0R, NOT slr.=- ggiJ : el:'l? ts 0
ol6l|
2. ),lAND, NOR Eleg €B g + 9,=711 B C
1. €B 4e= 4+dl +c* i 9]-:.71? B (l

.J
2. 4 "ll
El6J +aniol anl6J7l.1 B c
=qel
2 i'E^ Ilol
(D 7)+
^lg^ slEE ++
E += ^f= EEJ aE
HF zlts ^l€."1 El L'll++el 7l2l= ql4 +Fd
oe5: 3zl+ + 9.lE+ rldl 9ler4,
^lflj:F_=
_r_il v -3811 ar+.
1eJ v 38el A7l zl-E- E:' ?--F dE! a9l
^l
olLl. +F_o_9' -rE its jr9l zl Bql el ;'ll X ?g
ol oJ zlsJrl. zl+"J a+= d= d3 R_",1 -E-zlql
4el i"J r/l oJ4qZL+ q4qzl ?}=rl.
ral ! -38 +5 rf5 EEJ -tr
xpl ff^l ae
-l
-1'; V 39= zlTl +7.1 glE=- LIEILJ a q r.,
l:91 ;l ON-"1 tlsTl sol_SE (rll_t_ : set) ,(l ill
=
4ql eldl +41 !l +_5 El= rlg, illtr dn=. 4l
.,l6lqE Fdzl3- ?l+ dJrrl, ts^lql 4I (reset) d
F-(:+l il oFIr= h;r) +.1.+9tr41 ++ldl=
."1
7l
=
slg= "J6Jt} ol alE:- rll e {sz} sole,+3-g
7)
7l I ,*r+ir 6t zlTl 7l q !l -q4rE 6f Ll.
^l
E da E4f +fi qe
fcJ v -40= tlsJ F1t +d gl-q=- u] rllla
9ltl . ol nls:- o; q ol Rl zl 5-qt 1/l.1 -?il ts
+o+= 3l?oltl. ++l :'3i5J tlrlluJ
=.1
qE=- ilrJ6l .4 F+g ;]al x-;}al El.:-rl. =-"1
ol nl i-.-= Tlts7lel 3 q +C Ele E 7l= rll
a+ zl^l=' qtr 5.ql ol+51-:- +96J El!r_ olr+.
:., "J4 :€1 ,?1 A. R +"ll +al;lq -F.l+ il
4l rll*;J Al4zlzl ,C zJ q zlsl dl ilUl ilsql 9.1
-:- g oFF^l 4 dlrll rll d 7l el *ls -Fzl

bdd o:l
^lzrl. lr] Eg ol EIES +"1 ElE. IE-:- oJEl

ral v-40 d-d E4r +c de
5 (intcrlock) !]tralAE 6JL+.
G qe
=^f =^t
+il €;rl EltreJ, zl9 q_e=- sdJdlq d9.l
+otr+El o;qol +:l-4_o-g- /lol Ll
=ol =4ol
_9-rll 9:- ilE€- "J+El.
-lH v -41e 3 /l el izl ^91,1€ ',1:- iil

-Fzl FlEolr, .Jq dd BLI C7l Bxl E +;dE
.+€ + tl_o_"1, Hl.^l dd A, B, C_",1 t
=E.l
o g Fdz1al ol 7_+ +'4 x^, x", x,,71 'tg + t/l
$+. re v -41 +^l :=+ ie
E El^l EAt t^l +fl Atr
Ig V -42 ol
s -eF L+EI-"J g .J rJl, ol
=ezl -Fzl(oN) -1
-lgql^l dd 6lE Eloltrl TLRqI
C+71 ol47l !,lr+. Eloltrlel d C TLR 4
.rLR:- =+l
€cEJ ^laol a'lslqol 5l4;l-4 €rt
-:;, €49 A Cql= C-.- RLol e5,t-Eln dE
^l
cle- itsgi1, €e ^l,J +q= dF clg dF
qr Rr,g i-E-r.lq. :ral \i_42 -d^l E4f t^l +i Ele
IE, 'J 4 d 4 Azl oFFIE 4olEl TLRoI i4
qq, E= dd-:, +?16}4 EJrl.
[gen',
,\lo l.ts l (cybors)
rl (Ni{) qelel +++, + .rl+ Fg jn4l+ /la 'J ?} (1t8.^.1"1).
i+
d 5.rl TlZl llzl_q e"Jnl= !i6Jrl. cyberneticrl organisnrel ri B6l€.l'Jddlq UJg- Eol+. olll
=t+(ffi€A)r T4q= q.5-(*e).9+(*+) 5- d.ll 7l; rll6J (+t$P.E'n'gitl i) r-*q ?l]'g,El9ts
q,.J* .}l+ 6l-fltc 6J6llzl1 9lE+.
"J= "Jtg_e rl=Jr+ q:eg €E}g' 6J s_*.o s!= i g,l ]Jra+, rl"Je +.tlB ri fl+. .J+
5-!s d46ln ++61j1 iqll :-jlllE dle;171E ;1= '7115llql A+!l'71 7lJ+slr-_ 9l_o.Ll. QlAel
^13 +Eg
ql;J 6l]-. 7l4l (r'J+E]).s oJ
'Jel !=-
Ellil+Ll: ae €34ss 37Fr+ a9_.e .4zil
n 9.1El.
2. Al34 rll0l 279

!* 4i1l \i-2 | FEE 7tE iteq +d(s"J 17t{8, re ^PJ:2^l?J)
1. iizl F+ 3'l ?= €-Bg + g.ll+.

2. ElolEl ile€- €EJ6J + 9lrl.
t4^=a'|l
1. T-^l tslE l;1:l (a dd) 8zll, +^l 4.=- 191,1
(b'Jd) 8 ill
Z. ;-,alF(44. +rl, +.4), {z} rJllzl z}z} 8zN
3. Elol "l (6J^l 5zl + ^l +fl e ) 8 ,,I ral v -43 t^f -EAt E e
f"J,inn )
^ld] 4lqql ,llol dl_sql= +tld rlF-el +81

ol,3-51= 5l 9.1.o_El, -ftdd
"71
_e. izlql= czl zl dTlel ,3-B €r,l El q"l 5ol ol+sJLl.
1. €tl€ +*d 9- .4q-:- +el}l-.- /-71 9.1

o-.rr,q edq +el,-Jtl.
2. Ll ,'l El el i +4 t+el :J Ll.
1. _-19 v -43rl aol €,ql Fltr= -7!6Jrl.

2. ji^l :,, L.r9l €ol ;lrl ?l-I^l-:- ,>l_L +^l 4=€- E
if ol 6l .71 ?
=qg4l
" *. $[
3.;i^l-E La9l €-ol 5q_Sil -lrl +l;jl^J-:- q}-_ +^l 4F9
of Bl=zl '/
4. g^l--- Lc4l i-o1 9l6I^J= q_-. +,\l 4+:9
=ol_94;l7l rg \i 44 Elo q qe
ol ;l=71 ?
5. -le v -44e1 A"l de ele€ 7C6JE}.
6. +^l 4ts.9 i= + E iql dl, ;i^l!o'ol i4l=71 ?
t E lr I
L ii:l+1I rl +,-=i 9] i -:71 ? c

oldl|
2. 4ol,rl dl r,S- E i 9l:-7f ? c
1 r+rll E.,lrlEa ^l€ Elr.5 ailg i 9]:71 ? c

(3)
Îfl ^ ** I _s
Il ZJ"J-d 3Lr'3E dETl Ed EIE
.lH v A++ 3tf -fi,F- d5zl el 3-d

45=
EIE=- Ll4t aqEl lBq^J (.)= €41 adE
€ l+.^l€l 4olrr- (b)= ^1fl,- slgEolLl.
7lF "j^l= El+!+ erl
O + ol ri_ -^ 9l .il ts oJ dJL'}.
=-
O PBION a9^l= +_esl rlzl d+71 MCzl
q49q MCq a dd (Ha d d)ol oNsldl zlTl
+zl= ^l7ll 4Î-.-q 4d4 lr^lql, Azl d+
zl i ddol ONqq +E 4snzJzl zlF€4 ol t&l l
;PB/oFF
r], MCel bTld:- OFF' "JEItr qq +-^4EC- 4
KS MC!
:--'1
zizl €rl. tlu ,fbfi ^lMc.
€) +d + 4+;l7l ae(rld+71 5=) "tlql:- MC Fti 1
gF 2l dzl THR-1 IL= THR 271 oFF CqlE

tTt
LTf{ , ]rxn z
w 6 9(
ti"^l-
qq rlzl d+71 MCT} izlqrl dFzl:- Calo+ lTi"l ts)
l#l
(9
4' 84. (b) 4{4 tl eE
cZl6ljlzl ;J rI= PBIOFF :2.g:l= is

@ ffl v-45 3A 3E IETI ed Ele
tr dul d+zl MCT} i4qq +E dtzlTl C

zl ElEl.
lJ Y+ dJ+ v_10
U dE2lel 913 EC EIE :.9 v -45e1 7l_€ €oJ
: il d€] E^l
-lJ v-46e dFrl Sd g-+-
Sla(inching) R, S,
NICB
T
: dl
3
d+ ilEJTl (Molded Case Cir-

E +Eld aolEl. .Ja edole+ 6J+ Eli ^la cLLil Breaker)
F.JE +dC "J6lq, lld 7l7lE sld B6Jg KS : Llol-rr- l9:l (Knife Switch)
q.J6l4+ F : +4 (Fuse)
ol+€+.
^le Sdg "l
EJ
MC : d4 d +71 Uagnetic Contactor)
dFzlg Eld lil-6Jg i.loJ6tn dC "l(.Ja €. THR: g+ ildzl (Thermal Relay)
"ll) SIA 5+g 61711 6t= .fl il

de=- g6J pB IM : +E d5'71 (lnduction Motrrr)
PBIOFF: bdde +^l Hls
-lg +eE 191;l PB-2= PB-1j]l €F(€a PBloN: a ddB i-^l tslE
llol *:^ldl E4-Jrslq "Jgg_g, PB-l+ +..r. GL: +uq5. (Green Lamp)
RL :
n 9l]--- tt Ft"J dzl d+71 MCTI- €zl-9"1 .4
4 5r (Red Lamp)
2 AE,.' 4ol 281

rlFll Mol Fld6ll]l €q. ol 41, dts7lel +d
oJ6J-9- q.J+El.
d:14.J -t-dg ;-li1zl 6J4lql= PBloN ^9
^l= igE !iI, zl6[nz] 6J
"ll= PB,/OFF a
?or
9l :.l=- ieE EJL+.
B dETlel d'q 4q 4e
,74 v 47'?, rl*Tl d.q .4llol el,q,?^1, d
63 zl +c ElsS- ol+6J aolr9, -Fzl +/.J:-
Fd
E++rl ?t+.
Gl F-ST=- iqE ?oJ
44C zl5;* a9lol
reJ \i-46 l.=7lel Ed Ed ale
F-MC;/l olzl9ol F M0el b'jH-P, OFF'Elq
gEld Eltr+-,1 =ld6ll, Cz[ d+71 + ddol
oNqq d+/l: dil Tl6Jrl. 3.rl 64lF dl,"rel
B"J+ +ot r-l qglc+ R-S1' ^91 7l= E-rlE ol4 ioJ R-
THRoI qg4 €^l +l^l
MC:-ojzl /l 94 ,e+:-Ll.
dE 7l -gd'l trlljlEl:' ,.1?r, d-{
(?,r qElC^l /l4E Az.l+ a9l il STP(oFF)=-
oll i- .J d: THRq .! illlol 9rl
.E EJ
C ?'l^lz :-71^l a LJ--q"ll 9 rl 1l /l++ a:
rJ
+E olq ,J:-,.1 .il= zl R tJt[.
= +.cE
TrrRel 6J
Lc erl
9l ST (oN)
4 rl9l rl olollL..].
lElY+ 6J+ v 11
rg \'-47e1 7lE €g
F. \rcl : il+ c,l 1l+71
?j riJ 6J Fl
R l,lc:
EBJ6J" tlll+ C! ?i+/l
SrP (oFF) : d "l€ +^l Hl+'.
Ir sT (o\) : ,j 1ll6J 71ts+ +rl dl :-
R 51 (oN) : 'l'Jtl 715+ +^l 4=
tal \i -47 lEiT g €.s] 4lq qe

3Y / 7lE ae
qle 3tl +E d5zl= C4 d+ '^l4l7l
g"J olLl al 7l+ +rJql= 9 zl d 4 .l 0ol 7l Ell =
E ll?+ +r v-a
.ll rl+ L? /15 d+7f p-Erl. Y-,J /l+Bg /l
eEEET19 TlEg
5^l"ll= Yd1l.9- +9tr4 d57lE 6J .ilql A rl+?l ffqlrl +++ 4+g e]-ad]
4:- dg,g .*+q d+€ zlTil nlq 7l-F6l
715 .i +F_+]+7lel TlFHsl ++q= "l
jL, 7J+ + 4+71 ,{+ql qTldq.l cz^J d sl z)ol 9l o ul
z+
=+ee
o.l sl =
dJol}]-rl.
il d+71 zl4 aqil "ll Yadql^l /A.ja
EJ Col 9l:-xl
-e Ats7lel A_+lg tsl+q += 71.FHol+.

-L? v -489 ol al+ Fdzlol zlFdzl g-+. ol+
olzlzl ;|E q_qEolq, F4 f,^l= q+
^l?1.
jrl +4.
lr]v+ 6rr+ v 12
G) 4ol--r :9;l KS= F'J++.

O +^l 4= PBloN ,-9lil= ieB, tr= g
rA v -48e1 zle €g
Al ol 471 q 49 q /l7l +Zl€ 4 5^l ql Elol trl
7l€+ +^l tsl=
r,ts/ol.'r':
PBloN : tal+ +^l 4=
qE 9 Y / 6JE)+ EIE +ql c+l"l +?qq 52 1: YAC+ Cil d+71
Etoltrl T7l TlFEJrl. Ez-z: / 4i+ dzl B+71
CL: dzl ji^l€- e44F
G) YAa:l+ d4 B+71 52-1ol $z|=lol r?E
oL: 715 +oJg ri^l;l= o,tsl,l4l-E-
dFll= YadsE zlFol ^l49tf. RL:C*tds^l+zl4!5
@ 4"lol rql €dg ^laol 7d4Eltr Elol'rl 4: ]ri g +l.l
T : 4olEl
I bdd ?ai- oFF, dd 7,= oNqr / ad+
d4 d+7] 52-271 q4901 y?-4lql^l /a-.il
d_+. adol Hl{+(d^J ed
"JEI ) .
at .l "]l, E_lol"l slE ?el 52
-2b dd-3- oFFqq 4olq=

q ol+ F4l6lxl *=tl
@ /j ;<l.'l7l €l.i^J= PBIOFF
= tseEl
-}-9.i.l
@ ji^lFg dFzlzl 3zl-rl

ql= 54-F"l ?5-qa, Ya-+l
or. zl-F +ql= g{zl4lFol,
rg v -48 Y-l 7lE nle
2 {l0l 283
Ê,|.
€* Cd 7d=ql:- zl^rlFol dFEJ+.
["Jgn.t E ElolDl= olgel C57lel HJ+ Ed

E3 FlI ( IFFfiS)
olrtlg _rg v -49= Elolq= ol€-+ 1l57iel
o Jel --,1 <l 9.9 n ,! .l-tl 'Lr_
7l+. E!+ +C sils= E^ldl aol4.
oJ,Jel risl 4++ :] 1l Lliq il ol EIE:- zl-F l:+l :l PBlONg .r!r_tr, dt.zl
rl'l,r f i-o 91 -ril, . l', tt'91
zltsrl .l Elol "l 'lLR I ql €- A 5J ^lA 5.J +
I l, '_6,r "l .r :r ,.'r r -l i rl ;-o' = rlzl .lal-r1,
?.u. ^lb-,i E q *el +1 r+. * q .! ;l dsl d :L LJ ol .'l TLR-2"11 d d g ^l
e -,'l.l rl*. sl",.l +.1 rld. " d d +".1 C zl"ll ilrl7l rl^l +{19 Fl+6}= sls
st.. a 7l oJ 7l . €+ Lr rl
olrl, {zl.rlzlzl 9lall^l= 3^l+ +^l 4E PBl
=ol el : J
gr6- ' rlj .l : ulrl.,
"-
I, ol + +61 E+ojl ,l1'lzl e+ d-q oFF:- +rr_E 5Jr+.
.-l J -'- J .r 6l + ; 'd iolLl. dl -::
jjoJ,/lel
!'=9 dnl:- dr.el
=II,
+r.l_3 l:_ ,l :_ . e ',rl.l , ;_
.lll il rl.
=
lLr y+ 6J+ r 13
ra \'-499 2le €g
: 715+ d." grllol
s'r'R
TLR 1: 3-t ^1,J3 €d;l:- rlolq
TLR 2: d zl6rd 9]=
^l,Jg €d;l=
t+olnl rfl v-49 d57l "J+ El Ele
ALIX R:U:r grl6l
'l 1E^ll
1. add"'l bdd 4 cddq lg zl:d= -14-7, zB;lrl €B6l+.
2. dzl 2ldTlel +iS lr-ljt, t+ql rll dll €€;le+.
3. 9F; 2l CzleJ ++ qgg 6l:- rldzl'.I7t?
4, ElolEl ol ++= 44ql Ei;ll €96++.
=,7
5, +dd ^lan 3ls+ olEl+ izlEg- ol+* ^1fl1 !lF-.J71?
o, 7l7l +^1 eltr= -r4-a, 5l4ql 46ll €B;leI.
7. *-€ 3t +E dF/lel 7l+ql^l Y-l Tl*.ol gs6J q+€ €8314.
E:l .J4 "l -4= eE z+El 3€. rllolaf =gfP a+El= rllo.l7le.'l 013-d rl5 rl 0]= EJ
A+E]E rlE xl qql 013617 ?l6H^l: A/D .; D/A ZHlElel

=d oJElnll014 (nterface)
3il7l trf.
=g
'Jgdf
E .Jflo ^l= Z+Elel 7lE +a A/D .f
D/A Zs]E], d^ rllol
^
13 z+El (prc)oll
aJ:"J
^
4g sllEoe,ql 0 eJ rl Gl arrl= EAf d
+otL^l ez 339 + ?lcf .
(1) 4l"l* ?frJ9 +C

illq€- +r-:- H+ ,J+Elel ul+dlLl
?+El_o,l r y+ 6.r+ \ 14
+E 1}ile+El cnel +.aF]+3 g'J6l -o=f7l a+Elcl?

9l,{} 1} 2l /} oJ.qo}q. I +^J[= ]eJ ! itrr, rurrr 'r, tl- .l.l ,'1 9
v 504 *rt. =E-l I : o' -r r, n.r pu er ,-r ,l =--" +
-rrrl ..o.r,l ,'r'el : I r."
.tlq+ a+rlel H+ a+El ^lolel itol= ''.1 -L'1 , :;--Ll I Llo' Iil
=
4lq+ ?+El= zl 4l r;-9 4'd 4lol;+: *i(+ €. ",!;l: 'tt.l9lll. 1ifLl.€41:1l
'r r-prel I " I I lo' .J J. l .l
*, zl "J! Ll] ) ql € il 51 7l rql5-"ll --oE, :;E "t ol r lJdl +i6J,J+14,i6J;l1l"=
c-tr----el +9,1 +lzJ"ll rcrlq H ; 91.r,_:| tzll \l? .'"3:o1.. l-'l ;q3
slolo} all, el+-o] trl zlEJ Cq e ol'3,e1 d llt;|:- 'l!i+ 9.qLl :l.11, /.}r,', 'l
5.Ff E.F I ?1,:i 4lq eoForl ol J 7l
-oF i aPI zl 9l;-f € D,zl (clicitaL input) , D/o ,l ,l rJ6l lrl E+.
LN
(digital output) , A/D A 4 t.l (analog to digital
Ll -zlEl .1 6
ol-Jgr il -6-
rg v-50 r1lo1g a+E19 ?dE
3. d+Fl 33 i10i 285

converter) "f I)/A aHlEl (rlirjit,al t,o anaLog con-
f-i E+ djd v 15
rerlert '| fHl rlq o;qoF el rl.
ROMlrf RAI\il 4l.l+ Aq,rElq +d5J +q=3- Xcl6}E rl,3-
1. E(RONI) : Ee /l+El ^l:.'3* rl 'Jrl.
oJ4=rll rl {d.L ,uq -.+ 1r,rl 59" (r)€oJ ;l zl elil (CPU : central ploccssing
{ellq *41 oe '19;+:. "I.i.lrl
,rl rl^j Ee /lq *,lel rll€.9 9l
unit) : ol +€-g sl a-.j r--9 ql dl EJ;J=
.'lY! i+rr. 7l E 5l ql *9 !l+"1 * ah.,-(rJlolFl: data)5 ;ll.l, alzl6l-I. "l-o,-+-
*61 .11
^J,
9.+ 91rl.
;"1 I.l+e '1, !r'ldl ,'J\. =
7l';-9- 7] ?.lI 9ltl.
=, "l +-Bg "Jtg :iJ,
,4 i.rl :- Yr"6- -J,d )'l "J;+: Et ilil. ll q-.= ilE.l6l= 4lq tzltr
i-l .,"l ',re ,'l '- ""r x€ Ll-r--q i{lr}.
€ -ftll-a.Ji-rl. (r) i zl 9 +il . Ell dl I
FJ zJ 'dl6l= 6i"lg.rl,
2. zJ'R\\' r9. r-r r-r'l ..tr j
:i 'l, .l .l i.:,i. .d Ji. RO\I'+ RAN1 ol ?l rl.
.i. 9.1: /lel qlillji /lel rlj:el I (tr) -H:r 7l a, trl;l (auilliary memory unit) . al
,lo ,'rfr ll,l _,1 rr;rE
.€:-?lq ,,J il
E rJlL(hard rlisr:) ul tlar (Iloppl'
'.]el ^l+EJLl. =-Citl
{l€.rl 4 .42j=ql e+ -s ri!olL} L.l disc) el t3 el+-ql 7l q *:19 ,H,,;- /l sl il il
ol. ,- s i ,.- 'l. l ,.ij ,. el +tl. ol B7; 9 t"l= + 7l ql 1t all|tl
71
lJ ;'!ol ililElfl 7l"Jl.l LH+ol
, -1 I"l I'. et rr tr,l+l +r.ltol r]] EJ6l L7l 4Eoll 1ttsrel zl d H-*'l4l ol
ql 8-9 H,+;f .: r,r, .r ?l ol il iloll sYlrf
'3 .
4 t;I +q + +rl. (e) "J4 *zl : d+ril /l oJzl6J + 9.1-! t]_q,+:

'0'r+ 1" +. d7l 4e_c 0 tvl rE= 5[!] al ! zll-ol
trl+olEl. .J rj *^l: TllLr: -_o. '- "J€ !1. +:
r_,t v+ aJ+ \r 16 d_q= rJ iirj L]]ql oJ?j^l7l= :lzl= EJ6Jrl.
(") ?4 Zr;l : oJtol oJ zl .J ri il:- tl!-=
T lei EaJel 'J+l
dltr(1 br)
Ht+q dzl= "J;f4, CRlfuathrxle
1 :
=i,J^l7l-
0olll I. II-]J on, offel laE r:r.r, Lube) :a El E il
=' =
i' 9.1Ll'.
l HlolE(] b\4e) : 8 /l]el ^l + E}i: 0, 1
D/I "l D/O *"1
(H) : el,?el tl zlr:- {i=.
fl:-t on. olf 8 trll:
j ZtrblolE0 KB) :
Elol=ol4Ll qllllll= *,'lsî, 1l+r.l -= ol+6J
trlol!' zllol
tsql 8-€.lJL+.
1024
= 1000
^13-
1 4l7lb foltr (1 rvB) :
(^) A/D Z4El "l D/A rl dl El : el5 -el ol-yltr
1.048,576 ,rl t 'rl"l!
_I dn=- r';+rl/l oJ/l6J + ?]: Ll zl'l +lde
--
1 TlTlBple (1 GB) :
1.073.741.824
= r0 rf ulolE tst+,= d zl+ A/I) a4Elrl 6lI, ?+EJ Llloll^J
j AlafHlo tr(j TB)
i.l rl € dn=. q
^l olLJEl 1l !-_lt crJ;+q el
:
1.099,5i 1,627.776
= 1,i:
rJfo i.
+g. l-il!-'ll. dil= D/A A'dJElrl 6,Jq. A+El
E/'J el +.el 7l Al= 4l ol ;+:- Llli. .J9l rl € "J e]
r)/r 4 D/o *"1 :E-:-AlD e4El 4 D/A a4
r,J 71 9loloi 6Jrl.
(o) nel qrlg 4lE. ol *_L-] .tl

olg-F-r 4l
n-:- leJ 1i -51 la)c| tol ^lzq Hilql 4el 15
ql+4o._+ HF+dl,= 5el 491 g'ol_rt, rl 1l Ej ,tl
:10
s= -lcJ V 51 lb)el 'Jol q tr d-a= -r.Bol

+: Fl +zl E4l s^l6J Jlg yl"JL+. ol .J_al .J 12:l .l 'lrlltl
s7l .J+491 rJl I};l .q qzlEJ da= g.J+4 (a)oliler
(ol c .<l ) ol rl,.
zltql .l +EloJ e"+rJ E+=_ .lltr I r"l il B ;l ^l t v

E, +'Jirl t+ 4? trl zlEj4oJ EJ.lql el6J Zl I 3.0
1}olq. /llt/l:- olr-J_qlll ql zli! EJ^l olLl. 4.5
?+Elel ttol el^l-+ i!-;+rl +16ll?.1= 5.x

tqTl €,c-.11i. ol ag +el7l ul+ ^lflrl rIFl
5- 617l +1.-ll^l €qzl.: qlolTl 'Js6J ,lrl +^l
al+. ?+EJ 9ldl_ql 3.-+= r]] FI6l y+gLl 5* (b) Et'l.l +t.i
?/l ol+q= glqi-: FORTRAN, coBol, o-t ra v s1 olge:r {]Eef trlr

=
tlE E^l
ol, BASIC 9-l ASSEMr.u.y ?lq tsol 9.1-:-rl, F'OR
TRANe ++l el +El AlC.ll, COBOt,g ^l"r zl rl rEe6J+f17

€-qi, C Iq, BASIC TT= ASSEMBLYq= 4Iq
ql g.l a#El 90.1
^l€-{q. BASIC: ":€ol 7l7ll ritF:ql 1 : ti-
(mappirlj) 5l] 4i= Al c'l +- +
^l1l
4ql 4e+/.l rr.glol a3ge154 O
q= El *61!-, e+71 9l=nl, 61 4l
(2) ,J+q ++ 4loialE +/d ql 7lI ol 51ts 9ol
C €4: r'lr- g (Ben) "J+-l: el I).N{
RircheTl /lg6J .r.l1Lil 7l+ (;ci&)
Il nlEE Elolzloll^lol Ll^l= z+El.el tq, tj+oJrJ!+:tEtr9llol 7l]'g +
=€i
q zlEJ ? +rrEl= rl_r,_p! 4lolql +€_6171 g 6li^.1
.-.,-e-l*-9- 7l?lq Brdql zlzle
re
= tsle+ îlq+ A+Fjq +CEql^l I
v-50-q +€ o +. zl d /l€*] + tl n. Ei=
/lFql .14.1 aL+.
.E_e 1rJ
Aol A/D aqrJ 4 D/A atslEJTl plr.
= ASSEMBLY: *d3 7ln- gldl€ ^l+
^l ?lolol 614, ol a rllEJ=3=_ 561c4 ?+El= alq 4ld q! e_d:rg g 7l4lol + F]
1.1;_l! 6e 9l!d5l-,2
el+e+ d-a 4 ql olr.l=- +r*=rl.
3. e+El aa r{ol 287

dul+ ul d /l+el +E zllol+ a+/l (rf4
rj. governer) E :d-4+El g.l ol E/l ol
="lq
+rr a 9l o Ll-. j.l+ # qrl ,l+-"1 t rl rt rlBd
rl /l € 4 714 Ll7l g5l ol
^l+ _r $E7l +
7l] ol
ol]<ll glrl. q7l^J= ol rlzl Ej4l 71 4 Ll-o,l +_k

Eli rll Li ql o
I Et
Tllolzlql .J4q €-€;JEl :19 v -52= ol 4lol
tal v-52 LE T laJel +E rllolll :-+ tlE=- s^l;+rl 9.lr+.
/llel
Leql^l r]zlrj ?+El= dl1 5._= ,l+ 4lol
t ey r1 e1 ,l + +E rd ,l el' Eli 4l Ll dl ol
-<l r,,l
(El d +EZl . tachogenerator) E+rJ Zl=€ "14

el 7l+ +E:- A/D ailEl= 5l6tol a+EJll
ol
9.1 Ll l/l j1 ol F <istr+rl +F- zl a il
=.J
el €,l] 7l+l +Iel-q "Jal= llilal.a(-Ezl:+
E zl € nl - €z.l zlrt +E), ol tJil=- 4 rJ 6l il
el6J +(ql= .]..E1. .J.ll^.1 dB..L P ts,.]'. t,l :'o
4, pr) :lzl rL:- PID +'+), "l zl/lg iJd= D/A
grp a4El+ tsalq ol*er C -e--r-. FrFlaloJ sl*e
6Jrl.
="jol
4 € iL qF € E €- ^l 'l r"'. e-l eN n (rack)
.. =
+i { o15 rJ ltrEr,J (servomotor) ql 7l all zl 7ll 5l
Lrt "lli'llel i'l
r, _H!-EJ ql 4al oJ n P^f
ol dsel
^l = 9l "71 Ll
7l+ Lllql 3-
"l=- r3;+oi Cl
,X,J.el 4l,lel
qlii_eJg ar€,6irll EJtJ. ql-BeJol +/i"+
^l9l-:-
ql 4el +-r--: *f,al zlr+ trqrl rll tJtl €q
$zl'{ Tzlol 4e} P^}!l= €e*"1 ='Jqq
7l'J +.i= q: .J a;J ;i-g irzl;f ll 5Jrl.
rlzl e il+El.== +€'+ 'lEE 4lol?l-"1 ql=
+i'61 Y* 1l E!, -1 tr g-plE+ '-'13 :r ;1"1 1;o1
-zle +t] lg v -53+ 4+=+ ++ql q

(b) r]/l 5.* 4lol1l +rH *zl 9.lzl -l :- .llq4l (zi7l +,il 'llolZl)e-l i'^d 4 g
rg v -53 rfTl +a ^l
Glzl 6J d zlel ,E_oJolr]. +ill 4"J 4lqalq rJ"J €H
g d+6JLl
2l ^|fl.^ rlloloil^1ol Ll^l= A+Ejol
=B
)l PLc ,_ E e+ 6++ Y_18 _,.,
qzlEj ?+El= rlr.4 4lqalql ++6171 +l.tl !f8

+8 aî.el ,,=|.EJ
,\l= A/D a4ElLl. r)/A A4rJ7l oJ+4olelr =#Ei

41 1 4l rll (19,16- 1957) : 1.1 .i S, B rtl ol
;+:- ag 6Jql tlB+ Hl, 9.lr+. 41 2 (19b7- 1961) Fell d'r.l
^l ^llrll
:
_LeJLl
^l?::.!lqql qll'J a+El= ++6l-71 41 3 4lrll (1964- 1974) : d 1.J El :J. (lC)
916ll^J= _18 v-50-g 4lol s e+El_g +€_-,ql 4l '1 (1975-1992) : iIJ! Kl
^llrI
(1993-
^J A/D a4Eri :l A/D A4El !JLl:, D/r ") D/
rll 5 illrN ) :
o 1}"l7l EJ Bol 'J.S6lrl. ol ag ^l ?a 4l q /l

22JQ7N4 tI) E4 +, ON OFF' tEHql"J _ql"J
a ol 7l r4l+olr+.
Ll ,'ltJ A+El= ol+;l q ijlol+qE ,il
d 49
^l?n
PLC (programrnable logic rnntroller) el.
' t:1 en''
=q risr!
elr+. ol PLC-el +aJg oJ='Jel .JC l^ r (ot1^1'
-s
;Jrl. EtS 4l:, d+= €4 +?l!! Bl
^l
ql€ Eq .;?jol 48d, *,J"1 49 !olr| ;|Y1, P] !l]g3 Bl'J + 9l/l ,IEql ga+
dl r:l zl.1l Czl rtl*el j!rl
?l,il7l ts
ol pLC= el+s+tlel _"_^l 4E,,-glzlLf 4Fl E +. rl+5lrl.
2.9lol F 48/l]el 7l Tlql q{} 1i.rI (dn) 9J ol
q x* eE4l !4e1, El= 9l?9 ql
=
5"J + ?lr. el +_el -Hr zl 4 gal "l ro. el 40 Tllel : rJ4dl 9lol qrJol=el ul4ql q
q ill.g+ rtl.:- ,.I€ztlqtE ol€ =J ri.
s-i=- 4lqn.J + Clg_,i LlEl-dL.l. lrlE_e pLC dlel+ {:
{ !!r ol *6}c 4zot EJ ellul
-dC5J 4l= ,llq;+ilzl 6I= rtltlel oJ=qel rl +9 "J - : EJlql -- ol€ eJEl
= qtl6lq
Zl+= El al PLC= +oJ-Iqol 6Jrl.
+Ill9 ^l?1 4lqql ,.J4 "l+qq _Q-EJ ^]fl
: 4lq 7l:- gell .l .f, ElolEl Folgl_o-L+, €
71
4= a+El t'Jel BB.il E"Jq plcalol rllFl

.l trJB;+r E-+leE! El+qE.{l qe ^]fl:
El-a-5: €+l 7f;a}zl rrllEql dC .i.zl di zll"J
"Jqy- e4lolLl El.l"l rl t.tl PLC= ol+6}4n
6l= +,l,Jlol4, olrl6J +41= .Jol e++ EJ6la
r,,l ol r+.
1e/ v -54L- +qlel rg v-54 tucg drll .ss

,E el^lzl zJl4'+ plcel
€zll -E.giolq, -le v -55= plclel +tEol+.
"J4 7l7I
4slEsw -*
*
WN +
eq7171
* €Al196l
B4"l
s
Elesw
4eq
- N-i-N
t
*dzl ge
4
^l^lEl
]g v -55 PLCE ?€5
*q^l €'d'J ulel 4ol PLCE qzlEl ?+El

= "l+e 4olzl Q$ql PLCeI +^Jg rB v-
5 rcr +t v-7
50el 4lq+ ,J+Elel +€r+ +^1"614,
PLCet .?910J7f ? (r)?.J "14 +;l (CPD "; ulE4 (RAM/ROM) :
,-- http :,//w1'!w.plcschool.com PLC9 Fr'l +B"I 6il'J6l= +gss^1, +* il
glel g
^lqE-E €+4q +49 zl 6l^l= B€g dll4 zl q 6l:'-- gJ:olI, Ells4=
.ll+g 7[^]16]/1 9o]]r z].
='Ej +rl9 qeq<tl LI6' (l-
I Pl.Cq 'l .'_q_l+ ("Je) g zJ*6171+ EJlolEl=- zJ +61= ,q
+B 401+.
2. Plcql 4++ :i 9l= n-Ele (L) gg:74 *€(program console), a++ "f
3.
'l€-
r,_ =_J +41 4e .l;ll
= F ' 9,1 4^l+: r'Ef.gg TlBE FPe. 'Jq6l4Ll +
+ 4l ;ll B;4ll €dl-H7l C6lI d;J^l7lq, r "tl9 Al+E oh1.,l Ji^l-ol
-J -rE"t"T.
(c)4 oJ
linon intedace) : el + el
oJ e] dl ol -.<
lrl Pa a++ v 19
aeli Eq o14 zlzltl d+Elq, ol zlzl-.E9
oJ El rll0l.\ alETl CPUqI d6Idtl.
d}4el ^l:Hl€j +Cdl= 2zll9 + f fl ol el { ol ^ (output interface) : g ell ol
(e) ,
.^d gi (dl5glol, irl_E,ellq) rE:-2

dzl gq Fq el9- 6lz17l ciTlql /j+gq cPU
7l] q nllB ol tlF- .l+g i. ll]r+
d49t- 4ll (tPundary), E= ol A 9 Cazl LlllJ'llCEl.

al"l ^J di SridlTl gil;.}Eellq dS al;l : AC 110 tvl rE-:- AC 220 tvl =-
(")
reEe[ot, -f d. il"r E3 s9 rs DCe El+q PLCTI ++g + 9l= dgg +ii
e /147)+ "Je^J, +/J 94-a= 'J 6JE}.
iq d"J, +"++, Ei.l"J -E-9 d/l 4
5d, *5el 844 *i d+ +-! pLC= Ei /l el g
ol
'll+ -H-a ell ole+ Elol "l ";
e-ell ol=- 714 jl 9l=rll, 7s TlTlElr+
(zl4l4 +d), Be,+ €-B Eq
el+ "J=4
4 +^d F.l tlsq a+4sl *i =4A q=
+9 gltll^l e- .15 aaol "Jilg ": n+9 Hn=- +q4n 9.lEl.
=qElolE4ol
s7l 9lE+. 404, ql+ }]-e gTlolTt 200doln, "171
40/ll ?l PLC9I 4
Pl4lol ro.el 11+ Hl.a +.1=
g v 2 PLC9 g6+ n+ BJg
-s. v -2el aEl (+-"1. Hlr ^l olel +e ag ol
Llrl )l )l
,ll + il^l7l oJel a +qg + 9.1+).
el !14'j,rl-l 13 0m '047
"l
{}11J^-(IV
LI, PLC EE]AI]OJ =:i'J'rl"
LNS.ufJdldl }T t00 - 290
A+E] "Jqtr= FORTRAN, BASIC F9] U+ Efolq TIX] -TJg
tol/l 9.l]-i:- ag *ql^l 1lE"J 'rl/l 9.lr+. CM-CJg
PLCE ?+Elel 6lLlolTl rqlSql ';+El oJ ol
ol +;1q g 6il ol a]:- ql , gru. PLC =-l-

r !-_1 rll "J
E $ flq= ol *dl= 4ol dlLl.Z 5.+-fl d.$ t

q= ?.li-t.
[ggn''
^l+;]n
,l el-a PLC -E-+-f e'!-:- eI rJ --s-E-l e,! (ladder Tl'\l Z\ 9+l
prosram: +d1l .rl tl i."rle ttel .€ tlrl Frl

^l?A Elilel +^l'+ -lB 4l
6J
nl.5'{ el6l]t rlFdl il ,8 rL+" 4+
el e+ lfl)r+ nF_E}!.] '3Bqql el al eelcJ
..tr+fl€. H 1{l-e dJ.3;l= ?4olEt
(qd-3/l cqel +^l-6J E+]feJ)o-q ul--r4 zl rlzi iaor-X el ++"11- +"J i+rt,
,--Lrl,
,H.:- +Lrl€- J"l .,,.. I,rl "J -.+r'.(l J.r'. +61 il, 44J1. i'r'-erlol :.ol 9lr-}
olrl6J ?lzl ++?ol X-l !l 4 Ll E,
aeNuS;,} Ell= iEelYJ'B'dq= E+ol ol+6Jrl. HJ'J uI"rllJ i+l/lll rl^l: ELI+
PLC zll .+ Fl^lrrl''J
^l+;+:- dq /l
a#itl L+ r'l.tl= "J9 si!! +Llel +?l ,J.lql
EiJ. 6l tqel g6J B4 ol 7l]-*4 rt=
rl;J -- +€9 Tlal e 1l 5JEl.
= zl =
qr-l^1. l:sqellol SHee +nl
+, 444"J ;*e ql.Fiol;1zl r4Edll olTl^J .l= ar- 1r] :i irJlS = ?all;}ts ,,1
= +']l ,Ir- sl^l 4l+el E€q= ^l€-dl7l.a et ol 517l ,qlEql XrJ;l,ll :rroJ;lq iJ
7lg B€ql a.l
dd6J SrJEl ^lnl oJ
'e_l+ol E*ol ol+51=
+61:_.
4. PLC cJ./l: iJ q !E+. =.
tll eL ag li v 3ql deloJ 'r9l r:l
sv 3 tuc7|8EaJ
qlei
sa
I
f--- t- LOAD 1..;l €t 7ll rl
I,OAI) Nfi' +x rlt 4l^l
3 - --i r--.-l l-- AND
4 :r 44- AND \OT l-,r1fr +d
3. d+Fl 33 401 291

5
-L, OR
b OR NOT + lt
=c-lu
7 _____7L Ndl Eel +d
8 ANT] B]T,TX i :-+9 b4+
I OR BIOOK Y €-+9 EC]"J
Koie +El(ltn : r1x: ;t= t:le4j. dll5 5q

l0 0uf
fiH+ t+olDl= s/.1gr.)
=q;fl7l
EllE- +E-E 4lE,

11 NOS
(I4irster 0rntrol Set)
MCR
llrE +EE elr.rl
l2 T(-B
(Itlster Qrntxol Reset)
trf. =Efall"J BH
+dd ^l€a FIE +, Tlgol q:- Els€ PLC
I-r__lg_o-F- H+^l7l= BEql 4.tl €B+4.
(-r) AND 9E: _-1 eJ v -56,,1 4ol + zlel +
^l r{= il BS,, BS,7} zle_a Eaqq 9l=
a9l
g ell ol
^lal] dlg= i8 46lzl. ,czl, +^l 4=
re v
$
-56 g4lol ^1fl4 qe
191 1l BSlg PLC9I
=
Otql ;JEJ6lr. Hell .l R9 plcel
el+ "J4 gdlol
!l+ Bi
00.11. BS,
€
ilol 100q1 *.J619.r1.
_t qlel allq ,:,, E =fe,!_-o -]eJ V_52, H€q
o-qr49 g v -4el Aol €rl.
i,_ v_4F-+El .J + 9liol '8?dq _,!_q:1Srl
F,''-i]-c-_]
rfl z|]tl geraJ
9 i- (code) €.lg 'qEdla(addrcss: {zl)-
v -57
e € - Lll ol 'el + o _+ 4C q
EJ , HI_L-^] ol _c-
=rll
ella= 4l -9- #-q,q+ El ^l zl dll of '€ltl.
E V _4 EEOI EETAJ
EBOI Ell0lE{ 6ll c

m LOAD m LOAIr= tsclel
^l49 "lrl*.
0l A\N 0t mrl ,\\r= +lgl.
02 OLT 100 lri !.tr ? lol r00o E
=q8J.
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^13^
ql ol Ej ,/lzlr/_ 9,1!_Ll, B € q el €rlql r+zl^J
=
rJl ol El Tl7'l zl g:= ,i (ANI) Ilt,OClK. OR
=
BLOCK ts)
= zl] el qlolEJ= /l^li-
'L- 9i-.1, Z
7A
(aJUl. E€ otr ElolElLl 4eEl= 715^l?- a

+) E 9.lL+.
(r) oR 9E : le; v -58r+ gol i zNel -".,r1
4E 1€l^l BS, BS,7l B€E €eslq 9l=- g ral v -59 zl{tl seraJ
4lol ^l ?.1 A il _a€- plcel 4 rJ _r!_F-_14 "l r8 B
ol jlslri! oE zt^Je ag 1-:J v _59 4 -E
v 5e+ +q. "J=+l tl_a-el 6J-J€- AND 31,+-ql
^lel aol6191El.
E\ 5 EEJq E- TZJ
cll0lEl
r.[) I,OAI) 00 roAt)= tsel-ql Ll4B.

^lzl3
01 OR rJt 00'l 0R= ? 6J.
U2 OL]T 100
"I+ E e;llq im,' ?
=el"J.
reJ v-m g4lol

F 999 +4* 9E: lB v-60?ol ]J
(.) ^lA1
Eltr
li .tlel --r 9+ol =4;._o-=- +d5lq 9.1= *Jrtl

ol
^l?i Eltr= PLC !-ElzllEJ 6ll gzl.
ts4 r{= ^€l:l Ar, Az, Br, Br€ PLC9I q+ -^ 100
"Jq gzllol 00, 01, 02, mq, g;ll .l Re .ll+ ts t

-YL---j'z.------a)--l
llor I lo: I -
t eJ ol 100q1 g.Jalr 4lLJ gElil etr ul+
rql
E, -lts v-61E e-a Btsq gtrl"J-.g -s v

l--l |
fal v-61 zllrl eerd

-6rl ?L+.
3. d+Fl €i3 rl0l

.E v_6 oJeJq gEreJ
DJBq E{lo lE'l 6l{ c
00 LOAD NOT ,{,"1 r, dd.l7t '4+ql roND NCn
00
o C ,l 4't_l
01 OR 01 (]lrl oR 3- rl+.
a2 L0l\n a r.llt_3 g.+el LIEILJ.
=rl ^l4lg
OR oil ol rNeC E5e 034 oR€, il6J.
04 .{\l BLoCK LOADi ^14;l: i 95el ts:al
EL9 {/.1(,llol!.17f g{r llb q
OI IT 100
ql5. u,r grjlq 1000E
=93J.
.tal v _62 eJallol

^l3a
ile (e) F g-+el +.4ii 9s:
v-62+ eol l"/
d.d 'rlel + 5+ol E4ilg_a +c5ldl 9.1:- g
dlol 9.1J.= pLC ttr_c_119 Hl+6ll Hzl.
^lfla _o,_+,
zl Bl. q "Jq gr,lol ";l

gdl olel PLC el+
L]]+ g,f 'J*llol el d_e.'_ ;Jrjt9- (tr)oll
^lel- +rl.
I 9l tstl rl .tc.rdrl q,!ol n ? -lc-!.o- -lql
u.ll
00 v _63 "l jr v _7rl aL+,
H;
0l
xv 7 gBq EeraJ
ol- e1l-\ BHq ql0lEl *lt a
f.al v-63 allEl re-fl
ul tllAl) NOf 00 E?l ^14 grl
0l A\N U1 014 0R3 :71'J.
w IO}JD 02 rtl+-ji
=i5;,ql
E4 ^l1l
:- *^l
ftl (x 03 dt !l_it 9=_.i 0l'l AfiD= ;1"J.
04 OR BLCIK LOA|+
^lrl;lt- + €.+_ql E4
e (Lllolrl/l nle Ht e{9.)
05 OL'I 100 Ltlrrl !.i gitlol rmo + +q+.
(o) r.lol a : pLC^Jql ^l _o-l 4ol q sl!,-_ el

4 q
d € -,9 *:,sll"l ^l?l: el_aii}ql ^lel g€ql Eljldl
q qlc.'l €4 fcJ v-64e1 eg 4ol"l Els
rE v-64 eJallol ^lA4 qe pLC jl_i_lrJ_9_Jr_ E+};-l7l 9l;ll^l ts15 19
=q
il A= PLCeI el + E e 00"11, Elol "l R:, Tr=q
plcel Lil+ _H-t rJi9lol 100, 101q] 6J€-6i,1, ql
El _E-ir__1r.ilEJ6J aol l"J \r 65el A-I, BAq
r_e_:igg g. V-84 +r+. ol Fldel L.l
"J ilE
(time chart) :- lg v -66i+ ?tl.
.ET 8 EEOI EETAJ
El.l'l.l 4"1 54 ^l'J 0.5= +q"J. rEJ ! -65 allcl EEtaJ

l+ rlel dlolElTI'Js"l "J *.;.)
T'
RL ( 100)
(u) u|-:.61 4 jl : leJ V -674
A _E_€. .,rll_E-r+ Rz (r0l)
zg EIE= b+lde r"-^l r]l= C= iEE 016l,
el qF-- srli. el -E alol dzlai Hlzl=rll, ols+ + rfl v -66 Elg ^tE
g aqilel lr49 olael aE€(masrcr ,:ur-
trol) ol el +Ll.
PLCE u.q-]4uJal'J _19 v-684 Aol q=
rJl, _lg ql^l r,lcsel MCR ,tlolel pi il +-el €:
zle q+.J4 tl-o- 99o11 elal ztldl gEl-. leln
_l utlel B€ol '-eleg ji \r -9e+ ?-rl.
E \ -9 oJeJq E_e]]aJ
ql0lq 4C re v-67 gz{0l

^ld
nle
C7l btdolTl 'qlE4l LOAD \'07
m I/]AD \OT 00
0l ['1GS .l1E ?lF.+ llE (rll6lE]TI "Js
n IIAI) OI
^l]E3 -E4
.{14
OR 1Ul
04 OLT 100
ulN) tll 'flqa tsrl .l +
06 OR r01
w OLIT 101
(]B el{ lrlq El/} 9s :lal v -68 allrl Ee-eJ

IICR
'l^H aE-E
fl:-.d{g).
3. e+Et 3E: r{ol

al PLC oEraJg A 011
Pr] €eldldql *9J 5l -:' 4, /-. Lt,4 -rr.e-LeJ 4l

. :1 " ol+51:- :19 v-69e1 +-P- +/l 4q+
^131
EIEE= ^J4614.
+^l HIE A, B:- +la ql a9 6l= ^l"Jol ^l-
39 i -69 d-"J 54 +C ale +n1:- tl=oll1, + ^leJ 6- ,J,l 4Eg += +
el g-dl ol (x, y,e 6lLl)/l q/lqq ehl sltr=-
il'J;+:- oJEl-ig ,J q ^l 5l "ll ,-r= î.c-J +el g
4l dl= ol zlEl 7.l _e+-:-Ll.
.i4€ +el €(1, !E= L,) ol d=.51I. gell ol
![] t+ 6+6 v-20
Zcl El-olil 1',ol ol zl'El ol c'JC ^l/J(El'olul €-d
ral \ *69e1 7lE €g
^lt) F"- t +4/l geJ4. ^l;lle :j:zl'^l7171 9l
A, : ?14 .ll,J4€- 4F .ag il
13 6ll^J-= d;Jzl7l "r^l ttl-1,: C=- +;ltr EJ+.
C : 1]6Jzl j17l+ rll agl:l ol El E=- PLCt:rl € 6J ^l 71 7l I -J 3 zl :- rl
x, Y, z:
B:a grllol =
1,,, Lr: ;<l^l; (indicalirui Lar p) -B-tl'Jr+.
T : Eldlq (rr!71 gel= ^lrJ €3+) O zl 945=q n v -10et Aol PLC9I "Ji:4
BZ: +t) 6J.'JElrl.
ddql
E !-10 g=+ BJeg -E.J
{r(el+ "J
il !ln)
0r(el5.oJq FlF.)
02(el+ 9lq tn)

0(Lll+ .{.r 'Jdl"l !lp.l
101(Lt|i jr.rr +fllol
102(r-N+ S.e r.l_dloI
r01(El6l"l Bi)
18(el+ ;4 Hn)
49(el+ 3.: Hi)
50(el iL Pl r)
=!l
,t 't e1 v-70!+ aol sli .Ji4 .qi€ PLC
ol ol=rJ ol Ll -Jl6l
r:"l't-l-- r-,il | oi
r_ 2ea-r
iLr-L .
lg \i r71 aHcl sereJ

h 1el v-7111 aeJ 4rl gtrle q g
11jl +e E Aol -elcl 9- _-.1 ! 6lL+
296 v. rl01
^[E
"Jq .Jq4 q5 3q "J
El
'l
ol3
feJ v_70 Plcel gEq e.Eq gd
g v_11 olaJol sereJ

cllolEi 6ll € [sgr',
00 U]AD NOT 00 -el ^14 n^l aHzl (hacker)
EI^tl ?EE !lE (ol;f-q Etg
01 N'IIb
00el el+ l9lili 4lol6J3- e^l I f ! 4l _o.t galts -tl 7l H rl ;J 9l
(4"lEl7l "l,s fitts "J*.J.))

=
4 ale= if eJ= olEl. 61i1= 4{
=
el Tllt+ c+ElE^J a E 6+ix} .+=
02 LOAD 01
tlrll* F.1l*ql d+{} r+9-. 4"= rJ
OR 100 oJ +zl= 6l]ii|;lq fl+El zi+g gl
04 ,\ND NOI 101 4 '-:l + j. 9lE+ iJ 6.41 ol€. +Î
r00 H.t, rlq 6Jr+.
s :-'.1 l! l'1 el X .1 : "1 F t'"!
(Ii 0lIf 48
oi 9aqol atElulg' ++q golal
,t-r'3 -'-al .l+
w LOAD 02
\,r,J ".1-lF"l _q6r rlEl: .Je ;-/l
08 OR 101 ;lr ';rl dr l-: "r-l q6l .l.-. u,l El
09 AND \OI' 100 4 6 3 "l€ .+"1 | +rl E ']%lq d

s] :l4l+ ++6ljr_ 9B d=C +^l
t0 OLIT 101
* + il= nl4= ++;l= l'JH 5i.ll
It ot.T 49
fl+
12 rOAD 100 .l]EE 3zl l+ 4+ nlE: .,I ,l+, 1 . irl rrl 6l
_q
l3 OR 101
r)d,l (l 8-6lEl Ee{1, ?"rrr:
rl\41
ol+alol igEqlq 4so=o "J54 .ll

I4 OLIT 102
^l+.lrl
= Dle *E llEl.
15 OL]T T(]I. L 4qq m1"ll iig 4lE"J(24 qeli! Mrrel 6u/Eq .]d/el
€s.)
^lial tJ f ?.I:,El q=e *e a
dlolElTf
16 IOAD 102 4e3 |- ^l+ +El I'_E__l+g TI]E'Io q e4el ,J

17 ANI) NIIT T01
;rl €+= qqe +e,lol4 g + ""
rl. "l!- j.lc '.l1r,l€ 'rl"J+ s.
18 OLIT 50
+4, "Idli.Ei'i-Îg +e6J B. ll
19 ['ICR !l:El ?F_= el4l olz 5E ECt:;l q ilEl.
4 rl€ll E_a_:r?Jg E_e_f e =€,{=r_:le

oJq, C-;J^l7l= 7l7l)trr{,i +"} il4 +il (CPU)
qlql "Jqd-r d6J^lilq
3. e+El 33 4lol 297

ol 'J E ^11
1. 4ol+ A+qq -T€Es :lq H3+.

A/D atslEl= ol€ zl;g- 7|4r 9l:.4 "J6ll ,H4.
3. D/A d Bl El-t- olH zl;g 7l^11 9l='(l "J6i H4.
4, D/l oJEltilola= qts zlF;g 7lxljl 9l:zl "Jdll !-el.
5. D/O oJElrllol;-:--- olTl 7l+g Tlzlr 9l=zl 'J"ll H+.
6, olBtrl tlEe+ q^l€ da+ ts]il.€E6l+.
7, pLCe €qel ol€ t}qel i"l4 3zl= r4 4.Jzlz
8. pLC B€q E-e.fB +q^.1 'LOAD'E€el Tlbg +9oJ7l?
9, PLC BBq '-a.lg 6-ql^l 'our' B€9 zl+g +9eizl?
plc Brdol
10.
'_qr4 +qlc 'AND BLOCK' Bdel 7l5g +qoJ7l?
11. PLC E 7d q rg^].g +ol 'MCSel MCR' E € 9 7l*3 +9loJzl ?
^l
f "J Cr,.,
ENIACTI UNIVAC
ENIAC : ul+q^l eJ €9l i ,4l ?li (19a6\l) el Tl+raj
(Fll..rfoni. \um-"ncal lntegrator irnd Calculator)
,J+F_li^J, q+ +ldntl.lLl"l qElnlqlrJ J.\v. v;1Dlel J.p.qlTlEel :-b €al,,I -dl;lq eJ/ilrloJjl,
^f
+ lt zlr,lel +: l* 8900 7J], r.l6J7l 7.0U1 7I, +7ll + ll0 r. As dsl i20 kwe-lr. 4rll+ Zl"l?.9,1,
2lt +l;= 3r.41eJ lldTlrlo Hl.l 1,000 I q*olLl EJ!+. EzIel ..'4ol*':l r]t 4 rl (d"+JE;1.fr:) oil
L E+ol !llJ.eLl /lq **"1 +.1, Ell-Ll:,.+ rt4ol €,(lel e"l 7l.J dil4l 4.il'J:i !o19171 rl
+ql q+rl o + ^l+;J +71 loloiLt.
UMVAC (Univercal Aulonuric Conrputer) : El-'i :tlrl^l ( t) el ? iiEJ *+'d q.!-- 1 ^lg ++.9-,"
!lzl 3l ir c:J.++ r.l++ i+ul c.lLlsl(HNIAO)I 1946\141 ti!^l{ J.rJ.oI7.lEe} J.w!=elel i:l
Ellj. (ritlk)+ dl{EJ e,!j.^l (,i+)oll^l L.},rl qTlEel s:- 4 el611 19Et\rql /l]'}il +qEp "JSl
^f=.
€,gji^l ^llJrJ ;liel ?+!lt i,.le+ +71= F-i rl *.:l +.i]9oq, ?-LJ &i]l llel Eig4 5b5 t
el ifi,19 6J + l.l9iEl. H,ir, Tlel il ilB Llee t;.-6J +4+q3 g ,l7l rllolq€- ^l+.'l9JL+028
,t/ oJ;.1 tllt).le rJ"| "l+ tr1 E4i.ll €ilEl*eif , .J'jrl gc. t^l.tl 6J i.,.l$.El
=q9
Fl
^l
l. rlE 7l7lel *.+olLl ^JEllel E.Cg SBE] !+sJ *a= q+;lq uJ ="]:- 4.
ll0l
2. llq 7lAl, 7l+ l:.-:- ?JtI €rrl €'el 45- +il.ll 9lq^J -1. 5+olLl tlEllS -g
=+:gql n+al /l?J 4A.dl= E4
g4l i+/l
^1.5
lllqsl
^li: ^ll.J1 elEel ;-zl Tl,rJel =-rlol
^l3a ^llol
: El q 4 dl 1l +^J .I ltl4 zl-F r+"1 dlr=-dl zl : 4l q
,. lJ o: ge1r,3'9 =c+ql lJ.4];lzl ,e*rl, =1/l 4 EFI ^J!:l ql+ .}"J6J ,rl.
zl E:4lE: qel Tlzlel 7l++ 7l7I P 7tl-",1 r.i= i+^l7l^l +- zlg' grbr;f7l 9l
dN "J=-qd /l;nl
7. EE CE: el -:1+4 tl _o_,+_ tlEel ;+g li^l6J _lql
^lz+6J
8. rlcE r1l0l- 4lqeJg 7ll=d+q +sA(€-AA)il Hl-il61q .J4g el4^l7l-:
^llq
4lq
9. PID Illol : Hl 4l
- zj 'E- - El + ,ll ol 7l
lo. 7lE EE9 3F: a ,rlll-tiloll dd (make contact)
b 3d-lle'loll dd (break contact)
. g3 3g d g {change ovPr corrracr)
. +Ed ^lA4 nle: HlEtl == ol+dJ zlllzloJ d+ol 9;l= rlfln ulji
t2. Llrl-J tC :
=zl
sls"ll
^l+-l: 34 rlg
u +EJ 3E rll0l : A +EJ €- ill ol 7lE 4l ol+d} 4l q
t4. D/l 3^l : el-?el trlzl EJ CdE }]JolEol'= +il
I5. D/Odil : el+=dl qzle dns ulgr{= Cil
16. A/D ZttlEl : olLj+_-l {1, i_ 5- u1z]'3 alnE d5J6}= *,1
17. D/Au4El: rlzlEJ ali= dlgtr_f da!. H+6i:- *ij

18. ofger uE: g+zlge E!+;l= SelzloJ
^l+9 Bdlql Elr+
dJ=
19. Llrl=J ca : q€ +li= r-Eol 4€,d izlr=.rq i-r^l;J a.
20- PLC: programmable logic controllerel st;<lg^], dirq= ^lfli 4q"il ++6J Zt.
21. aHEl -eraJ: PLC j'g_lgel
;J ++tr^l
^l3a ilg_F_el +^l;J I--^lzloJ
sgl'J
22. sEol E.efaJ: pLC g_i-_f+el 6J ++e^l qdg4 dqe+ +^l;J alol gsld
L ZI 3/l el ji *, Tlql !l-q* q€
tszlS- 6l= nlF-oJ7l?
(f "J q ol 6Jd 5dl_a-r.i, -1 -Fzlg 7lq 6l_a ?1= iltrdlLl.
O "J4q 5-dl€- +.4l+ "J4ol ^l+5lE+;l= ElliolEl.
ilg-.1+.
O
=q dn€- ;-+^l7l-:-
(1.1 -=4 il oE +d^l7l= slg.olLl.
2. ,l+ i..,' o: ^._l , ?JIE 6r= rf ^l+rl_:-,Idl Flii y-91.Jzl ?

.)]l
O Cg+ +i1 il-- O .d6J :l4I ?d ele

O C'J Ci-?C Ele .o 7l ql 4le
,. +d il n-leel dl.rn_8lq +d € :-l ael *d"l4n B+ + 9l= 4 +, 5A 43- 4+
+ ,rl t-_ 7l .J 7l ?
o d rj rttsl7l zlrl. €l C+=- /-
= =+]
9.1E+.
alt +"J +4 -o-5.

^l++
?- 9.1Ei. O:l+'l fi]4
4. L++ i4
+ "J-b ixl+I g'el= ,lg q! 40J71 ?
O AND OoH (!] NOT i4) NAND

,. + +6 :lzlrlr +el= 43- oJ '' aoJTl?
E+2- a:zl
C,$D AOR ONOT ONOR
6.3* +E dFTl t E Tdg 96J 4l"l
el tleql ol+51'.1 9*= 5le= Ei€- + q_-_
40lz|?
(Lr 7lE tl-- O d+l= +d els
i9 +^l Ele(oJEl+ Els) O zfzl +?l nlF
t. ):rnE elq-.1 €rd +, *g rle E+$ + ol!- ai.J7I?
O ?+r,,1 sl .'_,a-]g olL-}. ,) ?l+Elel +oJ ,Jal +zl=- "J+Ei.
(t z+Elel oJq *il=- EJEJEI. G,r a+L.lel 1l:l= g;JL+
B. E}.I:glldlel -^'1H +,5rJ 7jl€- E++ + q! ,rl.J/l?
=4
(D r'J+Elel e tgol4 aD A+Elel 6-?i nl el ilil E plb,lEl.
ilt i+EJ_q oJ il ,Jil=q pl6.!E+. i4) a+rJel +q e-il.= uJdfrl.
e. aff-El= ol€ 6J ^]fl-,- 4lqe+ r'e r/l]49 +EE€- ol+'6J ^l?i 4lol4l t,l;.! E]--3-
€ q + -E, eJ 7)+ q:_ 7)oJ7l?

(1) 7l r'- Tlrl + r'_.a.fgg 9lq5"J + 9.1: ,il 3- r'l+ElolLl.
€) .s rill"lg +-tr€rJ= sld +i!- 5lq ?lEi.

€_r nslzllDI :! +E-E.J-:- _1 +q_o__E !-tl€ +,FdJ + 9ltl
(o c4 r.l Tlzlel dE alol= Tl'^lr 9]= a3- /l+8q4.
lo. g !'o: ZlCTlTl ++r'lol 9.1-:- 49 rJ-.".6 c'l_-_ aqlTl?
!) d"l d._azl e) 7ll47) (0 Eldlq o +nl Hl-=-
il. F+ ga 9,lEl7l E+ql! Eelzl og 6J g- +44 c7l4_o__+ .4zl nglql dizl ;_
=.
il F+6lq d?ol OFF ilEI a El:- 1lE9 Fr3 il?.14r ;+=/l?
.1.a33 .2b'J9 .!cflil { dllH
12. sdtl Pd ilrl7l el+6ll
^J
944 o_it 9lg +71+ dzl 4g_e q4 i.J"f 1l-f/l ;;:
tr Fz};+q dd"l oFIi trla r1; ddg += dColElJ;l=71?
-! a ijil 2 L, ri .-l i9 c 1ld r.{) d'tl€
lr. ol*_E.l c_d= Ll,.l g dn_q E+;l= *il: Ll+ 6 q_:4oJ/l?

o A/D aHIEJ al+lEJ o D/O a4EJ G) D/r Zl4rl
€t D/A
14. tl' lEi +l e-== ol'Jf:-lllae- a HEl;ll- *^l:- Ei+ + q! a'J/l?
o A/D aHlEl (2t D/A aHIEJ 'frl D/O a4El E-r D/r Zl4rl
lr. qzlEj -34 qlL.lql"l: *il-.- +,? + ol!_ a.J7l?
o A/D fltslEl (2) D/A {tslEl .€) D/o {4El o D/r aHlEl
16. ul u3 oJ
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20. ilr T*f E +iir* iEft*[, rffE,q€T;l+4#], iEt€, 1986, pp. 184
21. Bureau of naml pelsonnei rate training manual, rBasic electricty, U.S goverrunent p nting of-
ficer, 1969, pp. 340-341
22. R.J. Smith, rElecl,ronics circuit devicer, Weley, 1987, pp. 476
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