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=
7l+71 9t= JEql^l dl,6Jdlol +44q.
.r.E 8Ee 3s,l]m

A 4gol^l E+ee +: *
A4rl dt+g: +ESl ++g 9vz1 gqiol tr14 'Ja6f7l -dcl +Ee+ E^1E€ osELl. ,1lEEf
rETt gaE+

"llEql nlTlql r-+ElLl= "16l+= lEzl go14o1 tr14 g+rJE+.

ai{ eeo'*=
trl+^],+g qlTl +E4E lETl +olzlE ElBl+7} 4dq. a4l a3 ge gEe 7|3 "Ja
gof,J + !.1: +E= .a'61
+6J +E= e+gl-o171 g3I tETl 14 DlsJ s^l "J"19 q, E E! rEs+ Ef6l+.e g
=ol4E
9.,.15 ulalf snle 3€"J4.
oPt+
BlF! +EE I rEol
@+ ot
o7 ol6folg 0l:+
^19

o7-r2
E 8e+, :]aln t.2 0 tol
g aB+o afr dtrf.
Ug aSeE 4,JoJsE Hl6J +4 E6l SElrl +zl d*
^l:tsq
C +d szl zl++ol il= 449 ase(wPr:wav point)9 5
r+6lE+ z|f,9_E 4+€El. f,6J tErltr 5q7lH :1 rEzli Hl
6J6l= Ei aA
^lt+ d-J 44€ ilt6J4.6J+7lql^l
*a]re} Fd6lE^l
4*q zJ^l ellolrlql s+€ €rlel g,lel alH til
E 5dI oJ.r' 91= 9lilq 492| 9:4 q"J+rl. r4r +;liol
,r1 Q$ -a+lg 9lil€ t6n ?Errl, : gzlel +!l+= HliJ +4
 ^llHql Eq+q.
+zlql 9l= +4liE s+ Fr+6lE ti*gs 5q7l=tjl, ol EI
+^J 6JB *,lzl El6J +l,l= +"J61= +Bq €q. +4liq^J
=
= "J44 5d"l 7l.ts+ +'l Fd.l'l 9c Ftg +51+€ zlc
lHI14 6lq ElsJ 9zlE +7149tr !_J6lr+t zl^1e4. i+^Izi ++
SELCAL Il| LJ

3t soEl FdTlLl 9c Fc *il= F6l El4 €4+ iq+-e n=gH d

el+ l]s fr01
^fillg
3€ q a€ A;<l (SELCAL : selectrve calling system)41 9l ol zl'J i4 'l
gEr }tee 9{E
=5o
+6E Srlzl ="Jg
3i Llt, fe I-14e1 eg dq i= +i] zl^j:rol 4dq.
'llr-Jql
gdJ ++gol B4nql^l n=.61= aC "J + 9.1= +El7t qE
fts I-15e+'Jg qE.itlE= Bl9 + *q. J4jL:nl7l7l 44
u|_95 i4E + XUll €4. _a_E 15,000
=E'+ €.llTlql.rJ =9
(ft) olrlol^J= atl7ltr El ;JE "Ioll_+. _ilCg 6l= 4ol +
"ll, 7l*g E+ ^l4g
zlgzl"J, +"J +"I= 7l;6}4. ol q"J6l
l, 6lEi]trE Hzl dql +rlqlijl TlLll "J+9 +Ei.
6I+7171 i"J6lr ul"l= rll++el EldJol zlFos sJ6llzl
919
str. +5-€lel qgg slE+ ts6lq HlnJ 6Jsel 6}+7lel
-dlsr{= =+d
=5^l *Etl€ +^16l= golE}. 14 HldJ s^l *ils+ ql{l *^l 4 ++
g aa "J^lE +^ls 3+oJ6tlol 6lq, dJ+719 4E_r e19 ;,r];j
rI. Eld s^l 4 ++g U r *ilg olr-ll ElEg "J^J +6J 6"1=
q+e Hl +Ag-q. Bdl 9911, t'J +?ol+ d7l ol*
^l-\EJq
"l +7]gE I ul+ol .s^lgEl.
+4rl +6J, EldJ *dJ, r4_a E+ol qlc + 9.1= *6JE 7l^J

6+fl +^l qglg rE ^|rB

€fzalHl'd011^l= E;J 2J^l6lE qgE utrf. g
d
^l^fl01
Hl6J sal ali, =+fl36= Atil 44r-, E= 5tl *
rl ^lz013 ="J ee
^l.aH ^lE ,J^lEl^l gJoE
tJ=01 d-"1 9lI1 r.,,I I
=4
3r erilel =+gel
-\3aloll €Dl q r=^E 3r= ^l+
=+fl
71 91"=l] EJEE a6|10t -*Ll ZnTf =Ll.0l
xl?l^l^l PJooJ li.aH.e. .^raJ
an Er|E ,Ltu+7laln, ol+al 4il oJol lrJol El ^lLfEJ ar€8
'-.!
rl.
4B= 30+ +4ee FC *ils ++19tr1. t"J,
E+rlg 7l^Jol +nul^l Fl6J9 3ll+ g e+"I=
51a3 ;a]9_tr + S_R%I+ 6JE_€ qoJ6tldl +4.
ul;j iq)ts El.J 4.g 7l+ t2l(FDR:flrght
data recorder)/l dldJ zlEE 7l+611. f+d gc
7l+ *il (CVR : coclpit voice recorder) E :4* 30
rlslE zl+++. ol= "J* lg I 16 Hlu rlE 7l= gil
+ olalzlzlel
=+€
7l
^liL7l *9 Etl r tltg +t6l= L{ql
^}89r}. -s4E14I
+=/lE 6l.4"J, €^ltr= *ol .llzl iE+ rg I- 164 +ol I
drl4 q E+.

@op*n+Hffi
E+zl9 €+qi EolTlE zl I 6J* iF *414(ACC:area
controt center) 9 -Z.l^l= ts=El. HE +dJ 34 (n mileJ olrll, .].
SO

E 17,000(ft) q6l9 *q .Jss EolzlB *dJ 6J+ +j4liel zl

gqd 9]il"l^J g+s *
^l= +qq, €'+Eol^l 5[n mile) CE
6Jgjl cg6l€ r 4l+El= le I 174 zJg *dJ +4lBE +
4l€ *=4.
6J+ +^liol^l 6l'J"J JE= ?.J*_l Ll^J Hl6J 94 .,.laH
ql +E IE= €4618 x|f,9-e. 6l'Jg ^l4I6Jq. d}*zl9 4-E
tsl6J +4 el6il z|f,9e a€g:rtl, .l,Ez| r.ll alz|fl lH I 17 SrllEl
= EI6l+ol^J ql/l ^laHol
^l +Eg E^1.J4. 7l^Jg 6JB ,*iel ,J!-e+ dl
sJ rJ4 dl.i.6lq 9i€ qt8Jq.
^l/-Hql €49 9lilE
6J+ +nlJ:"I^l= 6J+7lCl *94, aE "f +EE -Zl^l6iq -l
€ I -ltl4 ,J+ AlTl +q ZJ-Z](ILS : instrument landing system) 9
d'i H +lql 6J;,7171949*9 + XIE+ 6tl +4.
++ *ilE ?rt+: tsl6J +4 ^laHol 9;ll zl+os "*
4l7l
+q4 9.lEl. 4F i+ ,Jzl7l tra+ol4€ "J^l6lE Al7l4 8?, ==EPl|rl
g=719 Tt rl 1EE 91;ll

+ol4 ^l^l7l -$zlolq Tlgsls *+qat, *^lol 6J*71= tnl rlafo lilEJ :t-
 !lr1 btae] Eltg
r.r til -r
plElLl
..1 =at0tE =Es

0l} 8la pl8 Ll

lfl I -ts BgE xlTl EtE 8^l ll€

4t8Jal alq g+s +dCg ElTl ^lzldJrl.
g/ll 9e g7 a=3 go=ll
6f7 I'Lf 1fe EgE, E ,l zl+ 5B"l zlt6ll ++ 1}"l7l Lflel{l +, €En7l
E0 Lf g+ =r}olE
=7u ^fSEJct s6lE 6J+71= 7l+E +olq 'Jdlzlql "*+q 6lr}€ ^l z}++.
.zE7I 100(ft) qUlTt gH zlF +C ^J^l"I^l dt}
AII|E ? i EA LE4l9 _a_E=- gel
=q.
r.E 30fftlol^l 7l+E Ez i.ae. {l
=q
oJ alj1 g zlzl 6JEl. zlzl 6lE^l
=r{q
n gq:e asg z.l 7l z|f,9F-
gelTlI, q+q ^Jzlzt ul*''J+. ,J+ol ol+q4
g+eql €zl.J +, reJ I lse+ ,Jg +E-e€ qel
ol.F6lq +6J a^lel B-+iql 9a€4. :l+ + +
6J ++g=ol €zI"I 44 ;zlg fl;J9E_.41 HlnJol
I -19 ffEtr Erl

Hff; gg dE(llioht infomation)

BE DE SIll(air
BBAII^
traffic contro )
918 gg(f
Allg(an
iqht salety)
tower)
trlE +E(a!tomatic anding)
 , Eeq-r rcrereI
I 01)PPl -E+6f7lrf^lel E^l= Hl-d llEl, Hl-d I E']J. rlA
=g6H^l
EtE nl=-;rL ,\14 :.6t --1"t-i1 *l)l o_t if=-o= nla.!l^lrt
^1=
014)lel +L1 6fxl+E EJrl Etl7l.
-2 trLegtrL
5tl7l. +15 E{] 3^l
^LJrl
=01

q
-t
014) lel -.fHJ Zfrl_r= EFrrl !g-Bt +{1 E^l{\ 611r. Tlal +5 3rl
,nN,4tr\ -rJl;l !1,\l dlql lLe.=ltrl
^l;l =nl
| ^1iq'1t
e-6tot .rtt3tso Ht;l] lfal tl^flrFMS)o ++t6l= flE H 6J

ll0loll el6l-0l ol+0la]rf.

.t6:*d
--
roll tHHl-.J 7l= At^lsl ?lE-sf bl6JE gfal/l el6t rj-r Atrl=
ol
^l
^lg3trl.

t ef.?rl^ll 5o-r 6l-=

_ _, __ge#F,:ftil
trrr|]El Ll.^jl TlllE Llgo|] EIl.
^rJl At^l
:sf=7lel g+r.
2 "J=7lel Era;. u|-g ttl. Hl-d HfaJ. ^lg
:*= = :d*7loil
=aJ.
lg6ll +=
+El 3E EE= Bl6J rl]Tl
=4'J=
+o,iol af] 6|:7 l' ?
=E
^llEJE
q
.J
6JE)17l g+Erl^l 0l=6|.= a|Eg +9i0lelr 6l=7f ?
-- ^lAr01l^l
4 ald Hl=d 7l=6f rr. -'l= 30El ollrl^lel
rfE= 4=t
tllEf= 7l+
= r
6l-= 3^1tr^1. A=71
^l-l7f
';= tq fl?]= E!6|.71 +16il^l ^lgEl
ol, EalH]r''afiE Eal: d^l= +E9l7f ?

5 01,!tl t}|+E= +nJ6l= -ct= 'JIil drl +9917|.?

==*! ^l^flf
 I. oJ
Z+Etel +3= €BdJ + .;q.
BJzl oJ
2. 3+qql^J !qBol !elel: €1lel rlel llHS €B8J + .^l+
3. ulB 4lq A+q -7,{ r} r E7.r o €g"f + grt.
^]4-flel
4. dt6J 7Iq t?'t Tilct 5x.J n^J -"ls 4H4'JHg tBdJ + 9.1.

(D a+etq +a
dJ 617l lt zl- :f 7l_ql 7l;e Fi,.l. dJB ",1 Tlldl 7l;!.i Llilzl
t. ,J4l +, +6J'J ,4"11:- ?+tiE qrl /il q-E +rxel ,llEill il og
olr.?llq/l +^JEl 'q. zl;ql rq= i'!.?ldl zf Llolal Ee: i"J
;'lI.-,.- +91!JEi. r+e.l^]. 4'lel 7l;+ +.J6}:- dJ+71 c7} zJnl
7l /ll Erl oJ li "lri - rl'l'Zl .\!i zlo1 r,l .<l\=l dJ 6rll zl ?J r.l-q ?.1

oIEi.
=rJ

Elol 3
E trstr^il^1
?+El el
^l EloltEEcrtl ^l= i,."J ..lr.l il.l (cPU:
+C.,rl
ccntral prcr-^ssing umt)ll ,r1 5 qLq. - l
'/J I ?0,r1- tol. F? il Jl d
zlgl rNiqlE elt6l= Ft 9l^l- zls= .!l|;|.tl jl;f zllzlL
El(rcgistcr). trllg 411|3 TJll rtJ i ?.12.'L
,Jil (ALU : :rrithrrr-^rjc

logic 9 C.I ,l-;€ 4lq6l:- 4lol X'"1 ?l o.l.oq. el-ri--el l'll

unit)
_g/l Ll oJ+/r t:l gla;l:r olEl 4a/f Lf.
r'tl 9J.

.itr';i n j:1
=
ul./- 4lqzl:- ulol rE.:F.rtl el Llll el, ell-= te1= rll.l
Ll 0 !l= ! +:1 rl ^l
a al- ol Il.J;irlL^l| =g il Elel ;#3 :ll4 Elr.l ?+Elel /lgrl /l r"-+ 5X El)uc.loll r1 X]
=:l
I al^'q r.l e+e LrN:1:i
r|]E4: 5ic :[ 0],-.{l !l
ol EJ 7f r,l el. 9l1! ;l rl ;.1 .6,, rl-^l rfl F.rl oll ,J ;'l'l,
!-1 I rll !l
7.1

=
dr+ ?l/l= :l"J Hq..+ olrz34 ?ltg +l "J rllolrlE 41u
tlotl jol 9.lLl. .il<l !rl i ^l oll r+rl +H=l +olrl.
 0t.Eal

Glo El sll

al I aEl str 3i l0l 3i

I I

.fH I 20 0t0l3trge^11^19 +e

nPlr ?re{l,(l
a+Elel -4! 8il'J= d4 El++ oJ=n, EJgoll 14
af +HJ A€ 3E! ?l: €Zl= 6fal: =^1-o
=56|.01 rHgEl9lLl *lEe] 0l0lleEE
E 0fo
=E-Er^11^,7,
lllll= + 6000 THel Ea,!^1.\E1= E46l0l l974Ll0ll ?]EJ
80s0olaf= ol=otr dE9ltrl.olr,i=:J HJ Etloll^l il
alsE +rle] a7l)l 2L,vc,E srralqll sblE- 0l0l=
_eEe^lr^lalr EJLI bul= ilcl +E7l g+El= 3B0rl
E u|= -E= 32HlE 0f0l-eEE^ll,\lTf llSELf.
te
-raJ I 2r= ?]EJ eoeo 0lol=+oelll^lel LH+= LiEf
s 7iolll. 7f*^falel 4t: ^f+Eol E+q s=51= tl
E LJ^lell, g cJ^fel Tf LEfaJ gE cdge g33rl.
.ra I -a oJts 860e1 +a

ql9al
Elolltrser,.l^l7l TlgFl ol+ qlg4E "J4l gTl'olq ?+El o{EEt
LllolElLf retaJE r136t
g^Jel 7l;ol '*+qrlal qHE+. ! ; e.lrl d or €arq
+ .J: rl0 Elg "J
iBls Elolt=-s_e/.1 ^j=
^l'+61= A+EloI=
I rl i (access) .rl ','l
oll e
==
;ll 38EJLI

t"l Sg qlB4= 4"1 +q. A+Elg qgol+, cl_s4"]l^l r,I E^lt^ ^ll
olEle=- 7147|^l ?il ilel
^J"lqlc ^l 4e q+"rl 4^l Bl5.4oll 4^oll 3J^lE rl5lr +01
EllolEl= :lg + ?.1= r4rtr
4r= +golgg Els47t L4E dilzl t ctsol zlalEJ +HloI =a:^l,rorLl
 914.
41t49 ++"I=, +d ^tl g+ El .lEl=
dgol ++El= ++"1= 6J^J'Jg {}9 +
z16l= 44 ts (SnAfvt rstatic random access

memory)4 4lg4 .a-Ezl +7l4oE_ 7\E

!l*9 4^l 4l B+etr4 TlEol +zlq=
F4 q (DRAM : dynamic random access

aaI n 4t*0 9a1 memory)ol ilEl.

ril I'tzY ojel 49 F4 +g ^l+E!
rll+
"* ? s4 ol tr}.
+El EI

dgg ]Zq4E e riolElTl -Zlelxl.zl 9*= +ell^l 4ls4(na*r

memory)E 9l El. dle+ ?ol dgol zl4tJ4E LllolEl€ -E€61=
ElE4= ul+lgc EIL44rE +q.
"is4= dzlTl +4211 Hla 4lq ilEqi rrl?+ f. Hzlol 6tltrJ
6l= qlqElE 9l4Ll +El. rg I ng F +frel 8ul E qlolEl
el a/lB zlzl= 4849 11.tr8 LlElt aoiq.
44 "IsqSl sRAMg A04l^l A1644 + tz:,1,q Hzlzl 9l.ol

^f 21?=r28AEEl"lE(KB)E 3-71€ 7l4r+.4lE4el Jzl= +E+

a+l
1,0?a(B),te)=1(KB)
1,024[(B]=r(l\48) E qlql^l+9= K= 1024€ Ll4tEl.
I,m4(MB)=r(cB)
54 !ll.4.J DRAMe A0ql^J Alt4zl + tzzlg gzlg zlzl

) ,,0.,, ./
)."_
e==
/ tst c.a

(
/
Ir^ rlorca
f

lH I -23 oilEalel {]a

 aile +*.1 'l+ :.71 EIEoI {zl$ zl{a}i {lE
9014"J,
=
I € += €olll fl6lq g- d4 Cq(cAS:mlumn address select)
Csel dJ dzl .Cq(RAS:row address sels:t) 4l.{€ F"l Hzl tl
n= LIEILI]:qI,4lq tlnql rl4 4= E+g 6lIrE Hzl+= 5|
7 z+zXolr4. Irl+^], 16417lHlqE(MB)9 +e*9 Tlzl= Els4F=-
44.lll 9lrl. 4s49 r7l-= LIEIB Ell
^l*9= Mg 1024x1024
€ +4t4.

o;eq
E
.J+ 4+Elq "J=4 +il= rA I-24+,J
,ll
ol
^l*zl9 Hidg tsdlEol= Tll|Eel A+=
lrq += E.qEl e+E.lq. r el"l TErqE qal
(CD :compact drsk) E giq$ol= *;1, 6lE q:

rE el4l+ f.= *zl Fq E=4 eil"l ++rl.

olal+ *ilEg 9F rl;<1 3 Eilolq5 tsdl5ol7l
L+ LI+=
^Jl'lolEl.
6J+zlol *r}9: ?+El= .$^lql^l 5q_S=
d"Jg +CdlTlL+ agzlE 56lq Eqg= *El] aa r 24 4el +qt effEl
gqEl= 7)a+ ?JZ .Jq "Jilzl y+ol
= ^l+94.
4+^19 ezl +ql= 4+ jgaE lr-1 4=
vcc
.Jq Bq.
^+lilg ^JErl= zl4 xlrl.+ 44 flg
+ol oq, lH I 25ei zJol 14zlg dltrql 4+
swr
t
€q.
t-
f----q''o------t->r tll Blq
lgr+ ,Jol agrl7l gfl ^J4orl^l: qzlg I
,+
E

=q
Hltr +qol 4EJg 56lq dg+ €Aqol 9le
rrg qiEl EIE ,l'9 rlrl..ll.z, 49il7l P6lE lfl I -25 ^+l^le+ qrlH HIE
d,'lqEE q4e tslE '0'9 ++dq. /-9lil= 5"lq 4d7l'l
lolj<7I a"J+ 7ItsC.l ilgg-a Eltr alre+ ulollEvE.rllrJ
€ €aEJ ui ol= Erl6l= els€ 56J4.
lg I-269 q4EJ Hl E 6lLI= ^l+6lq ar59 4r r=
 gsEE El+el^]4 +Eld aol4. Elolas]I-e
.{l^lg HIE Hro} E44^El ++
"Jqg_e
=qg
7lg F6lq ArFql g.q+ dfrE 944Ll ilE
6lr+"1 q
^ilol6lt 9lq. "l a+clE arF
6lq
7iEJ rl olEl El E + 7ll zl 9,9;14.

d^l CnE 9l4r+ sEJel +.J zl*Tl€ -Szl

ol= cs= €+4.J a"Jge +olzl= olB-e:
tH I 26 AnE rllol fl 6 olEl
oFi=f olele olBs.l cs= uloll.egtr.dl^l71 gJjL ,^71 9l6ti^.1=
Eal"J: g+rJeE s6l
6fts eE qEf$ 10 El Jil 127+ zJol E+/lE 4tot .Jri. dlBsL d.Jg qzl g
+i]g H+g qlql= olgel qzl"J H+zl(ADC: analoe to digi-
=4=84
4al s5l6E g^ tal mnverter) € 4iol 6ll, qzlEJ t{olEl€ o}-J-A-L doJog H}
E^lz{|
+ee 371= LfEf$El
=d +/ f 0 El:
=oi^l
rJ9 B Epl ^l
+qE qzl"J ol9gl H+71 (DAC:digrtal to analog converter)E
FE Bl(duly rarjo)
qt 4al ndEEf Z4ol "J4.
=+'Jo
qzl'J u}gs: H+71 qlrl"l :13 I-28r+ ,Jol €j+ H=
(PWM :pulse width modulation)€ 4*zl Br].
=4er ^l*61=

o|gEf
=q
f

aH I -27 otgEre+ qrtg !E9 ElEl

 20t%l 30 t%l

rH r -28 E^* E= {]e9 E4

@ ?n 1+et
g
^l++ *ffElql^l + 9l=
TlcELl sqEJ 9lol zlSql 9,q
6J qls4e+ +H *ill]Jg-s _rH I-zsel rJ+ r++ +ilol^l +q

d /1ts9 g+l 6l= ? frEl E ti t€ zJ *el (embedded computer) e*

a *Et. 6J+zlcl B,r|€ ,J+EIE Lll^J€ a+Elg "J+ol+.

6#
I

tg I a 4AC fl#ElE SA
6}+zl Brtl ?+ElE dil +Cg -rB I-30r+,J4. E+el ts
aq= EiolEl Hl-\, olBgr "Jq, olBsl +4, qzl'l
oJ4 9 ^ln=
4zl"l Fqs +B€4. rll+q^l= Eloll.esg,ql^i
=q
E edss EllL4, "J=4 ^Jil 4 5t ]Ie.ql^l7l €a€El. F
tl l'_e.!l^l= EI+q +qc= rllolrl ull$ 4lolE +BJdl= E
E$ ulolTgug.ql^J ol4.
el+el E=q.l sag qql= dzlTlqql el+ ad, 4d7l"I 211 0td9 5g6J al=+
q 450 E^lol El Eol I
96J *d.l'l 4+ F"il elEI d4l+ 9ezl e54-9n'-l rlrlg gg q, 4
^lEot
4ef 4€
e 4 7 E47f gE6J e4=
91,flc.1 9l7l qEql Br clse+ ?+ ElsTl +t"rl 5q7l xltrL 0l+:r !l: ,l
 .lg I -30 gazl B{l e#Elg +E

CT) *reflq
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EIBJ

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S ta "e=g
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tsldJ

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d+€ + 9E+ f,971 tl tszl €C€4. HlBql, tsl?zl4 qlol
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+++ ula d= %l4ldl ^t+€4. tsll 4lqzl Sol 4 El'rJTlrrl+
otl^l cl olElE oJE)1+^laH
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olE+

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7l=
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s €7] dEt+ 7lqa.q7l q^l +"J71 1d+El 4a d=9 ^l
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l+ 5ld0i /f^: i+ rl
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tH I -63 MrL-STr>15638 slael &+71 rlg dl

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9l El.

tloiEl bl4 2

t=1:"-rI l@itl"la|
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'll.
^ rll0l1l
Hl

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^laEJol
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94 t"J7ls 5ol,J + 914.
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d+. ?14 +"J719 +iE 4C6l= 714 +71 sElFolTl 4l5-ql EIE
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fg I -66 M|L-STD-15638e1 4jE[ Ol

e7l 3EIEL B€qel 'J+ +71 cizl 54214, r qgql=

ol
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112 3 4 5 6 7 I 9 t0 tl 12 13 t4 15 t6 17 18 19 20

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@ ua "==g
rlolEl€ +aE.7l +l+ F4l Et-E€g EF g ?fzl eEtls E
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TCP/IP
ASC ]I MIL STD 15538
ARTNC 429 ARINC 629
8777
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tllolEl Etl gEoll:
ry
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3 EeE=olaJ. tllo Elel olEoll^l E=g +g6f .l. !+ e+= 6ll=5f71
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429e1 ARTNC6A r.l olEl sl4= rJ 01r-17l0ll ,t|Eig+
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5 ARTNC

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O aee u^t

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d 3 rl 0l z+El
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_e €ilslol 9,]._1, ;|u1e1 g^l ,J.zl7l rJLIE 4e s^l *ilg

s4 s^le + 9l= 7l;dl ++q4 9lEl.
lg I zle EJt 6J+zlel dzl^l AlTl ^l1H +^JEolrl.4+
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Eol t*q^l golzl -eJ9E r CC= 7l^J9 dlB s.rl lrzl E|
Eg-tsS4^l 9+91tr1.
 Ct) ErtTil

E] *+t+ E^l tl^l

qzlEJ 7l€ol gd'Jql Irl+ d7l-7lnl^lE zl^l4le+ Ef, 71ts
I aglzl= tll+e 9+C+l(cRT:cathode-rav tube) .Erl *:lt-l
s+ s^l *il "; 471; 4lq_e rtlrl994. 4q q= q'-q'19
a+dql^l a3l ++d+q ^l*ga 9_dq, j1^Jts dF/loI!E
;.1 zla|:t il4.
^l+Elzl
.9,=
=g,r.rrl T|el,\lol il
Ail ++d+9 +e= rA I-72e1 +q. d€t! dzl
.JtsJ4.J

+q^J g^l€ dzlTt ,qz r.Jql E6}] €dJqa, iHE "lal

=orq
7l= Ea6$ alrfe ?{4E
Hf+= A^l
(shadow mask)E 44 ]3flE €*8"1u'1 Hg Bq.

zzl E=tj+el ot1

^HE
t: aa4 g*ijrt 3r|1e
txtEol 5+of7lt E=ElE+
617 ?l;11 ,.j= +oJ !gz^!, +=^i, iila
"J= !l.l€ 'Je
=4+|ou
€FOl 49 AIIE 3 ]|]
=
cl

aH I -72 gel E+{tsgl +=

lAI-739 ^HE plazq E"Jg'lEl.llr glEl. d4+ol^l 4l
el +g^qg i6J6lq ++61 r+9 +el a7l= s^lg + glzl"J,
e+€orl= oJ+ 7|zl 4?s.JCaa .J4.

.]a I -73 eal E+E-E IHE qla3

 7I=4 471-7lAl^l zl^l4e+ dl,ilg tr] g+.d+g cb, d9c,
cElc Sotl^l B3 *dg 7l^liL d,Jq.
++.d+3 +HE '19 +^16l= aol olq_a :.F4oe qg
ql= s^l 1r-"lolsE, ol+ !l6Jol^l 99 .J9 +Ed €"J + g.l
qot .J4. tsel dlt 4+ :'q qHol z]d Elil= *oll^l oll4l+
'4lEql ofl Hli!4 ,J0 EJe *01
+ Col= ++C+C olAE =td"I^l= tsg ^J8lrtl "J dEs ll d99 loe =nlrrg
ilEot: r .i3 ,l
++d+g EtTl= 4€6111 3€g + g,lq"l
EtZl -HoJrl. trl+^1,
rql,
0
H0
rlLJoll !4al 116
^110
ott El6Jg 'I"I + tlrl. Eo ,l
^l+6E "l!
^l+6J
++ 6J*zl9 e+€ql= El^q E^l ,]rlz| gol ^l+9r 94.
E14 ++-d+g 91719 89171 H7l "llE.I dF7l"i 4
==41
EL6l4. ol al+ eErlg *+d+C oJ;l?-zoozil9 d+ rg CE
.a EllilETl
=q.
g* ce"J "Jr+ ++.!+ aEg 'Jr 91= +
^JEI4.J EiTl=
q gEJ.il 94 ACg4. *dq gElE SslE^l E6jlzl,'leJ, €El
7l +B.I^l Hl^}g= 4= i'+*9 "Jd3 ++6lrl r]]E.il
=E4
atrz| rll9 5q

E t.tT EJT E^t

[t^l
drlA gl} g,tl zJ;l (EL : etectroluminescent) f e
=
].+49 t4 E^l ^J:l ol4. ^JilE FzilTI
I-74e1 TJol
s7l trlE"i dnl +4= 7l+ei ++d+ol dlsll €Rlg+
ql qzl g*rl'L Czlq= dzl-7lnl^l nlzlcrl 4/l qE
ql 4l7l+ 9Eel *+g 4ul :Irl+4.
dzl* B* s^l zJ,lE +e= rg I-75s+ Aq. +
4+ 9orl FH.J ^Jls d=g Fr, 1;.|olol "ll+ sg
*dzle9 €C6lq *+iC 7ls d=+9 dzi4sl a lH I 74 E7l8 gS Ell ar^l
"J.rl el6lq zlg d3:1 .^]tr d+gs dq€ d"l^'l g*6lE+
rl ol +E+.

d7l"J g+ s^l tzlE ^Jdg g+.d+"I^l ,q+9= .adoJol

g,s6l4 ?*El= dolrl. E, d7l'J g+ s.^l ,Jzl= +
=E6lq
 g=+8 ,lE 8=

A d bJsJ -+

FBA \IE S=

.fg I 75 d7l8 gg -E^l 8^le.l ?r

4 *rl "l+tre+ ,Jg +++ 1lil7l g,q6lzl go4, ^2fl d^l
ql ad "J4+ airlEq E+7lE 7lilq. olel+ 54 triEql d7l *
g"* s^l "Jzlel 4+.1 ?46lzl 9q.
=qLla
al7l*E 3"J 5t
@ o46 .tagatot
"Jat.1
0 El+= 330lEl g
=€
eee EnJq14 rJ*qrl al C qaEdl'l (LCD : liquid crvstal displav) E .-l4g
BE= df+: c4ef tlgE ^l86lq
*Ue rl+ g-d€ !P+: g Fr+^l7l4Ll il+"J9tr41 ElB"rl .J^Jg _E^l6lE+
EllTl 9iEt
"*dg "J=
^J^l
qq.
E?
'!e d=8, cil34
rfit8g bJeol =ca gE-d
lg I-769 a3l "la q^EdlolE 94€ LlEl'J 4.1+.9"1
'Jgotj EISE 0l '! Hl+B €++"1 9"I +zl otr s"J+1E1. * €oJ+
'l: ^l 'J.dg ^lol
El3 z a13
ql il= E4 d+ql aa d7l*+ il46lE, rBql L+Elt tl+^!
=
ilH sql 9l= +'J 'J"J+g +r+6lzl *6iq H"l Llgzl +.JEl.
HlE"rl, "14"1 d7l*9 aE *ldel 'J+ tsJ"J.l tsl+lq gol 9l=
+* €*+g 5+6lq -lfltl ,Jol grJ,tl'lr+ 9ol tsq.
=+49,lol4.
_ta I-772 aZl al4 q1€rilolel +.== LlEld aE
u}aj9tr s"J€4.
I -76 EE E^l
flal
"l^l !J4! *dg Bl+E 'J"J+C 4^lE^l 6J
+4 7l+.I plA"lc} *g "+9s ,14€ E4zl..El7l Eeqq
glol ol Ed4^:q7l 71tr d+4 .qls d+9 19a6iq 4+9
sl4ql dlr*61= "-44"]l 716ll^l= d"Jg 4q6Jq. dgq 44 -1
 ZP] EJF]

lr
LI

aa I n o48 q^EBtlolE +e
H 'J.l *dq €*- d}6Joi El+l€^i 4 +J:g *zlzl 4
I-7611
.llilEl. 44E +aql= +94! 9El7l 9lq q €_Ele+ alc"l ++I
.J4.
^lol9 ^lEl Egg
9q^Jqg Hl+= Fr+B Ael "_qe qa=zjolzl
^l+g=ril,
+Al71 7lHll +4lzi *9q, {-lq 4Ez} 498^JE 6ti^JE= + tll"oE

94+ + 9lg 4Eolrl. E, "-qc q1grtlol9 4l9Cg x^l *iloll s*5lol 1:

=d+ql 4ae 4+
93d*u4 cJ +tl.
"14 qrEErlqE g zlzl B{$ u}+H= *6}"1 qr+ ^J+ol
zlolE !-slrl= d.lq. s^lEr+ +zl.l^J E,J4 HqLIE
= =
E 4^Ee+ EiTl 7l € zJ 6lll B ol Tl El.
qEE EI IEIOI

En ort=g EtaEqtol
el+ 3; HE
==^trf =
Hliloll ge-"J
dE= E^l
^l
dlEg trlr-=dl ol (HUD : treaa up display) oll E + ?l: x^l dilol4

rts r$lE g+
I-78+ 'Jg E*o_e,
=
d++ +e= ++
=rElolLJ(cnmbn]er)elr
+ 4cg ^l+Elq 1zl40J ElsJ 38, dq
^lr-EJolLl +* ilFg e!.E 4+
6J 4e
EIE g + ilE+ tE
^I9 ^ld *dloil^l
a ol El.

dF a6^H17il a+E 'JqCg 4l*Elzl f'g I -78 HUDI €ilEl

=Eig
 a"J
=8f0lLl

__"-+D

tJ
L-1-\J\T< :..//
U#J / Utz
cRT a9 dl^

.lg I 7e Eg EHfolLl HUDg +f _tg I _80 36 El8lolLl HUDE ?=

+ldl r"JEllzl"J, qzlzl'l ++7loI^lE .1++r+ 'J.l +949

d?q Ce+ ulal a]ga] ^lt€q.
4sB q15/llol9 7lg g4= lH I Teel ?ol €^J gC
1l^lel +EiolLi olq.
6lEH ql5iilolel €^J gc a^lql= 3+.19 ul= r+lEq
+-+d+!.1 ^l+gq. +dlolq=. p!^t 3EJ+ g+d+"l^l r4:
oJtlol 7l^l= 5C rl,J'J ql^l6lt, 4= ++g F+61= 5€g
zlzla 9l= Ag"lt}. "JdE "J^l tsjo}ol qldl.^lE .dq4qq^j,
g+c+ *6Joi^l s= H"J q}^l6la :r olelg HJ-6Jql^l -l= I
g Fr+Bt= 5Cg Tlzlr 914.
rJE
45ot 3oIE9 il+oil , rEe+ di+HEg glolzJ HJql r=^14 €^J'J €+
ee 383 raJrl= =,.tslolLJ=
El€ +9= "Jd= uJ4gtr rld+ :]44q irlz+€q. e4
6lq4
oJEr otn :]aJrlot 6llEJ6l iJTl=
: +=rf^ =of
Eol/f=
eg +TlEolss Ed rgol }-.=9rl 9*E+ +eldll
EA =LEtolLlTl
of oJ4.
rNg uj$al ul4 4Eg qa+elolTl +Bl;J
=fElolLlg
+. zl* ,J++ 6lEg Ll-^g'ellol= 6149 +dlolLl'=
^f€-
;l= a"lq.3+ rcts d}*7lql ,r|$rl{, -l ia
=lulolLle
rB l-80tr1 zJ4. qel"J 'dlEg qa€alol= +d"l
==
++6lzl"J, ,"lolz| kit €al7l iEI= ^J4Jol 9lEt.
.rg I 8r sg ElHlolLl HUD le I-813 T1F71+ dEg qaSalololEl.
 O qr|ts rH.
4C 6J+71= 7lts9l d}+os ++ 4+ ,JilLl -\9 ilTl Ll y-
Y+o|4^J €il6J 1li7l 9t9 cE.lrl. 'Jg :el il ol7'l Fl ul 3J *
Eli+ 7ls- "li dq"rl 94 q= zl|9_E Hsl6l= E+zl; 7lH
E7f olTl+ 54= 6tladl
=El.
+71+ TllrE= H zlzi *Hgtr +€g + 9.lrl. tEl"J "JBg
g%l qq9E4 .-44 qa5dlol= .JH] :gil=
^I+"1= zl"l4.
El]ilall, .9lil 87il"1 q 4el g+ qolgs= Cq zl; s^l7l E? C PIgE
!+rl 1E s=
Hel6lE+ tEq. 6J+719 "J+.rl qq TlCEq 1;| zli'ol 7
511619
6l= oJ=e Eloles
olrlE +il4"J Eil+iE .dqq q?+ 7l+ s^lzl Brl.lq.
"la qa€elq= ^l+6lq €il5J q7l: 7l_H-E= ztlH4"J zl
:.g g+4"J 'dE q"I +E+'JE}. ._44 q^Eitlq= r4q /l:.
I zl;ll 9l9s_E, Eztul izl= Eq6l= El+.J 4gil.I^l H
q+ l?otr'JqEl= BBs z1;a1r1.
*+d+ E^l ;"JzlE 471ts TIUEg 7l;g F: q"Jg +El.
.JHl4oJ *Bg g=d+ ?Hql o9^19 uili.l;lt: a+p\le+ Tlrl
e 9+d+ EIE"I r :gl:lel zl|$ Li4q= aol+. f+lzlg
7l;g dl+J ol= E^ldi += EBJg AI:trelolql q4 Adgq.
+71:. TlsEel E^l *il7l a"Jg "J:iE 543 agil dq
ql 4+ EElq= tla}9
"14 EIESE_ "Jq +r, =+i}7} qoJ+
+"]l d4l a9l;l7l zl*lg ao,q ?l^lElE+ -_e_r+qq 9]4=
dol4.
^l*q= -g,lql^l 5E6l 14€ ^Idlg, sJiLTl/l
dJ+7lql
kl+ +g tsl.Jg tr]]el ,Jol gE4r d+q d6J +Acl^lE +g
flq :9il€ 4qElrll ziF^l4=,'lE qoJ6l= aqEl.

4€€ ]lrl
"::!*H*H
e46 q'{EAtol
EltS gg s^l ait(EL)
I =+fl EElEllol"'= -.J37lE 84E =+flo1lXl E+6fAl dg6lr, ==^l
el !+ Eilolrf.
^f8= "JofEol= =eEj
2 lEE E^l Afil= n=9 rl^l "Jloll^lE 5-dtf.
E010F 6f0l' d+ +tr71 4

| 1 +qz; +of^l 4=!0ll E^l6vPl +l+loF

3 =al s^l SxlE ,f?t EE4'J Dl"= E+rlEJ, +471 =
n. rdoJol =Je6f+.
^HE ==l$=
4 lj7ld_' "Jg s l 8^l= dei ^-"7f 4r, +rllE gJ^loJ, a44g0ltf.
5 EE q1=ellol= g9 EB4 "-4del
EJg r*d6f0l LfEfLHq, dal
L +q7f 4I', F llE =!E
,"f^1"J, 8oJ01l^l EopF A+.

6 AlEg Ll.\=ailol= q+ ai= -"EJ^l Hl,il EE= E + "JE+ HJ

'zJol
7lE= E^l6l= 8^l0ltf.
^f30ll
7 ctzl= Tlir E= s^l d^lef g5Elol ?lel )lE= HJ5^|Z + ?Itrt.

r=^lel CEI g0l€

| 'JEllel d4= ++flollll E+6P11 d36lr., ^l-d=
0l= 8^l= *96101 +*ol4l 6f=7f ?

2 E=l! E^l 8^l0ll^l tll36E gaJll7l EqfEUll E AJEI

3rl1el C^l=011
-E+ 617l +16ll ?'Jol EEaJ 9fe ++EJE +9olalr 6E7f ?

3 trJ^4 s^l 3^lE^1, del +tr7|. 4I, ^]lEgnJ6fE=

d=4 71tr 8+49 C^|.4 3
-.Jo1l elEtol 7fE1sf tlEla Eoll^1 111016l= 8xl= +1
oJTf?
^llee

4 4=^l)l E+ ailE H91^l.E Bldoll Ee-d 8H= e= + ?lE= Eef

+= dl=g Lla=eil01(HuD)el 7lE et= +q?l7f ?

5 Cxl At4el Erll= 6ll36f7l +l5ll ^91^l= E^l Srlel g=!= Hle! Aq
Lf 0ll+0ll 4al !+6lE= 'J= 8-l= +Eolafl 6l:rl?
l@lee=A+-s-rsee
E t++r (1) g€4dJ Azl 4l+
"J"19 dlLlSl
gdEl3'el 4t 'JBC "J4.
(z) d"Jg +C."1 + 9.lrl.
(3) _n+ rl€el d.Jg 4.J"J *Bdtr sdg + 9lEl.
(4) i+ 'l€E i"1iE +d'* i 914.

E +"t 'l tl+ (1) 9€9^iv (oscillorope )

(2) *i BC zl (function generator)

E +ds

E+ EJA]

E "lt 9€,a1=g9
^l+ dBiJ= +zl+4.
+E (1)
"J ^l* (2) B+ gCTlel
^l+ €B^l= +,]+El
(3) .9lil7l zld 1}Ej.Jzl q"J+ 4+ql dg 5"lr= *=r|.
(4) e+9zl 9+*=rl q"J+ qg"rl dgg AEl.
=qdol
E g++^t (1) 6J+ g^J7lq^l C6ll4l +r}+e+ d.Jg gC^lz! El.
(2) *+gCTlE gd.a:i.""]l .Jq+El.
=49
(3) gdsliE_tr +x+ d.Jrt +q+E 7l+"JEl.
(4) q= +++el d.J.l r.l3l H]+6lq d+€lrl.

E c++4te (1) g€Elns gr!(probe)9 -ilC EIB

(2) 4+
^"j89 sB6lzl 9*g cerlE {t"Jr+ +4+ +zJ A+
(3) 4+ .€eol siJg 4€j'lE d.J4 +rl+ +4 4a+
(a) f4(dutv)tsI 5("/o){ +4 +lnE +rJ ar}
(5) Fqdl e0(2,).J E?.1 ilig +d ar+
 RS-232C Sdel A!9 +6r

B e++s (1) H€4"J 'J40J RS-zrzc Fll +4E 4R5 r^le + 914.
(2) RS-232CE Z"rlq dn=
=a6lq
Ftl ;1..+I49 *49 olsll

.JEl-.

(3) RS-z3zCel rllolEle+ tl=.e+g +4= olBl;J4.

E t"l E'l+ (1) RS-232c str= 7l4l PC

r2) Q4l e ^? t

E +dt
--.rr
lrs 232C ll0l=

n .JC gdtra?sg
^l+ €B^lE +4,++.
(1)
"J +E ^lt (2) zla4t B4
"JB€ +4dJ+.
(3) :gil7l zl{ tEI.Jzl q"J6J E}+ql d€l +7lr= *=E}.
(4) E+qzl 9+9i=zl sl'J+ ++ql dgg 44.
=q.col

E t++^t (1) RS-232CE e{ Dd 7l'4Elel rla "J+qcl +{l 4E=- +d+4.

(2) D€ TlL4Elel tli= "J+z]+"il^l +€g + 9lE+ ^le +alE
"J=4.
(3) PCql RS-232c F.{ t"J strrgg €,o16}4, l6d +:l 0x558
LIEILI]: ASCrr 3E 'U'= €+49,e €c+rt.
gdgliEs =q;lE+
(4) TX EIzl= *ol d"Jrl +ln5 +ddll 7l+
=ul
FIE},

d+ +t, d+ ulEel ++ 5 Fd s
'IgEl ++. {xl
(5) EIE+.
EE €A<i9 El+E^l Rlq"J4.
 ola+ (1) RS-232CE e+l Dd 4LllElel {n z1s gg
E t+
(2) Elzl= €;l+ "J;rl+
^le
(3) rx e4q d.J +a
(4) d+ +Eel rx ErI ul€9 *41 zltr+ +c
(5) €C,J HAql El€ Hil +C
 t!6tr1
-..\

f
1
I

CElel+{l Etl
2.EEnl"l +:itrJEf 5{.1 At^l
:*=d
3+l€
^l^H
4 trJElEC 8^l
57lLl] 5C
 :st=7
61 37lo1l =JIHE 5tl A^l= 3:*3 +ldf01 rlAr llJll4Lf +rllgtrlg r1]g +l--J
=
+l
o tl 8ilef 7 LHoll^l €+?l ZJel Sslef +lsl "JLH
Hj*oll
"Jg-.J rlLll Etl 5^lE+E
ELI. =,-4-
0l cJg0ll^l= -*3 Etl At^ el += fla "f +3 tH6tol 0 dN--Jt[.
=F, =ql
 l. tatTttrt_ol +E= €€tJ + flEt.
2. CnlS €,+'o'lt *JH!t g+ e"€ "J + 9l'1.
oJql+-ql
3. C4= Lll.!rql-? Eol=ol: s.tg "J +. 91.f.
4.2lltrt t'14 LlTf:.t1!t 5,ijg {-q6J + *Ef.
5. -".t €.1lel eJ"let +c -sa= €H6J + 9lEl.

Cl) drfTlntel gz

I lrl6tlt trtlt
Ir r"i crl= c Eirl-= +r! r +9loll +l 7l col gcbJrl. l? T1 1'l
i -rgi.! nt
oJ.d7l€ r{n 9lE Eill +gql!= dr+/}
'Jol Tl/l= pjolul+l
^1\1.,

Eqrl= iJe= tlErtl. ,ilel l/l: 4tl/l /lrl+.?=. 7l drl. 6Jol

zl*;li uJ6Jtrf 6J e,l r,I 7lE Elt E*.+_ r+E.l!]flt}.
rllLll +-. le TT 2e] aol €3/l: rLll 9.1i 5'lloll 7f7lol *:-
Xz1='jl-,1 : r9 tsJ-Ll.
Ll 6J

dzl Xrl Blid 1I+3 6I= rErl= F?!ol 1l zl Colrl,;'ll+el

,+l-3- zl^lCl /l4lal /l7l/l\\ LJTI 7lL.l' EJTl:- 6Jol 4*'JtI
c7l '.r-9 E^Jdl= {16}= 6}L}el lt nlri €rl€ i 9]71 yl. zl
rlf olu|-ol i"J qe +7f .-l .i girf -- dol Ei=.rl.

le ll 1 9&6f0l e-d -d -rg lt 2 ETldfo el-d E

 EC"ll C+7I 6rE zlzle-ol €4E1,1. ^laql 4el H4l6l=
zlzl* 4ql Fgl Ecql dirzl gE-clE 'l-3- dFTlel- *rrTlel
€14= ul]€, rql ol6ll;|91€ zlolr]. zlzlzJ;]. 41 7l c ^l,olel +1lE
1831'J4l oJ +_9 rtle.lrJlol (Faraday, M.)7l' 9c6}9l=ql. ol=- dzl
7l +Eell- "J4.

t
^trl
trl

}oI Lll + ,JC4l+

18s4'J €qel o-l^g(Maxwell. ,.6.19 {21

"JC49 e_Ed e+ rl-F *A4+ t:.;19r1. a

zlTl q16J
^Jql
ell I *c]1 3 €'q^l ?-dlrl: +-b-g re IT-4el' eol c6J
**q +zl9-E_ d7l e-q- zlTl ,Jol ^ls 449 ol+q +tel €
E]]E {1.J6}= EJr}4r ql+6}91r}. E, r}t H}C.I"I "l+ d6l
*"J glol 4t7lel 7l7l Bzlcl^l +'5tl d 521 *j.59 ^l*;tq :r
.tal lt 3 E1g
rl:rel ddJ +E= 9el +Eq ,Jrl= ?tr}= gHq. .l !]-5€
{z}zl rt (electromagnetic wave)4J +4.
lBol^l +zl cFol d/l?oll +oJ Tl*ol zlTle.Jril. +i'
ol 4eI dTl,Jel *6J9 7l=_d,_e +zl rJll+r +=rl. dzlTli+
sl_--:- *Bql rrlr,l +'J 'J+oJzl +4 ,Jil?lzlrf ?,csJEl.
=

al 3

lg [ _4 llrlTlElg EEll

dxlzl4y ,J7ltr) ^l7l+el rlFqE- dgqs_+ "ll dol 9t=

4l* fqlrJE drl+q. dzlTlrlel {l6J +E= ol=oll^l }"lel +
-Es+ ,Jqr 4l+5l]1-e 3 x 10' (m/s) ol El.
 lB rlltol +5}+"J+ Hl+98
II-5el zJol
Hol tl*J+ 44e+ ,JolzlsE !1114 +4+€
+6lE Tl6J +Eet 'J4. trl+^l Elg4 eg .lq
€BgEl.
c:^ f
lH II -s 4€|E Eel
9zlrl cE H9 +Eola,,l(+rl)= rl"Jg ,Jol
g elq EelE 44\S 'tqe. fE +r++= +4.J4. +++4 +
.la++ rltol Solzll, ,J7l7l-!+71 ztzl= oI
',lzlE 4iltrl.
r
4]l7lq= +rl+ql "+4 ^Je"] Belzlq. +4= "li+ Hg
gqel dzlTlrl= €^il c+q g:*dlr 914.
r GF 0ll
8J^fd E301^i 3J=51:
l? II-6r+ ?dl ilB4.J H}^l;otr 94+l rd9 Hl*;'}q d
Etl+ +r
^l+gE xd 5lol 4^l7lt+ ?oI^J +++zl
alrlT rte gtolLf EloI qlLi
zlll dzlTlrlcl +++. :1H 9+tsel 7l^l *d
XI:
= ^llq-s +Eld
cE,JlO gzEl a1^17 nf
E, I +qa-l: 0 36lq E
g ol+ +g +++ .Jqql +-i gl=Ll, ErJi4E 4tP zoo(nm)
ile Lll+ +5= rN+.lee dll, 94^491 4?9 +oo(nm) {Eolc}.
EcJe + 9lLf.

lfl u -6 cr[7trlE EJ+te+ $g

@ 1+er Xer
'_1^gg *c4 qs d47lrI= ql+6l9Sr+, q€zl dzlllrl
E t5q +Aq *^l^l7l=zl f *H"rl qldl ^Jts 9^l *6lH+
 -lg II 7 6lltr^ .reJ [ -8 E* 8^l
^171

+'Jel dl-=-=(Her?, H.R.):- 1888Hql le il-8tl +3- C7l €' r!l

+tl+rl 3x ro (H,
=_"J^l= ^l+6J €c d_E d-t_9 *^l-:. .J+;}ilrl. r?el +il ! Irrl, nl= E-,+rf

Czlql +;6J dzl dlLJ4Tl drlel €Ell,+_ itl 1l^l"l Cgtl.l

d7l +";€ oJoTl= €Eotl C-;olglcl olsul s+419_e d"+S
oJo}5,o]:-
"JEtl+ql "J +Col d;!HE+.
ql
']]+4'-]'
ol+r]ol--el ulaf ul (Mar(]nj, C].)= 6ll ir z-el 'Jd7l S- 4*blq
+ai dnl 'J"l= PB;lq 1e01k1 rll^JoJ €"J -"'d Sdql !+6l.
HE-}. I + +C FC+ r|olrl= ,E*61=
d"+ 3"+c 20.'ll Tlql e}^l .3 ol.9 e tr
=q
Ed"J E.l7l r,l9tq.
l+l n,re El-- ?Ll 9I .l./l +!
"sl6l
| ?rg d.3 q^Iil oJ {}3"14.
aEl EJellHl d+ +qg EJ+. 9l=' 'Jel
+l^J tsdg El*+q €ql CnJq "J+Eol
=l +rN {E}i lJ+ dr} -;qel tsd"l el rg Il e olE."Llsl r9 +! 8il
6l ol+dl Tl A olrl.

@ topt sF
E +t 5^J tot
-.++71
11+:' + 3000(cHz) ol oloJ dzizl!l= "J"J4. rllle_+_
+t6lE rt.l [mm) o] *el tt1] 3 z]zl d z]71 !]ol t]
=
 _g-EB +d FC+ss ^l+611 9.1= drlg +51+ H+l= E
11-1r+ ,JEl.

i84 VLF(very lowfrequency) 10.000-100,000 [m) 2 -30 (kHz)

84 LF( ow frequency) r.000-10,000 (m) so -3oo [kHz)

[.{F(medi!m frequency) 100-],000 [m] 300-3,000 [kl.]zl
=4
HF(high frequency) 10-100 (m) 3'30
'J4 [i,4Hz]

6cJri VHF(very high freqlency) l-10 (m) 30 - 3oo (t4Hz)

tll^l0lEjI+ UHF(uttra htgh frequency) 0.1-1 (m) 300-3,000 [NlHz)

ClEl[lEjIf SHF(super high frequency) l-]0 (cm) 3 -30 (oHz)

oJalolEllt EHF(extremely hlgh frequency) l-l (mm) 30- 300 [GHz]

aarlet ^Jrl= 5 dgqTl 'rllE"I ++*q 5d.rl

+oI^JE
tsJ+q
^l*€tr}. ?5}= +qg ^l+51q, Erl= 1trl4 +.d Fc
^l'+€q. +7j4 +c ts{14 ealHld, FM *+ Fe =E}'l
Tlql
tlqg "l+614, +Eil AEI= rjl^lElEltl=
ol+61_7 9ltl.

+"q+71 Sdldf+ oJEir-lel l7l7l zlolTlr, r'l B9 €HE

dg + 9lr1 4lEql ^l+ +';l+71 ll+ +ol,i:7 9l= +il].lr}.
relLl +rl+zl +d 5il 7l€el 6J4loI +?6171 *llE
=ol4E
{ €zl= dElulEl+'JE7} +.c Fd"I ^}*El= z}* 53 i4
+olrI.
aElr+ oltel +rlf= Tlrl= drl€ +=trl, P4+, ^jtr"J

+qtdq
:.J=7lel
+tl Et] 3^l= rld +{lee EgElTl nllEoll B7lal .={g 916ll^l= *
{l zof -drf. HJEJoll, ^lAFlf
+EH dil: 0H+ 41= cEloetr aTlal E{lol olFolllrl. r 0l
=ajol
+= r (km) 0lLl|el lzoE €il5l0l llts ,l^l+tl^lEJ +Cee 5{]6fn, 7l^l+rlal= *Eal
oe g35l7l r4=olrf.
7l^l+!l +4 3+71 5Ef6l= gEol rllolEl 5{= +tt| 8El7 sl
+l^lel oi- 7l^lqol r
^l0l0ll= =54 ^fg6f0l
"Jgd]oF 6|:rl= 7l^lE e+Ei7f Zlt!6f0l 3361n 9lcf. 4ef
+tH &Et= 7l^l+Ee
=llE-5q= gel(cett) 40ll^l +C Etlol 0l+01^l= 8441 6il^l .g
^1,
Ecl E (Cerurar pnonelel4i_rr- E.EJLf,
 ololftrrlE 4q EF

+nl+ Efl(cHz) r -3 2.s-4 3.5-7.s 6-r2.s 12.8-40 33-50

4+e +e47lE 6lq, .rl+89 +a+'+€ Elollr-rl+.ZE +

c'l= EFg trll +rf+e+ dJ4l +lr-el lolE ^l+6I= ol+
=tr}.
r7l zl tlllol El Bl dlzl q E"l rl.
= "JErlLlg ElolsE+el
d+ +"I ^l +rl+ql q]6l s. II -2e1, ,Jol 4
^l:
qg 46lq +er 9lrl. 4lE Eol, xql q zl* flolrlzla a|$,
qlqq ol - +rl+€ Tltl r,lolEl€
6-12.54(GHz)
^l*61= B4l
E'1.J4.

tr *+* +q+ Eilq

A+ +rl+rll9 ^l*g edg ulzla|-t ^t+el FoJg TlBlzl
96lq +4 BEgtr "JoI4 flq. Fii, 6J++g dil4l E=g_E
€ tsl= z,l+q ol 6lzl EI ts"I E II -3r+ ,Jol 4 al4 9lrl.

E II -3 gB3 ?rl+ 4q

SU Ail 225 -4oo ([.{ Hz)

=4cJrt(uHF)
5d *il aEJrl(vHF) 5.ll Eil ll8-136 ([,1H2]

EJrf(HF) E{] Efil 2-25 ([ilHz)

SHJB +{ s^t(voR) toB- B [[rHz)

lzl +d 8il(DME) 960-1,215 (MHzJ

E€ gE eg 8^l(TAcAN) 962 - 1,213 (kHzl

rt€ g9l +8rl(ADF) r90-L750 [kHz]

Eg 8il ! rU ol Egrl rJl^lrl 13.3 (GHzl

x 4q 715 a{01E1 9.4 (GHz)

c qq TlAr rllolEl 5.5 (CHz)

dII TEXI 4.2-4.4 (oHzl

2il *^l 4l0lEl(ssR) 1,030 (MHz)91 1,090 (NlHzJ

+4 d*t 320-340 ([,rHz)(=401E eEs)

1l7l .tE *il(tls)
r08-r l2 (MHz)(.eZ40lrl)
 @ tttilt{

"JEILI= drl€ qlgql= +tl "JErl'}, ++el dqE P= +d

.JslLl q +d7lel ,Jg ++tl 4+ +El4 F.l 9l+. +41 .JErl
q= r++ s]-eg d4g FEzJstr d4 qluJuls H+^14 t
Acl *^l6Jq. iAl oJErl+= dq qlqrl= Eg4etr ++"lr
d49tr H+^14 d7l els"l dgsJtl.
.JElLlCl zl6tlzl: jr-+-"+ 471 qlqzlg rll+e"l ++eE d}^l
qq"i .JelL+el sgol €ol4=r{, "JelL}sl zlolol $o]l aSEl=
?fl
rF
tA +51+et dt+g +5+i7l oJzlsllot olQ. ulzl alTlel Eql^l
'l= c4= zlrlElE ccSrl del i47l +dElE 3 i4ll +
a!5119 a!s+e+ A
als+= /E AE +7 41
=
eE 3J0l Il+0 ++6171
,I6E EA€ 'JAEI, = ,Jotr g4}q= 7)+ rJ+ 94ol4.
+4l7lql^J .lH.I= d4ol s+ .JEil+= F6lq *tq drl"e
*^tqol.I sgol +g oJElqol4. olCZl 948 d5+9 +tl+ql
r+4 .JEil+9 €+E 4€6litl t=q4.l 6li+ .d7l4oJ +€E
9zl;1o1 ajq.

fil ctotE oJEilLt

zl* zlB4.J "JEl+= lH II-10r+ ,J.l +tJ z3o1z1 ${sl

+' l.ll
2 '-' -r +Cql ^l 1++ dqg +?61= €El.J S]tl1t "Jsl
Ll E= +olg(aporc) oJElLlol4. +"q+71 Etl "JE"J a+, "J
ElLlg aol= 14 ulelzl qq.l +El. xl6JC3 .JElLl E.d4 +
zl oJ l*6JoI 7l1l ,J6l7l
^l 'IE}'J4.

Z0 lml= 143/+[f+lMHz]

lH [ 10 Llol* EEl4 lg [ -11 4olE "JEil4g gE +fl

 "Jel4q dqg +"6l4Ll dn= HJ= "JBg r3 II-11!+ A
ol oJElLl Edg 6J+9 F+ Al"lBE dE(shietd)4 SA6la. El

=
slBlr+ Ed3 E+ 41"199 cidrl saEl= 4014.

@ +e oielrt
+' "JEl+= lB II-12e1 eg ^ls F
'Jol rlol=-
.JEil+q
.Jel4 d4l AolTl rl*r+ El+dlEl. +++,1
=ri €a+ aos,
*ol^l +sq 7)ol7l 7Jdl4 4= 4g ql4EgE qEl { 'J6}E
^J+Srl.
+-- .JEilLlg 5Cg gC ol+= +gE+ ful *-Jee. "1-3
col 7l+ ,JBlEl= a.lq. 4r+^j, ol oJEIL+€ +41 +EI+.E ^l
+6Iq oldJg E4E^J itl zJs.zl 7l"J +9 HJ6*g *qH +{
telLlg *6J9 +g + 9lEl. "l g4€ ol+Bl= 6JH 4-zl7l 4
F "Jel +C?lol4.

-L
4
N|3

lB rr 12 +E e!fl4 .lg II -13 €rl elEll4

[! gr gurt
4d1g "JElr+= f49s dl+r, rl*'J"19 iql 4€-9= oJ
Eil+q HJqg zlBol,+ dzl€ r]3 EdE ql;]l6'J oJqlr+zl drl
"Jql4.lEl.
drl tElLl= lg I-13+,Jol +zlgg ^i+.14
d EJglql a
n q,Jg ,ql7ls dtlTt Bl^lqq LlTllj 5Cg zl qEql +z16}
dq. rBq4 E-€ ?gg +'l+ +Cg s46l7l +l.l^l .JEl+
4.2| ..t1o1q1 Bg n.JolEl.
uJ^D g^l) dzl qlsl+ts latl z,yqs,1 aolE s
7] qlEql ol5+ "JEl+e 7I+ *ol
^l+9
J. g.lEl.

olrl ?EllL]
slBl4g zld} 5Cg ,J6l7il t57l 9l"ll
rg II 14el 'Jol .JEl LI sa gol EJ llzJ
.fH r -14 o|71 PJEll4
SE+ i;L Sg e"lel E4loJ ErITlE Hllg
oFlPSlLl 6la, 9.il H] +a!_4 6E a 'Jolg Enl.J E]^l/lg E "JEll+
ol7 (yasi): gEE
e 0lE3 r3 10lEl. +rl SlElLlr+J. 6JEl. olzl "JEll4ts +-'++'l '+otr €EI7l Ll
=
+ 7)^l7I rllE"l aE4 .l^Jq +tl+ qlqol^J ^I*gq.

E ulapgel o1e1r1

+-r++71 Solz]J "+*ol Sul4 Elol Iilt+zl I E 4l tlel Hl^l

e+ €^Jol 9tr1 dl+d}]ilEl. ol oJEql^J= -fts II-1se+ rJg
=€ q+94 .JEtl+ E= sld sE4 oJEI+7}
il+e+. idql oJEII'+g tsoE. sEEE
uAfl Cd"I qdl H]^l'l= €€ss 9q €89
r--,N 6J6lq
'J-6i41 *^l€El.
:idql F"l= "JEl
Ll: Hlr}1l ?IElr+ E= azlTl Llgol ^t€-
SrflLLtg
€4.
dzlTl Llg+ lB II-164 Aol Enl'Jg
s 4lrl oilLJ47I dgslE+ tr.-- +g"Jtrl,
.rg [ 15 rlelEal EEll4 E++el 'J+ €ol^l d!l= d+6lr 4e

A
-v
'- - z:-'"t
l_-J a1 -n^\
--\Jll
39tr

fH It -16 trlTl L+"Jel gEll

e q €g €q +E d'l/i 4*E"tl^l +zlgs *^lqq, E!l+
el +*6J!-E q4"J rl.J^Jg zlulztl 9rl.
7'l6}^Jol zJ'J drlE g1o1r.l$d,+
"ll+ +€- +r}+ql ^t*61=
t++84 glEll Llzl
^l*sJq.

CTt Uutel t*E

d"+zl d"le "ll9 iJeg ,Je dzlzl+el 6l+.J gel te+

dl+,* €ol y+q. +rl+z} +9++ 4{16}: A"Jq ,J6lq, +rl+
z| {98 H!^}, Ej€,3€ 5ol + .Jolt+.
le [-17.1 dr]7t dr]El= a,"e+ tlaJ
g 'lEl'jfl4. zlts4oeE zl4l;l= ce-
8at5
ol zlo|.zlEJ Ed+ +dnlql +?4 R]^lEl lgnf
4, t.l+ dEe 219"1'9 ull tldJ *6}ol
401= q€E eEi.

tr n A t]
'i ,,' ..'?

/\t.E. Eg 3tl4l rtl"tl s.alsl 'JC s,+E ,. .JF uElut

7l^lr1e ++l "JEI+ql^l *^l€ d+71 ril

,lol^J q]^lqol +d "JdlLlg dBg=til,
T:=^14 R:+!4 l?:rE
olg ql-Zl +^l+4il 'Jq. 4d+el rl,{l
:lH II Erlg ACrl
+^l+= rl*rl+r +4.
17
^iej

E t.t6 oJ^t 4gEl

+1]/ oll^l 8J^fE !nf7f
4+r+ dle,lg drl= ++ +4el €6Jg +=Bl,561 d4+e 4lc5E t30l e;ll
^l{g
0i d+El^l Bn 4lE +1]
drl= HJ^lsl4+ t}*^l7l= gg9 dJEl. rETt d4?+El *: P1E{1f01 Eg6E alrto El.

D+, E+ 4 n6o14o olEol Bq q=rl, D+g ElJ*el 4d4 grl?

", ggal E"ll^l"J +El,-+"tr *q+ "J^1 4l= ^14{E}. u€ I
Ellgo^l 3o|e

tl+e+ D+4 E+"1^l HI^l€4. 3rl= D+"il^i zq e oleqg 5€ g!-J ?iol

=*+= trf
4 E:+94. r;,1+ D?g *olEJ 3zl];istr Bcl= ?tlllE d
 F=

50

,-;JJlSm
lg II -18 llal3el +0|?J EE+e+ sr+, I ErlE EJlf
=El

+= zJ47l €qEj1, E""rl el+ H]^tzl oJqLltre e Xg +'+

*+e *"I"J +C€q.
E+rI"il^J= ,l*"+9 ,Jd7l a7l qlE"rl d4?"i q]^|9 +Z
q'l +E .lEtrl. d4+g lB [_1811 'Jq *r] *ql T44 d4
ql ql+ Hl^lE dEe+ oJHlzl_o," *"il= +e +
'J4l7l 94114.
!l+71 4EI6ta, BoI= *e +q+71zlt]61q. 44^J, E!+ 5tl
g ,Jg +q+tr= 6J* a.lg Ftl +Erl= g7l ol B7l tr13"1

*+ "J, 4l€, r4r q*q SF ^JEI Fql 4+ 4€'J +'l+E

.dq6ll.l +El.

@ g+er t..1
dt+zl rll+? UI"I^J dilg qlq= +E F.l 96lq A El, ts,
+ qlLJzlTl g+q4+ t+qq 4^l Eslaq. qzl6J e+9 g
dle *t+.+r+ t4rI"I^J: +^lg + 919 t+ 4r, +tr iEI
+rl "ltel+rl+"1^l d6lrtl .Jqt4.
 HlLl ++"I96J Elolzsslg ++ tEfl= 9loJ€9 az1, o,13.

zlel .iizl "; 'J+aJ Fql EdI^l aA€El.

Cil €sel ttf

l[ +1 51er r.5
*.1^l d+9 qel 7l.4 cag .JolB*q. drlE g+d.= +
g4"J ol+= lB II_1ee+'J.l d+€ Fi,il AB€ dg6ld= a
"lq. geldld "J+ drl"il €fl CH= g^J +1ael gC tnolq,
Fd +lCq d'l"l= rl4El qoiEl CBTI dq 9l+. tg +r..
=ie+ aE
r ! Eal+olll +413f tl
+, 34 r1+?
s =+El al4
0l 4+1.liE aE
A =z
EE 6E oJ3 9lolEl
n+nl cta

&
ffinm
Lt I \x{

.Lg [,1e drto EEi EHE Eg

+d Ftlg 7lg 45e le [-20']'Jol d']= +^]g + 9.1 =fr r^l
alllo dleE !01^l !.J
SIEIL+= s.Je +41 *"lel : 4q_=_ polpolJ. 4!- daE aeErf e 4€6E +
= ^f=
4€^la + 9.1= +c +il7l 9lol+ BJ+. ole+ ee +rl tlilsl

T9:
'1- I r--t r- '--)
llFgl +ul
I [=i'i +orl
il
.1fl II -20 Fd 19 7l|E
=
 +tl "JilE TleoE 4Hel +d4 ++l rlc"il^l ^l+€ sE ^J
ilE +d 5r1 t:l+r +El.

El EEer +^
g+sl
rl iEn-l ,(l
Hits **4(camer wave)4] 4!-E d= r+A'14, qe= qS
_e. d+€ d'ls+El g/lel CcE 4=61= 4C.lEl.
^lEe ^ ^lol
aE "J-dEf.

olBE.l 4C"l Etl6J H4 *Bs-q= 415.9 q/loil tr+4 EJ+

tiE Tl+C HE+^l7l= d+ H4(AM : amplitude modulation)4 4l
.s.el lzloil rEl+ q]+rlg +4+= HEI^I7l= iyli He(ptr:
frequency modulation) zt il+€{.
11. T!* Es
l3 II_2lg a+ H=g ,lEld agq, lfl (c)41^l qH=+
I s+dol HI+!+"l 4ls+7t €fl Ee aln €Erlqq. di dn
I Tl+.1 allzl qg H]+r+g 1l+E =l^E qa, He csel
r1+.1 aqle gtr H]++el {l+E 4dl7} q= F B= 4lncl
El+ H}+rlg a+dl Hsl6J4= aC .J + 9lEt.

'Wil{il -.*
(a) HJ€rl (b) tli-rl (c) 4Errl
lg [ -z al+ H=.9 rlE

lB II-21+ 'Jg d+ H=9 rleol^j q]+rl 1l

+9 4q*C t.zl 6la, cn'l il+el 44i19 E"
4 g ql.' -L al m-?EI1c
E3g"l4j1 'JE+. H4&
ol 498 Fd9 Heszt 7lilgr. Fdq s.€ol
*olT14.
41i d"Jel 3-71= +71^l7lB rA n-zze] +ol
aa n-2 H59l 4E€ H=gE Eldl6lq ?716lzl"J, dA dgol qL CE
Z,.lE €il Htgol rln d.Joi tsldl6l7l grll g=tll, CHlill6l
€E€-Hrel zld^J"l4r +El.
=
9ra14o1 g..3a1zl ?:.Y H+l ql"rl^l Higg rAl + + tl=
6,lal= :+lril Hagol4t Elq. .JEl dsl +cZlg 4i. so(ot)
q^Jq ;lEll Bigol g+€El.
lq II-23r+ tJol H=gol rm(o/o) EY 100(%)= ";oE rlE
i9q E€.q+ +4rllzl H4 44^l tI= 5ld"rl *6lts
=tr}.
q :=ll lEt
+11 E|ol^l 3J+4€ $
+^J, Hegg H4 9+= H+l Lllql^l=
700('/o)= €9+, T=g 8J+rlel .J+01 ,J€

,l+ilal ral 6lH H=9 4dcq 'Iil}4^l dn9 =++

.Jra14o1 6E
'4
t4E +nt+ lCC "J

'J^J
BlAl €El.

(a) m= 1(1N l.k)) (b) ,n= 1.25(125 (7o))

:19 IT a !+EroI s.lEl glald

Ll. +ul+ H!5
+ri+ H-b lB II-24e1 z.]ol {!-z} _s.E}€ cEql q4^l
El+49 +rl+= B4^l7l: "J4lq4. +, dnE {l+ol OolE

-tg II -24 +r++ E=

 oJ46J rTlE tf4zl +€9El7l Cng
azltl z)zlfl +++/l +ol^14, cEg z
zlTl OBE} 4ol4E a-+izl *olAEl. +
dJ* "J46}4.
'l+ He€ '+€9 d+e
+++ Hi= +++9 d+q .JC6ls
_a. drlTl d+qE^J **g g6oe 4€
el 4l+ol qi El+lrJ?+E 9rti9 41sE ;l
€6J + 9lo us d+ H="rl El6lq +gql
?6J Fdg 7l^ljL ilcl.
El. ElrlE {9q 95

da= Bzl q4g 4las "JEol Pl+rl

.rg II -25 clrlE Eag $E
"l {= qrl'l Fcg 96ll rts ]I-zse} ,J
g qEl Tlrl Ha nJgol
*..Ert ^t*€4.
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7i^ : rlE oJElEf
al-{7} '0' E= '1'9 +E}ql= 9lz1 g4.7lts4oJ E= *49
tlsTl '0'.14 '1'"1 ul4 d+q Heg= 1l+ olF H=(esr:
+-q+71 H49= +t++ ol+ Ht(FSr :
amplitude shift keyr|e),
frequency shift keyns) '; +l^Jq tsl+l= elt ol+ H=(PSK:
phase shift kel,rng) Fol 914. ol +ol^J *g"l EI.J 5^J r+ d+
qlq+el +dql^l +'l+ qF HiTl zl^J gq
^l$gq.

@ ;q+ ^qEg
E utBst oJt
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q, r3 il-26o1^J 47lel 4dr]-€ q6lB .J^J rler+ +ol 9q.
ll€g ^l+ql
El4 rggtr+ g.lzl"J, +!l+Hs I
+ElE 1l+
C 'lElg +E 9.14. ol€ r-El Eeol4l 6J4.
:1? II-26q1^l ztz} Lfl c€+el +rl+€ f+ aliL. _1 .l+ol
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vwwwwv
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lH II 26 +rl+ ^El E H
4:0, so, -rqr. 1s4= ?9 lE:.gog 'lrl91z glrl. rl*+
'l€9egos ciE qel +'l+ ceg 7la= a€'lel
oJp! +aJ, +
?\ll LlEl.3 + 9lrl.

@ Ea r4=g
€=9rl e*3 H]++= +++ f"+y 6l+el +++€ 'fzl=
c€rlol os a4Eeg r4E re r-27a+ rJEl.

-Mffiffi"'1
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aa I -n HJ€rlE
^BlEaJ

tH II 28 d+ ErrlE ^4Eel
 -tH II 2s ElA ^qEHg oJd

i@w@,",l.
ffi;;j
.]g II -30 El+!14 Ea 14EaJ

Hag drlE +rl+ ^EEd+ ts4618 lB II 28r+ +ol H]

r|9l=
!E= qal rfrl d"frlel
++ ?tl+q B= Cnq rll94(uanawratn)"J+ *g +tl+tr+
^;f
oe qill;lnl
^!l
Ealo El uJ+rl +++"rl rlg+q tjdltl +++zlzl Es9ol 91q4,
E 4EfB 4 aEltrPJo
^l^l
oE +nl+e +g .J"JEf. {l+4E f dg-q d59 r4 egol rlldqe 6a5lq glE}.
dal 499qlrj sI++ g+q +'I+ 4qg *+slrtlluse:
upper side band)+ 614, q]+t+ olgl+E +tl+ tilqC 8|=!ltll
(LSB:lower side band)=l-Z +4. rB n-29= olag 44t a"l
El.

+.'+ elq_s EJ+r+ 'Jol P!+ii. ^J+rlrll "t .++rlEil= s+ d

+61= "J++tll (DSB: double side band) FC *.1, Eltl +.d Ft
r+ ,Jq 6J+ +rlql"Jg
^t+6t= t=rlrll
(ssB: sngie side band)
541 tsJ4E 9lq. rB n-309 "J++EI"J9 +=rlql 4l
^l+61:
ie+ r a4Ee9 LlElqlr 914.
El++4 +11 *4e 'J+'14 541 *4oI Hl6lq +41 dqq
+t6lq, ++.1 46il^lE iJ+ 5cg /lrll gEl. rel'-l ++t1
714 +-"++ oJAETl Sotot El_]1, Els +col ++6lEl= +dq
9q.
 E tg +trt+ Eilq+ -|irtrttrn
H]+rl +rl+71 tsli6J 24el +il
+ol 9g "x, 44E +d+"l^l st
drlTl gtg oJoTlzl 9+-a +al7l"ll
Eg6lel Eo++el +C+ol 'lzlE i
qlqq 4+ +C+q dlE4 d
'l+ g:olo}
,l zl +El. lB-31 +r+qlE ddorl elEl e!
It

lH II 3lr+ zJol, Rl+rlE +rl+zl ^Js 4=rl+E, ;ll'J 1el gg +!t+ Eltol=
6fr,le +11+o 4e B^
^J+rlrll i4i
el-,11,-J zel 6l=!11119 .J+71 ,Jg €99 zldrl
r+++=
ts edol "Jqt4. qel.J +Cg *,.1617l 91alq +il+"tE+ d 0 eln o+aF +4+ 4q+
+ +++ qlq+C g46ill ^ll "J6ll 91tr1.
dyl9 .l*zlz} y+.le++ +49 dqE +'l+ 4q ql€ql
/l+4 +t9 qlq+C aol d'lg+EE +q7il EEl. ql
=ol=
5H, EIrl FC"il^l *++rll *^1tr4= E+tl4 oJ4g ^l+
=
+otr,^l d+ +q+ 4lq+g slotr + glq.
=oJ
H=€ alig qq++.s"Jg Cu-g "J"rl ul4 ACgq. "Jg
.J"lEg + 9194Eg +^J dA= 1-10(kHz)el rtl9*.lzl*,
g6JEJ €^J 4lL= 4(MHz) ol*E Ellq+.] ,S+gq, oJEl
^qol
9l'+ +e rtl** 44H c-H-= +E (r\lHz)el qlq+9 7ldq. 4l
a9 ql9S"l 'Jq4++ el*tl9 i'lizl +ulol HrTl 'ttsdl
oe, EI+a* qlolEl= d+61= Ftl
^la'J.J++ "ll+ +g +rl
+ t}l E9 ^l*6lt 9q.

@ +r'l
[n +{ttet +{
+d71= +c6l= ++l7lql tsl6lB uli4 t++rl, ol
9s=
+4 A+dJ +,il7lr+ 6lqzlE, d+"1r4 6l= .!n= +Hi6l7l
9l+ Rl+r|= B^J6l= g{+e+ ol tl+r}"l alnE {= E€C
6l= H=+71 glqol e+.
 "JTl+el Hr+olEqlE g6l= oJejLl €4-3 9zl 9l6J
=+
Fr, 4 9eE +4^l1l7l 9l"J dg+ 9 !-- Eltr F.l g.qalq.
. llll9 i4gg g16l]| ?€l LJ4 Sfil
; rsdg0lt r1a?= gll dil
. ul8s4E S4E gll
==flsaE5il
. 5849r E+ SElt= 3il6tr r83 HJI|6D| qA t^tnl
lB II_32= ++l {ls} +tlTlel fd9 4u},lll 914. ',Jd+e
=
irl+ "JcE7l +e_- +d *drl= Bol ^l+61r., +;l EE_o_
tr oJ.J g6}9 *7.16171 96lq ++ ++zl=- ^l+;Jrl.

"J:l? .r'q 3'?

l
g4+

E'

rg Il -32 +,U &et 3^1719 +8

dq +++= a+"f .Jq dn=- ++6lq oJEILl"l r+5+ d

qg ++;l= ++7l"ltl.
4+,''l ++71= o1olz €-t dng d.J4 dq-g- 9"*3 r/l
F-++6lq H= ;+'21q1 Tldtl H!+rl-ql zl++ Aln= {ztl ;.lrl.
Be€ Cn= r+tl d4 ++t'l= 4^lE^J oJEILI.I +;'J +
E"J d4etr ?C'9+.
dg: tst +rl+el .JCg 9ol Bdlr d*el .J4tl dgg
^l+;1: 4ol +gq, El= ++el -5219 9l.J d9.3 EEE "lE
5JrI.

++l/lql= 7l;9 elal qs EoIE r++t+'J+ B4 llilEol

gBEE}.
 o='t+
El
+d/19 gd+= tl.E= d+61ts ri gg'J tsJ+tl-= g^J6l=
+trolEl. "Jdl19 ++"rl= lc Bdzl, nc 9+lzl, +C g+1zl
Fol 9lEl. FtlTlel g4lTlql 4.f ,q+ ea ql5"I "JH]4o_q +
4 V47l/l "J4 dl+El'Z glEl. +++= Sl+49E Hsl^la g
,q7l 9]= zj+ql= LC g{l7l+ nc "Jllzlz} ol gll
^}+El=r{,
,l= +"1+ oJ{Ez} €"1 flE}.
Fc4lzl9 9llzlzl ,*+qoF g ;!g6J El+4 ,JEl.
^l"JE:
t^l +iit+lf AE Eil= X0lLlIl PJE€ 6fll 9o-ll &E I
g0lLf eE 6E Eel0ll iilEl EEE
"J
gdee =AgolLfl g=
+6f 859 +0f+ E50t ae
+[f+sElg EEdil5+.5

+4 gdTl= a4nl-e. El4 9l= +c9 9+Al Adl^l "J= +c

EC +q+E gC^l7l= dFzls .l++'1. i4€9 +4ql 4r+
449= r+ AFie+ el+oll^l z16]l += 4l7lE +-!++71 ,Je
E +il €+.1 .Jq,l r+ llt+el iJe +rI+= ,l+49tr "J Tg Et'
El alSillrl LIE alEillotl
dBlAl €4. +4Ec "J5 rl qL *6J9e zta.-4ql tr14 ol=al rE ae alE+E al

ol g+4q, .JtsJ4se +4€E F4lrl Sg++ l+ .l*+?f =C 56E EA

+ol{E}.
ic d*zlts +lrtl 70[MHz)4rl g1]g + 9S+ 414^J9l E
:lE 7lil4 {lt 4Eql 30(MHz) ol6tql^l
^l*ga, _{F lo(MHZJ "J*"I^l *+€q.
:18 II-$g Fd ^J^l+ A+Elg
=q
'JC7]E +16I ++-e_s +"lq= +'J g4l
4olEl.
wl
gd+= EF"l+ dgel Hol.il

i.
+619
rl.ll^-i 'll+ .Je4gs +4ldldt +El. +61
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49 ,l+61= Blal aol; g? ++zl= r lH II -3s +d g{lrtg 0l
 g II-34e1
'Jol
gd+ tsle q+"1

ic
dJlfl qE
elzl6l= ++7loltl.
s+ ++71= nlnel ++g 9+
a.El ale.zl-o1q4-,*.1+9 gd +tl+E
"!dF " =?,' i' ==F oJ4^l7l7l +l+ ++ tlsE.
1.____ ^J4B
d+ r|= ae
+ 9lEl. Ct+ ?4zlzl dg d'Jg H
Eorl ul+ +^J.l HElq= a9 Bzl
rg II -34 g= 715
=+7lE 6171 916l ++ dgg ^l+614 oJc

El ++zls 5461E+ 6JE}.

EI +ot+ oEtf
+c 'Jd7ls= H]+rlel ,J: +g +rl+€ zld "J5zl *61
7l trIE"I lg II -35e1 zJg 9l^J *? +g(PLL : phase locked

bp)ql 9oJ +rl+ 'Jdzlzl ^l+5lI 9.1.q.

zl1J 4E d'J 4q tsJd7l (VCo:voltase mntrolled oscil-
=4C
lator)Y 4lol dnel d"J"l El3I6l= +r++.a 'JTl.JEi. 7lH +rl
+ egTl= i4i €Czlqld €A;l= C+tr +++= E+-J4.
9^J ++ +,:= +A g{l7lE "l+ol{l /l= +r}+e} EeEJ
+rl+E dlJ6lq 4ol7l 9,loE d.J zrlq g4l7l9 4lol {ntr
5ol7l= doJol g7i4E+ ri=.21 7^3qt 9.14. 4+^J, +rl+
€Czlqld €€+ C+ ullz| zli +'l+ql +6llrl +'l+s €4
"l eq{14.

lt= +r+ galt ?15 3= ag l0 carl(vco)

=q(pLL)

r LEH 4iit4 I
=-rl

.rg II -35 +rl+ cl€7lel 7€

 ?rl+ €e/1e1, 7lH +rl+ B"J7l= rlzlp =]_eE dal +€
9e, "l+ "J449-e +4+tr1.
+.i++ et'l= +tlrl+t dl'lel +d?lql ^iE ^l+€tr}

Eil ta+
H= Els= clll-Zzl 6l= AB ql$+ +e ?'l+E H]+'lql
C= S"Jg +rl. He sls= 4ln9 rl€g oJrzld $,ol Hsrl
-s "JE= zlccg '*?ol"i 6+=Ll, zldq Ha oJ^lr+ -adq H
e *4"1 9q.
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lEl II -36 rldq Er cJAl

Tldq Ha *4g rB II-sa$ 2o1 ++ dq +++ "ldE

*g d4 ?++"I^l Haal5 *Hs=-, di els "l H=
El,n4
E{}€ 4eE}e + 9.1j1, Hi 5CE H^Jol zl-ts6}E}= *dol
aj^I7l +E +3€ 0 361
?lcl. rzl'1*i*
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c.901 q rF loJotlf !F9 ti€
9e9 e4ol qBq= Adol 9lq 4e +c7lql ?s ^l+94.
rdq E= oJ4g lts [-rz4 201 +B- dq +++"I^] H
 i6f= 'J4str. H!+++ tlE'lE +4 +e4 6++ rl-q +d
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q "J^lg H= 5.9+ H= +c"l .Ji6lr, icol -ool*Ld
ng.l +q= *d"l 9]9'1, B= q{^7} 4€+qq P'47194

iBl dqol rEl= a4.l glq.

$. 1l-4= ol F Tlzi B= *49 ElJ,* 4d14.
E Il -4 lldq E= HJ^]4 rdq Er S^]el BIE

H^ 9lil rl€ dq 6+.J olE 4= Eq

=+E
E4 dq E57l7l 4toil rl. Hr7l7l zaltrl.
tLt.
I 14 gol6lt'l
E* EC '*rt.

@ +tttt

fn +{rtel +t
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Cq4q ++;+r +='J9tr41 ?l4el 49-/l Eil€ Cn'l= ?
*ilolEI.
= Ele
*4ql El+^J l? -:a,ll- go1 tEl6J € Ell el A E Bll ol E
Il
EJ^14 C;q El +++ +C "J+q dllEI g4oJ (superheterodyne)
*^lol 94.
aEEllolE *4c +al olAl{el {$z} .J"JEle+ ztd /l'l^lEl
t= clE tr ol+qd Fa elEE 4;1lE^J EIEJ +tl+€ €4 r+t+ +
olalIl4 eol qdJ;t:
^l q: q
+ni+g IrlE
e =ef

, -1t , :, q A
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lg II -38 ^EellolE +,u7lE +d

q7ltr ?+.J rl+"il jr6lq +++oE4l dFrl= g= *.1
oi rI.

"l *4g -7coj tB6l7l+ +li. .dEqE "i .JdE7I Llluzl "1
E.I €ztle-- ^f+gzj 9+=rl. f4'+ ++l7lg 7le 9i= 016l.'l
El 46J6ltl.
=
+q-dlel_ErloJ +al7l9 7je +^Jg lB [-3ee+ ,Jq. q EJ^]
g .JdlLle +dEJ drl= ?+6ll +rJ ?!++_q H+alq ++
"J +ql +3dl= *.lolEl. ,JE, dqri "; "J"JE7} ++.1q2
f,zNsl fllzliTlel ol *^l-3-
^l*61_,2
94. _te1'1 ol +C7l=
++ grlTl "f +rl+ H+71 tsg EE6lr 9l"l ej_e7l +?dt4
9lq.
='Jd.l
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4<l jL+-4 ++7le F=
'l* Tlatl cE+. "l ?+71= ++7l.tr.^1,
Bts 1B rE= 2 Elo _q +cqq 914.
+rl+ H++: +lq6tlElleq.J +^lzlel .JEll+el l
+tl alnel ++ *dzl daE EtalE Biel=-aol4.,Jg gele i.'++
9 '"J+ ;l"tl 6l'Jdl: + 7I^I +++71 {71=rl, 7}ol 6I }6}=
++ +51+"J *r+ LllTl q6lq rllq q+7I(BPF:band-pass frt-
ter)= zldrl. ++ BdTl= lg l]-3sel, zJe' +51+ BJcTlTl
^l
*€r+.
+?J +-q +tlg +'f+Brl €d *e +!l+E HEJ
=++=
€ dn€ ral ++al= PBoll, +a+= +?f +r+s+El ,J!-

[t. +l etertrt +[f+ E€!+

lil
L -=ijr
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;;1, J
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i;ll,
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gdll al^t r
l_-_-_
I

teJ [ -3s trJg fir1-dlEllE+e] +^l7lE +€E

 4€"ll !l= +eolq.
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dEl" FC ^Jil= ?rlE 56lq Ll-S= C!-T} +C 4lns^41
zl?'l ?+71€ ai jrl4€ +fl4.
lfl II -399 EIE +51+ gTlTl (BFo : beat frequencv oscillator)
, +c Fdol ol+qzlzl 9*g ql tsl^J ++9e s2- +i Fil
g 6litl 9=r{, "l url= q}+t}e] e+Str +dqqE. uJ+t}Zt 9l
g Ell 'ml' A4E ill /l 9l eltrol4.
"J
rB II-409 271,9 +++ SiiTlE ^l+6lq + ++E +'J +
tf+g E+31= *499,2+ +sldlEltrEloJ (double superhetero-

dvne) itlzlzll ;Jcl.

i+lzlql;'l +rJ +''l+€ *Zl €e6lE +51+
+q6IEl-eEI.J
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a4. HlB.rl, ++ +'+i= +zl €4618 =d +'I+ CqE,l
4illdrl.
olzl6J ExIEg z+ +rldlEisqg u]19-tr 41 1 +rl+ eEJ
7l.I^l +e +t +++= +5r, 41 2 +-"++ s*71"I^l 9g +
7J +++€ tEol e4lg s"Its^l +d +'l+ dqE€ _BF
'll
Cg + 9l7l ql5ql r+E +4l7l"l^l 2? +qdlel.qE}"J EJ^lol

gol {}*91 "JE+.

2+ +tl6lEl.?4.Jql= +++ "JC7IE ol+6lq xll 1 ++ g
d +++€ TlHg=. 6lr,41 2 ++ g4l +rl+= 146l= tsJ^l
ol
^lT€q.
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siil'
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r1l2
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e_a)l 'li
Glrll o-=/l
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fg II 40 2e +qE|| EllEqel +{]719 ?€E

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^56flt
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@ r4u1 ;4r1
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-eE 5C"l ',1+.1 +C iCg +slEl. ?+;+= +qizl +r,
+dTlel ,JE= ?d;l= +.9-6J +8q4.
+4l7lol^l +E= +Cg CE ql A+ul(S,lI.J: srsnal to norse
ratio) t.}l4l^l gg + 9l= 4A +C oJq 4Bg elul
+C
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'JErlr .J4. r+rl ++'19
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4s 'Jszl 7l]dgrl -e*71 4Eql r+rl ++71= zl+9 6+?l
E- +C6lqot 6Jq.

E +trr+ tEJ+
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6ll^l= +d ds.€ ++ 'JalTlel Bd +rl+e+ edJ6l= qs,l
9,*;111. "l q-J9 B*6I= aq +q+ tr++.]q, +'l+ e*

f +r oarrr

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t 1,, /,.. 2f,.
f.xfL. l"!2lL
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tH II -41 +rl+ HElel flal

 Tlel ++ S{171tr +Cgti.
rB II-413 +'l+ H+q g4= +4t 'iq4. +t
+'++
f"el ++ g.l7]el +d t9 F +'t+E €E]7lol B9B
"'l+ olqg+ F +++el !++ ,l, r
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=4
e'l F r*e +4+ c+.1 .+4trl. ol fql^l ;q;9 zlal
=
dI?61= f' f,:f,A +t++"Jg .d4;lq 4+ql AEIg= ++71
I 'Jqss +6].]., +q4 +tl+ CEES;,14+4. ol Ell dC
€ +tl+ f,E ?zJ +5++4.z .J4.
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at gEl g arl 4= ql q qtlzl"l= +€ gEl+.ii7}E 9_El7l
+€8el :t+ I]5+oll 611
^l+g+.
g6E +nf +q g 0l r+:
^l
olgEf olrt7l
=alE E elt +ur 5++
+-'+;++= r+rl +++el 7l:.ol A4+. S?q +4
+rJ
+ H++ql^l +g +tl +tl+71*: €A +4+e HiJilgs
oe ?zJ +rl ?+++r +4.
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+ts9 9*61r, +++ dEEE ACb'I= +e+ qBg 6J
=d qal
+. Else} z]-
++?-^lolq adJ *{l
i.-Gil
|..-'---........-'.; + qt+71€- +t !t= d+ Hli6lq g3-ol
t trl+^l +E"J "l+4 gEl ,*+= a
n+iif | :
.l =C€-
L ==l
---'*:---- +,q614.
...:t....... . : +rJ +-'+ ?++el :r'+rl ++Zlq: 4
+II+EC c
\:----.:-.-.-_-_ ) *| + ol i€ (AGC : automatic sain control)
"J
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gol +ol Br Cg= +=6ll !l= rl Elol ^^olr 91trI. 11+ E=
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E ry+q e+rl
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4EE €q.
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golL+ 0le+a d4+ +uc + ?lE7l 61ts d.F.t s.^l6lE gee,

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(stabitity)
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4-

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hish frequency) tllEgE- :i^lb'lq, ol { u}el !l 7l {J^} e+= ql
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aJ+zlel *iEJr} 5|11 "JZl= 225-400 (MHZJ9 +rl+ Bglql

^J
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E6tl irs .d}+7lel ZltE, t-= ++ 6J+71 *nag Ft"1 ,r13
9r 9lq.
+iBrl qlq 4lrlel ts"J 7-14= 7l^l 714 .lls +rjElq ilzl
"J. "JiJ+ +rl+el *6lzl fl{ *n+ F{9 dJ + 9i: oldol
9l tr}.

+=+rl 5;-41 llilol,E {" Fal+ rc +r}iq 7l- ++l7l

7l *zl El ol I r+.

"".d -iEtl 5dg 4lg *^l + 6J-;/l= 6lEJ'g tr-q, ol

=d*717f fl6|: +4^ ol =4zl+olqel
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4l+6lr +€6lz1 6llol 6lEi| +tl7l: d7l4 rE= /141491 4
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'dJ+719
+i+'l'Fal Ciql= e;, Fd+ \}.J'lel ,1e +
tl7l7l ilq^l ^l* +.J +++"1 +41 glol "}* 243[laHz)e] z]
E ;1'3-3- +4lg + 9lE+. +i'J"+ Fc *"lel 7lE il"Jg 3?
rl Fdc ,Jzlel /l- ;tl'J +rl+g 121.5 (MHz)g 2 )rllolr}.

E +a.Jor ++,u T^l

rl= ,Ft {;le} **gtr ^}s;18^J +d+e}
zJol s}EiL}€
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zl$ {:=.-,Eolr}.
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+ "J€71tr Hl* +'li-= 'JE:Z. ololeq ts dn!= ?+6lq q
r]+ql^J H,ieEl. cE ++71= qalTl €qg dq EEITlcl g
6il €B^l7lil,27119 €q9 q^l Edl a"J^14 4+
=*7l"ll =
49 g=4. e4g 3q qr+,1 : 4 oJHlr_rE +f+14. ,,.]

rgqll--- ulul'lul 9+9194. ++ ++ zl;g 9l+ ^I

^1016lz1
q+el dg"l E'JgEl.
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gAE !10=gq

rH II 54 UHF e,!7lel nl=_E

 .lg [ -55 UHF +^]719 nl=E
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tl
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.lg II 56 EtAlTl
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zjg rl afl(discone) +Ell Llzl q. "l +Ell Ll=
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qlEol oJEllLlel lzlF- ol+ 4I4.
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VHF Et] A'i] VHF 98]I
VHF e+C, (transceiver) ZA BrB 5dl
UHF +8] VHF/UHF EEIILI

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,=,
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4 il'JBs zl+9l rlE +il+ss .H-t4. rg [-5ee+ ,Jol zl

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9lc 5d+ d+= ,Jdg 98lq s. II-6+ aol +6J
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4 Ku9l9ol +E ^l+€4. :1 ol^Jg ?'+i"J Karj$al ol$g
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27.5-31 17.7 -21.2
XA 26.5-ilo

9l+ +lcql= +Al7l7l €q 9l=q, 4++ql^J +r1€ +6J *

r di= +-rl6lq 4++ ++zltr +++ El+,6l6J "Jl +'l+
q H+6lq r+rl ++7ls ++61r, ol€ +d .JElr+€ FBlq
zl++ql +C6I= zl;g dJEl.
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B +4l7171 914.
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d^l ?{Eol 9l: E* +l! .Jt gc"l ++"I^l zl+ +91= dEl6la 9l= ag ?JEeli
: rliel rld +7lel +01
glE 611 17 r4Eoll 6lq, sl4l+ _ac€ rJE r-llql^J +zlol=q, olE +lE *Eol4l
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ull 6fts 0l!
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8^ Elol ?l: a-1al eflEf.

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F4l g,.J.l ul*9 * zld4 nJ* 'Jg *6J9 r?rl;lqB 'J4

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4rl +lE"l 9lol+ 614, olE azl 9col+l .J4.
44 qCg +dg I'J ^lzl i]lEg +4 -9*sq, "lEteE
E:21e1 "J+ 9C9e zl+ dil= 4"J + 914. rqLl Crl
7.]

gC +jEY 4E+"{ dtl;,lgzl 45q1 4zl *al^J= "J+ +l€9

El+B= 4sz1 uj5 9"1 FC 9lC9E
^l+"J + S= Eddl
9l rt.

Eil ett Fu
^i+rrE
4zl 4lE FC flCg ZJEE t+ql elzl6lzlEJ, xJ+lE F{l I
Cg zl* +E (km) .llrl d (km)g ++"1^l + ^lAElQ zl+E
.J+61= gcol4. j(l+*ol^l !-E .J *.1 rdg4 ?*71 qlEql
 q/l ,tlg elCg Eel +t, Hol= sl+ elC'Jg
+Al7lE- qCllFz+^l7l= ril.szJSl 9l
^l++E+. .l
c Elt ^l^tsol ol4Eol4.

^laBg lg II-614 'ZJol 66

ol4E 9C 5tl
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=EiJ
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qqql^l+ ,l+Sll 5+C + 9.1= ,ll"J +ql+
9lC dEl
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nlTl'J+€ +nJ6l= tll 99+ dg t+, uldl rl"l, gE 4lq

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s d96lr, +A\7lE il4€ d'l€ EI^l 4++gs 41+tl6l=
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++EI H+6lq +++ El+ ,ild+8}ts qeC "JEl. tste 611
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rl+ Eiqzl4 dnE +g6la, rln€ rltd;l€ ul+i._g--e- *tl
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ilel;lr= ga ql+E +F€ ?41719 0l+611 9l
= ^l€-614
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r-@*r ft^lt flol

rg II 63 EU +l8el nl=E
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dltl zl+el rlooE
Eil"JeE+El ++
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gE^t,
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Fd glcg +Bol 10€ €:-e x41213 4e €4 9.1= e4"l
0

4d grfe aE=ee =0lal

€tr€ l.F 3:Ea|{ r'l olt 44l nlol= 'J + fl/l qlEol4.

E ^t++
,l++g gc"l BzI9 +Al7l== F6iol 4= 4++tr} d+5l-1
7l=9 zl+ 5+l"Jr+ SlA6l= 7l;9 "Jq. 4++g SlElLl, ++
tl 4lF;, Hi4 +e 4lF, +^l ,{lol 4F "f dg4lq +^J€4.
lH II-64= 4++el 7^JEo]4.

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lfl II -64 +€
^l++el
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zl 6l= q++ 6Jq.

9^J F4lcl
^l*q= "JElLi= rol+, 4++,oJel+_e cl4+
zl6}c g "*qlqcg zl4o} dcl. 9c 5d+
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=
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d+g + 9lg CE9 eTls da= ++61= q+C +
6J"J4. +d41= 7j++ ++zlE "J6lq, d+9= olE
.J tlnql^l +gg 4l46ta f,+6J tlE"Jg +++El. rg Il 66 rl++ EEllLl
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zJ^l
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@ +rs ss {4E!
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trql 9C 6JBJ (CNS,/ATM : communications, navigation, surve -
g ,ql
^lltJ 21 7l ltf
lance/ar traffic ma.rasement) dldJ -A H e
^l
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oJ+

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F€- os
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4lE6J ol€-4 -8"1r1e1 Ftl +E= 80-120(kBPS)-E, g

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= =Eq
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zl9 4€ ol*z}4 zl*"il BP€ E a*
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g 9C 6JdJ 6J+ Ft, dlB, sJ* e^l= 9+
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74.
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d q dJ+ qF 9C ^lul1€ F"lq ,l*9 dJ+ +"J F4l"it"ll
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8l 9ld lllE 0lalE ?ld
915 ?5 elEtL+
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t +l! Ell ^l+EJ= ^lf =4 ES glteE +tt,ol. ?r= +lt= ++
E-ar SU e/lTl sl-st= -sttrf.
=
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=
rl€ E+ HJa7l, ,J^l &lolllE 0l+01^101,
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d^lc +E
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?l! -d-"J 2^l A^l allolElel s. tllolEl 5C "l
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5 -d= =-cf 5{.1'JeE 5:sr!: ^lul'^' et= Lfi{ Tfrl olAt =cl E^f.
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1. EJnl51l7tet 'te 4F9 €Bg + 91.1.
2. ++t,lel 7l+ olEei +{9 €B6J + 9'}.
3. EJnl oJEI += €-Eg-e +B6Iq €E6J + .;Et.

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tJ4(Ut :hrqh frequency )'L- Ct}el d4=o=tl 49 ^loloi

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"ll 4*4el Sdql
o1+€rl.
C4 il-Eel FC 9lC+ ol*;lE e44 FC"l 7l;olzlFl, +
zl* 6J-E_qlc= 5+1"1 +78-J dfz| grol qli6l Elrl -Fdol
€_9;-l,El. *oe 5141,,'1 zl4lE 9ld"l .JRlEl9rlE dJ*/lql^l
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*** zJilol Fld +el +7]- ,q
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:J=!Ftl +"1 i++ "J+.Ertl €l+l dJ-4lol ;lE-qqJ. 9l^lEJ, ol4lql:- :iE]tI
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=
6fL-fu + Ff ,l
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le rr 71e +jl5d cTlq el= a
=
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el Hlril ;llLJ+ aljL 249 ,lLJ4zl +
^l€-r.1.
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la [ -74 gBa E]rl elErlqg ql
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AGC trJlf grBtLf

., ._,.-, 3E et rdTniT;
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+0ldtrf.
=++.

2 cJnl +l)l= +!161 ElltrtfE HJ^10|

^l8ElEl.
++ 'JdTlel +rl+ E
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^lilofll

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3 d|] r0 (N/Hz)el +rl+oll rl
Zltldl'oj Erf,
=
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tr g"J 6+eJ T Eet t^l

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C o'171.+ +416ll oI 6Jtl.
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f x.l+. .l d+ ca€ 6l= *;l/l 9rl9 gerlE 4]ts(audio
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tsg ol+oldq. s5e 6JE ulola(hand mil<e)el dl_E_^ll_E-E €'
e+ul-Zl"J, qlel ?q i+zlql^l +€. trtlzl g!= a+"I=
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o_e r,ljlol rll"Jg
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ulol3(oxygen mask mrke)E
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dr+ ,-1.99 ++g4C gadlq F+614+ r+dr+ v44?al-
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qg 6lzlLl '-ld ++gz4 5cl6l7l 9l+ *ilolq.
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ieE +ql*el n+5ol azlr Bol g4qs a=EJ3 x
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I + 914.
oJeE T^t
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€4 g 4zl =+ gilql 9l= ,-l€ ++g *n,Jql 5sl €+9

6i.71 el6Jasl ail"lEl. .lag Fe+el +d +98 +q6l= zlts
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la [ -78 ,-!E etEl= 8{g 4gE

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t..-1!:= , ,1-.....-

fH II 80 e'-{ €.EI 8il9 4l=E

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gd6lr 914.

o tl{Llt 't{,\tl

EBE ar=
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int ioht entenainment products inf ight vldeo seNer
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tr 0l+0ll]rl.
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P 14
^fgElol,
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=Ef^|.011
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='_4 =?_l0l
gE =7lLl
g^l= oJtl.
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= =0171 ^|8dln

,t 01,-4ll LHoll^l 3+Elrlcl 5dl6F LHgel ql= tr4.

=0]
2 )lLH,J+ 3rl= 56f01 ++A0l "JaJ += LHSel Cl=
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3 +?-4el 4f^lolE.l lti€ g-EE E36lrl P+r += !!o-" qal iH'-J

o gaf EEraJ 4l=-$ + 9,1= 3i= +tolalr 6E7l?
==
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E t++s (1) B=E iln =71"I trl= {+ de t}e4 += t}€+ +46}q

+ drq 94= olal-J4.
(2) d;q dn -l7lcl 4= +++ H4 +Br+ +4 rlBg <c6lq
+'l+ Hrg 94=.131]+4.
(3) +rl+ i4Eg9 +431q +q+.I9+9 qsll+El.

E t'l "J rl+ (1) a+ dr d+ sE(el^l +4)

(2) +'i+ B= €+ -gE(q^l +4)
r/1\ O 4l e -\7t
(4) asrltre E47l

E +€s _N
I| a+eo ffi
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t==-=
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m

G;;-Il
t-
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E ..ta g 99 (1) d+ EEel ^t+ €B^l= +zliltl.

^ttJ
(2) .4tre E47lel ^l+ dB^lE +,]-J4.
(3) .91;l7l z4{l *EI"J4 q"J+ qg"rl 4ElEg s47lE dg g
elrg *=rl.
(4) ++9rl 9*91=rl s+.J+ q+ql dgg aEI.
=qdol
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r+€+ gdtr,-_?'tr +c6lq 7l++rl.
(2) rl+ d= 'g; -eE9 di
'l€el 37lel +i++€ Hsl^l7lB^l
eq al-E.E Bsl= +a;ll 7l+"J4.
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alng +q+ 2-qEH€- .,-!lEH B.l7l_e +Xslr}.
(4) +rl+ Hr d+ trEg zl-F^l7lE^J dn '+e, d= rie "-l +
: ,-f€ I ,9 Sgarltg +C6ldd 7l+Et+.
(5) +rl+ Hr €+ sEel di rlaJ9 _1zlel +++5 dEl^l7lB
dael HslE +C6.}1 7l+.J4.
^J =4
(6) +++ dr d+ EEql^J aln
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^l,ql7l
rr, dl6J € a+^lel -+.lr+ 4E a+ *zlol elail dJ+7lel
^llzllolEl =+
4^lrte 3J3€ a+ElE
zltt6fol el+ 4^ el A)l=
E.l +zl"J ql =+Er+ 6J*71 4.ql Bsl-el g+^Jg oJolol ttrl.
.lall4er +Efqln ra E zlF a+ ^JzlE €4lg trl.I= 6J+719 s4"J9 +El4S1 €
,171111 e== ge
^l"J6ta1, Elt-a sd+ g+ *A^lg dl+6lq 3F 5Cg AF-6ll, 7l"J 4

rJ?r |g xnl €.J HlBg *ol {q. ol /ldJ 1}il= Hl6J ^lEfllolEl?+t 5}q,
E !:= 9ts0, Il^ E: zlF i€ 1|il9 €nl'l E€^l7l= "Jils nJ+€q.
a=-e, r.! =+^l€-
n !E
olE ;lE 4Ee 44SLf
"r'tE
rg IV-69 a+^l Eflql ^I+9= ^l€.BlolElol4, rg N 79
tsl6J E€"I sltsel el
^t+El= ^lEelolEl
olEl.

oJgrrer
El 4^1r
aJ;Lzlel z|/jli -1.fl N-a4 z3o1 5-41 =
d=q zl39L "]+7lel d+. 4+ "; +4
u;-aJotl ul'] uJ sl 3oE E€ ed.

6J+zl9 tnl€- glE ga6l= zl+ B

.rH IV - I E|B7 | rtr1l el Ee 6Jg +dgtr Eld6l= 359 €(rotl)ol4
6l.4, ol EllE+F *4= 948 ^J6l_e CE= ^JElzI €4. Ezll
zl f"J4 "l+= 4+ €4.14r .J4.
"J*719 4l+ i'Jdql 46J Eld 95$ lzl (pitch)+r 614,
ol ullE 35 tlE]l= 7l+= 544 +"1= F+.1 €4. dJ*71= g
ql^J g ql +'Jr+ 7lal9 +,ildol ol+= 4€, rl,l4ol4r +4.
.;J+7171 +zlg +dg_e qd6}= €5* 9(vaw)el_a oJEl. ol

d-Ell= dltzlTl iS +El"I^l 7li *9171 eJ+Str Hal4+ 9

H6l= ^JEI= "J+q. "l 4, zlizl .l+= 49 gzlol+
=+gs
j] 6J4.

oJt'ttet xi^fl
4q
E
BlE717l gsl= zl^ls ts16J.'}71 gdl^l= -fH IV-ee+ 2o1 3 zl
9 a+9, ? E*Bzll (arteron), ++ 7l(elevator) "l *5J zl(ruo-
der)=
^l++trI.
44el 3+Eg +4.18 i+E +99 *71 6Eol El+lq S
4 Egzl B6lZl 9a, olql 44 6J+
zl= !{d^1714= E-dE7} *r86}q
aJ;Lzl z|,{z} {flri.
4+^l7l zld e+61= 4+"I= 4
+rJg e4"l Els =+EE *4 go
-e d9€4. zlF tsldJ 4lq ?zlll ^l
+q= 4+.il= z+^l7l €4.J Ele
g;l= El6J z|,!lg gxlalE+ a+El
ol^l nl&g B€.1 rH lv-e r€E
=+Eg *zl"JEl.
6J+7lE €49 H+^l7lE a+e
3 rggz11o1q. lB IV-to$ 2o1 s
TBzllE e46lE Bulol oJ4 HElzl
tsJ^J6lq .J+ g4ql zl$6l= .Jqg
3?l7l E4dq. 6J+'l +al +d"il
rfl"J .Jq tszll9 6J9 itolTl 5J*71 -r.H IV 10 EEC7floll elEl - 3=
 u= E8!/l

:]eJ N -11 rBEel Ee lg N -12 trlil rl^{E e=

=
q9]E
gill= Elc^lr: E sld^l7l= ,E{ltrE g.\d^14 6J+717} eld6}Zl .JE}
8Je f =
7 E LfEILH: golcl E+B7ll= lJl6J +E4l nl+ el"J+ ds.zl Belzlgs, rfl€ q
,-q7lql,\J= l3 IV-11r+ zJol E€€ E+g7ll=i *+61r. zJ+"|
L]l+ E+Brlle+ 9+ s$BzllE r+ol^j= LI+
^l= ^l+61q,
s*Bzll€
^l+'Jq.
6}+7lel q;l zl.ql= Esl^lu 4ql= re N-12e1 zJol +a
7lE 7l+5 !]d6lzl 9laJ sdEE t=El.
=ul;}q
++ 7l= ::z1619 +'J Le194q oJq HElzl .JqLl g^J6l
a-7171 gel^lE^l +4 +d"I rrl+ rle _Edtr= gc
= "Jqg rlzl
^lz+. E+ 4^izl H6lE rB IV-t:;1 z;g zl.rl 4zlcl .E
^l€rl.
u}al zlE d}+7lel 7l+ *d}g Ha6l7l 9l6J 4+Eol4. E+
LJTIg ol+6il^J € +F9 6lE dElTl ^lzlqE^l d}+7lel rl6J
*6Jq ElgEl. d5l= al: SSlql= zl+ *dJol llBJ ,JdJ4 "J*
.lg N -13 rl*lel . oJil6tlol 6l:rl, tB7] *+ ql tsJ"J 71= 7l+ oJ6J-
rlr{l ,il7l ^l+6lq
{l6J d}8}r+ "*+4. It, tg ol*E t1l9 *++ dJ*
zl"I^l ++ {ilql raq gC8}q +qql €feol C
4v tli *6Jol tlsJ EJ6JJ+ 947.l Irg ol= tslE*zl
+16I EJ6J 7lE
^l+dJ4.
*6J 7l= e46lE lg IV-14e1 ,Jol +zl lzelgzl]
+9iql "Jq Hslzl 'JC;l€ +4 rz4B4"rl zl*61=
6)4 a7l7l g+dEl. tltl^], 6J+71 el Fzll ?dol tl;t
.:lH IV -14 ge| nlq 6J+zl9 zli *6*€. qd^l7l=.soJ .E.dETl gC+EL
 S oJ+tlq gr€

tr Eel
-E

'lql 96l: ul -J +Ee+ rE'l +qalB r +E3 +1dl

zl +l+ {rl =qC *+q+ 6}4, F^lql i+Eq z}+6}= +zl
qg 6}*zlel €,4il 4,set +3 qd e*q .Jqrt
=€6lq
,l 9+E+ +=q ul6J+':+.

+ol ;J+7lol zl+61= dJ+ sld EdETl

trB(tnm)ol*, ole+

sF 0ol qq. 47lg Hs+7]- fl48 +E. j1E=. El*;lq zl.4l7l

Bsl6lzl 9*= dErl= "J+tr}.
tr? ^JEIg tsl6J6lE =+^l: 4+Aol+ '*6J 7l rig 59 3
+ eilE i46l= 9"1 $."1 94aJ zlrllE +rl6lts^l dl.JC +
"J4. ol"+zl Tlilql ++6l.= +71 q, elTl 6q 501 s+ fBg
ol+Zl 6l= ag 'EBg *=q.'elj1
"JEl.
E?9 +9 Elql: rg N-lse1 2o1
=tE Eq 9l= +
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g i+E'J Ets ts(tab)g olt6JEl. lq+ +Sg.q i€=q= tl
* if,zlqlrJ= +'J ^J^]E +B 9l"l€ !l4l =cEl= *49 ^l ta N 15 sgr rl
++q. dttfl EE Et

@ o.rxxat a56
6J+7171 EH€ *E]].l^l +€ HldJ + 5++ ql7l9 d+
'Jg
ql 96I BJ+719 4itl+ +E, rETl H!+al*g 4,, a
=atyzy
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eEl.
+'J, e+^l7l e+Eg +4q.! zl4lE HzJ* 4ol zl]lz} g
"lLl "J+6till H5lg=4g +El .I= adl =+Col4.
"J4^Jq trB€ ^JEllE +zl6lq= C6Jol ,J6lsE r+
=++
3+ql: E6lll U++rl. i, =6-jo1 €qdEl. tlE"L .JCd"l
4g+q r4oil tl6iq dal zl4l Hglzl .Jq'-+r'-tr.
=+ =+c
 g +oldEl. olel ?ol .JCCJ+ 3+Cg ^Js tlHlg
+4l"rl 9lq.
"J+ 6J+zl9 4+"1= "JCC.I ;'dg FJ, dFll
I A+ql= e+cql +d9 iq €46J4. -1q N-16
rl ,Jg +€ :l4Bzll4 i4 z4BzllE 6Jtzl9 .JC

Cg "JE= q"Jg -J4.

rI+Eel 6J+71= +4Eoil rl6li^J 4+ 4aolq. ol
rg rv 16 eJ8€E +lE! Ealgil| 7l+ r]la
€^J "llEq q"l +:lol 5 g5o1u|.1 3F
ql= zl9 oJ6Jg zlzlzl 9*o4, €+ _g e5ol gol+tl4E tlxl
gF.I= Tjel €aJg zilzl g=El.
dJ+7lE €4lg rtl Tlnlel €^J"J9SE
"Jac+ r+cql ++
e+ ^l6Jg "l- 4E= r'J+^l7lzlEJ, HldJ +qE dzl =€ 4lF
^Jtsg rlq
o_s oJcc4 i+^Jg r€6Jos4 6J^J^l7lr 9.14.

o tl{L '!{,\tl

;'=;;il;; u g gai lt4B

trf= 4= 8il(autopilot system) g31 lEall0lel
I Biil(yaw danrper)
 E-e'.trrereI
I 87lal Bl-"Joll^l 4=^fel g+= 4,J^l7l-t.Jd!4 gA'J€ 7tl!61-
7l +l6H^1 xlE H -d lll0l 3rl=
^f8dtf
2 ^lE Eld
^llol
8^l: Hl-"J aJal A.+El, tllolEl 8ll0l.!, A^l7l "f +=
7l 6lE?ll0.lef ulfl +c aJal. xlTl llft. aE illol )lE= )l
rl =el
.1.EE.gt nle qlr\.l olFL =el
=^l
A=7lel r1l0l= +l6ll^J EE'J7}I. 'JC 7l T=EJo|
3 ^f^11 =*
71.
=el
A L.?.EIF L

I LH+=el 014/1 3-d=

..''- Hl-"J !r_al
^l^EJ{rMs,ol
+Pdl:
^|.5
Hl6J

rll0l0ll eldfol 0l+oldrf.

4
.J
4= 8^l= rl= 9la|] r=^19 a4!l= gEtr a+Elo]l
^f= ^=3
Al TlltlEJ 4= 'JEol 4=oJoll 7l6lllltf.

slE5-.rcrereI
t dTll ^l^H= 013610l :.J=/ = rl5o.tr 4=6f= A^l= +Eolal
-Ir ofE./ | I

2 t=)lel
L--
^ll
7l^l 7=+E E^1.
=0]
?
1J
El^l E5oll^l oJE!= +E6lil 91dll -cf37 0ll 5^lEJ 8^l= +.ifltf ?
--

I
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456f01 st=7lel 4^l ';
=.d|=Tl?
e SEel E
=71+3
$q= ooe 'J=oi Hld6l= Af4= +9{0lafn
6
.-t A=7lel
--
7l^l T=E= il H^|..
^ll
 t. ,rl*. a+ltllel 4lF9 {Bg + 9l+.
2. 3+ +^lel +tg €gg + gEl.
'++
3. t^l^l Hltj a+ C 4Ll9 olslldJEl
'.lel
4. .J: ! ; /l a rl q 4 Ld g. 016,.13l rl.
5. El+rl
^l^Hoti
Eu o'll {r36J + E}.

O ^t* r+ Trtet 4F

Ettt e
zl:r jJ.. ,J7l_ql 7l pSqt 7l;e i+^l /f ?1.++ zl-[, r.-] 5,
.,= tE.l "J .droll zl
:_ ai+^l7l if,;f ,eJ-ol-r_ -J+7171 ,-:,+ ol

z.l ilall C u] 4tl $41i .,i..1;1:-9;l= *71ol Lf. ul rlr'1. zJ [ 3f,

dilrJ-,:+^lF .'lq+ x^l i} +t Fg+ +--e}rrl;J ?.a€ i
zl ulE+ i+61= rlrl 9ts xlf oJolul- llltrol^l Bllr!^14 +EE.

if,^li slll +.]ql ?.,c FL rtr]l.I rlE HFr4l d+"J + 9.lrl.

oJ+3-oE id 6J-i,-/l= zl5 i+ 1l"l: 9l + zl5 4q 4lF'
ol ?!r,t;l <lq!. dl €71 Ll. JN; 6J+71 r-- 4t 4lq ll5 _el +/dol
"l-? : il ;lr+.
115 ,lt ilil+. Sl+71-",1 il'.qlLf +]-= irzl ;141 ;1
zlr.l'. oJ+,$ +zl6l,,ll ;1= ,l-;-:, ?l {l
'Ji"J 7i"l^l
+El. Ll-ol-/l el+"ll ,l .".'l F I]4 €_H,:: ol+.jl q 6J
"tl
+_+ql .Jc6l4l 4+g + 91.r--1 ;fzl 91.'tl "ll+ +1]'
.J. Ia-= Tlzl= zlF zlq llil,l 1l s.J+l1.1..

d zl rl ol zrl 7l:, d ^l C ::t ++ +!3 Hl;J g r-.J;l

/l+.ll rl Einl.j ull ulq i*^l/t i.5.
uir,| z|*l
=Lll.o-e
3f ill'iti!;l'll !lil/l ?/f .;l,ll *ltl. ol rlpl E
reJ M7
^fE
I=i 8il rll= otl €6171 91;1.q reJ N t;_4 ,33 zlF a+ ilil
(autopilot system)E 1|+;1q SoJ 6lr dJ4
,15 36, *^l= =+^l7i ++i+_d_s 0171 dJ= CE+ ul6J

E 7l:.61711 6ll_ g.lr:i. ?l^Jc +7} llile+ zltr]rf; {;l;- aJ';L

zJ lzl af; 2l-Fel 7l,J 7jE4gl *zlolr]'.

E rF rF t^lel +{
zl5 ^J;l='il+ +++ 4F rllq4ls- ol+dlzl 914. 7lg
o!i =+
zl 6J+7lel 4dl dlq= 916ll rl*+ 5l-el"le+ i--Ee.lqtr oE9llol
3e|: rlSo 4:
+{qdl iltr}. z}F ,r+ l}ilel +,q +^J+trf 4lFg n r ril *Ecl .

q Arl, oJ=q Silq e:

18$ pr|. J.B.I +El+ 9l= dlel ,t-Zl-7c+€ E+4€. 16 Il^f 7 /ll Srle Eil I rt

^l^ldll e+€ €-+ 9l:- "Jq *rlel .{^l All1.

6J+zloll ;l rla "J qol
^l7f = ^fgdEf
a==iltot

o
,lgFl !e-2lnl -or nl
ElFl E^lE= E!6E gol
6lE+llol(hardwa'e)4I Eia
VORJ LS
: e+El Ttlt A|r +q cu:
-l.l
+4 rfO e

b.Jl,illrl]
rLlI 4
"f
l=*rt^,"r{!
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r+g|9
+ aiir{ >
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s +=E lf0te
,ill
e gm e*H
rB w 18 55 at^19 ?€
^lE
 €rri-41 zl4lel HElcg d^J. ,,1+El ".l a+rl"ll^J zlt
*l i+E d!f= g4lE =e6I=
Ell-1, ^l! llzl ;eE 9q il4.
El .J 4.r]l 4 zl (ADI : attitude director indicator) i- tl zl 4 ^ll E
^l
.J7l fl7ll q4Btrl F^lql. EldJ zl^l *.(lcl
'gdl. "}+71 441€
iEl Bid-3, 4^l6Jrl. ol= HltJ zl^l zJ zl r.l.rl4lrl_/E aJ4.
+tJ ^Jr"t 4 ^l4l (llSI : horizontal situation indicator )= :1H n 19
el. ?-3- eEIE. €rl-9 dJ+71 zlf uj9lsl €eB !l6J eld 7l+
*91 s- Ll El \rt El. ol 4l zl otl ^l zl j-, rlel zt. € c 5J 7l + HJ9l zlr+
slrtlel zl+ *J',l4el zlol= ulrj 414 ?+Els Btrf.
tl- c'471:, B9:l -ixlul i'Jrl d*.J Prd trzl(voR) zl^J
_:le N 1s +g grH
+_dsel d= ;+'J* zl5 =+ t_E_E zle6l= .^9l7lolq.
rl^ lrll
d^lr-= .i. zl /lolg, ,o. 4+.E zlolq. .aI. 4rliJ "i VOR/ILS
il.tr f,ol 'rr1
/-
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zlrll ,<l
^l
alql ?+Elql 6J';7lel zlill
]i,\l6l=:.^loi uldll Tllol
tl -e *;dJtl. -le; lV -20€ +zl zlolgel ;J ololtl.
-rg rv 20 +^.1 g=z|+t zlolg,el i,{1o dq 4lol 7l ^19:, +.^lol g erl 4
^l0le
+EJ oI !-LI ttt
l1-!_4ll^l+:.J,c "Jq '1E=-+/l .l q HlbJ.'l7l 9l "J d^Jolq.
"J4 _r -= f,zlg xl zJ ;l !l: ,,ll+EJ 7l nl ^J+ g5 ;l zJql elall
H+1=j ot d-H= El6J 4q ?+Elg .B'JL}. j1l- .ri€<i-3- f *J
1\ zl trl' 2 -3- zE Zl j. -{l
^l €
rl.
]'eJ N 21 nE4l
voR/rr-s .i.+l7lql^l gqil eU= +'B ^J'll 'Zl^lllql F-^l q
q. dlal illq A+EldIE ol dn:: B"Jtl.
n];j 41ol 4+El= d]+7lel 4-.r1. 7l+ *9. T:1.'+ fll7l il-e,
F-9 rll olEl= 7l:r,_+, 6lq c. dE7ltr Zl€5J Hl dJ *'+lq a4
sl r-El H€ 3 4lt;Jrl. 4l iL+ B{/"t3- tsldJ z}.(l 4^l 4loll !!.^l
9= F^lql 'i+ ^lF= +F+tl
,S Bt4 ?+Ll= .q zl+I /.]'olgel C-o$ zlss dq 'rJ"J
/l ^l= lF;;l-€ SIC^Jg +71^)1)jL. tlilql 4d-6J 7l+ EJ6J=
g +46JEl.
EEI= i+ 4lFql €^l€ ,lF 814* er1o1q-. ulaj a)ol
^JB
AffElLl ,S tsq ,J+Elol el6il +F91, E+gzli, *dJ 71 4 +
+ 7l+,Je i+Eg +4 "J4.

E ^tF
;E+ T^tet s^l
*"rl,r1 gtu Elel'Jol, zl:l
=+ *il= 4+ d4 tilTl s
q "J=-qTl =l=' ^Jtslolq, nJ*zl zl+Elq qsEl. rzl+ zl*"]l
qq q= ^JHl= €4ldlt *^lg "tl+ ++6141 9q.
^lz16+=
7l+ol 4oJ:6J i€
6J-B7lol= VOR/rLS +t1l1, +zl
^lolge+
EldJ zl^tl zl^144'Jg Hl.J nl7l, +€ tEl zlrlll4 ziF r*
^J^lvl^l 3EL6lq 8J* dz} cl^lql^l S'lo'll 914. 6Jr,7l Tlnl
-=- 4146i= q^lql^l= olE sl,{}ql^J /ll E= +o;6}q z}^} 6J+
zlq €zl-l= *^19 +1611 9lq.
6JrL7l zl+Elq Hl6J SCol El= oe, lt EEI qli.l el +Eel
^J
9lil gEoJ(feedback)el dlg, 4.dl Alael Hgle+ 4+E tl_q.g
Elg, ol5 F 7l+Elr+ idg S6l= +Bol ?+EJ
^lH ++719
oil 9.1= 414 0l= itTloI^J 'J41lq. 4rl-^J, 6lLlE
=ElElq
7l+ a+.dltrb 4lq ol5- iCzl"l^l 4lq q59 ul]rts CEs
qet 7l+ct
^l+* + elE+ R|5q4 9tq.
4l€ 8Jt7lE zl5 e€ 1ul= .i]+44 6J+zlEltrl Fd 4F
4+ *7171 ^I+q= el4ol9q. relL} 4l+"]l= qrl 7l+
'lq
'I +Sg + 9L= qzl"l zl+ i* zlzl$ zilgol Tl.JElt gEl.

@ 't= rt rqE ?€
Ettl e

=+ *,1= rzl
zlF ;JBE
t=6lq =+E rlnE "J
41.119,

"J6l= A+El+, dzl dEE 71414 =qos H+61= ^lB+, a

+^l7l .4F =+ *ilol rtl6lq H€g LI4ts 4lq+, _14.z zlF
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E+ r
d^l+ql= Tlnlel F.qE qE"J Cn-q-
94l6171 96J^l*;l7l
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ag z,)olE(rate evro)4 zI4E47t ^J+9q 9q.

,g
aa N -2 ^l=
45 8il9 eE dl^l

Tlnlel +'J 7lt4+'J"J+ E"I Eq 9= +4 zloltrql'!=

€ xl^l "i lli zl,qlTl =a5la, *6J ^lolecl^J= 7l+ *9lilol
?gl
+c€q.
+01 !l3Jg rll +E
^lgqE
lg I/ 23r+ 'J9 rlzl zltr ?+Elql^Je-- €'J+ +"J€- gC
'J:
+ 919q, lE "f tll zl +Elt.l +,Jgq r !+.I 4+ dJH
r4lEoll 'J-dLf .

*ils+El dtr 'Jol *olLl *9 cnzl 4l+sJrl.

dlB di= dq 7l;ql q4 0l9E-1 {ln€ qzlH 4lns
Hl+: dElElE 5dl^l zJ+Eloll dP94.
4+El+ql^l= 4 .$^Js+El +4€ tlE= -Bdl e+Eel ^l
BE 4+6171 +l.J 3E+ ds= +=6Jq.
!'I;l=
^Jll+= A+Ele+Elq 3E+ +lEE '14 +4 e H
0
.lg N -a 471 rlE
e+El PB.lsl. lg IV 24= rl-Zl
^lllel
qolq. rll dl 7l oll
^l
9 gal

^ls/l t+ol ^I+gt 9lrl.

414+"I^iY 4gr+ rJg 349 -J + ol rL

rfs 8tE gSolLl Eil= fl a rllol

^= 8q q
I|=/bE 55
II€ g ^elltrg
el += 4+(nlil rAf g da 44)
rg IV 24 rlil ll.H ^€
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4d tsl6J6l= €1"ll *a.J 7lE z+F^lz 7l+ o}g= {-J *6}r+
El al rJ5q +E grllel d3J *6*e-_tr 7l+71 E6l7l7l= 6l^l
"J qq zldl .l+e e=4= l- 4lEol
gqtsq. E, .q Eldol
.Jq4 -JrtlE a^l4E zjg fzlE ds;
"Jol.+E E 3FE a.l
6izl €4.
+lnl4 .J 8J+zl el 3:le,- ul:l r- il ol E € Elt LldlTl= a7l H
BoJrlr 6lq, +Bl7l gdl .'-/loltr 4: ^l+=ol gg Lll'J+E
el qEg El^l qrl E (dutch ro[)o]+I 6Jr].
Elil E +*l9 z-zo=9 atle- E4,q7l 6J4l "Jq.+= 'S+
ol4. r-lxl € +*g _s- e59 H+E 4€j'17\ Sq{Ei. ,4+
ol*6lq tJzl € eFg t
^J,,s 4+E 4ln=-
4^la + 9lE+.

:1H IV 38= g etl "J:lel qlolq, lB N-3e

E .9 H I (vaw damrer) el 4lroEolrl.
,s Brl til= dq4g ,9 4+E zloleql^l
+c.J aln +ql^J rJzl €ql el'J €8"J9 a=
6lz1 9l61 005..0.s (Hz) el rllal qtlTl€- Fr++
lg lV -38 I Hrl 6t^l +q *6* 7l= 4lq"Jq.
 +AaJ d-ld ?l
TltaltI tl

+j a ::.: a::rr: :t,, :).4ra taa:

,f uzartrt t|,,,-, +scl^l .:r::::

't2*"'-"-""'n'o'll
(+E rtore)

lg IV - 30 s Bclel 7{=E

E s. EJtrrst
=t 3'49 ;];Lzlzl dq.J 4
,q 44s zl"ltrg ^g7l= 4+E al
iel ri,i Eql gal dnz| xqsJq. ol iqlrj qil E"l g"J rl
n= 7l4l 1lF +7lel 0.05--0.s(HzJ cEel ilF 4lE.l4.
*6J Tlet _E*BzIzI 4€9 .l+q *€ dEl6l'z 91€. 4q1=
44r 21q-+-q1.,.1 Cqg"l ElAl+ =qq goldE}. ol a+ql=
*€ dslE + +d"lr *gE-E *6J 7lE *zl"J g,qzl 914.
lal+ I Brlel 9E.Jg 9"J 4+E 4olsel
.dg"rl
=q tln +orl=
d€ 4= dslCql +qol -s*gol il4. "l +lnzi
EldldJ

9E"J9q *6J 7lE +zl.lE +€ d5l7l ol+qzla +614l E

4. trizi^J, n-€ dslg q dslgql Elrtl+ aln= qE.J dnql
^l 4l49qot
6lq, ol€ gotl
^l+gj1 9.1= aol Eil
q qr}Tl"l
q. A+ .q Bll A+q= trlil E Aln"Jg €q qr, *sJ 7l
^J
!. sEl€ z_a *6J 7lE +zlq^l EJzl €9 *xl-J4.
'J+49-4, zl* e+ ^Jil"I= ,q "Jqe+ 45l i+ ^Jil= +l+
2tl9 46J r-gil7l 9lEl. zl*
=+ *ilE ^l*61=
zJ9"1g
"1
A .q BqE Bifll6il +qol 6Jr}.
 @ uq rl* 4* T*l

6t*7171 .J'.r+ HlzlEg zlull i$9-e dEl6t= a9 +€

c5l4r +€ 5519 fa!;|zl g"il^l= 3l++ *6J 7l+E
+El.
e+ gEl]]H49 sF 09-q +zl614 c96lq+ +4.

J-€ dsl+ ul.il 4l++ BdJ zl+E€ ooe Szlalb 48 I

plzB49 Ogs +z16l= ar+ F.J6J €El. El4^1, F+
_tg lv =a.l
+6JalE 9rl. fg
40 Ealxl
:l H+ +"rl 6l+FJ OoE +a^l7lq .delE
rv-404 ,Je .dsltlql^l 44+= g 4+Eel 4++ *6* 7t+E
ol4.
*"1^l €B.J tslel +ol, t_ Brl= rl^l Eg *zl* i C.14.

+€ .dEl= zlg 7€ 4lq/l€ 4z++q E*84€ +4q 'd5ll

a49e EgztYrll, q 4l dltzl"l= 3Ftl .l"l ul=,s +

=
Fol g^J6J4. e B$l= s SFg H+= HJ"J, + dq 6d EJ
z,ssE zlizl;3alEg7lE a46J4. olEl+ *^l o=- 4?
dldJ

4 ,S SEg 014 ;4aJ9e*1 Tlill= f€ dsl€ ^l++Et. *€

4lElE +dJ6lal 5lE s 4+E 4oleE zlel .d54+ol ul
=q3
dl+ dBEJ hlol 9ll, ol cc= qlE qr]-7]"I^J aalzl lrg uJ-6J
7l7l 47l6ljL /l4l= +E .dslE 4+614 9q.

@ "ru {^ltrl
EldJ a-il (flrsht director)E "14 €4* dJ€1719 Bl6J zl4l
4^l
+z16l/1 9l-tl E+ ll.Zlel e+ B;dg ul6J z|.ql zlrlfl(ADl)
=
oI 6I= r- EJ olq. El6J zl^lnlg rl;l ul(bar)
^l^l ^l =+^l= ^l.dl
E E HIE ]rB! +FgE- r+6111 €4.
ul.J ,.l^l Azlel zlgg u|f, e€9 g4el Fg6l
=+ B€E
zl"J, lts IV-4loI LlEld EIel'J"l 4+E tlnql ele rJ4e+ ?
g dld.J dilq= 6lz1 g*=El. tsl8J zl,tl {;li ++ 4+9 BE"j
 s=tler3g'@

xl,f ll1t
=sa dt^,]

r+ Ll]g s' .(>\ nt 3

q)/ a*R
(+rl rule)

lg lV -41 HlEl rl^l Eril IIaEJ

€- += aB.lt, Elii+ =zlg 3+^}9 ag zlz4ql Ezlt 9l7l

4EolEl.
4+ €€.1 919 'llql= DldJ nl^il zl/.l4l"I Ll4+= 9rl Et,
E Hl= sF +*9 +g glil"l 9.1q. .Je.J 4,.^tl=- +116lzl g
6il^lild96lo} g "llql= g HlTl g+g_e il+"]q, 7l+ al']+
zlrlp ulali tlzl tsl7l ol4tr Zl-PrlEl.
tlil El E= E Hlg Hsl l./l= =+Eol +4q.1 g t?l.tl
Eldl+rl. € tsI7l g+gtr .zlro-zlr. 1l9E a+Ag I
=5r1;
+ge +zlolj1, ol r+ Brdol el6l E4.l € El/l d g^J6lE
iltr 6.J9s 95.14q.3+^l= E+B7tl= q5471 ^l +6lq
sJtl € tst/l +*gs zlE+ E+97l]8 4zh+ts 7l4l7l .J"J+
€49 +rl6lq dslE al+6JEl.
:rB n/-42= ElsJ zl^l *;]el zlFg r+Els 4014.

4= gBot g= 0t 4= lltT1.5,i.t=

rH IV 42 Blg BEoll n+= HIU rlll 8^lel ?g

 rE; 4="q +E 4€:
7lF HEtef ee E+oll el6lq gSrlel +Eq nETl 3a Bld a
EHoil^l HolH€ 41, 5=el elgE flal| ldE +Ee+ n-EE '*
^l=
+71 916ll ulE a= {]E7l gg6101 g87lel 7lE0l t4trts
^lr+EJtrf.
7l=01 ;6lll ol+olli €r-l0l EEE !ul= A?E gztf.
SZal Bldoil^l f,g6la il= a+q +s +E+ lEql^l Ll4 Hl
' olHrl afE *?-401 Egg 5tr+ E6fll tr8at01| "fE 'Je= S.tr|. 0l
rqlEql rl+ E-olll ol+0.]^l= u7l+ +E ulgg r4loJl=
^l.5 ==01
*r-4el trJ?Jg€ 9lo=|| 6=0ll^l +5 4=o+ C#o-l!, I=^Pf
^tE
HIA 8xl= EE^l 4lE +-=oe f=-dEf.
^l^l

tsl6J
^l^l *;l= 4E =+$ +^l ilTlsE ^l*g f 9lq. tsl

dJzl^l 4+ r+
,J-zle]- ulilol zJg zl^i +jr<Ig +8,
^lF
a
+"1 zltl6l'Z 9]g',ll 4+rJq +z1gg ElsJ zl^l tlilel zl ?g
BE^l ,J+ 7l++ 714q. tg, Tlirlel
=+^lz| =+61= 4t+
+zl .J + El 6J zl "J;19 +zl "J "il ,lol7l ^8 a9 Ei ql: ztF
^l =
+ "J''lql r"J.l Cag zli'{ol llo Es E}E a}E
=+g
all4l

6lr e+{}?} if,alo1 94.

ll+ EJ?l 3tr1(headino hold) lE Btrl(altitude hold)

flil trB(pitch tfim) 91dl l(stabl izer)

I 8q 8il(yaw dampef system) Bl.J Illl 8il(flisht dircctor)

 HJ-ctoe
-=oJE E^101,36|.= g= 7l:€ +="J-Lfrf.
=01: ^l^jl=
2 = it': ^f= r= 5f^loll= 7l+ dJgt F^l 7l=. +g fi^l 7l=
=.ol
olrL

3 e.J A^l= ^Ntr E5EJ rl^ll0ll^l -d3717f t:d= ol+E+ -dlf

4 g Ao1 3^l= -*=7lel rJ{ = E= HJ^IE ?ldl] ^l€flr|.
5 HIC ^l^l 6f-l= olai !31f A37lel Hld ^l^ll= ?^1617l ?16l] E+
4 iii^l+ol r=.1.J= 4^ll/1011 Il l6f=
^1r'.il01rf.

EE-ES*GTEI
*,=.
E 4=erl. E ill=el +4="J= +9E7f ?
2 a:87 el g'J:* Eg4 raln e EEol 901
^l+
Ll= 35= +qolafl o-l=7f=.) =E, =ct4eE

.tQ
rrlrl rHLj! Tlille lllil1ol Il^ll +sz,loll grl6lEE Tlill= rl=rle
--
tr i110]5|.= a^lolrl. 0l i|1=01^l +e 4=6|.= 5=EJ3 +1fl7|.?
4 4^ 3=€ Eal 2Jr1^)l= 3^l= +1.J7f ?
=
 l
l. EllTl 4q 4F ,a+ *.i.lel 4L3g oldltEt.
+-E
2. +E .fl zl*. a+ 4:il-ol ?l;9 {9.:l + 9lrt.
^l
3. Dldl+ +.al 7t-F- 4+ x'i'lel 'l;-9. {Bg + 9lrt.

16 rnzl .\r rflot rtE TF rHlot tEtll

\_:J 1r l =-r-- -'|l | --ro ao o''r-1 uo

7l +tr,e],+teJ 4E ,a.F
ql
'J"l= il/-l/l .J'+7loll g+zl9
+- _trTEl= t:l olrl. +r- 4lol zlt
d,l :-,J^l t idJ dl
=+
3 d! dl ;l:- e +"I a3; ^l /l Jitre= g 1l ;l4l fr{l ,rl |i.:-; i;f,
611

4:- H+-: rllli;lul. 4+€ 9l"l] -Jitr.ll rl.t d=61= lt':- "ll
+ ilTll .N =rl. l.t. -J-l/l-ql l;!= fizl6lE /l=lcil tll;|'r1 aj
+/lel +l zl: 4dl ,'li: 4;l F".l .J sJ1:: ill r,l!-q-. ill6,r] A-i
-: zllcil .'1.+, ri..rd 9l+ j-6J.il Ell ? ;9";l4l z+*6J4.
6J-* 71 7l ol i dl ^J,;.18 ^l +.--= .:1rll-tr .,i zl o'l7l sl ;-ll ^l
o'l

,'l+€ ,+Fei f;J;1:- =

.JId :-rl-g +71 .(l4oi +4. ol ilq!
,tl a:'J9 zl.-i /'ii- ^l
irEll.,le.l7 \.1Lrl.

i./l el zll I. *+ 7l "ll ^l El6l ?i. (N,lach ru,unlrer 5 El El 'J .l "l )

=
o],o Tlel .;,J 7l : .$ 4l ol+,. oJ.lgE_
'16}j.ii €tsf tll + + z'l
6l= /l;-ql ,JI J-* X'al?l ol+!l 9li)ul. r.l=717.1.E 'J+ .J+
zl"tl rl. 3 !,1 r- 9lll.
ri* €.'IrJi .,J+zl el +.E-= f'."lol zl Sl eI ''|lf .tf, 1};l-ol

45 illl= gi!1.\171.{ 6JLl.

G) +s *rt

lfl 1\ .13+ .3''"rzlrl fE5 +"l.tl i- .4.5 i<; 1+"1 !l 'J!l'j

 +5 AII

\
: r.{1 ll.d :

lel Iv 43 +E F^l 45 SilE 4EE

^lE
.J 4lr;Eolrl. ril7l 4s a+rlql^l Eg dJ.*7lel rtlTl +_F-el r
+^l/f €"J.J 7l= +EE Hl-n6ldl Tlolol dltrJ;l:- 9zl dn=
g,U;lq ?+6J rl€ {Cq +qg H+^lrJstr4l 6}*zlel +E
4€+rl. +. ^l!- zl59 +F6lq td atrSel zlETI= tl
=
sl f:+;'lq {dol E4z}= €tr2}9 H.3^l{osi,(,] +qel Hs}
+8, ;J+7lel +E7l H+Elq 'J"J"f, +E, E= 3+^lzl €
=
4"J +E= +Zl6lll +q.
+E +zl zlF =+ *Zl= "JH]49_+_ dJ+7lel +rale+ zl+
F4ltr+El +"JEl= ,JB= 9E?4q 7l= +E= +4;lE+ 6.!
4. ul6J + -JzlFrtl 49 trll +E +rl zlF ,J;l-s-
=* ^l+6lE
{d atr5-E 95ol ggul4 Btro-zJol Ltrqe +47} gl_o_q, qrl
ilel pl!-E d;1r1.

O oPt+ +^l

41tr dFTl:. \:l7l+el 'J-3- rlzl el+lol 9.19 Ell rE Es+=

4+Elzlt "16l+:- oJeal4l +,.1614 g+= +6J6loF g a+"rl
ul6l+ +71 ,lF,r+ *Zl= g+;1dl Hl6J+q lH N-44!-- rll
s4oJ El6li +,<l zlt] r+
1|,lel 45-s_o14.
+E Be+3J9 7l=?"i9 0dE ;+q 9E? ,lq= +BJ6lq El;}
+= +rl;lE+ +Ll. dJi-/l= gd+ elTl 6lzJ HldJdl
=qS_e
 ll0ll
t !f6l+ &) roro: & ?.?'.' c
9 Y i--'l
1I
I

l'"1-

.- !, ,l+\ t
o*o^Ilel l*
r_-*._.:J

tg lv 44 El6t+ ff^l IIE 5= E|ilel Il=.E

E glrl olLlzlTl f-F oILlzl-E- H49q 4s-z| ;21;1a, ujrqs
HlaJ6lH +Ezl ,J4'J4. IIl+^.i, El6l+ +zl
^J+ ^l1H€'l'J
N-+a"t].r1 !-Fol +rJ 71= q+blq *+'6},Jql el6ll +E= zI
q6121 9q, +Ee+ 9zlzl CH= +461q 9e"J+4.

"JZ4 ^ilE 6JZ-7171 f,dJg 61tr

g+49tr gs=
^l+6ial
grrs 6J+zl9 6g,q zJA;J4. trl4^1,46 ;+1 9*98
=zl9
ttil4g-e- +E7l ?716lll sJEl
+r.el ?71= El6l+ +zl ^lE =+ ,J;lq el6l ,J49q +F-
+46171 9l6tl^l +rJ 7l= g4E+ e+q4, olol El4 6J;L7l
= ;|f, r*
: ^J+;lzl €q. El4^1,
El6l+ +zl e'i.lEq
Hl6Jg a+"i 94e! "laliE +46171 gldll^l gtr= ^l+6lq
:r.-P"Jql
tr14 d416l d+61= Erlzl 914.
ilETlel 4+, :LUty ?zl"J"l III+ sE a-Ez| zJ5;1ss X-
714 qr-q7lel 4]qq "lzl t e+g "l+ ElBzl6lElI "J + 914.

+E Fl XIE 4= 8il 0f6l+ 9Il I|E 4e 8il([.4ach hold)

trlE 4trE(autothrottle) l[|E 9e1l0l.f (speed break)
r 4E r.ri^.t ri.= ^.5 ^fir! ='S7l9] +f= gtddull SIldE 7l:g
ffi
?JLI.
:.J=717f
0lq6f0l Af*g 3?0ll +E= ?^l6f7l 9oH.ll; 9111 o==
E 0l36lDl. 0l= -d+.
^lE ^tr= ^ ^flolafn
nl;la 9T Tl.E 54 471 ll-= fA. *!f fdl ol;u
^lilL- ^tei-^]
E= rll0l610l, nETf ElEl-atrf.

. -- " .,,,,.. . -. F+q{.lFTrlil

6JE)pl ol+-cr nil :.J=7lel +E= fr^ldf7l r
| +l6H^l
^l€!= ^lE
etrl: +9E7f ?
=
2 +E ?^l rl= r= d|^1011^l ErSTlel +E= 4E6f7l 91611 7l= +E
sl +Eel e^l=
tHTl HlEl^l7l= ?t= +EE7f ?
=+610l
-"J=71= gs-d ElIl 6l'J Hl6J6fEJ ?l^l ollLlrlTf EE ollLl
3
HJefelol +E7l =+,eE BJEHtr A= Hldolol +E7l ,Ja-stLl.
^|tr
0f6f+ +^l r= =716lr,
8rl= 0l gal= 0136|:r]l. ol $xl:f zMo
+ 0lg;l- ^f5
+=qle gq10t7t?
 l. ;JE i4llq zI* ++ T,.lel /ll''J:. ol6lltrt.
2. ni 4q r.t:, ?:+ X).lcl 7l;g oli'|]qtEt.
3. lrll -zE +"1 4t,4+ 1i?.lel 7l*1. oldl]tEl
4. C-e +7,1 ztt r,+ alrlel ?l'b g oltll6J tt.

O o;e qq rl5 4+ €' lsl TllE

{*zll- 1}+i Hl?crl- zl ,.'l ulel 5l "Jt:r nl:l x r.l ,or

=,3b}41
tJ;l /ll Bl dll;ll oI .ol-=€-t /f ltl:r'll. .J_F lllq 4F .a.,i 1l.l=-
ol ;l rl El -J + {1,+-o_ F +;J ;l .,ll o}!, i}11 ol q

{ 4lq ,l F i f N .ll: 'J S7l el C;J-r+

"J
?.1

i-el. {i ol d}+zlll .JL: il6l: rll{1.!i \1el

f !- +{l ^l 7l:. .l 5 ,15 N,l olrl. lrJ I\ 15=
*,t zllol <l+ ,=.+ 1i:l jr^l ili el dllol L'l'
'6J{ 4lq 4r
=i N{ll- '}oll ^l !Btl
,'}^ll

.<l rl-.El ,h+ xzl el, t1'l +!ll i 7|:al1 gll,|.

.,,,1
".1

.J -- 4l d] alt l+ 'J _ql i-fr el 7l ;ql Ltl;'l,ol

,<l

lg N 45 s!tr rlol lal 8^lel dl 'J ol.!.F rltl-.

=
CD rE qq

.-.- rll.'l 71+ 4:" il,,l: el 1l+r el ilol ,l.l.4t- "1:;u1

,r!'1fr
zl' if olf oJ4 -,/l-€ i:'r zl ;'l-El Hl .ll ;1'-$ ;|; ul r"'i'- /f."1-1 9l
rf. l-?j^}= f rl nl lll zl rll 4lol
^l ^'-,rl ,1
ol a !+7lLl' :1\6 +"i
{ :lJ itl : -llioll ol =.1,_= ill i,J g j:;J trl. :1.}-- ]1loll oll
.o

ql. r ,l\-E 4lii ia;14 !l ;;l.olI:Ei -aL'rlldl E 7r6- lil /.1

 dq+El.
=
**zlq lI_== +zldl= ,lE A+ zJ;,]=. oJ*7]ll "J+ ;1F
g+= "J+^l7lzl +16ll^l +qd dJF-F_ l-Cg nF= +=l;lq
ulsJ+ + 9E+ 6l= ptl+ +-s_+ lrils, :r+^lel B+=- rAl
ce^lz
rg il=q.
46e rISuloJ L_s .utlq 7l+ 4+ "J^lel 4FEolrl.
,iqel grl:- +*trf rlzl rl-tr i+EJql^J Eg *+7lel €
zJtt.
4l rEe+ |Stlzl el*61= €e rE€ Elidlq _sil Cn= ;
+g1 rl+, ^lH '4lEg +-Ealq +.J 7lE ^J+ !E= ;},J^l ?lrl.
dJ+zlel rl ,.l zli.l sog ftzl;|s tE Erl,7l flo s_q, rl ,l
= LI+
,J^l=
7,l,ql r,l-5,
=+ +eq ^l*;1= aol oJPl4olrf.

ll
/i t
lro1., A
^*,: A
a---:=
l-f \.
iii Il
^
Illll
\i
lj
IIOIE

rg tv 46 .aE rllol rlE r= atilg nlEE

€rI _r_E +4}-- tE ilqe} E]+5}4EJ, sl* lEr+ .J

6J{1.

4 l-sql 4'J ls. +zl7l olq4 ,iBol rl6J €ql IE +4

(tenain-followins)E el]rldJq. 4, Zl^yzy g 6t!-- gtl LEE €
zJ6ir, drl tEll,e +4+'J+ olag Hli6lq "J'J"lal +^l
dl-= .lolrf. olel zJ3 €ql aE +,(l= dFTlel, ,Jg r{; 6}
rL7l7I zl€ol rl6il "JrJ+ ,7E= +zl6lq dl6J6l= ++'+ .J+
€_ +BJ"J a+ol oJg6l4. 6J*7lq €ql j1E= d}tlTlq rl;l zl
il= de+^l?g,qr! +rlg + 9lEl.
 @ ee +^t

4s€ +z16171 96J zl5 e+ +ilel 7l;g 6J;L7IE Elrl €

49 ula]9_e zlF HldJ6I4l 6l= aolEl. rg IV 47+ qlg4oJ
4e +zl ^lF e+ tl,'lE 4lFEol4.

^)
lla! ll floDt 6 rlt0trl
1 rt,

ielfoe
ri
i

rH rv -47 €E Frl rlt rE Silel 45E

lBql^l +rl zl* i€ azl=.tl+"rl E4 irlol
.HFol, 4E.

^11'Jg -EEt6li1 ilsq, g+ql ,9-49 9E'J;lq €49 g4r+

9zl7l SlEq E+B7I= iteq. +, 'J€+ 87il e^149 +1,
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zl* +q ^llHg'J €ol^l €BEI rl*+ g+ ^l^"Jg s6J

6lq q4 El4ltr "l+q4 9q. €zlts rrlPE9 i,e
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g.194, plol zsrlE ol *e olollsr+ "lE *^l (wt-s:
microwave landing system) E tl +'J il* ++ ^latJ, .H-4 -?lC
dlB ^J^l (DGPS : differentral elobal positioning svstem) € ol*'* xI
F ++ 7lg ?"1q.
^11=Jg
9l^J 3JB '*i1€ .l+6lq c"J 1J=El9s4l gdq zlE +q
6l= *H9 €+;+i1 gl,Zl+, olzl s=E+el ;Lt] $ulz| €ld6lll
ol+qzl4 gol -g+ElElzl *;lr gEl.

QE dqll(mode selector) ILS(instrument landin0 system)

g=ze9I| 9E E3arcli] Pl sE
lfE xiE Al4E(aulo land system) +R UA gB ]|+
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I rfE t= 3rl= rl^11 ffrl 9E, rl^11 r1l0l q-,7lf HJ+l gS 9=,
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=91
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=
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+sElol
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E= +tl7lE =gfotr+El ^l+E

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lll 6H +: rla 3^l= +E9l7l?
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=-sfoll
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gDfETl?
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2. ,rlrJ 1J; +?tel q6Jg 1ga3 + oJ4.
3. dle +el EJel 7,leJ <. il'l,
^1.,. 'lb+ €Bg
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q ill-Jr+.
5. zteJ +?tel g6J9 {Hg + *'t.

O opg Eq rl^EJel rlls

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+ /l -"1
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^l
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^lel t+ trlql i1
f I 6J ^l /- tJ +el ;+Llol L.l .

6JB ,JHl-ql d+F. +71.

^l/:EJl+ *t' rr5-e1 ;71.
rrl ,5J +zl

uJ
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t0l nt]r
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^l.EJel
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^l*Elr
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^laEllel
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el zl:i zlldlql 'Jg6J;l zlel 4lr= 4l+.'l: EcIg +r.l. +, El
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trl6J 9l
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q;l7l 9rldJ Srlal +q

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ol Hl6J 5J4q He+.I 44 Hl6J ZlsJel +p"e +e"l .q+EJ otl

a+^l7l +41 tr€g + g]E+ r.el

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c!tr+
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s^l ,14= +rl.

[! 1+er+
,"i+q+= BldJ +4 llt, HldJ
^llq 4t q +q 4lq tltg-
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El oJ +zl 4l+!e'JH +d71, tl,{l.'Jt .il^l rllolEl,4
rll 7l
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; riolEl HIol ,\ dH :l 'J+7lel tsl 6J €a: ?=Ft4. lr]-7
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.lr.l. C;- Zlt E +t .l?"Jg 4lt"JE}. ol zl{} {.Hi 3+d l',
El6J ,llq ,lt 4 +/j 4lq dlil+s +=€E+.
^l+e+
ulrl 414 z1r!3
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i.Ft ".Jq. *-']. r.E I +r.el t
3- z}t.
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=qJ+E+.

E of Ei E^t+
a€.^l 441 4 F.rllrE zl F!4l.ll glq^l i+^lolrl +
El6J-9

s rrlr3 zJtr€ 4l-*61q. z]f, {!el 9.r3. rlnFl-9 45 tsJ 7l

+ F i€'^l glEltlolael +dzloJ 'Jg: +B."JE}. 7l+4'J a
.Frl :.4 -srl *"15 -sL ,llq tllE. q+4 zi ol 4^171, -lr]ri
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01 xl^17 |
gzlrl f,ojF] El;J Al 719, +dgrl.
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ql
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tlsj. c; LllolEl. 4+ ezl Fel rllolEl +i
/l 'r ,, of f.
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+_a +^Jg 7l+zl .J ul ;j tlzl ^l1Eil

ol E+ 7lld
rg IV 61 gtE +tr EAlTl 3l9s= zlil. +!. ,tg, €4el g^le+ qzlq
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+E, tsl8J 419, 7l* LlolEJel'J3 +'J EIolEl s.^l/], l4_r z|5
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@ {g'Its
HldJ +4 ^lagg dl6J .d, El;J +. _14j1 z|goll ol =7llzl
dll u1a3 Enlql a"l =+^lel t+ +Bg 4,J^l1I7l gsl El+
4 rJg rlg ,l;g'J?+4.

[n oroJ t rtfl rtb

Hl.Jd9 zlg 7l;os =7lol 9rl= s"n71 9l6J +c d^Jel 3 o' I|^1
rl0 Ea?=Lf 7f+.rr1lel
49, dlsJ 4q ge, "J+ d4 ^1.'Jel 7lE 44 5"1 sqEE+. ,J0
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c dl^Jtr+El c€ 4H "; 91;1 {tr€ r€^}"lzl cd4. r4r.
af."lzl "Jq6l= +4r1, +Zl, f,BJ +E d-H- E+ 71=
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E, zlTl al+ 7l;g ol+6lq Hl.J 4q 4+qeE .J=q qlol
eJ, ul;j 419 4+El 4+ 6l-el"lE 71ts dag 6lq, zlE t6]

I a5,'.;"I21 dB+q.

E ^rry 9t I
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q +iJ tl^l cBel zl^J dlB +.d+gl rlolEl= i+rl "l++q.
Hl6J +4 ?+El= 47] *el +d+ qqEl= dJ+,lel
=,*!Elq
ulaj d.aE €CB gezl ilg +d++ dq+El.
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.l+ +"il= dq€ ol+ t_=ol tr+4 g.q+ 4il 44lE zl^16111,

+4€. iilol"Jq. g.q+ 4+, olg EEE ;lE.J4.

 tr t+. tg ol ott 6el ^leJ 1l;
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71 4el HldJ -d4l^l r.E. +tr q dil 5-el Hl6J r,'llElol Irlel +

E=- 6lq s^l crlql i^l= dri.

+'J.rl d+g ql"ll= Zlll zl=. *7141 -qlql f E= ;1El E^l
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"Jt i'+ol ol+ol (l_E ilrl

@ sq! qq
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5E;-l €41 I *u191 z3?-otl g+7lel 7l i3 €*+= zjlq*es4l
as;zltl ;151,:- 7l+"J +e :re6l"Ic 4€^l/l ?l;+rJ +49
c+5lr oJd6lrtl 4ldlc f g.lolol 6JEl. "l= 915N. tc 4lq *
q+ n,l€oll 44^l 4A
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* "Js +*. zlpl €tri F-ql +l7l= 4lt;t= z)t-zl zli4,+l

olrL
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dol^l glal ru?= 5;l
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3N

7 !r=r E^fF : r+ 13
e ,l:!el gl+ glal e+e gtrf Tlzl ,o" J:E ol*;lq
-a! Tlr rl"o rr aro zllt zlr'9 4. il]ts]. ^ltl 7l+ E -ql
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elE 58, irlolrl 2-El (by pass ratro)-o] EJ.H_
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g+zl ilC+= 4lq6l= +"J 7l4l *tsi
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rg Iv 62 E]{l rllol E^l7l "-tr5. dlHl ziLll Hq;}9i9 ,ql +qel Enl'
^laEJ =
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dl^l€ ^l+6lq ^lFql^J +.71+, €^J +d, 4zlol olszl44
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dC 4lol= A+qE 6Jq= dlolrldl= gill d+El +*d+,
a+ElE j1*olq gFzlol HldJ .Jdq 4dzlgE- +8971 "tlE
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+ 994.
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dzl^l Sl al 4iq(EEC :electronic ensine mntrol) ^laBg qlld
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fl"J '1ts.] _s.+ 'ldslgt+.
dzl.l Eld 4lq ^laEJoI= r--e€- elEl 4EE tsl*dlq 20q
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fl{lE IH TEJ
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0l
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i ^lE
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2l=€ 9!Il0ll
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r ^l-d
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4?El9q qol^l a*9 'J€614, a^J +qlE z+Fg 4+ElE+
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ulB xlol AFrNc 62e Bl0lg sl^

ARTNC 629 AFINC 629 ARINC 629 +8q xllol

9SUt0l4 9laBt0tl EgEl0l4 +q E ELtEt
el+ fr'l^ a=E Hl^ ^1"
t ESgrl
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lsgal AlE +s

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ra N $ E4 m Be7l4 qlolEl sl^

^l^ts
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q 4r- ^l-AEJ ol 1l Ei.
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^l:Hg ^l
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^llHg zllts;}4 HoJ 777 qr-!71"I ,l€-s-" ^l*6lHEi.

lB lv-ffie E-oJ 777 nJ.d|719 q"lEl 4: +CEol4.
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r-.le+ Gl
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^|= =
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=
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3 AStloll= trE =
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T
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V EII 8^l
V 234 'J:, g r1 z];l 41 Ll El \rl Ll. ol il3 +
-:lA 23 EGPWsel
^lB
 rH v 24 EGPWSg rle s^l +E
^!4
+?l"llzl itBTl e!-+r+ dJ4l € q49 zlll geql ^144"J a
-:1 E, Z.rl
tlzl B= ea ^J;l= +d€ oJ+719 el,lel- LE= ?+
7]]4'1€
El el zl€ ElolEle+ dl'r/+q. ol rllolEl EI"ll= 7l+el E 95 (a/a)

H9l= "J46lq. zlliB9 +ol= ^!A-E- +E6tol s^l+4.

lH V_24q1 ++S Eiel ,Jol, 7'lEol HldJ 4F-_H-q 2000Gt
ol* gq4 .Jg "i"rl= ?4, r ol* 1000ft04213 g.J i+.4
o,a ++.tlq i+^f7l 341 +59 + glF-+ 6JEl. rrl6J a5r- 91
2un[ft 4eg d$A^l-q-q ']E]tt].
di/d]-q

4dEJ rtlrl d= 4r *:l"ll/.] +,o,"J ,llddg ++ "Jzlel E

il"] gijlq4E +5q 4+El: ag- *46l: aol4. 7ilc€
rI4 d+ 4r ^Jrlg rllolEl lllollql +6J g+tr elzlTl E"Jq
q glq 6J*zlz| d4l g+-aq 4=61=Zl€ +++ + 9.1/l trllE
ol rl. rl ol El tsl ola"I rJ+E 7)-ol7l 3500 (itl o],X-o1 +l^ll 4l *6J
=
E 4q"+ "J+ 9:l7l r.Elqol 914 6J+717i dsle g+e"I d
"Jql:alel q+E "J + 'Jtr}.
d= ar a-il7l Tlrl= t+ ,l€oI^J 4d+ er
olgal, rNzl
al^l *5lj1 ++tr"l 7l4ol d=;J +Elql^l 99,s"J ?rE
=
ul= Eldg zudg r.llzl 4= 4j!- ^J,lE 4d6l4l 9flq.
,ldg Etrl d= ar "JzlE rEE g€ss Eel +: zl59
6lq, gE^lq Aeal AjL€ 4l+6JEl.
 @ ,rug Etrt d3 Ar trrtet 4E ctr
EE lg rlE6J 6l,JE€- ++gcl4 ar+4. *6J d.Jg 916l
o1 ;|zJ iAl 1000 (ftlmin) ol^Jel r+E+ 8'IrJEtr Hl 6J 3lE /-
^l
He- +^dgg- 'sink rate(al*E)"4r 9C AjL= +it-. Q.rl 'puu
up(?t7J'*Z)"ol+= +C ar=
=4.
("sinkrate, sinkrate' j

rgv 25 .EErdn

!_., 2= zl€ rlqEl !ilol ^= 714_e 6lq 4l++ a+ 'lE"I

Ll+ trldJg 6ll ?19 trll "tenain, tenain. pull up, caution
=d+
terrain, ferain, lenain, pull up(zl€, zl{, 7+7J '}4, zle +E, ,l

€.4€, =+t *4)".t4= 9c 4r9'Jq.

rPl v 26 ?=2Ea
rr- .O ^l= +6JalE^l ++qPl ;t'J tslnJg
It= Tl?al4
^l
E* 4l 'don't sink, don't dnk(alt 7zl, 6la ?4)"4= +C
ar
=- '.
rl rl^l 6j g rJ;Lzlzl oJd l:.ql E.J6}E zl,f,j9e
xl- ti_g
r 6 = lllIf ^rL
rl -1.
 aa v-n .sE3ar

aea y _a .P54€Jl

EE 4= 6Jt7l7l ^J+, td} rt= 6lr}6l= +ql rg V-zrjr+

,Jol zl€r+ q+ ztzl9.lzlE "tm tow tenain(zl€ LJ+ Tlzl+)"ol
+= gc ar= !lr, +6Jql doJ6l= +q zl€,+ ;li+g 44

.rH v -2s 3g Ilg^19 ."E 4 ar(l)

+q, ote
r59 LKll 0l6i

"too low flaps"

rg v 30 Btl a!g^19 EE 4 Er(2)

 _irta - +-E Eot +o}

.tg v -31 q= 5 a-a

44= +zl;'}zl *;'I|, a-?Cl!-- lts V-2e4 -lB V-30r1 +ol

+E.I trl+ "too low gear(zl+ ^J"l Li+ Yt+)" E= 'tm low
fiap(€-* Ll+
*+)'.14= 4,r='J+.
!.E s= 4zl ++ oJ4ll|_q g+e"l t.J6l= €"1 -
=4ol
-zPt= t== esEql^J d+ €zl7l ^J43 "ll += elolEi. ++elol ZlTl +
7f g+Eol E.g
!l=d7
14 g+ee+ 4€it a;l If+ + tsJ.l +!l+= .ddl;l,z ++ *il= ;l.zj9_a dE46l9€- ql
+E= Fr 6lg^l Cg6fr=
F96E 3E
"elide *C ar-S- 4!il tEl.
slope"4Y
!._E- 6g zlq aEslr 919 q dll tF-= +cg-e Eel +=
.J+"lr+. a+"rl El4 dq
^lul:el ^q.ilg d4 _L +c 'tl^l
4= +zlg +E 9l+.
d4 ,ls. 1000 [ft) 016]0l ^J z]+ ltzlzi LI4e] 9Lgp1 s00 [f,
"ll^l 2rzl e60(Hz)el
gd+g
']]r-, roo(ft)ql^l 2=a 700(HzJ
el +{+, 3s(ft)ol.^l l=+ 1,100(Hz;g g1g-, z0[ftq]^l 0s6
zl 2800(Hz)el gTl++ 'll=-- F -.rszl *ol4B^l 3zl +e-- +!l
+el Ba+eE tsI+E^l i4= tq.

"bank
'/ ''bank anole l" )
anole l"
''.'.'.'...--'

lE v Jz == o .€_r.l
 ?EAlOl 4"5

"wind shear
wind shear
wind shear"

.]eJ v 33 EE 7E fls^lol e.r

5. zl4{l Brll 4^}4ql Eil6J ajlE^J rso(n) lgql! ++0.,
30 [ft] -7-!. o]Lll ol ^J + 10" el a ^]4ol I E "tunt angle, bank T^|:I
.jJE) A ) 4)l tl?4 7
ansle(4r14, 4^14)"ole+= +C eaE \q4.
rEql rl4 Hl*g +E+ *"Jq ?H6I= €tg flE^lq4j1
qlcl. g. 79 fl_=-^lq ql+ql ++ dJ +ql 9l zlcl rlel ??6I
zll -€+ol zhal44 El+ol +zl6lq 6*+7171 ge.lzl= ag
4iLi;l7l I dI ^l ^lol ql i4 el' 6Jzll 'wind shear, wllld shmr, wllrd
shear"4ts SC Ar= tEl.
q^Jel 4l^lzl7l 5^lql +F"J aql ElElslq 4^l7'lol rtl+
=
+d ir+l7} iq4 9l7l rlE"il +d f,gzt *3 +9 El^l-Zl7l
4l6J +olrl+E +d tgrl +g ar *+.1 *c6lE +d6lq
4jr_71 i+ZlAl €El. gE^lqql rtl+ 4rel ii9l7l /l^J +4.

G) g.rtq
Elirl d+ ,:lilel q- 7oJ flE^lq ar= 7l* glolEl-tr.
4t
EJzlalq ar= tq. gEnl"l= 5a3 EE *+ol rEql q4,J
4zl ul+l= rITl +glel He+=: "J6l=rll, 4*+ ++9 ,l* tl
Eri, 7lg HEi, 6tl+, 7lt dd,
'J+ zlE*r+ 46J g+e ql6lq
.JqB + 9]4.
;4d ++9 Hr}= aJ+7lel rlTl +E€ El+rre, 6};1717l
olqol+ +E9 611 919
"rl: rEs+ +E7l *dF_a 'l+ 9lc
sJd,Elol 9+9lE+.
 1.000lfrl

0
L r 000 tlrl

tg V 34 olollEblltrE CEtj

lH v 35 olol3trHlatrel g-*

zl+ Hl+ol 4 sql +? 6l '*9_E gq zl

+E ^l € 7l ^l
ol
"J ^l
r:=t+=
q +"]r+ ++ol ;|61 ul+l ql^l oJ,oll+:- +4d +zl 6lt ,l+oJ
nl-ol-:rEula-E-(microburst)E d+ !+ +"rl
^l TlSqdq. +*i
?=q^l ElLl tsO rll. 7l
+.=lr dJ r g0l 0 e, I
^
0l 7E "Jol rra 7I +E El e +r: o; o Ll-. ri *ir 4 "J :l-tz| ulol 3-qq ^ = el
="$fq =
=
+== 'J"JEI +l9lol €lEi.
ololuEnl ^trE il".! ! j. il'}zl E':- 114+Ei
q, tol rI ii 7l "J ol Ll= 7l *oll s Fql d ,-l
^J = "l
tEqCq. d;J q+el "-! sl",,o}ty ulol-:1Eul ^E
:= EJ:Llr7 .Jq7l *q.
g,-^loJLl olollEt!^!= dJ+7loll^l EJzl alzl

913ll 7lt rjl ol rJ ol € 6Jtl. r'll oltl ir.\l zJul oll l

g = EI
\,. 36rl 'J,-o dJ s LlElLlUg. "l-:- i 4l ;}q
-ta v 36 LJTlFel 7l!f B olLl E^l rjcPWS -g L 7-d,l .€ 1= \ll rl.
 rNrl d= 3E 8it(GPWS)
r e sa 8t6J(cFtr)
]II5EJ O]I E= EE 3ilJ"l-SI
(EGPWS)

AEll0l(wind shear) nln .-r\

==Hl^E/-i^,^(
LJI #(turbulence)

nF:-gL,rcEEf
I r|xl E= al1 8^l= -.J=717f .J!-sr rEE fi^lafrl *sr rl|
^lolll
3r= +01 ++ rlEoll HJ^ldfal= Srl0lLf
^|]=
? cNxl d= rJE= gE 7l^l 4?E Lfiol 3r= LN=ql. A6lE,
^lEJtrl
I lal, +0ld += Atrelel Erl, laln fl-^l0l +EqJtrl.
=otr
J tl=,i10j5 lqql
+af ;=6p11 HEl6l= TlAtE elold|0l.
E+6E +zl =C
dfAEE=+01
0l0l=eul.\Eall -.Jrl.
^lEJ4
4 A=^101 an: 4rl E= 3l Af^lel Tfdf gd3 -dEHtr, TlAf 4lolr1
ol tll0lElE EtrJ-ef rf.

.., ,,"--," .",,..

-*E)l ++
FF.#*mH|;
| 7|.8 ?=olLl oJrH +oll^l rlEl= e
d40101.
6f0l HlCdlTl^frel =-sr
nllE0tl g36f= +9olafn 6f=7f ?
^|]E
6JgPl rlPl4 golLE g^l6E E-ct
2 =-d =rl0ll^l ==6|.01 ^ln=
€ 6f= 3^l= +Eol4] 6|:7f ?
3 nEql rlal HleJel +ELf garol EHJ6|: "Jd= +Eolalr 6E7l?
:*E7lel tH^l olAf
4 d=oll tH-.J Ar= P T|lel trEE +€ElGl 9,1=7f ?
 !rl4lElE
1. ++ +E qq T^lel 7l+ ,nHg €gg + 9lEt.
2. *+ +E rlnl +^lel +cg €8.? + 9lEl.
3. *+ +E qtrl tllel zl*'Jgg €9"? + 9lcl.

O g+ *E aH trlel ge€

*+ += Elrl .:i7lel "J,qc+ lesilEqlql 6J+/l 44 ++ql^l

+551= ^1,171 'JolLlE,<l tl-T'99trl. t6 +59 Eg + 9.1=
zltl,JHl= .7*;l 7l
^lzlelzlt 91 zlul Eal dol +:lq+. 'Zlt
*Elel Er_g tslt! 6l..etlq= dJ=r/lElrl €.rla1o} q1a. t
'tl+
ulnl.f zlrN-e +Fd4B "*-3- zll*ol Slrlr.lo} el"J aq4
.r,45lq ol|Jl 8J+7lElq- !^lElq 9l= z7l ,J^l rllolqel +'J
71.== 0l-8,6lz}= rloJol 19718"I rl ol il^l= El
^llltlLt. =zl':1
6J6t= 6J-F7lql eE c4= ]ll.llTl 4 8J+7loI zJ+Fl +L'J7l7l
rtlEi;}:, EJ4l€ dlolrJ tsla-ao olf-;'|zl qlEoI dl zJ:^l
^l*6.lrt.
E BCAS(beamn collision avoiclance system)zl € ti=LI. € zll el *6
?E !l!l cilel ccol 51fl4. .J*7lol 'Jrll +l BCAS= +'J tl
.]EJ V 37 BCAS E= 6llA6lq zl 6};r7lel 9lil, +! ": e-+-E aAdl-a. €='71
E^l7l
r-oc-zq rl;171 el -J 7lg zleE c-i-El. RCAS-.J
^le arl= r+
4 ol 9.r1.

uJ++3- tg8r'Jql zlt *tlE 9*;li: *? +E "J

"l+ ?l*
.<l *zl-H-r+ ;ol-;zlAl ^J+;l= BCAS=' 7lH!-d-g- *= -*f +5
sltl .J"l-:. dk-;+71 ^l +6l9itl. ol 4l5EJ TCAS(trailic alert ernd
collision avoidance systcnr) +-l- +llr+.

TCAS= F ++tr LlFqCq. 5l q.+- TCASIoJLI. drlFl 7l3l

olr-]lql^J Hl6J;l-a lli E.-., sJ+7lel El 6J B6Jtrt N Lll .aE-= 1l
^l
dq. 4!Aol += 7ln_=./l*6lq 9leel 7l;{ dL= +Bd}
ol 7ri ol .J6 ;:,*= Fl rl 1r^lel d= err(TA: traffic adviso_
=rJl,
ry)ql sll'JFf'-}.
1:+).171 B= e!= tsoF 961 +ql_qg 6J+'l=
=q_9_:-
+"J8lol;1q. i1r_-=:J(x) (ft)7izl d+"la + 9.lrl'r'cAsrg dl
B€ 4l
^1614 -e*4"J 46J.J :.+ 4+,i +lC + 9]:- +Sd.l d
,H ,I +"Jr+. i. zl +l 4 1-c, rJ z| 7l=ql elstl j.rd 7l /l el- + zl
=
44E ?^I;lq s|tTlvltl .Jd+ e4 a4= +-<l;Jzl 91 6.! l!-
B9 rJl^l+rJ.
trl+ +d€l TCASTT= _nF *nJel s^lel ct4l :,J,q6J Eiql=
El]{ .zl.<l 1pa : reg.iulion advisory)S LIaJq 4 6}+zl
=t^lql4l
el _7aE t+. ;1,J IL= +'j Hl.J :roF- +-EFLrl. TCASI=
V$-.tlzl tJ= 6Jrd7l= tl6lzl +l6J !'lrl zl:los '++' !I= ";l
zJ"olali- zl^l= ,.Iilrl. F 6J;L7lzl sF TCASrr t"l= rJ'N6l
-a 9l4E 44el e+El:- ^Jr ili-!14 ?*: slrl zl^lE trl.
44el 6J+zl7|
'Jg *"(}9e slrl zlFg ,,.lzl-;ltl iEel 9e
ol 4l +5J rl olsg, "J+"ll i'- il rl zl :,el zl ^l E ql zl .e*olol FLrl.
ol+ Lll= e6J;l= 30! o11'_o,1 dlr_lzl"I: TCAS rr
1993k1+EJ
104+El 30^l q+-"1 q,-4/l4l= rcAsrg *++
= *+6Ir.
49 el+Et;lgr+ leeTLJoll= +41 "Jzl "]* 7l+7l. TCAS€ +
6 +5 il rl *"1 I $= o g -il q 6lq ACAS(airborne coltision
avoidancc system)4E "l+g 9914.

.tal v 38 TCAS lel +d rllE

 @ *+ +E ottrt ttte{ ?d
6J+ iF +41= 6}+71€el 9lzle+ ul6d *dJg +4li"J "Jl
zl^lE ,ll4: *^19tr ol+olzl4gJ, *+ +5 sltl zJil=
=+
.J*4
+^lae+ ,J: cs= zlzll ulajg + 9lE+ +Eq
.re v-3s ^lE
elEllr+
"J +41 zltsg Hg6i=
qBC ++. X+ +E Eltl zJ;.l
"JE"I
++ +5el 9lEol 14 =94.
+? +E Elrl "Jrl= lB v-see+ +g "JErlLl,2zl +^l dlol
rjg r.E s aE7l, *+ +1171, lq v-40r1 ,Jg -rl5 +r}"l
El+ sl4 ts4E. il43l= ?+El, a4€ .E^l6l= -s.^l zJ,l ";
F+ ^JErl= €C6l= €C ql'J Fqs +Cgq. .JEilq= zl6Jt
SIEI+, +7'l6*C .JErlLl "; E. S oJEI+7}
^I+94.
++ +5 Elrl "J:l=:tB *9 9
V-41r+ zJol doJTlel ,J4,
lg V -40 AcAs aE= a46l7l 96lq 1m0(MHz) drlE 3ulaj9tr 45- ut],t]z1
e+El
+4l6lq iloJTlel +g7l51 }Lttrl. "J4.J ,.lg ^laq e4+
=
+ aEzlel +Bzl= dE"1 4t1 EI^lzlE 10e0(MHzJ.q *?.+El.

PIIgd EE]ILI

.lg v -41 86 *E q4 AilE +€E

eE d+r+ *B d+zlrlel a+ ^lrJ: aErlE 24€i'lEldEl.
eo;zlel EJg: *+ +E Eltl *,lel *6JC .JBl4= q+"J
ci. .Jriul ul+= 449 +5e .Jel'i 44tr +cqq 4
"JEtl+
Azt + 9i* rldltr egTlel tir]l B-flE "J.]+EL ?"Jrl9 *B
7)= r\71 zlE a+Els+EJ .Jq JE= +tldlq 4E€ fr4n|
olE *B'alc"rl _E*6lq +€6171 qlE"l ?gzlg ls
^l7lr,
€ "J i glq.
+d€ +H9 -tr5 t}elol^j +6 +E el4 *il A+Ej7l d.J
714 714. *9, Ls zlE€
^l+6lq a"Jrle.l +Ell4.J +lzl, d
+zl +E€ q]+49s 4lt6l4, d.Jrlel cltl ulaj d_a4
=c, 6}+z19
zlTl 4l^J tsldJ a.e= llt+q.
t.J, 9le"l gElE +=g elrldlzl 96l] g,s+ +zl+ .a3lg
a4nJq.
++ +E g'l *,4l FZIS ,J^1, +4, €71, g'1, +n €qg
b4 S+g H!+4ss il46lq 9.,,1 zj;lol Ll4.Jq. q7l^J e
qol+, *? +5 9q
"J^l€ +++ egzlelel +Eol qldElE
++ +5 elq *il= ?.Jzlpl g.qE 6l= =il= iqq6lq ar+
4os 6J+ dJ+71= ^J+6lE+ -Zl^l6la, El= ++g 6lrJ6iE+
4^l6l= ag "J.Jtl.
ac€ "J.tl Btsdc *+ +E 9rl *:lg slrl Zl^l s^l llzl
"il +4qlq, +c9 +c 4r.71
dJ;,71E 94
^l:eg F6lq EJ
+€+.

Ot++Eqqt't
+rI "JA 6J* 7l+= 6J+7171 +6J HlrlF 64(km) qqq €
9all z3g ].E.s 4.8(lm) qqlg zl4e d+alq ulalalzlr].
r E9 +qoil^l s[l<rn) olrls d= H]6J6]= ag Hl
=d ^]a
aj o
=_
*4 el4.
+5 +qol+, fa v-42e1zJ3 3ilg €gg=., ++ +E rl
 q ^J;4lE "J++ dJ*71 +Hel +zJC "J+4.
lgol^l S=q zli= *ql 6J+7171 I €q
EJtrl= 20 [n mie]

o_e Eq*+ o1 g,rlzlol +El.+= 4 +4olq.

+? +E tltl ,*zlts ttl 6J+7171 ol €q Lll

EqSE zal +^l fllolElel sE S eE,ls
orl

AEg fl4 ^171 +9, +qq 6J+/l€ A+z;liL,

+4'Jtr1. eE"il rll+ *B aln€ 7l1E 4oJ7l
el 714, o}g, rEE .t!+6Jq. "J"J, rg V-43r+
aoe olrllql 3d HlsJol € 7l+col
:fH v -42 ACAS All gq
'Jol ^lr
glsE d3 aBg d4. AcASrg 4+.2s+
ol4ol +4 ^lJ g 7l:=col 9l9E qg xl.rl dB-E Lll
Hl6Jdl

E^l 7l* 4€6J sltl 7lt ElBg i,l^l+4.

j1E= 12oo (ft) .lqls 4=;tE d= 4Jr= r.lll, sso(f0 qql
_a d=6lE 9rl zlr.l {-HE tE}. .1e}'Jol 9C^J +=9 +E

71al EtrJ 7
=

soo tKrl +EE E=oll

2.1 [n mlle] tlloll RA en
3.3 [n mie] TA 3I
20 [n m le]

-rE EEJ 7l=

\+.--4

lg V -43 ACAS9 4ele+ rE EiE 7l=

611196lq tl4l 431€ dSgF- ++q 7l^J 7l4ol d=61= 9l
il4zl Eg6l= r.ll A4= ^1119 7l=9e +=El.
iFd+ol "*3 ++.J;L;]ollrl q+q;l= a+"1 LJ+ *g 4
H= 4+^ls ;lq; +gg.J A"Jg 6lzl EJETI Eltol A!_el
+\} /l=tr} Elq ,lel;l:- *Bg ,Zl+E rl+ g+el 4+]
ol ol+o]7] ? =4=
cl El

@ ** 6E lpr rrrE rl€

-;+ +E qE *i(ACAS)= +Hql^l El.J6t]1 9l= +=_ 3J

+719 iF +EJg jlB V-44e1 zJg E^l 7li= ^l+.'Iq .J+

.q€6lZl .H-q
=q.
++ +E Eltl llilel 7l;9 B+6lH ul*:l 'J4.
ACAS | : +S SgllE 3gS]=3tr
ACAS il : +E AgllE sgll +^t 0lg ]|E rl^l
ACAS ilt : ACAS ile-l ll=0ll +g 0lg ll= l^l +lfpHg
=)
*+ +E.+^19 A+Elql^J }Jrlzlg 6J+ _nF +^I +B
rlq
TloI 4EBlq a"JTlel zl-s=- "J+61r, +5
'Jql E4€- 3lF6l
q, +le6lE qq .dqeq. 4"J7l7l 40i .l.lql ++ +
=zlg
E tlq eil= a-++ d};,7lel +5 +q qs Eqg aee cl
t€ oll a+.rlqlAl d? 4e(TA)€ B{r}. Aolzltl zsa olr-I
"l +? +E 9!l ^JilE *++ 6}*zlel +E *q !l,a Eqg
astr ql+98, a+^l7l Flrl 449 6lE+ slrl 4^l(RA)E 6l
r Cr*9 {4.
LE s **71= allel 6J+ iF +ri7l.J 2^l 7J^l
eil"lqel 4E.I rl6il _rE 4 .a+q Lll zl4 i *B
dnE -H--r.61= €^Jzl"J *E)71 7ltsg +6J++. +zl
.e +g 6J+7l9l *? +E slq "J^l dE"l ^lE +_tr
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E WPT : way point
Zlil 5tq 8xl ILS : instrument landing system
fault tolerance
A-"J AHJ* +C s^l TVoR : terminal VOR
+rJl EJ7J gg 7l+ ICAO r International Clvil AMation organlzation

E
488 e+El afrha,i.lA.l Mm^ rta/

E
LtHfat stmplex

4q o{rt7l BPF: 6n6-p2." 11,"t

-=.1i efl DRAM : dynamic random access memory

EI
+^leJ€ +c srl NDB : non-directional beamn

E
Hfr= half duplex
H -=ai llHl APU : uxiliary power unit
^
BlETl^l Eil asynchronous communicatron
Bl-d 1l7l 3-l EFIS : electronic fiight instrument system
HI=d sal FMS: flight management system
Blg 7lE ^1,-fl
8il FDR : flight data recorder
Hl"d 8^l flight director
E ^l^l
cq ae 8il SELCAL : selective calling system

+g SEll HSI : horizontal situation indicator

^l^lzl
ET
E{la access time
gltl er.l
^1?J
"l *+E a! 3rl EICAS : engine indicating and crew alerting system
olAt xlil ALU : arithmetic logic unit
g HJrl lq CAS : mlumn address select
iJlzl 0S : operating system
=g
+la 0l= Hld PSK I phase shift keying
+IA| A;
**a
FE PLL : phase locked loop
+15 CNS/ATIV : communications, navigation, surveillance /air traffic
agemenT

taxi'/yay
2^l ?cBl tn^l+ BCD : binary mded decimal
r ii Hlg s^l 8xl PFD : primary fright display
E !5f
TLE rl rl I | ,r Bl ATIS : automatic terminal information system
rl= g+i +871 ADF : automatic direction nnder
riE *il autopilot system
rlq ==
q47l LPF I low-pass filter
d= aE --J"J 8il TACAN : tactical air navigatjon
8S 4Gl grl7l VCo ; voltage controlled osclllator
full duplex
d4 rfgel ^l^li1l
RMI : radio magnetic indicator
E4g SRAM : static random access memory
r1l0{ s l 8il CDU : control display unit
E=g E€ 7l= 8il CVR : cockpit voice recorder
ENLA NIE tff FSK : frequency shift keying
'F
rlal 3rl CPU : central processing unlt
=g
rl./\f ll= taxing
rl-E nl-E tH4 ASK : amplitude shift keying

E
:iEJE+ dsg +d s^l VOR : VHF omnidirectional range

+q 4€71 throtUe lever

E CD : compact disk

EI
E+1.^E 4101 95f, STP : shield twisted pair

EI
gaq H= PWM : pulse width modulation

E-J rl^lxt windsock

E
ot.:! llr.ll,,r- : air traffic center
ATC
E3 r€ Srll ATC : air traffic control
gE ilE srJl* ACC : area mntrol center
ggTl €d E+ s! 8il ACARS: aircraft addressing and reporting system

Ag E^l €|il ND : navigation display

e s^l d4 RAS : row address select
!! :dg7t
ACARS aircraft addressing and reporting sysiem Et'] E+ Hr 8il
ACAS airborne mllision avoidance system Elrl S-l
ACC area convol center =3
g* ==rE 3Jjl4
ADC analog to digital mnverter olg_er q^lE EsTl
ADF automatic direction finder rlE g+l +Erl
ADI attitude dif ector indicator Bld
ACC automatlc gain control
^l^ll
015 rE
^l^lzl
ALU arithmetic logic unit
^fE
oi^l
^fil
AM amplitude modulation rH4
^t-E
AMSS aeronautical mobile satellite service e3 015 +13 E|
AOC automatic overload mntrol r|5 4+6f rJlol7 ^isl4
|

APU auxiliary power unit tJ^ -Ea1 llHl

ASK amplltude shift keying ,(IE OIE U,s
ATC alr traffic center 5t:i1 ltllt 4\
ATC air traffic control EJ8 r€ Srll
ATIS automatic terminal information system 3g 3E
ATN aeronautical telemmmunication network
^15
-d3 5{ls^l1H
=g
t;l EIE +tr| gllTl
BFO beat f requency oscillator
BPF band-pass filter +"1 olrf7l
BPS bit per semnd *rf HlE4

II
CAS column address select Qd Hlrt
^1El]
CD compact disk tlr|lE Fl.\=
CDU control display unit rllol s^l a-l
CFIT controlled flight into terrain E= Ele
^l6J
CNS/ATM communications, navigatiOn, Surveiilance/air traflic 9l€ a;J
manaSemenl
CPU central processing unit xlal at^l
CRT cathode-ray tube =g
E=ti+
CVR cockpit voice remrder 4=! gd 7l= 3^l
g
DAC digital to analog converter trlrlg ofger ElErT I

DGPS dilferential GPS HE +ld --JHJ 8xl

_7lrl EII
DME distance measuring equipment ^lil
DOP dilution of precision 6t,\l q
DRAM dynamic random acc€ss memory
DSB double side band o L=nlru

ft
EFIS electronic flight instrument system 5Ifa] uld ZlTl 8^l
EGPWS enhanced ground priximity warning system THtf rH^l tre ar *il
EICAS engine indicating and crew alerting system ElIl E^l "; *+s aa Aril
EL electolum inescent 871A' gg E^l 8il

tl
FBt fly-by-light g{la 11101

FBW fly-by-wire E7l t]a rllol

FDR flight data recorder Hld 7l+ 3^l
Ft\,4 frequency modulation +nl+ E4
FMC f light management mmputer H 16l] r-lr I 7lgF]
FMS flight management sysiem 8ld Sal llr'.A
FOQA flight operation quality assuranc€ 3-"J H=
FSK frequency shift keying 4nl4=€
nl-E HJ^

I|
GPS global positioning sysiem +l! "Jg *il
GPWS ground proximity warning system r|l^l d= aE 8il

E
HF high frequency
HSI horizontal situation indicator +g 3El1
^t^lzl
=JIEOI r l,^..4fJln
HUD head up display I

I
rLs instrurnent landing syslem 1l7l +q 8rl
lt\,4u inertial measuring unit !t l xtil
=r1
INS inertial navigation system s€ 5Jg sit

lt
LCD liquid crystal display oHxl r | ,^,-g.rlln I

LS8 lower side band 5l+nlEl1

IU
MLS microwave landing system 0t0l= +nf 8rl
^tE

lu navigation display 6JH s^l 8il

ND
NDB non-directional beamn +^l-efl +d s^l
NM nautical mile 6Hal

EI
OS operating system 3g i{lzl

II
PFD primary flight display 1 il Blg s^l 8il
PLL phase locked loop +13 *e +s
PMS performance management system l= I | ?1gF]
PSK phase shift keylng 9S olE Ee
PTT push-to-talk
pulse width modulation nJ r'-+ s6

EI ,4.14 Il= r l-= xlil

QAR qulck access recorder

lr
RA resolution advisory qq rl^l
RAS row address select g E^t dq
RCS radar cross-sectlon area all0lcl trJsq
RMI radio magnetic indicator crf xf BJgl
^l^lzl

ft
SAS stability augmentation system ol^l/\l :71 lfil
SELCAL selective calling system /\l Ell ;E xl+l
SRAI\,| static random access memory
ss8 sinde slde band trlEiiLrll
SSR secondary survelllance radar 2il *^l ailolEl
STP shield twisted pair Eflr'.E IIIOI !E
fl
TACAN tactical air navigation a= "J= -d'J ar^l
TVOR terminal VOR gEF 8HJ* +C EII

q
ULB Underwater location beacon +=: 9l^l g^l7l
UHF ultra high frequency
USB upper side band Af+4rH

IT
vco wltage controlled oscillator Xlol- Tll/! Elrl_71

VHF \ery high frequency *ctrt

VOR VHF omnidirectional range
=srf dsB +f Erl

rl
WPT way pornt
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03 'ttTrl-| \l
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3. E+trg 4. =gaf
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04 r. ?Elnl o 4 t^l 2. 0f1l 3. 17 3 gg sI At^ 4. gAt bJ! 3^ el

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2 E^et

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EJrllillef cll :. 3* 4. ?! -'J='J a'J

03 r. 3r ?llE ?l! 2. ^ :'Jtl aJlll, =*3 t]0 El 1l
s. ssR EE s, vFlF tllo El Et= o 5 ?lt Etl ^lHl4,
-tr= +I1l
B11, -sr8^l CtrdJ LllE 9]==U.

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j rrA ''i+ - 3oooooo 11 '.oo n
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2 'E ol=6lq.e r|^] gE= ol1ol +!119."
"= ll^tale oln 4tt gE= +Edf!^ e."
"rl-^i+6t-e
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01 r. -*tE 2.2^l 2J^l qol.lol -.J=r ln =..1.=*
elloltl CEJ
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:sr=
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r. 1.57s42 [GHz]el 1.n16lcHz) 2.47N 3. ?+ +E. AlSIl +E

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9il q 6l^l tr

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t *E Ar^l s. rPlEliE
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01 r.xt= ul!! rll0l 8il 2. E4, nl^l+, e+ 3. +g lnalLJrll 4. Eg afEH 5. EEgiH,
rl Ht6t il ='J
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02 rllol 6t^l 2. E=g7l| HJ-"J 7l A,J 7l 3. E7l t]s
sal 4. rfE gil=71 ==
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2. rl 4. e Bnl
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1. cHrl +_E rll01 4€ 4= efil 2. ud :e5
04 3. 3z; 71

05 I -"Jtr rllol rlE == 8il 2. nl^l ^l^11 I= *il 3. =4 rlloj ^l^flrl e4 rll0l ^l1H
t rlE 4= Silel nq ffrl tr E 2. llTl .iE dfil 3. eEalolrl 4. nf7] HlZl s, 4.s [km]
06 oldisl
lalollrE rmo lft] olarE
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got rllolEl
s. Hl-^- ^l1H
^|r'.fl

7tE+ drtq e! eil

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s. {]+ E= 7l+ A^l
02 r rE ar 8il 2. !+ ar *il
03 t.^te Ee dl!! ^fr 2. cllrl d= dr d^l 3. ilE^lol 4.77frl cc
04 I *= =E qq 8-l 2. z|.^l gq 3. +zl olg 4. BJrl= tkml ol49 gqql^l: 64
0lr-l{,
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?lc +tltl .... . . .106 It4 """ " 178

7ls H-6J 7l+5.d] ....... ...'.' ".'.............227

7lB EIq qt+71 .................. " 107 E
./l+trxl ...... .. ..... . LgI
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zlzl +C liil(DME). .. ... 152, 165 E
qzl:'
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4+4 { ol 4 7l ............ .,......'. .......-262

ae +zl 4t 4+:'t^1 .....................24:6 ^l
oJEi4........... . ....... .... ..... ..711, 108
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zJil(LS) .....-..... ..,. .... ....17, 250
EliEl...-..................... 35, 4r,47.n7
Al7l +q ......'..3e
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qlTl alE a+q .............'...'........."287
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r cq s. ....... .. . .
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^l ^l
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olTl H] 4 ... ....................,.,................. 25s

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