Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 해양과학

    Uploaded by

    어촌김씨 (어촌김씨)
    0 views274 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    0 views274 pages

    해양과학

    Uploaded by

    어촌김씨 (어촌김씨)

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 274

    --1 e +L-

    ro

    ',llrr\
    t\rl (- "/ J -tltl')lI -,J'I
    -/llJI J
    | --' I| - I
    J

    +A HElr +8 5 1trA +|8lEl

    4"';Etr&, ./
    ,
    /pn.. - -...,.. - - -. -.'

    rq4-+7lg+
    oF *rI
    ,lF-tr
    o
    ulrlg

    ^l,lel "14 +elel^ltlnl :


    iil"l+ s€^!"J4 e "l+el,l^l,l
    +eJo -J'.!+ zl*1 *g"1, "J+
    4 *,lty t.| a1 4 4 4 I 4, le)4 94 *rl r,l-rl "lel rl ^rhll..l-:4 +J + 4 + +. f ' I'rl 4d.L

    ^rlnl
    ?l+"1 "Fl+4 *rl** 'il"J-$-lr.lgel 3{"! e-J grlzl rJzl-rhl 4+s1r. '14e1 ;-13
    ;lttl 'l*"1 4r 2l,8iil4li r."J4rrl sJeral dl"l,.l4'lcli .l,lel+,Vl ^l+-+?luN+i',rl
    :tl"!.J +
    'rl'J
    if'{l 5.1.,l.1.

    ilF
    *r
    k
    .ci

    ...1 :
    .j '1.

    il
    "hl iil+-? -le + +aplel zl"l "|Lld, zl{xl"l
    t --:,"1 4s. *++F 'i|4"{4 iil"};}-J* e'J*l-l, :tl.}
    ,[eJ+ er:. +f.l*rl"f +t,r. t,lsl"! z)\ s.l-J
    ^l.rl9']"1+l'rl
    :"1, Eli "f t!r,.ir 4r'..l.ll: !l|€l':l l,tl t,'11pr,21 lI.t-")eltll
    -le1+ +rl:"1 "l,ls]r "J.[.

    "lrf qf +r ^J"rl
    !l+"1
    "rlrrl
    ai ,.1'J"||4: .rl.}.il r}nt zlrltl zli e. i 51pl r.!+ii"J r l.il.rl
    "J"!: .J
    "14-,r, 4r il alzlrl rlil -: "14 r l;lql 44* u, "li *.J4 4s -:i ,l'i + 4s+ .tN
    * 4:1.14^15 "j5'rl rl"J.l

    t+l"J 4:l :4rl-i *l"Jel 'l:4LJ,d.l"J-l,.tel "l+4+l"J^,t.i,:4-r:il"J"il'J4r


    ,J * +tl"|'J'!*tl zlt) a$zl".l4** 4so*f.Jl. tltlzlr)elcp!+! z l.i rl 1l-"1;]zJs s" r.l rf;l
    -rl
    '1€il+ "Js4,r-?* l srell"l "l ".l..l.il ^l"l: ,-ilg tf4 -b#-€ a+!rl{rf. :rr,l-, dl"J4
    ilzjz)zlrl] c!;*|: dzJe '"htlr1l?r1,1" a rtlrl:d;r, ri.zJz1 '1,1: ++l +ri"J 4il"l +4,!+
    .1! rl34 4 ")^l,btlst4 {aJ.rl"lel:"; tl+tl t, ",!e-+|,l,l+",!.1.

    i:g, "1:.lE"l "l ;rl4-? ! +o j,al +tl"J4 4+l'l rfj uJr'J;;Lt1.,.,1;lrlr.l .{zfzl ,fd
    4, skl-rl .iltl*El-:- "l+rlrl-*,1-.i ,1,14 "ii.., +[,hl+ zil]:+rl..l* r.+ri-l c].fzlzl4'l
    e-e 1!+4lrl r +: s ++ + + "Js + if+ cll .J?j^l {zl r,[.',t<f

    2 Lrlc.J
    dt$ Il-qt| [lE il,194 ?

    I as+qlae J UlloJ lgt illlgJ d4e, 21^Jr7r oJ-+er aj= er€l


    J 6llgel oJt6lr 6|1grqt nJEl 715
    I zt^ttrt 9i+"] ge el+q =s€g =HtE
    I
    7l€= €=goer,H, 8-t -|lg.+1-t
    ^l^]31
    I1=6lcH AlEHeJ .Jq= e-J:g + ?171t=ot01l
    6f7l
    .il"J 7li ^lEHo
    xl^l . 7le €€ gler drloltrl.
    J.
    r4e-f^-|, +ug 1116 EHdElcH
    =+r 1+LJ+E1 3--t
    t-lls:--J r-lrrt^l -JLl --13 9+0ll71j ol+^t7t= .5 7l
    ="J
    I
    I
    gqB.J
    qiE ss
    tsq4 l f| 44"rsrril
    ?l**5 +L3 0 0l+'g + gnl d6J cE46l= rrlolTlE
    t_
    i l ^l
    r.

    [ +a u": s^r ue"r


    I +EqeEqn
    I

    J
    0llg ll6f [ll0ll^l ul*g LIIEP, '.rl.*"f g
    t--*,rc!:!t-J g', '6fioJsl 5€'. '6llg '.llg tlg', 'a||oJ
    ^tel',
    EISE E.d'0ll ole7l4^l 7l*4ol L' 57|{

    gqol =e49t nJEgl


    6HoJ0ll tlle] elE, Eofrt^l
    =^t ^fEl
    6lzl =.8^lz 716 xl^]:El a]E =J^! 011 :€4o.tr
    EEO| E + ?,1= El€= I +a UIEoE -srtl.

    tlloJ ltdj illt9l fi93, E.Eear -! n.E {rsE}


    ,\fel0l 910111 611g E^l Hlalql LH
    =rll =E=oE
    =7f
    -JEoll TlcHB + 91= EllE= 7l
    ^16rcq, =elrf
    xlTll 6f= Ell 9,lc.l. rqal^l. -q€ olalEl
    ==0 ^t=
    ilt 5=011 eg6tcH ailgo E!:d +B4e] LltE=
    ol3H6l2l ezl 6fol. €E .€€ -l :d8 a+
    = ^ltE
    q€ol 7l5g + 9,llt 4lxll= ?€aJo_e.^
    =doe 1

    6|{g ltEt elao 4aaJ= E1l


    ^.iE =aEe+ =ot=
    Fgtrt.
    =d=

    air E 3
    > ttl"!4
    ^d4

    1. 6l|$tl EF 8 ,iI 6HSE,HLJ


    8
    2.t 6ll"J!l ?l+ 8g IC

    2. 6llS 7H4^l 17 'il rd 6il9^lcll t Ellg"-ll


    ^14
    17
    t 4et4?l 6ll"J 4 l^14 20
    i t!6fl"J A^l
    ^14
    3. ?al 4etel6llg 26 'f ?al LEtel 6t{* 7ll*i^l 26
    z +el 6fls El+
    ^llzl oJE
    li 6|]grf JI

    > dl"l4 +4

    1 6|{gel +ErlrlE 38 *tlolol :fg 38


    :: 6|]^l ol rlc 41

    2 6ll+el 5E 45 tl 6ll+el €zl4 5d 45


    ; 6l|+el 6+Ei^1 dg 49
    r dll$el aJ+g 52

    ? 9.=. q7 ' dl{ + 51


    ^l.l4ol
    I444rfr 63
    .i 4 aJ o/

    4 ^[1
    > ttl"l,l4

    1 6|lg 8E 74 6fl* SEel #44 3g t4


    ^13 6|]S dE rf?lq e+ t1
    ,, 6l]g
    8E rfflel ol8!f 7Hg 85

    2 6HgfollLjrl 87 o|g ollLjxl rlAel 81


    ^fEl 6NoJ ollLlrl rlfl ol =+
    olSrf 7l{tiJ 92

    3 gE lfg 94 6["J gE 4flE OA


    "-Hg
    6llg gE rtflel =F
    ol8!t 7|]g 98

    4 dil+ 100 6fl+ 4gE olt 100


    ^lA 6tj+ olErf 7il9 102
    ^lflel
    5 6flg 3Z]^fa 106 6|]g ErJ xtgel .=+ 106
    611g 3L ^lgel ol34 7Hg 108
    >:tl"!^H

    1. +tjg 116 ^l
    ol 116
    '| ,11

    4,\1 '?ta 170

    2. dllE tlg 194 *ll.90l 194


    *u^t .9..4 200
    , goJ E+ 20s

    3. 6fi$ trq ttg 216 6ll"J EC ": eEJ A€ tto


    223

    4. 6llgr ellxi Nz 226 ' 6|1g ztr'J #g tlo


    6lloJ 4lxlel .^-Ei 229

    > it1+ +44 !.J

    1. 6lfg se4 e9240 als s3


    . *llolnl. ood
    240
    241

    2. 6llg:*eel.Ed 251 :, a["J 9E +d z5l


    ;. 6|lg 9g 'Jrl 256

    6 rllll
    dl?!a E+ o1^fel qE01 9e.!
    ^113
    E9 ErJ 43go -lLl-= ggE rl:ii e;9o1. EFel
    olrlol 7|]B oJelolxl -tnalr-: E01l^i d4l7it9i=el +lc.!l olgot fl6rlr ?.lEt
    0l gSoll^1ts d[?_J dd rld!t E+ Eo:!l 6|1glle.l gzt, d|1get 7[i1^!.
    o-|lgel 7|]Ll.

    +al 5!=el 6ll?_J./1J4.1 8a]]l 4el 611?j A+ 5o1l +el 7l* ;i6}r.
    ^1lzl ^l^13
    6lloJel 7ll"J "; E+ elqg 54"Je7lE+ ejtrl

    I 6xo*4 ^J*+
    1. 6l{grt EF
    2. 6llg 7H4^t
    3. +al Ltelel 6fi9

    nll?]el TI]BJ I LJ+ ?lq


    6l|oJ+ oJ+
    xl4rl 6|12lel tlal llaj3 016[Ef + 9].1
    6lgol ?1fi 39oll olE drt=, x -)l=;lq.J 'i ?,11.

    fl ofiofot 'lt{Ll

    4gq8€
    1) 9+ef 8d
    ^l+el
    zl ,l.o_r,t-+El 9t 150"1 ril C. i71 ++71. /l* *e
    ql]-lzl *Ejl(11
    *)otl^l rl *g "llr-l
    -{l d-r'l r_ d +.]jrlE
    ^.1
    cilLl^1.:' 4 +;Jo.{ cl]4g(big
    bans)ol ilq L,*rl. -L"-1 a1-".1 !r.-4+ oJg 71.11 "l +l ?'+/f gdq9t-/.
    : -6, 4gl j;Errr:f *1T! n+.e,ill -",-4 "-l ,'J +;'}rll rlflgq. s€
    ^l {lel
    q ulrl. q ^i Ftlllel { /l-:r .,1 *J C g:l-E rl Il-;}911:}
    l Flill rl zi^loll i'- *"-l . .4,r.:] . d zl7l.-1 . +El 5el LJI /lzl 6J ol !,+
    ol'Ll-rr- 5lq 9J\: /lA' ,l lJ.-491 F..',ig <,.l.jl 9l?l-I(=zJ:r ^lt). 2t
    2l,g 4 ^l ql 't., .i r.l ol +rl ! g._o_{ 9l.l;r1l ol 11 ). 3 El4l LJ.'i^l ol
    esJ
    1

    =
    ,4 ?.,-d"l .ErJtl9l1-1l. 4 rr.4l LJ,l^lql: 7l E Jal-5(oJ'€.{l'. 6dz}. C
    zl.. /lr+ !-i-- +,ii,el oJ{},;)c,l ddul:1. j,+ +C .F 3+f+ 5191.5\}
    Al !8zl^loll1.- .ia. 4.!1.F. elrjE,ol .,rlol EJd;+91 .r, 6!l/ll lJzl^lql Slzl
    El rl- llzlr,i oJ -116l ?j.9l'r,,'l 9.1 zl:r ol+al 5l ?lL-+.
    ol e| zJol . ?-,i H!{ el ^l 3loll^l +tl f, zllztl..<lel ?+el E ^}= *L]l ^J
    olLl el o*.{f+ql
    "l 3g"J el o-ll 6ll
    'l !l ol . € t"l +d 6il 1l "5$$ o1z1
    +d;'].zl 9+g +8,-. 914. r/lL} 7l+al_o_s .-1fJ }l-H -1rJ I-14 g
    e s+q-a dall o;ll ti,3(cosmolosy) 4lrl E 4l+6fi*l ++= dFl
    .+.1 ?1+-/ lFl-a ?lrl
    ?-i= zil+ ,iJ +n}ol zl.Ez,o_i_+Ll el t20sl t it ql etl."ral= -+,aJal
    t,Eel rtldEJ, 3j1 zlg rl..J{} dJ.dj+ ll.J de. dd.3,.j.s.l
    ,,'911 =
    Tllel gnl4l .9612l=
    := edu]-9lEl . +el
    10009
    ^lFol E 10"J
    rj.J9 r +il.l^J eI 28.000+3000 {fl"ll 9;la.l :lr}
    ruJ'-Jolr4,
    ql*rll-:, E 469 "J d4l zl./:gl jlil d7l oJzl-e ol-FqTl +^l+oll
    dJCrl- r5-9 +l d. i6J€. ald 6Jd
    ^J eCq9iilll,971]el ^lol.Er
    4-?.7 9l: +^J5lq 9ln. +rl 71,*a zl.F=.1
    €'d-.e 9Jts 'ql d€
    +L ase +A5l-'r 'Jri.

    2) 6Hgel 3d
    il.r'E €i[ + ae] 10q E 5t lEl 4 'll'E'-o_j,:_
    ,,1+ +tl6jqliJ
    ^l
    Zl i !3zlzl . 14 I-2e+ A.l +\,*e {f3 z1 4 s_,:,,,,9e1 +d +=
    aJ^d61,?l rl9iq.
    =,
    reJ I 2.1^l al{ zli.el "J4'llel tsJ.^l^J t.,Jel -Brlgg 4l+ Ltl+
    ej g_Es E 10001t Tlzl t+^l7lq. i:,jrJnlzf /l+r +oJ'l?lg ntl

    .r-Jr' t+ I
    fg t-2
    ^lzlel
    E!€.!f dtigel .gA rlal

    i-E'rl ;!4 ul+ /lg5lr. 9_eli !.,1 4rll7l 9lql ^lle* Edol
    r4.3"ll
    14 !,'.=ol4l tlflEl(,1fl I
    7ll+ Flzlslol
    ^l+el rI rB-r.: ul+ ?l+Ely.!^l
    2(l)). .<l*.pl ol4l 400-800km"ll^l "J4 j+ ?lol +d-lqq Tlqe "+
    i,il cde 9l+e-.r ul.?_s4l 5l9ll1(2). .4itl ,ii4el +,{e} 4,3- s€el

    "ilLl4i--11++ uJ+ /lE^lfleq. -3.s21 4aa **al*f; EI= +61


    '*4sr-E +d!19':l(3).
    olrlE! is-E;ol tl /l,llolql ll:"; 41. zli, -s.qt.3- i'l +l iJE-o-E- +*
    ^l
    al /lz:+ E.?a1zl ,.1 46l9lrq(,1). r'lzlrrl_o-_+, &.'[qq +.3-FJ gco]
    6J 44 +* ,lol 9l+9_A rl,o-.qrll tl_a. ?.j+ Lli,rl.r+ Aq +4f: C
    de,., zli' fll-'r4l zl49*ol 64(corc.)ol t5qd4. :l gloil ,JrJ^14
    *_,".- vr4s "J^]"1 no]^l
    ,tlE(mantlc).lr 'o? 619-o_q. ol ql zl+ Lll
    ^or

    -,r"il^l Q!.'4i El.fzlp-e +,4.!l9c .,lrile] *_".1 +";7\el 7lu+ 7la-€ol


    ,*ylos ril;irll sfi;J /jlol 7.1,'iel 8t^l 6lloJ:rl 7l*g ?46}/l sl9i
    tl(l-r ) .

    *o'l 4 1l

    '9+ Eld:?+= +(R)oll^1 Efiol.JEl.l! d4sl.a. "J^fEoll t4EE +E 956fn ?lq. q4^1.
    ?+: +el 95011^l tltrl. El1ol

    . ?!=atlof d(inftation) : ++)l t^lZjoll 1oel "l! rllEee a--"J89 El tr8


    . =.1+ Ilzlel ?+: ?+71 +oll^1 Ellq-ttE n|]oll= 6l+
    ^lzol
    6en ?.1*n. EHq'J ?+el a7l
    :. rE[^l Eiooidlxl $xlEJ 10,"cm SEafn +Eqa oJrl.

    10 l. .ll-' rl '-'13i
    . Els(big bang) : E=a.ll0ld3 71I| ++)l g!4 qlLJ^le 7fq tf inE, j-r."J_Eel ql+gol
    gollttrf .

    . ++el "Jll d : ++ EJdoll^l E 30"J Ll +, ?+el 3000" K(E4 EE)rlxl lgolxlr.


    =E:
    3Il€{11 dlfrl ZAAq fl^f7f dA4. rel6l0l d^le daJElI 9ltrJ "!e
    ^lalg C + 9,{41
    Elq ?+: "-lll 7lJ.lrf .

    'd{lel eJd : ?+el €E gE= -de,Jll


    +e +€ol et6lol ++61r, ?
    ?J9}trf. "JE7f
    =elql
    0loll g^lgolLl +ll0l^f (Quasar) oEq dilTf .gAtrl.
    + EJdoll^l 10q Ll dE ^f
    . g6lXlel SU : +al E6lZl: rlaoe+El e+ 120q 5 Soil EJAil a Aoq, e4zl= xl= e+
    10"J "JEel 1cil'd LIC
    =61014.
    . E[e]Xlel Sd:^lAee+E] E 46q E t ?al EllgllTt fl86[?ttr1. rl+oll^1: et 4oE E d
    dgol
    oll .
    EJ.s6l9ltrf
    . eilE ?T : ?iel Lfol= E +dq rJolaln 6frlEJ 0l^l EB6frl ?JEl. ++o{E 1o0oq 7fl
    ol.liel e47t.Jtrl. +al qge e6lal= +d6fts E 2000q T|]el g 7f3Ell 6lLloltrl.
    . rl4(earth crust) : rl?E 7|'8 Hl4+3 54t! +E
    . 94d(lithosphere) : 'J^1oe +€qol 9]= rl4 s'=+
    . gEi{(asthenosphere) : rl? -E$3 +,tll 100 km 8Ee
    "Jn il= cJcJ=d Ct4,r3el dle "Joll
    ?l= E-d
    =
    . aloltllftransition zone) : 5# '.!=rl 6l+ ?!e=,. 6f+ o.!E!+ elq. el€44 qlr4r+el
    ^lol

    ill0l^l(Ouasar) : ,Ji1aJ SZ tat3 ( quasi-stetta r radio source)g +o1^l olE EE E

    !EtrI-=- Ellg=''rl a e'loJ

    El+ { Il EJ^I,\ ? +eJcfl, 61ts1E-/.El2LLlt


    t4l €-et tq F 47ile1 a+ 9+ EJg leeeE
    4eJ t5oJ g6l+ql .;= .J€E oJ5_eqtEl
    (a) +al q'Jt{l
    6J{ +gl$ 3 Tllel -C
    (Upsilon Andromedoe)a}:

    dol *t6ln *: sEt= EI*alE gddltlEf.


    gag EfloJ4l: zl+ql^j 44rJE Eq{
    ^l]E
    *ql 9lrl6ljr. 9J.e4, , ElloJ4oJ oJ4E oJ-EE (b) el+ 4Efr{
    qlEi: +elel Ell"J {C.ecl 15q E *g 3oq H :19 F3 +al 4oJnF+ Elia gdE Eseo 4el
    dq ,1al I 371
    o go
    o o- e s- e -H- ,^'a *E e Elrl
    7loll
    u o u 6l^l e .&| ol-Q- d4:1-r.
    ^ll7l
    "

    1 4tfnt E+ 11
    s+rH I ^rE0r11 | Etet 4eltsots4*aE l?

    ++d, a7l= +C;la Hel 5al4 Cag +A6171 9'].11, i4zl d4 oJolol g
    4e grlzlel z?-l€ +c6l= aq4. Be .l+ d 7l4ql 971 qE"I gzlzlel 4
    el=- 4tj +dg i= $q. fzl^l El-3,4 ae oJBg-s 7i4= +d6|0l !-rl.
    ae €g 67\l:d 1\4(,e *+6lE Bq 4H71 4rl7l g?+4 jt"Jtrl. "l ul| 4
    lirAE2= ^lil4'o1q. r
    €i ^lil4a,*q. H-zlzlel 4?1ts 9..l+
    dHl"J tizASeq
    gal €q4 9l7l uI+"11. {+ ^li}E- "l+-;}q 100 *E' dro1^]n1 Hlizl 7}rtg
    P-vl^1el 44€ +g + 9lEl. r 7l? tEJe g-Eg o3o|!-zt.

    [ 4q= 7;]l {-q E9 A, Eli.}C s, zl7= E!


    rr;'t:z SA:SB q= d,,saql zsAB:t4Eltl
    (r.ad)'ol rlE d B=- *=El.
    I SDrt zl-19 ?llF-el "J'+= de E'e *4. 4+
    .ll^l trz}^19 ,1/l (r4= E,A"lt+. :zeJ L} ',!_ 4.i! E rl
    zt6l= ErFl'el 3ol\: er^l6J + oJg
    "l= C alrl. a+.I=
    3.ue 4+^]. /:AE's i t,"{ E} + 914. r/l
    s 1=AS=AE'9 +/tl)l 9leq. Sn=60'(=
    E1
    SE' )el tJAlzl g]tl.

    $ St,:r- lALr(d# Etq)'=1.58x10ttlHol4. a'.Jv4 )vtt? Erlr el ,1zl

    Sl-r:77, {:lel Si nlr}= P'4 6}d,

    lefcloJ.: P' =d..tolq., q'4.{. d=]+(4r-J)ol


    f +: lg g€ + 9,ltr1.

    1. dl4?F^ oE4 Esxlal 61ulel E+ ^lifts 42+ 0.'t5" ,0.3"01trt. 0l gzfrlel lal.Ei
    +6l| 94.
    2. g8J4oe gil= 0.005" olCiol EJtrf. 'J5el S+ +36tq oJot H
    ^lifg +3 ^lxt€
    + xl= =14 /4= +6ll llxl.

    gE : 10 lLl €"Joll 7f= 7]al. lgtlC "l 9.460" 10'kmoltrf.


    ?lEl91(rad)' iSlEellsl Bolef sJxlEel ElEoll t4e
    4E EU. Tafq"Je 206.265"o1trf.
    lAE E+|(AU)':^l+el Ellzf
    ^lolel 'JE
    rlaEi LlElrHE aq. lAU: E 1496)' 1o3km(1.58r 105
    rJLl ) 01tr|.

    12l
    ssee I a{ {?o{^J gsol ol8xl E||olHgrt?

    SB9 2194 +6f q 31 7l^l 714. .e"il^l ql4 '=jel ?ldtl:n 9lE 94aJ(Oparin)
    el +zlE tlsl€g 3d.o,s, dq-.] 7l.l".lql r}]6}cJl oJo}ts_4.

    ll +s {e.J aa. .Jti+Ela(.lts}ei), g -5q 'JEsl qqzlTl'


    E^l rrlTlel
    71614 o e4l +El6J +7lgol 4 de,4, sllz.lel gi= .ii-€-6l +-"I^lE ]?7lgol iJ
    4E+. tE"J. ?-+.tj^l €.}4 !lrlE _g,4lctl^lr,-- ol-nl5-1! f;-el +rlcq ^d^"rEl9t4.

    A uJS. g^l r|zlel dee ^lt!l+a.. r:;i9.rJl6l E.=a 7l .d ^l +=41 sq Eeljl


    6l= aS4 +71 ,Eol qq. olaol oJtll- el !-_e- /,el a {u}E RNAT} E]j1, qltr}
    rl+^14!-94e+ a,EI6tH DNA/I SI5'q
    rg I-5 gl^l ?7lF !del ^
    L LFlg
    ^L+orl^lel
    +1tr}.

    B 4+el RNA ?.I +7lzl oe aJ^J !l


    ol olol f:Nall
    9l'3 9l^l +sl4rl tlg
    zl+6lq RNA-'JE4 4lal€ u,fol6|zl rl
    qla.
    "lq€I ++iI Sl.ll RNAe+ ^ls ts-+
    6l= rJ4lE r)\lA€- 6J4l EJ + "J= 4ol Ll
    E+*El.

    glnl
    :-*-.+_-a.H+
    .{l

    ,i$':Sr:' };
    .
    "a__
    ;,t-

    ^l!l.{

    .'a' I ,\'
    1

    ffi4nt.'''$'
    D il-.".+"^,*i^
    ra I 6 FTlEoll^1 RNATf tsdEl7l/,rl^

    o r + DNA= i.il_SEeEi -.:+el{l €,llel .{.ilrioll /},49 gq ^ilgq 4d'ol +E}


    4zll rl9'.. "lq^l 6-qtl dIE.l eJ€qq A6,rl ^ll]t/l eJd5l*4. qTlql .J4+ €:
    I ++^J El^Jgol €:+qq €x[9 .]j+.!l_+_el 4-t.ol ^J4*Ef

    ;i:,irl r : t3
    . 4.H.94(ribose) : Eql +a oJ?Eoil: e+71 +: sfl.J gE
    . iE49ElE(nucleotide) : RNAE 7l+ .E44 DNAE e^ Edfloll 96il goirl: EJ ++
    . RNA: 4tr9,\8 +dgeE 61ts !4tiotr !84 32lE
    . RNA-gqe ,q4: ++el RNA *ql^1 +7l4oe gdqq 0lol llE g^l EJEEq
    =1116lI
    as qag + ?lE ElEa 8d
    . oNA : t{tlel 96oB +E49 Enl
    . fl4 lllE(procaryotic ce ) : dBg 0l+? 91ts,^lls 7f8rll +oe EaialoJ TlrrJ
    ^llje

    f) ar*+ a*+
    rl6fisel €el
    rflo}(ocean)ol* xlEEel Tiql+ +zl 4q €,q ilE qi+sel a;L
    +g gaJ4. Ell*tl(oceanosraphy)9 z]irtql Crll6l= qil Ettrlel
    l.E +e, < 6ll*el tsrl zl .il6+4 d 4, 6il *el d d g"Jr+ ,l -d 41€l.
    i'il.J +a"il ^.i+1a1ts- ^J€41
    €C €+6t+-- r+€l e"t= gA=+
    2lrilsqel Eq
    +B"J 6llt ^lq4 El+(Mahan. A. T.)-q "6ll"J4q+ Hlq€- rhlg
    age
    =q5ol7l
    9t t Ege-^]. +7lE €'&"il ql+ adq 9lq^l
    +,s+.44l. 48tcl."el'. del6l9El. +. HIE+el ^d4g 4lrXE ol
    dl4n q= zl4lE a-s-a "JE +71ts cil , a4l, +31 5el ilrl d\]
    ql a4 +4d slil€ *EtElE 4q4. el+r+ 5ag g"tl
    ^ln 9zl
    die ol5;l= eg +7lel lrg e+493,3, q€el .Jdc gall^l dtltel
    q+ol +.e-^lEl94.
    44^]. tsll7l ul+= 6iloJ.ile a]72) r,lgol{9e,4 ai"J +q+ *+
    ++ls.P al9 i€q-a +*eltrC ilal4e-E. azlF+99q.4"JE
    =
    "I "36j3 +E "JtsJ4oJ _sdsE^lE xl44 +lrl, 4€ ad, ".itrs_l
    37l,"ll+,4t1€. d-'rsl 4J4 F+E+ 9.lEl.

    :] s5 q'+ q4 4atel "1lgq


    4+ g ^lolE-E A46lq *+, Li"3+E, y-*4, nl+g Al.J4.l El
    o-|{ $$:iz}.
    ...:: www.seahistory.or.kr

    14 1 ;1gr 49
    O olt++ qg
    {frzl o}qE 4See.l+61-7il € 49 rzlX-o15- ^i4e q+q"l
    E+. +4q da5e a:1"le Dxq 9l+g 4r. Hl4.s L+471 old+q
    goJ /lrloloil^-l 3, 11 €lrl Ae +t idCS€ At6l7il ilAg + 1l
    ?teql, qejt e{ 9Esl x}#e = "}^l ^}g5q i4rlr+ +Ee.l tll
    +ql^l I + 9lEl.

    "l?€ lrl 'Jal 5J6N4 *oq, oldEE c++ 4e


    ^ll4l-3-
    €:.=dlq
    dEel E.g€ !.8 9!ts9 oldE..JEg +99 olg"J'lf+= 4€. "J
    i Xl4. eol ^lrl"ll tlqil dltFlfe ql+dl ?s* 4+qS,n, F.Jq
    El+7lzls iiltigg flq^lE oJ g .lEE;oi97l qE.l. +A H
    ^lE
    d+q HtEl zlzlol4lrJ ^d+dl g ^l*Ee olg falzl +ldl fB"ll.l
    4+. H^l €Lel q+-= "JEq ^l+51 *rl.
    qts.l+ aE"il IIl?+ 4%tel r7l-3 *g + 9l/l qE^J+El
    "l+el
    +71Z} E* 9s€"1 d4 dqg. s4l. g* *Hq Eg6i4 5lflg
    q. E+ ggg dql"e 214c1 aTlE s45"J ddalXl s=g + 9/l
    ElflE+.
    4 2:| aldl 4d +, i}€ Cfrel +d. olt Bzlllel ztl*, 'lC9 4 .
    I
    grl olgel ilEl fl
    €si "J q+e.l zlz{a}4 45:'8} F-e-.e qqi*ol uiE4 o s +zld't7l q 2ru :r4 EISS 9'
    9q. rel+ azl$ rllelo e +Cql 4el 4gq agqa. ot* Szd"l & qa4 Et
    1. qdq qg4el ol
    sgg= 5 d4+ ^J4ez1;1 ol=.rll 994. +9 TllF+, rl€r+
    2. qa g47lE
    ol4lE 4* qg dtr'll4l€ 4+4
    "E g+6lq qgE 4lld& 4
    ^tg
    3. sc df;rEel^l

    Ai Eq 7la 9igq, di"J +49 Hedla il+4?l qg ,$+oi 71ts51


    agE+fl4.
    E+ 6t=, xl-tl +?l€ qgse dS^14 +olztr. 9lr+.

    6 tl+"lg'--t
    Tlgd 6ats4.I ol{e.g 4g a.il= 4rl+4r-E sq^l s!€ tsi
    5,
    4 *dl6la ?19.4E zl+"E El+q g q, "J+e olB4 €d old+
    El tsl+ 9l^l4ql €€[olrJ 6]:lEJ, !fl€ ol+6]a *9c a.l?+ +dc
    + 9q.
    dEe-l g^14 qqe ++aql t EEel €++RC 4oiq. olaol

    , 44+4(papyrus) : er{e+ BliS E


    '1. s gnl ?]+ 15
    q+el €El,+ gd6}94Ll F4-,",€,-frJ tsll=-,*59-9' 7l:.{"1 9!H
    o.ltrl. lrr+ gdal €EIe= r}]ufru|.-*zllr? qrlql ++
    =49,$5r
    ?d.l+ d+E z|+g "J'5J 4ql^1. r,llql= ++e FJ €4ql n++g
    r,l i,.toJ C u]9-a B d6trll
    € aos lloJrl.
    15.ql7l +Rl+rl= +r_a "J-!..:qd rle Bc"l 19^tl/l -ar
    =ql6lq
    +4*l E 400lc 5,oJe Hdg iJ+ ^lrl'].=i ol+9E1. _-1elLl CE+el +
    Tlrgol Fos+r,j z"'zl zl*99 ulalzll =J -eE al t8O7kl"ili- 4ael
    d-S +zlt -zellE -E (()lc|mont) szf E€d,gq. e+l 4l-R5. +ril"I^l
    eTllg Hl+lq 182lEol ^l2l .ij rlel € zll C olE 'tqtsl (Aaron
    =zl
    N{anby) a.zl' 'J +"I ^J d4sl S.r:+
    I -n: ul d +{zl 4lol ?l=q ,,1,

    1940rl.li +E+ 83.rl73Eel -a!l q


    'lC tl g t.l zlttsil 4 Qu ccn Elizabeth)
    (

    iel. l959LJql= ^jal 4-icl tliiq


    *d rJullt-J (savannah) eel ?id!-' u
    ,l q*rt.
    ra t-7
    =7td =4re8
    e "l
    el +g 4l Zl9 a;dg el yld+ rl
    Eol *zl Ll4ql^lE 100t E'* t!"1. ?la E3(dock)-E- 9-+dJ'dql
    e| rl]-i r!i41rl . ]i-,rcolLl ?lElolLlc F Etl€ +cc al ElrsSEl
    41--++eri Ego_;1arl ^l4l e.t+e--r. gE-$nlzl qfltrl
    =71-el

    H149I EJ?

    J+= tal Hl4e uI= F+! L+71ts 4ql^l+El tsl*519 o 'l


    Hltrlel .

    ./:.fl+r+ s}dtli- -E,q 1l,H_6J41 rldl c :l ql ul4+ Ll-71-7ll !l ?lq. rel


    n ^Jl4el n= dl.Jg rJEel +ril.E- slETl 9l"I ulc|41 rtlt P44"J
    i+"+4 E*+/l 4lsl9r}.
    ^l
    azl4l-:, +4 .fq +-9-:i {l+"J al.FiEg 1/l+-! +-,e'- +]o_E
    r;1',,r

    Ll-. nJdllzl= il6J al +rre+ f ilE *:9 td;l.: d r,,-"I T,lLlzl 9.!o*r+.
    u.clLl :1_ F 6l o.r--cl H5;,lld"I r}]t oJ 7"ll ,5+6lzl ^l zl6}yl^l d;-
    3lol-f;, cJ;|Nl rl!lQ.
    aJ?l Htrlol ql"J eJ+= aJ+ 7I7l* il /lt "Jdql *.iql €il;lq
    €+4sg 7l=';tlr ii-^l6I= e.44"J EJ'+rt + 9l
    ^14€ ^lr:icl?
    dJ

    El. nl 4^l 6l oJel drtlTl.E! 'drf6'l4l El6l7i 7ljl g-o-q. ,r {E"ll


    rllo-ll "J;ll eJ- "JE E4 ?+El.

    16 l.;lJj'f Ng
    6l|oJ 7H4^t

    "J+el +jl .||"J EJ? "1.{l= E + .;rl


    6H.J ts+el 6lrA9- 0l6119 + .JEl.
    +rll 6llgHel elel-e rf qg + ?lEt.

    1l rt qoJ
    ^tElt
    El qgqt
    ^trtt

    !E rlloJ
    ^14
    B/.t/f E 9lg, dllt.tl t-.r 9l?l'J ^l.cr}-Fig EI.e.: E+jr gjrzl
    iX?lEl
    d7lr.l 5-9e; ;-191 <, ul .:r +ol-- o-=grl^l cslLt tl€el =gol
    =
    !l= aJEl]IE :]91-3 'l"lrJ. ol'l;!,.9r'- gojg aJaNal9l9t{. uNi z}-ir
    i,1lsl,,"-,is "J4l"l eld,,!"19r-i. Plol !lu.r ,J "J?'i;++ql Col;l
    .l +.i* 4;l_n. tsle]- Hfft,}"] +lql Ljql-= ts}*/}oll HtE "+d
    .Fg,r tl6t94.
    =qgrl
    rluNel agal q+ 21.,+ lllel +nE Z7la. ul]* +4lol:- rllqlE +
    E,:, "l+6lrtl e; o gal aJaN 6|i:: 4zlltr Hqzlrll llfllrq. tdql EJ6ll
    -=. 6111 6ll Hl4ea rJ +6|?l
    9.1
    ^l 4
    6l*rf .
    HlEl-= ++'.J 7lt 93tl 5l 7l+-:. *4cH. Tltld 3000czj arti
    dl!.]-F Llol 915--<L Hlrlel zllE-= "Ji;fl=tJl. HlDlii :r rll4zl g?l{
    !.8 q.zl-=, ,lrtl+ liel nq11 u}r}rN I oJ?cl. Tlgd 8 ^Jl7l
    =cl{}
    d"ll=;1u121"1' oJ=ol HlElql 4+ zl4l* Eiilr zl+olel 6l+= +
    ?1'*a194.
    =;l
    4ll-.lrl0l(Phoenicia) : 7lfld 2000tldoll goJo{l^l BJE6lfiE LF}
    ^l*el ^lalol(Svria)
    2 -tl:J 7|.1/,f 11
    7lfld 4.rllTlZql 4Ellotl(Patheas),:- 14]'Jql ,At"l "Jql SoJol
    glt:+,r +tl;-lglr.
    "lel ^Eg cll a(Aristoteles. B. C. 384 -- B.C. 322)
    rE oJb ,g 56+"]l +'-dq].:rl. ri_: ql4l ali(Aegean sea)oil qaf=
    o-[
    ^l
    180q +q tsrrl:r Ylq t00q +q q+ 4 609 +q +4i-5+ql
    +l'6tol 7l!:ig LJ4ril.
    7lE d I otl ll-^llolEr_J 4 (poseidonous )I; q 2,1 34 ?!Rt d *
    ^llTlzJ
    €'Ylrl itql^|4 €9.1*sq. rt: rE+.^l+el ,jirll= rlfl+ 4i,3zl
    dfH i-=ql, ol l.zl,L zltl+ 150'J zJ +irllrrl (prole ry)el zl,!= &6il +
    4i +'; +Bql do-ililrl. _1 llql Tlgd r4l7l +tt\nl^l 6l*el ++l*
    HP zl+-,"-,"Jlr+. +d tllB"ll rl]+ 7l+* lrolzl %!i:tr}.
    =dfl
    ffi 4ga1rlcg

    12.il7l "l+ rlrlqli= iz|g! 4 o1 zlLtid 1]84 +l4ri+ +E7l o,lEl=


    ul+lqlte E.-F;ln. g
    ^l"J5 -o tlri.3r "l*alg ?4 31 6ljl !_g *71
    9l;ll E'ifl lr ^lzl6}91-o-q, {1'r+ rjls= 7l+r+ dJall 5:lzl /N+l€ql rq-4
    ulrloll L'fl f, 7.l .lE +4 tlq ,*+.

    ^jlTlql d"l=q
    15 +-e'! ?l4q ,(l.lol
    ++61 d,6lr ts-EtulgEl. n'l

    1453C t'l7lel sJ4l 5'.6141---(Mohammed) 2^llts srla-E-.il.s- +iz


    E,61ts 4lEel +E *aFlq!-.fig dtd9f,r .l ul +*9,rl.J.J=
    r7l.:91=€- n':tlglel zlel.+.3- olEJelol 91=qi4 d.6lg_o,q. I4l
    +ol_o.l -H-H-g {+l_o.l -H,1-41 '3 sl..}g 6}94.
    ,illTl, s-e-Fa ?lr+ TlEl iil]l
    "J+e +]L.IEE "Jd=q 9l eI rl6Jo,llel
    6ljl glglErl. 1422c 6J-tl4 qlLill 0lem.y) 6n9I *g +=i= €tl
    =-
    6lr_ olEJrlol_ol ?'lr'- 4lzi4Ll tc glr.llzl= F_ol -g.-p.Fa gl<,tl4l .J6il
    ++ ?le,7lr+. rrlLl Elo s,e-FA ?l=g gzlzl ,H_olzl 9*= e.l6l oJ o_
    ir, F"l9l ej,?l r'lli,ql. 1486'J"I zlf rlol-::()iaz, I).)21.
    LJ.7l.b 49
    tlEJ€9 +Fl619l El.. t 492rJ 3{4a((rolumbus, 0.)zt +.o-,ir_ 6}6ll
    ^l
    6iq 915,-- 4]_-.41 r-'J-61."J o,Ll. .-6.avl^le) 4rl= +q 'J"J;li r= g€'
    .-j 4 9]= crtlE.-3 Ea6}41 ElglEl-.
    415_8, "Jcl
    ^J9lr,--
    5I gLJ el4tI( Nrage]lan, F'. )€ orl 1.!-4= .ag6}q d.lel'}g_ *
    1

    61lalg Ftlblq EI$oclg ga.I9l,o-rxl. t52tC g/lrJ.,i l.r+.-lq ESI


    Er} 4l+q7l il^l-61.9El.. r + f_"1 +61.7l'---(('ano. S t).)_ql ,q +-161.
    q. 1522€ q14]4,4.+_ 5ol*,.o_,a41 31 ,.i- zl+= oJ-+nlal EltlEl.. f
    ql +.il €g -J.I i"tl9 +a6lgiE}= 7l+"1 tlq,.

    18 l. .ll'.llr :l:
    Lt 15,'|Pt 3e olfelel {C
    1492!t lj egq4q +q 3E
    ---- t49aF C *dq^g €J^t
    rttrts +g 9q gt
    'l:',!$e
    15rlz
    -
    0 lOOOkm
    o+r-qEo 4el :g 1o00mi rg F8 4=a[ oJ otgal
    rtq ga8{4q 7ll4 ge

    i711C Dl^lael (Mar.sigli. L. F'.) E4g r{q4ol^j al.J6}e.l 4i


    ir+^l= 4A6lq +*619!. 9-^9.+J:ql *C q= +6lle+ z166l ^l
    olE aets 4+€ ++6l9eq. $++= ladl-+-+El +€qa 416-i
    EJqle q+613 glgg gA6l9cl.
    =:1

    .:i s5 0l+ qleofl ZE xllfl


    ^ltllel
    g Eg a416lq q6J4 uilaee d
    ^lrl4 +€qe ^lol
    El-Joil
    ^l4E
    llelE d+ ^lgel"lc al"Jg ol+4q, c?"1 E].l ElEl== +e6|r
    F"J6JS "Je= td 4€9 Al€oll ezl.

    2 ;Ng ,N4i^l 19
    !lE{o"l {l$ a,1,t1c6

    €'F q t*e 49 =^l


    +qlzl"J Sdg +ils-E- -"1q 6Jal.J:4ael ^l.Je "d+el oJfl'l +
    (Cook. J.) td'.i*Dl. :ri-- b* g'Jq
    "lEE- Eil"l Ll tl+el ^h-ljg
    e "JeJ,n. +.tl tHlel -g€.+!}cE dcg+56Iq 17551.1 1lte-e
    +TlqL4
    -1= l7ti8^. l77lH ^lolol 3708E {qB(Ftndeavour) -E'.?- ..ql I
    il E+e aldilE 610l .9-4r:i1lloJrlol rl+.I :15-, +i?-4!:5- 5l]+6ln
    "J+gg .iiolettrl. -r HIg zl^l== gd6lgEl. .-1elr.
    ull _rs,-- L+tJ

    1772'\7151- 462 +oJ tlld tid (Resolution) Eel 330-Eql olrltl i.l
    (Advcntur.c) -A-q 41 2rf aJ +6il=,+^l B=A4l Elgl:n,
    "J
    =olzl.7ll
    1776_1779t'_ zll 3 ^l ".1"_-1 6:lallql +^l a+elq ,41r.= EJA6I*l_o_q. ,_1
    ,q zlelzl +f1€, ild4s-+- eJ€^1a4.
    ^lal dl*el
    "l +del +lc -3- ".tl$el :r7ls+Ei d2t oilJiE de4 3,8- +.o_F-
    3;zl zl !zl4o1 b'l+el s+ol Hlsi +4l4ls.t Eldl zl4l elg:rtl. Bl
    E, "l+el gerJ€al ;.r.anklin. B, 1706-- 1790)"I el8[ olgo] flr]. :r
    :17691J rilrlel Fl^J? yl-i(culf Str.eam)!: *4.-}9.1E1..
    ?<ioleti_=
    EElel ao|z
    0l 4le =col3e 4flol 1831c ul'ii(Bcaglc) izl 6}6ildJ 4 .C+q de rl0lr.9! rl.tl
    ! l=1
    g-e gd]3J r4l. _^13 (I)arwin, 0. 1809- 1882)"1 +C6lg,-rqrJl. r-: 5"3 -Ft +zleI Lrlq.
    cl
    o19,s,'1 . '+el /l+l(Origin of
    ^d A0 e+=
    =e "J+6ltril +?l +el EP;o; id
    ^|.36f^

    Species),rl 4E +'d,?'l' zl ^l LJrrlr+.


    =

    ggrj aq 4"J 4^l


    ?l.rel S4zl9l e.:1 all$ r:^l= i8T2C t2gPrEl I8T6C bgrl/l
    4eJxl (chaltenger.t i4l plall €^lrl9r|. €+ el 'J ol ftl?i "d =j 6ll
    +el "ld4lgl ^lilg 'tlol 1872\1 g + s_zrrl ^ 6J,e, +t6J A{lzl n
    : 3LJ 6ztle;l .E't rd,sl6J-o_E41 6]loJ.6+el +!7lg* gflq1 aolul.
    de.l7l n= ol dJ,-ll 7lt €.g! c a-fl/:lel ++l . dili * zJcel .*_p ii
    a, i.e +d!| .l+Il ++l +el .l* ^J..E se-3- ;fid6+*rl ^jl/llql
    \ ll* 4]_e allf t) r|;lolu]- .'11+(+zJzl ;-llg'1. Chatlengc| Deep
    11,034 m ) _ql g.dr..l
    'qlqEl.
    20 | or" r1 ;1
    rJ6Jg
    ^Ise' 713q d]lL- ^lss
    7l!-d6lll +El. 4 zj d
    "J tul
    ="1=
    += "-ll.* =^lC. ddllzl ++d,
    =-
    918 s'l^J ? ?+ ++d E"l oil* *

    ^lol +Ela 9lrl.


    ol

    Esl. '.

    rg F9 Fg
    "::cr#*"
    +.!6|E AArl E
    =olr

    At , e.+lx.l qel +!+ 9] P_lol] oJTil


    rueJalEel tT
    "Ifll^(tto'"s, G.):18728 l2eJ
    g+g.e6J6lq t876LJ seJ g+oe +l
    ^"J6l9E.lt, r
    qt 7t+dJ trJ+ El 6J6lt
    "J^13 e-t Elg4 ?El.
    . {i+ Ha: l873LJ 8E 23oJ
    .9s:54 t 25" 4E: 20* 2o',
    ^14
    . c9.el 7l+: 78.3'F, 6i+ B.i- 7l+ : 76.6'F
    . sH +e: ?8.0"R lo fothom f : 78.4'F. I5OO forhom+ : 36.2" F,
    . zlH+ +g:36.6'F
    . rtrt+el o;s : (60" Fgl ?q^lel) :1.02602
    .2500 fothom9l EJE : l.0260l
    . El4€-: HJ+i'tul CoCO,tjffi 71.7%
    . -g1l 8^1. # +q Z-z +4]3t -1+g +7loll 619 TlgqEf
    .9-t 9^1, tsll-= .C7'l6l'. 25OO fothomzlrl +d6lf,tl.
    . s+ t^1, .trB 6il€ sJoJ6lTl +l6lq -H_tr= LlltlEl.
    .9+ 2^1, l5oo forhomzlzlel 4 +el +€3 +C6lg.Et.
    . o+5^l 30+, EE"J9g.J, qsl-301 ErJ.J9.rl. {9, St. PoulsRocks/4jl,lel 4
    el 586 dllel', l7O 6lla1 6J+, 6ll+ 20 6llel, BJgl N 75"W......

    'lfathom : 1.82 m
    16[2l'= 1852 m

    2 6lloJ til^l/.I 21
    t!q$€^l^Hl

    €$ a"Jel rt+el E fl^l i{l4st !t€


    .3^l
    ^l
    rll el
    ^l+,Lii-3-
    HlriTIoI €tr^l ?li-'l zlfl€ ol€-6lqq.
    6tl.J
    relq EBol BEJiloI El4 91tg Eltl-e4 4 DI -dlll 916ll +f*e.,- r=-^J g
    4 E"l e*r+

    +-^Elq ol+ ^ (Justinianus ) r]1lE E"lH rli d(Corpus julis


    civilis) ol4 Tlol+]-(Claius)q E+ rl -9-( lnstitutiones) .ll= "Hltl
    :- ,.}"JH.I eld-ll t?19 #*9oll. *7lel aol ltr+el ^l+ef "JoJ oI
    4l l.l+eol "J4zl ilrl.'l 7l€61j1 glq ttl4el 1l+s+g ^l7l4]l_
    a[filru]. j1'.,] 4la-.1 gnJ + 4?al= r]^l .]]4 6J9l/f T]5J6]= +?_
    HILIE qq HlitEl.
    ^ld
    ql^l 13 ,{l 7l
    11 iJlTl oI e H}+EJ d zl-fel tl d .tl el6l ol 5+4
    ^l.ol "}
    q g -3, E^l +zl.5ol Pl.Jg q+gr+. :rcJ Ll 6lll}oll^lL +dd6lrll
    5*ol ol+qd7l 41f,"I. olE olEJ.l otel q4 L^l -,i-7lE ^ls =E
    €-44_6lq 6i I7l.zl7il elqr-.J6ll9 oJdg 716tgEl.
    q _o--? 3 6ll"Jql qal Efiel +Ce,-- 1.1 .rll7l ol+oli #+61
    ^14 'rll.
    n4g 3- "J + 9.l El'' 6I *"ll rIaJ zl+L+ zldll/l +zJl g4l 5-41
    ^lelql
    s Ft+ ag ^lrlC-o,l gd q -.6.91,11. clulo-|u,1. zl?l ilel Bld o-s ol
    del +l i.I zl. c al+ii !4-qlEl rl ,E ^lotl, ilrl+rlel .t:/ilol +JuJ6l7ll
    ^d
    ;t4l ilEl,'-a/_^l alloJ:el +9.€ol ;!4i;l AATI tllE,qE]
    Tl.J g _o,E:4i ,

    1 15 417lql= -3rjrt1:zl--llql+g Eld5ln. ".i^lel 'Jrll* aI* +7lql


    . +7fE
    LJ qll:rl+e+ g.efulol 6tl.J +gflql 1lq ilg?1 44.3- H91_",q.
    17
    ^]l7lollts
    dllE E"Joll^l
    6H.J
    4E3 + ql eEJol 5 1494col= F Ll4 ^l_olojl F,ql+l"li -as+(Tr.cary of 'lbr.desiltas)9
    g3lts 7lale^1 oJ 3
    iI4 6l,ol ai_o.l 6l*g rl9El.
    6llale. E6l9El. ^l ^ld^J B.'J c+6t41
    ,',-11itor1us. ll.)71 'z}+ 6I
    16 ^l7l<{= LllE*,.
    ^lltol.J lgElf
    E-G,'r.eedom of the seas)'9 zJ 3."-l*:r]l. ol iol ;-l %tol +cl F.= €
    Lj +4lH-q 5l?lLl.
    =Zol
    -q^l.rl qldEll
    17il7lql: 9]:- ""r 6llel /lHol 3.ltl ];19!,, +7|-"] all
    ?I Aal: als].l^l E 36ilr14- c6lldrt _1 4?l= flglcl^l rtls:= g
    gEJq rr-EJ.tr-,- Tlrl:1 o rl, 3 6l ?,1 +41= 1945LJ4zl
    '41 ^l+El9r+.
    .dl 2 it 4l al-i. rll-i+ql ^l +e+ d 9l 7l ^
    rll 1'l
    ^l
    e 4l .l -o,r- EJ'^l g
    =- ol
    i :.lE zl€"1 z|] !!sl ,n , ',]+el 4l + El ^l=ol +ol ^l Ll. +all 3 61 rl
    9+el rtl+B.tl rl*el 4l,,orll
    "ildElq 9l= 4.:, Ed6}zl. F-+'J rtl€,
    Zl I ',llrlrll |jg
    { g Ul+ oJ tre+ olq al q.li, rtl -i-.8--9 .?.16l- 1f S
    4 C:,zl.eJotl ruE! l!!"Jtlg dt-ol.9lEl . ul'Jiel
    +l= "lq^l \l.ol +7liir. *9 rl.+"1 #^l-e.I..1x.
    el+ i-t;l.rl ^l 31.6|91E1 r.l 71.-r.._rll 1958\.1
    +{e 4l I ?1. .,'ll ?}}l 3:l el +i 7l] 6Ja_r-41 . 9r ii ?.1

    E^l ol rI ?.'l --E ^JE -H.J H'irlg rtl E6l?ll rl


    9L+

    +rll 'E1oJg

    rj-zll 6tl oJ{ _o,l ol o-ll ?j:el zl..,j. j ;tLtl a};L


    ^}:
    zf afi= 6ll* Erl._o] +tlrrl.. J.;llel +-1
    dJil !- 4
    o,lt+ :i* fEl-"-l el ,.191 iid,'I
    =6f= ^l.ol:ol
    El. +. dll%t +/l= *luJ96lrll all?,9 ol.€-6}=
    +7ls^l ol€ zl. -.?l+_"1 rlir *!j€. 1,.ilg! BJ'3
    ql. g,loJ+2e zt+-"-l 9l,tl ;.1%t.ll dl,6J {.!E}-ql 1
    .JEle-
    'Jr;-li _, +71.1_,.]
    ool crl
    9l .iel trltl '{ 4l

    + +t'il 114
    oJB i-o}el +9 E -"r! ?,1 €,ol .lB I 10 43 ^l+t
    I 9 dl 7l yjql ij 6I

    +ii'll_"--+ I3l5l /l= nlglo-Ll. all iI .,r.ra r.I!l i4l


    jlqlol 5<,.]*oll L+
    +. ,ll ?.1 4l+ .d Hl;1r- ^J:e1el ", ,t,9"1 il?l!l9lEl. l9.lir\t.ll .t rll
    €uJ"l \,I^J!ln. l9lE'J r t!6lql ,i4lB 9l..ilnl ?I €,tlrlq I9i;0'J*
    rl aI olrilel ld 1lEl .tlt ol ^l rlllqr,l.
    + il4l.el 4l rtl Tlg 1l j. +. zl.riel r'1 il.l 241 zlll ql iltrfloll
    ^ll
    7lA "J all Hl?Lel oJ ll 6lloJe-l zli.tql rtlql rl|El/.j
    '+r] +9" Sl9L4ii-,...
    lltl (fi?irrr)'g "J'lI4 "'t +ilal= 1l9i-i 6-lllql ol,riqj.El 19-1;.il "l-,]
    el -r-*uJ(Tt'uman) !{ $ +-"-g 191,2\1 aJ--ol td r'}/rl fl_'F,L} d
    ^l
    rll . .i1t+/l-71, oll;ifh - . rll+ 5. I 4 Ljrrl ;,.i /f5-ql el (J! l!E-l oI./
    (Santiago) +lt .-l ,J.l ?.111 . e.(.tl4l ol+r;- "J9!a4l sli'l,r't.il:l
    qr]l :' €.61<4 cS,Birel 6tl?] zl+ 9.1 4l* 1ll+]61.s- i-71?lol +c,15ll.(l
    /l 519lEl .

    zll I zl +9rl ;-l oJH !lelr-., I f.irSLJ 2€-Y-rl 4i1,4^l 86?i+.1


    +^lsl

    E+g dE : ?lE 36l]el rtgot E]]ir ol+e_ *gll ct


    $Elolr dE :0 Cte ugdoll ?lTldiol qqel !3e!,+l.rlF gtAgrl E^lot at-Ne
    ?= ^l6l]ofrl Pj:ElI 6191Et.
    ^f

    ,'t',
    /l*rll ?llrllHloll^l Tlilelgl 9-'!1. ol 3:lelql/'l:.17lel 5+l r,,'L bNoJrg dJ

    +. +'d.ll q 1+ i'r'l"l +'l'{l fr*.'Edlql +6J flE, "i"J 'I t'6Jl-'l


    Ct-r 4ilel H-il.il +El fr"+. t}]++.rl +s! ee+€ rllEll"1/ll r;l9El'.
    ,l 2;l +."11 ;'iloJril !l-9: 1960F 3?."rEl .1?lzl4 87 ill-,l'l|e+tl Yl
    p rll.*1.:ol +l .l -}q ?ll ?.1 rl 9l:-rll . ol rl el ql
    ^J
    : "J 6i "l d + +q _9

    H€lql dl"J rloJ i'! _ol dol zl€rlq 6+el= H,zl x,;l.o^lDf .

    olel gol. ".ll?l,ilql +6J xtlqitsl gE il4l al.I -ql €-eJl!^Jr+ li+ol.
    ;!rllj.J j+4' ?l3el 'JEl"il /loJ.J .JloJ' gg zltl _",1 !r+ +41.6il?l
    +Ael sll 5.41. 611 xl "Jii ^lE /ll"J €4lel ?e ^le.l +*,?'l .tl..I
    B +4i=3- 7l -<.el ?llqluf frs+ ,ll/.IE4l= dll,.J 6J .- Bl; /il i:Iol El9
    Ll. ol 4 + /ils}-ol.<,ll^l 1 9671.1 tleE(Par.do. A. ) dl^l-el +l ol xl q r
    zlfl.ll Ltl e1 Prt!+el .llgLcl r4.1, q/l r'ldJ+J oJ?:l Hl.?-g
    ?l+ .dL5-

    dollzl-= tdel4l o-,,:, ol {.af.i,. F4le; ?17"f 5B 9l ?ltl it 197{)c l2


    g €-l tl?in. -,3.qrl i.;nl:,., l9?3\l lll 3 zl +d 6l oJH 4lelE /l 316l.7l
    q ;ln. ol ,?1,"'J'l /l -t H+=- t:EJ.+.E-rr; e.daltlr.l
    =.H- =9l
    ,l 3 7l +91 dllc,JB nlel.3 l9i3.J 12fl+r,J 19E21'l 12?ltlzl ?ll?l
    !9te,q. r dr} llli-r|.320/ll .1.iiel -3-5-. rrl r 9 /liel ++^l 9l l
    /iel aelg}o_r,:- i.!-,.1 +,rrL +*rl all"JBg gJ€ "=l-41 r,l9Lrl . -r *
    1993"J t1:l l il"J 60/il.,iol dli.^l= rl el+o E,ql t99-11.1 llil 16".]
    +'rl zl _o,t gjdl4l 519ll1l.

    19/0!l 2!l7l Graham, R.


    ^fa! g+
    L 0l 5rrl7toll 3.1 r.l=
    g#!Lji +lil= ^l7l
    e+
    ^ =!.=t:

    | . r t:.
    {4q6 | l||44a4+q
    0 qel4 34l +q 4Eel dg ltd
    G) dtElzl .C rll "aq(EEZ ; exclusive cconornic zonc)* 9loJ'+'sl 'C 6-11 7lt]!,E+
    r.l 2006t14 H9l ,txlel .,;g glal. +ztl o-tl"*B ql -el6lol EJa-tl qlql+otlTll d]l*
    zl$ql qle 4,14 ol Sil;",',Y-ol6l= +EolEl.
    @ol zlEel E^l:- 1945€el Erip. ctr+ 1947"11 ?letlel "il+71 +1flq4.'J €?l
    os+El 2006iel,4zlel +qql flq^l /f$. tri:+ 9le! ?d +191.194.
    a0 1958'Jrl 1960€el ''r zl'illql ?.+l ,,i41 o'fl oJ'll elelolAl 417lq9'J ""r 4lEql
    61

    {"J +e"J ^}6}e. oJ6llel +-3.€dbtll 9l_d l]+lel +slql llol'ol olB
    ".,j.'ll H},/L

    "ll {d e"J=,el uilE}4 +_p-,_?d4 i.l?le.r oJd6}! 4l_Es; !}d6}z}='l"l*4.

    O ulen ed +qq HPIeI a4 qd


    erjzll +Eel ;,?lzl ele-l= +?jl rtl6]_o_
    5' 6llzlel 6ll *tiijri.. jr.abr.(lrrl 6I+E

    M
    ( I'l*i.. sr-rbsoil )oil^l+tl -r. t+ +sl
    ,17)ol )1. oJ.:L f olLl
    ^l€E. *7,,g 5,
    ql ql6tol= ;'rltr -'l "J1l tlel-q *arl
    . zdl r. +ii; *6c,l .o.f E oJ all ?l
    al olEl

    i:l o s-+rl 200 o-ll?l zlzl ol zl,tl. d- 4. zl


    o _e= € a'I el + a Al C+ul olrl.. rg t-11 4lzlsl uil44 arl iE
    O tll6j. *EtE /lrl7l .1006llrl I'lE]
    91 a +q_ 9ld + ulzl d xtl i:sl!} /Jitl rjc "jBql +El e+rt
    tsil I
    ^l..l.tl=
    €4-o_E '*?.J6l.ll slq,,z, A4 al%r'B 71 74 +"ll :-r oJ d 1-rl rl] 6*+ llel 7e 4l
    +9 4Al 4d9 €tJ/,:el-3 alA'ol -E.Ytot/l 916ll^lefn tr.q6f4l rtd*!,E
    al dezl.q -:.1+d +^tl4l.J ala tr4+ itdolzl g-,1-ar+7t q?tr+ r+4

    ^1
    , ol ii-zl _el all/je q{l Srllel,E/l +t.J{ nte]- zlelEla 9]r}

    g +tr 6flS+ qlolxl EIE 8E= e^q6to{ Hll44 A4l +qo{^lel elEP! 0lg 4a +
    = =ql
    E4 dalel --J^f011 $;J HE oil^l trfE 901.tsIl.
    ^lgE

    1. 4A eg I
    olg 95 Arl
    2. olg CEel 6lrl. 7lE "l gqe
    3. qElEel d4
    =xl

    :-i *
    \:3:r:;i
    r\j;

    $El +E+et u1oJ


    ?al Lfale] 6fi9| 7H4^t=
    ^l4ge 4qg +
    ,^1tzt +E 6ltg El+el +titE 3gg + flEt.
    ?iEl.

    dflgrt +71 eJEe+el nJzl€ ol6t{g + ?lcl.

    11
    1l +at LEtst q1g rn4,,,1

    !4 tlEJs +Eel 6[gf 7[4


    ;r4l +el L]4 ^].,i ^lr}lel "-[ * g5
    glEJr. +'Jql^.lel aloJ 7[?]e-
    _o_j,'-+rl
    ^l3}Elg.o-q. t]!+el
    61]1] +t.-3- -z-,i ril+ (tel g.*4
    ^lc
    i=-3 sJ€--s-,,,:_ :-lull r-|-5- + 9,lEl. tl+ ^lrll iTlql: +.Ezf a1s Eo,
    '.i *.9lrl r4l'3-.1 i'J *lra-g:rul.zl ?,e-4121 g";o. g5ol rl+
    ^lal
    tr_s-^151fl rl
    1?rl ( 8.C.37 ^' A. l ).(168) : +4 ^J 3 -f +l -o-e "J+'J. +'J'.1. +il
    'J1l eP. ;-1 'J'9 4l.li €r,'_-r, Tl+61.91E1.. q--o_F.= ol"l*'.1 €. 'J9
    .dr': rl] +el Jr . i=el ,{!uJ..-9 ?!,Jqlz}^l r
    ^1.q.9 $ di1.
    r} d}lel atl

    ilg 1"_l t+9lril.233c4 r;-il!J ?.e,1 ?l+oil _"]61tr. ?I3'.1 6l.l +


    ^l
    q"ll 9.lr,l_ .9.1 ri!1{e}rl._rr, ntsl-<il.q 6[oJ tJ5-o] *+ ts +-o-F.E El dg
    I, c,l ): <,I r-L

    I!+.4^ll/l+-E]-'-j "l-].-E-.Eii Ut-".l al?L ^le,l ,9 E6}.1 "J-.u--gt -+


    Tl+6J "l rfl (i ^.tl/l/4^l eJg6}41 olol 4 il.o-q, jr.+cJ 4l+ol ,Jril +!-
    g rfrl fl !,r il,6rql .ll ;i4rl.6ll"J+ fi.4}4.o_i,11+ +s.e! elil.:,6'I
    ^l
    qq. ri6l . 6ll | +5-g 'J ilnl.t +u]ts LllFc,Jol r.1 r'ilolc ol+ol ol
    ^l
    3; o}6il ++ ..1t 6Jj,r-. EI -E-4.o|l^] sJ 6ll.:1 aLl S-^J '<lel rl ^15' tsJ

    r- 4 tr=j."J{..t1 o1 .rr E}61 rJEJ 6}i_. +'i}? 6}+Ll.+-g-.i.}r} +}

    26 | .- tl'Ll 'rrll
    4F -Fdlql^l s+ 3l"J.z,l$,e_i. 7l= +6i +rl 6Je 5 El*+ 6ld.
    -e= g€-619E1.
    E4l(ts.c1.18-A.D.660)= ++ ol\iel ,J4 rldl. B6ll"J "Jrtls ,ql
    qsr +d6lP^i tj6li ++ qtsel ,Blt?g *"+6'l-q4. E-61 +^l gE
    el ?l=14 Elgq il"J +7lF_^]E +}5'.il sE !:l-3,21€:9zl 4+ql :r
    ?Ed:9 +r r-Felel- il€6141 4ts8lgEl. 3,.ll7l +{} iloleJ- q-a-
    6Jg ael +4=e aq ?+ ,s^l ol* zlsig il,.l{}€- gE,. .}dtl
    ^l+
    ^l "J
    ilTl;l! E+aflq. *esu plt4 rl+E€-
    !ll+ zlEzlTlE kJll
    i*il!.. oJP gEg g4;] ,NI"is" jr^{i EI.}49 slqlal 444. oi+
    4lE Al+: €9 P"l L]-zl.€^J sJ,?l+l. ?lElll^lol F *.Bolzl?,ltc 6J
    -e-='7ll€6.lq. jlq'+ 6il* g*9 gql;1ll drl6ll +,*Et.
    a!zf(B.c.57^-A.D.935),:- q4dlel 41 2 ql .-Jslle"r q+El etlE
    ?l+
    g uJ€-_o_i.t{l H}4-=- Bq4E Li +C6}qq. _1Elril ++g.l+"J+ "l
    +.il= "Id g:iel *t"l n4l Eolr]l qflE]. E"J "lTl.tl= i+cle]
    Ei;lql ql6*-;1ts i:3 sJFdol iz| rl91_o-;1, ol*qlE.llt *15"1 A4l
    4. EFl4 rg-6}e-E
    37ll d+LElgq.
    e'tlE/l C:l4oii E"J€o,{4rl St"l +rlsl= Fl{1. ?+el t*-
    ql rxal iJr-zt -"=5:rJ4l 4rl if+q. + TtioJ +qcel *r{7|.
    ^li!+:!.+
    HIH]6l9El. *'^I.il +l4oJel 6litl g€.e "ltl +l,Fg +d^lAq r4
    -[ +q tF *+ rl"J"I ol_=_E ?+ €?l "Jril.il= +14
    4gql^l+El
    9le.l il"J91 tlal*ol czll, ol{-$ rf,ela}L 7l+}es^l c ?+;]/i t1l
    i;l Tlqi ol g *lE+.
    ?-u-:r(lFlX#.)E de ^lAql 'a+q dq7l. ^l+ +€d(et$d)el
    B5q!+u,l iH+ +TI6lq 30.^Jl d+cl td-oe +d;-lgul.:r-6. ?l
    -"it! :i,
    ++ 6[4"il2t] *6J y+e tlr]el.l 6+ql.! ]._"lF- +E6]!
    il= ddc alql7il *c6lq. dl4 El:l oJTlE gq c?+ +'le* 3€
    (828)otl oJ+€}.]. zl?el tlLJ +Eoil adldg €:l6}q
    ^tB "J €-.?
    adld rJ^lzl q94 g4q ql61^le !*e zl+"1 ts44 9l
    {er9
    El+E al'B'8 5"Jqzl 4"1^F9l (Reischauer. E. o.),: Adldg 8.E.! *S
    =EI.
    ^Jg ^l+. ,8jr.j1E toJ elzl4 *gl. rel g^lg
    "^{Al +el azlgl

    "Jal-?El ?+ 5;5', e+. I


    EJ41.l 9l= 9^l7l +R] +9. tl+oJ Fg

    E-fr spll 'Je aiq 414l^14 +qel gEEq ?lq6}9q.'! =4 'Jzl


    6l.a 9lEl. clrjl= 3E;ll4g gT1;l _iE]61a. ol 4qq 6xt eJ+
    g d€6lq ++rl "Jcr+el jr.q_ee /ti 46194.
    aj ?cl rirrel 6lltj n
    q+ qt+ . :

    sEref a6nlt
    rlf- fl ,r1o1 e g- a 4! .o1q olil
    ^l6JCl
    ril 6'lq grl lI^1.

    1. 6|18g eH-r.7t HA rlfl


    2, AflCel qg

    :: www.changpogo.or.kr

    i..- Edl, tEl|, E!4el 6ll* ?ll4


    +?l +i+;=^l/lel (918-1392)E E.laoJ elaoi dll.J dqq "J
    'il?.1
    .Jq
    '+?+€ a€e
    zlFl-g--e EIEIE q^JrJ.I
    "ll+ ?s^16I94. =-.1,
    ^-i =*.,1q t5.
    {!E+ i}6tl ^l ur ol* zlq g,qlq q:1= r}3tl ++=
    €Elal= 6Jsel. ++el iJts 7lq oe 7l= sJ.1 4+ B+ ilF-. tlall
    B* "tellel -F.J"l6l+ +51 rjEl6l= 6Js :lol 9194. B^l.l= +E
    ol ol+ ggo+q il}-.o- zl+r+ ++l"l zl35 8"1 :.14.
    reJql ac ^lr.ilql 4JqiiE^l Hl4e+ "'l t.il ql,+! "Jd"l El
    =q57il
    f;.q. relq grll iC i7l.l= n4q .{lFg "lq"Jo} 61170l +.}9
    eq. /.l]41 4ie_ a1er4. 316l+! +4E +s rtl"J ",1 q++9 "Jql 4
    ils sllo} ni^14,'+ 4d b,E-i, eln6l +zl6tgEl aC+rl 6J"ll€E
    g"Jalq 4'lE d']t 5|-,", +Tl6l9_o_q. 7,CrJq Aa "JalsX*"14 q
    tde.d4l 3{'Jel .Jqle+ ,tldF}€ .Jr F c+rl= g.qle] E'iel rl
    FIE 414;fflEl.
    rde-LllttlE- *5 3E("Itlfl,ftr'g 411a1,14 6il{ ilolg .ral ol'
    +-- 49s, rilel dll* +}E-.? -=Es 44xl'J 4F+_"_i,. 1o)$_e aNoJ t.
    Fl,el <,Ji.zl u| trlFglfl El.
    €4^lql ,ilqE ol+. +el ul,.:lb LI* C=.1 u1;19 zl;t7l ^lzl;-l
    s.q. 1957H 8g oJE.J1ol^l_el ?il €+ ^le aBg e^l-ri -i-;.1 +el
    g* q"Jol /ltEl* ^l <l-'*.141, 1960dql +E]S"J r-JEllrJ J: rllC J
    qC'5q /lzlTle+ lg70dqlel ,11+zl=-4zltr^l +='o] Ct"I *r+.
    1980hlql +4€*';'slltel sCq +zl"J "lt H ?^l C"J qg €
    dqdr+ dqBel /I"J-:' F611,-ld*9,,,lF6lE^l +tC +dt*.1 ^ll

    BE d4 :4d EllE 17rl e{+9 A"Joe "JA s4g5el rl6||E 6ol7t g6ti 3=E Z+
    E=o1l Erle 4eEq B"J !4
    A L 6{"Jal lj1
    fg l-12 nal
    el cllel +qE

    4l l09l{oI rl.J6}94.
    !te. tCq i*ec4E 5-ll* +}5a}.41Al 691. C+uJ 10q{. Aql

    "lq drlts rl4l 5glql ols= 6le cd+s,,r g-E-&619E1. +el q


    7t +.+ g+= l949L.l d1l3 *,"r rtd.i +,.irlel +d4 ElBol i!+
    9ltel j.,r;- +*g ^l4ee. aJr[ {!-llt 6iio} a^}gg .e,t]_o-E-.ql4l dil
    oJ ,il
    1q g,s6J 6ll* rJ+ B+€ .r.l;J6l!. ilut. ri6l. 19888 -J+_q
    dl.J ,ll9lg +16ll ,J+ Zazl €oI +** 4l+ 4_61 zl1'lel age +el
    L+el dl.J ,lizl.i 3 "J-elg "J"Jaln "J4.

    4F{ 4erqs t+

    ffi tal* ^tqet


    zlE
    oJ
    +iel q Hl4-=- 5-c _o_s d ztlg ,r. +iizl"J t7l Cd4-r'- u14
    ^l-71.
    el a.d q+41 'J4 9l_"-q. HlqE iizld t1.4il 7{ e^171.4_E-71
    ^ls.g
    +.Jr: tl6lloJ .,,lrtlzl 9ell oJ4.
    ^l
    ul rjdlzlig 2l Tlol'*s 6l %L qBel nlellel Ell* *ag
    ^l ^lEilrn.
    qzlE Eiltlit "J+ d?lg +c:lE^l 7ltsrl ,c.+g '*+7il g
    ^llg-g
    asd- d"Jstlr 914.
    al# +qts dl4-3 d]51 4l4lE 6}6tl .+eeg
    "1319 t+g d€^la
    el 9lEl. .qltl zls-$ tsE.'t'$liE "JP gEel f,q r.I+"] +
    ^l dql
    el€ -s+l6f* tl€ iljl 9ir. PlEel ePl€, +dde-{ TtraE.-"1 +rl
    , gaL frlsl 6:lr-1 8
    "lB d ".e aBqq q4l ii-E B9* 4a4= 611 9l
    L+elts €!5.71
    q. r4L+ 441 zlEE 7l+e Eel +a HE, d:HlE=,J413 9= "J
    e gEE 4€*el rlEE- "+"1 +E'J44l"la. +HlEts rl*oe L+
    zlE rll+el 5A+71 €4.

    f,g F13
    "lg4 €. 4. +4zl €r il= ol *ol €r4olE +C. LlolTl ,qlelg
    21 ,qPl da!
    6lloJ +7lel 7d
    +d"l g + 94= ^Jzlg E]€-g i 1l4. +t6J+ .JdaJe.,lal ;l
    Elel Tdxtl ,4iJl alrllg ?1+ ri${olz} nl=Eq C
    ^l*oJ +El ':l+rl
    rl TlzloJ €+, FB"l€-€a6lts- al*aqel +€+t.I F.4 1lEl. +
    qts olq* dqel zl44 qdg ol+,4q 4al +el 4sJ,,l+9 69
    €4 47lol * 4.lEl.

    t) qS E?(ocean Korea, oK 21)


    +?-l Ll4el 6ll "J C zq g 4 "J zl i1 9l E +E 6ll "t+= 2 1 41 7l F€ *ol
    o=|-4 oll"J a4l €q s++e.l 4,J 414, d4l/14"J zd€ ill
    ^lrllel Eal,
    * ^lg .l+ +f"9 +r]l nJ.Aq. zilgel rsl F 6ll"J *Aq {]Hl4{
    qa"l Hrl6tr 9l€-g 9l46ta 94. q4^]. 4* ,Ig -E4r+ 7l€"1
    +7lel 9^J€ .'"uols ol4l +i5-49,e 4;lalr.zl ^Il dHg q=.ll"J
    ++! gd Eldg tril^161ts sll.J +t *d 71ts 4lq"J '611"J ef'c +
    Batq "*salgcl.
    1l l.6ri?Jrlda
    4

    Is
    ol
    g

    #] #] $il ffJ
    c
    €
    fg F14 21 4l7l A+
    'oK 2i'e 4.J +t e.lE 4+g +B 4qgE^i ^JBq "Jil=
    dlg +dq EIE

    4* +E "&a. 214 TlEJg tt+ 4.J tE +€, j4+ zl-tst rll* zlg
    7lg9 961 Trrl +d d+ee a,ggq 94.
    +tr 6llo}+E TrX +d d+g dA Al4g +
    ulE}_e--e- 20L0.€rl^l
    B4r. 2030Ezlzl 5rl.Jg a€61ts 4* +71. d-q €g tr++E ai
    * SA +zl, dd .ll"J {4 .zl4 Cg +z}. F+o} g+ ?d +zi.
    .JC4"J +tE
    ^Jt +48 d€ilge4 B€*q d4 6IoJ a+9 a
    ^ldg 4l^l6l9q.

    Q a*a++zrer *ggrl
    5Hg Hl4el €fl= +qde Ex"J "J+Eqlal 4^14 "J+g cq +
    jl, .J4C4 EiBCC:19 + il4 Eln4. Eet. s€C!+ zll4 dtl,
    "le4.J EEI€ +84= -s+ rdd, +E q+C + 9le +.J d.rl F
    4"J dtlc *"Jc glal 619c1.
    " 3 +el 'letet E[g' ll
    ade ^Jal{ps! "}q4, dill}el ^lo}E ki6l +gE}. "J+ E
    olelEl

    ^l= ]rE,
    Elt4g 4:ro=f-4 * 6l!.4q1 r+4.qol €7lqflrl uI
    +"I HI4= +y+e +7lel Rl4gl €*rd+l=; 7lB€l g+q €t"]fl11.
    g4ol llEtel +lrllB-3r rlSt 9l?lol+ +7lE EIE+el sl^14 +,s€
    €-El6J Hl ileq. a16 rEF-"= El!_6llol Ezl !r93; 4l4l€l i 9.lEl
    4g el^lzi?l ^l€qrl. rlr-lzlol., -ael ^, Esl. tll€*E, 4l:;14,
    =
    s.F_Fa, oJ+. ,'lE € stlti]€' +"++ +7}5e sJatq .{llal zJrll€
    +.E.4.':1. 2166il€ 3l:ae ?st,+'l ;lulzlo|3 +4 +qel x,lTloJ +El
    ael oJELI H cle. 5-.al"ll ^1"J4€'a€4':1.
    16.ql7l olE- +sl+el $94 crl]+el ga-o-s alloJ rll0+991
    ^lqlzt
    o r{. ol q+EJ ql4rl+. L/rt7J. rllg*r:.
    "Ja. -it-%r-^ Fg 611".}d
    -9r *"+6lq ';Xzl zlzl "e*= 4l+ 9 A€619':+. oizl+ ol*de i]€'
    "ilE ':i+g dzlotq "JF-€ +!-.-lL! iigq^l "l+qll-",q.. ^1471 H
    d"J.rl 44 qal zful zlgel -'rF: q+6lts rl€.aolelts ag "J4l El
    HE+. +"Jel U 416+z| eln_E-fl,easr. F.)ts--
    "ulr;l-t, Ll4. 4.ee
    ^fl-++
    xlfl. r.eljr 4lir.r'1- +.ii olsts: e.9 94 ?rl. l619rl. olag ul-a
    tslEln+El i+4 +tt", 4rild- o'|l1-l I 99 s+ "1q3t. d^i4l
    'ltl
    ol ,Jil -Lid-r+ ?q-:, Ei-;.ll^l i== 45-B i. tlll:, 4"14.

    =qlql
    5q^l: ?ilrJ4,=- cf,+-;1q +d- 7l^l= e+B6I= 5: d"lzl_q
    F_ .l+6l9lEl. olxl -f-fli- +d 6tisHel uJEc] 1194 Tl.qlzl7l
    ^ls
    *#oli_- tslEts d+ltl= tl6I"J ^lrI.I rll^]all Lla + *:- ili"JE'.
    7l9j LlTlol ?l 4 olE]-.

    ffi +-t Llelg 6["J gE

    4ls+rjl +rl Rl+-e aJ+,Eql .fl6ll 9l= 'd-ql+ HlEle+ Tlola + 9i


    * yllJ+ +?.lg ..(lLlr ,*"le;tr}. 5dflel FJ6ll r-Jall= 'rl+.+q €:Hof
    6ilel .J.rilts +q9 +p"* q^lel +ql9rt. reln +q9 zl
    ^14i,:oJ'
    rl C+4 +l ilql^l .H-EJ+r.: ufrli trs.'{! qg-:, 'JEf,.'l] e^l'=ql, e+
    4 "JE-g +-rl Llelg 5,.6llolq! olq+l i'J-1, ;1.r1o1e1 5-="E,:1";'3
    _d a .?alel od6'ilE El4,J + slts z}5i.lr+.
    "tll- ^1,{lql
    +elel 6I.J' zN*l.rli-golzl.H-0, r.{g /l.o}oll/.15-El arJ,
    =.i.1
    .F

    7loil ol_e-7]471 r]Hll' a,I dleiel alltli]g-+4 ca=.] *elnlq +


    E+E!l yqg dl *sq, g61 12001.1 .{l *-H-ag aut nJ€+ +?j
    Ll+el o-ilel .ErEi+ d-lloJ qlH-el flAq !11 9lr+.
    32 | .ll'-j!l r',lrJ
    4lalq^l aJqHrl +F.oI tsl6ll altd.l ,J.z dl':l/l ,iH oll €dal .^l
    gEl. El4^1 . -?el +a|el a el tLldrel 6tl* el +L+
    = '+?+,E - 'l
    rlgiol 4^l fl,I oJ^16110l;J 4ol4
    =4-l-^ldg,?,q-
    rJ+ol -6E-?ol dlqq ulEtzl 4ztl iq.l c.*,11q1^1 +31 Ll4* 6
    +. "Jg. ?,1^lol. Fll xel+ "16l trJ+/l/l *i,L#l qal+ +r.dql +q "J
    q. ol e.l .J kl+g ++sll Ll/l7l 91 6fl ^l --= el ^llLl el ,?el Hrrl"ll ql ,*
    el+ N}*oll 4+4-eE. 4il6ln 9+6lrlts 1l
    "--FzJ ^l4lotl^J H.q+.
    a4fl d="1 .J.*;,}rq. 6iloJ:g ol.s6J. "]el ol"l +trql E-zi 49E_ ul
    g aol4.
    ^Jol
    p$E +Eel 0lg e8
    6J.g otg edot 47llE ae 196,5"11 630ll ,il€ge iltz!99q,
    * LIE+E1"J7l? 4*! i{€3 r 99811 rlE0loll

    il ? c lflci ;li* 33
    dllgr+ EF 6flgel ,llLJ ,,. ?,'ri-- Y-(*)el *Elol^l rtl+94 'J+9 4rt El.-3. E!{
    ;'lRll. jre-.el tl^l :i-gq +Hl+ g^l 6lloJ:!l 7ld'ol
    xlr-,-71 rdzlElg^.] d''

    1 Bd"19ul. Eti"J"lel ile- /lrrtsel 7lrI6J ezl L]l ql


    ="i
    9.1= ul+gel .i
    ?53- "J*ul(pp.8^ l4).
    6119"l plF u3 ."" 9l iie+ HlLl ^lolql:_ 4e iJd4sE qlr:J6.1 glJd
    +Lal7l .Jsq, ++: il -3- 1.lolr1- ++31 y.re,,{B:-.'+ "J5, zl1l.l ts-E"l
    6-l 6J

    r 9.lrl (pp. l 11- 16i).

    t/ dttr )tt^1^l !I! 6l|9 4 El|g6I| ' " " :rd ;'ll* ^lrllql= ^}rJ5e- ql.J z},4.1
    ^lq ^llH
    6ll^l Ell= E+-?,?7l.= lirl,-l +Ec 619e_q, rrl dJ +l slLl 1ld
    ^lds.l
    s -sli"Jz.zl d6lial-a 9.lrl-. 12^ll7l ol+ql- i9=o al_,', rig€- 4l-rl fl
    .,! gl 6}6tl
    EJ oJirlal slol rl 5i9 El,El.e t=61/tl llglsq. ,gd"l4
    ^lr:I7l
    i:el ^lglE 4lE rJla.rl ,)14 +!el 4nl "J+ -.-E ul6.I"'I ^lLj7l. gzl4l rl91
    El(pp.17 ^ 19).
    r[s4g 6il9 r^l . .' r]6J4"J p]d+ ae,l
    ^lEll =4se.JdtJaJ;l ^]rJ+
    + c il"lq. r+: ) . 2. 3 :l 'J": +al= d,^jblq ^Ise ^l?lE* y*.1 l'l
    zJ-lgrl. 3l-iel 'd"r
    8,44.1?l
    =^l:- 1872!3 129 21"J5-El 1876\1
    %t EI

    54 2.1t4171 oJ;iel 1tdz.l Eoil el-I €^15194(pp.20-. 2t).


    !6fls e].1 AlEll ,,. dllo<l-".]
    ^l+e+'s e^lel
    ;IzlFlT[ q+q^l l] !ln.-q-
    4l all"JH.l llsdl 4l tlfltl(pp .22-25).

    +al 4alel 9al qElel 6|19 rll4^l -. . :ilEtl +I{}E +dql!


    ":l 414e f-"'l Ll.r].
    e,l aI
    dllg *1 .a141_"1 6l* $15..o-r_.?-El ^lzl.+9lgq. ?e ^hl 6J.F!1. i.J +].r.1
    9lEl. 561 , C 4 ^l rll iJl] iteJ X.r,r.l|el sl * +€.er 9 4l7l ?'ii 5.d . 1tl 4l
    ^1.
    zlE +q-q +€,3- 7l.zl;1(ilLl(pp.26^ 29).
    lllll 4el 6flS= EE '." ol^l/l Elrl:l ;d o,e 1l,lrljr, +ill4?l
    "J+el
    +71 44"tro1 El,El.e.l TdoJ q+ql .J r_l oJ.o_q. Elrls il4l4l
    =El.'$ ^IF_+
    d^l7i t4rl,: ildlloJ ^l4l7l gel-r1 "Jr+. +ei Lltsl T_e atl".15-:-=
    ^11
    U1

    c:.4t'dIoJ:./i-tL ylC ?l+ dl49 "-ll*.'Ja(OK 2l) 3 +cl. *g;1


    !lr](pp.29.'31 ).
    fl94 elH .", ulEli. EI.J Tl+=.rl4l .'J^lzl t+9 ,tl <,1 +n. .,JLl].tlrI
    El.Jtl Fel dll+ j1*^14 +frr]-, frQl all"JH Enel HrlE+Zl a4l +g
    (EFIZ)el d r.-:- rrlulel fjr_{g q+ +q ;a *-1n1. a1";,9 +7le)
    "J
    -H-el: .iltl4^l rjl + 4+4-e-t' 4tso}q .+71"1 dJri(pp.3t --33).
    1. 9+el &d rldoll^l 7lA Ll=oil ol+qC a 7.21^il71 -{+ 6il"J +ttel Blcoll^l dBq LJ*l

    e? ts 4g
    +E.E 8=;121 91ai goJel 6tLle 4l

    o pl"8 @ {z} @ 6Jc "JE 4E?

    @ e6141 @ El.J4l o 4l*.1.? "Jdt sll* +4 4'a


    @a+71 zlil '6ll*zl.l {}B ;*€
    Z rl+el rl4!t zA4 tP +A @ zl$ z$af, qg ^Jt 7l{! ++
    =da{ ^loloil
    3 "J401 so1^l iddsJ ae? @ sl.J **. oluJzl. 31 4-Sq ++sl
    o el8-q @ Lllq @'J5 €) 4ld1€- csr15 611.3 ^lHla tE ++
    @+"J @zlsB
    8.6fl53g 8q4q 4lAl arllel +58 €l +71
    7l ollJ 7l??
    3. 9+zl cfcl€ i13eE olt6lAl 4fl4: ^ld
    e
    =gg
    + "J: rtE=? O€+ @=42' @el^lol
    O 'l+ @ "J @ Hdl @.1^rl+ @ Lil"3ge
    @ q+ @ 4e6
    9. '+7 fel E.Je Bt4oll
    ci{6J ag4, a^[q xl8|{
    et gd g+EEt."at! +*fr qrl:?
    4. ril:ae g+-d
    ^lT= ^laJe?
    ^.||zl
    O 5;lEl @'l4t Oi+4 @nlt @d{"lA
    @ €+Hl^ @:e-qa^ @€HBl4 @ggE24l
    6 g,rllolEul4 g+ iTlo z! t 3J4a 6fl"J Ee e'
    10. Ht.fel
    4E +E?Ut?
    5.gtsH 4g 4qel Tlarl E!
    ^llzl
    5l5E sllg
    EJ^ruE? 11,8t4el ?l+ 8goil 4rJ q^EE g
    ^tdg
    o4dzln @){qE-E Ar{g + "J= 14 +71-=?

    @ DJdga @ 4.lqq E tz 6fl"Joil S-d +4lgel E^l7t qts


    @ qe$l=n
    ^lAe?
    13. rq eFJE +Eql^1q 4a g5€ +B oltrl
    6. ffEl d{"JS getel dgoe 4e0l .EEA 6fi 6J gEolflts7l?
    g d€ rll57[ ?al +4el Ag otgoll 7fA E
    gElE rl*! le? 14, 6fl"J 7fl9!+ oltol ++ 8€el qd eflol
    g aolat d.JE! tt4E?
    @ d6llzl @ €L6il *iE
    @ d+ +q @ "Jol 4lE 15.8glzf xl;el dg *Eoil €ilfl i|ls 95
    @ silE+4 zdrl i9 e *El6lEJ +ae?
    r.o zo 3.o {.@ [o fi.o ?.o 0.@ s.@ llt+3
    ll. otdE lz '^t* 6lie' 13. *5 l{. oH"J aola l[ a6ilx
    ^ld
    3 ioel I letel .11ef 35
    l. 14F.. 'ol *ri {ld.ar1rj +4 6l^1. 1992. pp. t-10.
    zl^J,.
    2. ,,1&.r. r?$B r. r[e .fl.,l] +4 $l^1. 199?. pp. t9- 40.
    ^1

    5:

    6:
    7
    I
    9.
    10 pp.22-23.
    tt oRR ?A. . 1?
    r
    ^^
    12. '+oJ^l: ,141 .l]'JCr. 71 fl. 1993. pp.32.'135.
    13. National Ctrgraphic Society. rlNilEX,. 1988. pp_ 466-.467,
    1 4. www.changpogo.or.kr/chunghejin/jin 1.htm
    I 5. rvr.vrr . moma f.go. k r/doc/2,C7 ?"1)8"itsE?"E|,aClo"Dl'l,R I% Bg/irrr|r.x. hr rn
    I 6. rvuu.changpo1ur.t,r.kr,/2I('korea/ko-cho intlo.htm
    |7. wwu .changpogo.m .krlwork/nation 1-1 .htm
    18. noneae,Bsny ac k r/ -jbchoi/index/earth/chap3/3 l.htm
    19. rvrvw. changpogo.or.kr/21Ckr-rroa/chang& 21 cho 10 L.htm

    . i,:ll
    ...,..*:"^S:S'.

    rlEl B7lel oJ941oJ Blp+

    l. "fr.!
    rl 1!+
    rl7 Esel o+ 71% il^l6l.r tl= eE ggo z)11 7)016N
    Hftrf= olle+El E+el
    =
    ?.ttrl. !lcf= +ila! g36fr ?lI. .ae dCcirf tld r+.13 7f^ln i.ltrf:
    ^tfl3
    Eoll^l 9+71rl?aoll^l rl+g1l g?lg clrl.J s.ref.!. g + ".1trl.
    E.l, bltrl7f qrlel $Arl dgel€ xlBH6l= +;1lafts ,ig ?l7l b.l1?J sJael n-r-_lel
    ^14+dlol^]
    HfEl .eE4 013"1 Il? EAel .EEg IEl o1l+e --3^l"J llllle lt1laez q91trf.
    ^lflel
    o trJAoll^l: olel:1 611greL ?31f rlE. ;t1+el +JE ",1 dH+.e eEotl
    ^l? 3f3. ^lE|16l:
    qlol0l AI1EL7ltr cl.

    il ExolE q€

    1. 6[get?E4 4:d
    2.6fl+etdE
    3.6N1+elEE
    oltoJer et$
    "s+
    illgrE a7l "l g4oll q+af 7-39 + 9,ltr1.
    6llrl
    ^lg.el =+et
    itF]lE "J + :Itrt.

    qsq +E
    ,dLi: algq E{etEE
    gel jEEg rg Il l.il^.le} zJ"l -erzl _str
    ^l? d,{el s{ eql^l
    el 2 dll olt.g -7i, BiEiTl {+ tilIel * 71% I r}zl;}l g
    ^t/l6JEl.
    gr,l . +q^l 29%/l &^lal'4. 417]l zl_E,ea -H-R. +EJ+ol^l: +zlel
    Hlgol 1,0 : 1.5oJ ql Elil LJBJ+ol 1 : 4 drlolEl. rrlrl
    'rlulel ^]ts:
    ,ri +H!+ij' +t!+, 'Jt+,:= i.EJ+eljrt-. aJ4.
    !L+, q^l el 4 rf sol el 6ll zl el tJ ;!t Zlol glel q.3-89 rg o +, Ll
    rluilE rg II-2e1, il.,4. +xlel eoi? *ol--a I 840molj1, al *9 rJ
    ir1 <lol,: 'J 3800m,{, +4e} 6l*9 i}EJ al+ d*llel tJt all
    =ol =
    ;E o|$:e 2440molr].611*g 4+"I ?.1-:- gq E 98%.: ?l^l6ljl
    9l
    ':t.
    38 Liljc
    =N
    4Ed (B+lr 100ElN,m.)

    234
    t10
    0l ^
    E
    tN6
    i
    04
    0
    0.
    o

    EI
    4q
    60i
    0
    80m
    10 -
    100 150 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 r00
    dg4 q4 r.c 4EEq utt(rr)
    :19 l-1 915.41 s+€ 6[oJ4 qrlel Es(Et+l:100sJ km?) fg t-2 ^lxe!!+ 6ilrl 4gE 7l+5

    ,l+^Jel lll4e 4l*(ocean)4 oll*(Sea) EE ?Htfl (Adjacenr


    water)e- +€tq. 4"otg ^lE. 4e ail"J+4 +4"s "Jit sllel r.l
    *ee 7.gqq qq"J. rl^loJ, oJE"*. ++d, B+dle L1ts4. Ell€
    "*3 zlz; ?*e .Je-l 4+9 il^l6lr glsq 4olE zl+ 4eq. r H
    "lE 7lE 4Elrl rl*Eel B4 ?a, +qts zl+ diil 6ll+E E 53%
    € il4eq.
    ?ls"Je +s BHI+ql es.tEl. tlEo*el ts+e 9+6fl, Etl
    ^l+g
    ^1"J,
    5.+e q€.Jr+ dtq. E+6flts +s7l zl* 4z "Je ql*ol
    4. "J+ d1*F+45e ++48 ql^lo}el .++ S^J"lel ^J4olrl"J. E
    +axE ol"J{5€ 4L}^l €:^l B.6}oe €+€ rtlfrssl g€+4oJ stl
    ,l 4ls{"ll qdl rll^l"F}E eqqq flq. g'*, ++a{ts rl++ol +xl
    e Eel.'4lq 9a 49 os gq flts d"l 4e rtl"JE4 Elsq.

    E I-1 4gel Hol. +31 91 ?ol

    4 2l$(Pacific ocean)

    4llg6tlantic ocean)

    ?!.Eg(lndian Ocean)
    q+4(Arctic ocean)
    S+iNl6ntarctic ocean)

    1 bfloJe.l tE'ol
    ^lg
    ffir tllS !E= +Eltll
    6ll* EL- +H6llE Edllq zlelgollzlH 4zl +ga +lq Eqe a
    +l-el +Eg S6lq. q1.*9 7t*^14"1 ;li't6JEl. ql^lo*el Tlc.zlrlts
    4E r{+E qzlql E-ei4}q te+. ail€i,le +e +j]-€ E,Ell^j rll^j
    "Jr+ €arJ ^16.6171 94. E+, 4^q 4'l ^lde+ a"l +^lrr
    eJdsl
    Eel44l9 tstq€-el s+li dl*q1 +6Jq.
    +H-tl= el"J+ q4el +{lql 9il6}z 4lEql alHxlel- g4e1 69
    rld"l^j +s+ qgg "J"J+q. rX*E ;ll+= d HlEl"I^l +E 6|lq
    o s gF;J!+ ger L+eq. +^Jg €'ldg -Fql B+9 6E-e +E 4q

    el g+9 *i'. *al lrrlle+ +41 *e ++ld €.Jg+ -Fel gdg EI


    Ele &H!+rI. !j-y! +q4 +d dlqe
    ^l+,
    dg 7l-r €r 'J-€- zltl'i
    ^85-
    .^lgol *!ral4l BSal4, €sI 5^lLl t}gg zlJ 6.lslg s4.;1
    6Jss ol+sJE+.
    =
    ,l+^Jq +,4 +H 4qel Cel4?l -s II 2el e'.1 +Elg +
    =de
    *E+.

    x ll-2 +-H;llE Hol. 9rl "] .Jol


    34 ?ol(m)

    tEl.q"-fl
    BIIB 6ll

    +61

    HA OI'A
    =llolol =_rl
    El-S g E € .d 6t"l 6l .Jel 3zl ql rl6lol o,]o|ts 2|.
    ^lol ^l
    :' ocean,cric.or,kr/html/environment.html

    40 1
    LrlL:l ol=-91 +rl,]gl :+
    . ql$: efl
    $
    oj(Pocific Oceon)$ I5l3ui *t-ll3(Nunez, V.)71 '-ns.ot Ei 'Bsl=-$ I glol
    6l: EJq Pocihc$afrl EBdl?Etn tqzl-n, q^l oJ6tlontic Oceon)f eEl oJ.=ol zl€.
    6li El7ll4 ElloJoJ€ LlElLllTl gl6tq +^.1 olualTlol o)5el^ t9 14
    ^l+ql 9l1,l6J 4cI6J
    + q4alr. o;El.
    ^1 BB6139 Ao
    . E6ll .?6ll . flg : oJtl dgJql^l +il€ :4^l-e 6lq r lalel Er' Tlzlgql alal, +zl
    ql^J ol+ Tlzlg *g oJtslEl -E:. S.Jq, { *9 tu}r} tt: elqiqola} +e.n ?lE}. l!

    t, toJqll oJ+ el6,ilqol jL.?51: *€ t6ll, eJoJrl tafi ^Fl€. i6ll, r H El El t *g


    *oJEt.
    eJoJ-g-e ++6Iq +E 715-

    L4l
    (1 q^19t^tg

    BlElEql .6lzlel
    ul{al +}d.zl4lol +4gql 4+ rx"}g
    "lq 91ts
    ulete +zleI olil7l4F. bie ddl4 4?.E .^l-r.. *"1 +e dt"l+
    ql*zl t,'4. ?+aJ dl^l e+olll dB,Fel €alzlzl "Ji:€l ++e,{€
    €,,lplrtl,r 9l-3,C.J41 5194. ;'ll;q el ,lid -3- b'l niel 4olel A^loil 4
    r+ ql+ +BJ+. Eil*4 t'4. rillr dallx.l *fl Fs-a -,.+ttrf.

    {i",} 4+ +e+
    rll+ +c+t, EI.li"I ?ld6'lq 9lE atl,rl zl6j_o_s HlEl +9s 6J:6tl

    ril++. rl]+.r.fol. r}l.iirll,a +€C4.


    ll-3 6fi^l
    ^l€

    r 6l1fel llrl^rl {t
    ql++e HF 6llgIC-sE-+q r]"1 35-240rn4^l +Fl6l7il olqzl
    Ell+g Qt *E-er-. rat 7l+7171 + 7'?l +61 S"J+ 6ilzl zl€
    = rll+€
    "14. d49 €3 4olE E 200mo14. t"-{.1 €otcl d+ ql
    ++e +q Yle EI El6l al"Jql d"ll 9l* ql++e +ol €:El. d^llzl
    rll++el €fr'49 el 75km"lEl. 4q+e +e q*"1 edq= Xq
    a, *"J* "iZl *-c rl+19 4a "Ja_a 4+9 urg.aolzlE 6}{, oJ
    aE +F"l zl"J *,JF] dlEqEl.
    rll+ rli+€-ol e+j1 7l+zlzl #6l]4 ql+Eile ololzli zl$
    ^lBg
    ee. 7l+7lE 3 - 6' zJ -E"l 4"1 1500 - 3500 m d li"l 4.
    .ll+€--?+ rll+
    '., glb =ql+el zl€rl zl4ol HIEI-
    gldall
    ^leg 'gos
    rEfE €aqq 9l_"-4, d oilzl d"lE E7%E ll^l6lj ilq.
    ql+ql= rll+ 7l+o,a+El s"JdJ a^l€ ol+H^l d61719
    ^lEE
    ololzli allxlolQ. r]] +rllts i.ri ql+ ol*.dll g q zlgol
    ^}trsE+El
    ,."lol ol+ol1l a,o-.r-, 4"1: 1400-'5000 m d.rolr, +g- €fr'
    ^l
    600km4l ol3Q.

    G) .{"Jrt t"4rt g4rl ga


    rI "Jzl +]s4g 40Jzl .i+El +ol 2000-4000 m fo] 9li1. +ol
    z[zl
    1000-2000m41 ol zu1. +gt 80.000kmqI '36l= 4ql* t"-4.1
    q, dl+tsE+El t"-4 dtalrlel 4"1: E 2500m dEoljl €
    ^l_E
    Aslq 9.lsrl .z,l4lr| n|{! i+5.1 gge 4ol q'JolE}.
    416lrl 'jfl€: Etl+ +'J+q 4qql tsPgq 9lil6lE 4ol 3000-
    6000 m olr}l, /l€/l/l 0.1' olb-toln. d 6lr,19 42%€, ie+
    ''l7J61rZ
    oJ *"1q. "J+ ol1}9 *e- 6lla!5q q6ll itEJIlzl
    ^lq{^ji= 1000m

    . 6lleld(shore line) : E4 -!E'J 6llBJel all= ol+ts t1


    .9!91 bar) : .=|1eld0ll Zel EBJgI HJgel s4 +€i
    ^lf(lonsshore
    . 4glE(longshore irough) : 6HoJdrl E"J E6J-d Z ErtTl
    ^f+ql
    .6ll $(beach face) : oll.E Eel A^fal +EoE, 'J"Jrl.oE rl-rct +9*l= -+aC 'J: +E
    .6llEJH(beach scarp) : nlEql .sl6|1 lel +^1oe ,{+"J +Eoe r *olE EllT]1 1 m 0l6l0iLl 2J
    €: olgr1; a?E 91=
    .0llE(11fi. berm) : j4-E7 | Eal# 4 El^troll el6H^l .SZ +"Jel Zel nJ'JEi +E
    . Ezlcll(interlidal zone) : t"J Ilq. E_t4^1!l 2J5:Ca+el
    = ^tol

    a [. ;l''r]o-l :!
    E 6lzl+. gHl4 oe 4+ql^I 7l* 4e6lr. t4_ee *"lEl(:18 il-
    3). c.rl4 g*le ri+B +4s+q sH}€ ^rlBd .JzlEs eq ilEl.
    caizl €gq zl€ol €c+ ol+ts, g4l 7l+ol dElJ ailal€c strl*
    "Jel qgd ul,tl 94gel 471?Jql ,J,L Elzl zl+ 4Eolsl.

    s6 aEde
    s{.Jqe +^l.I .Jd;tl 9lgg_e +H qzlg 7l+ 44., rJ+*. *4
    "t EaE €e 5q1 q4.El4g.el ololLl c*ol c-el{lE}. +rle+El
    +g€ 94Ee .l zlqql €"J$,ol zl+El= uls, a6 +e zlq4.J
    -I+ ++}4 Eql g6lq olFsl4 gq q"J6J al.J zl€g olir 1.lEl.
    d4l4l4ge S.J9"11.t1 7l* HAI gEaJ al.J zl€e 61Hl.lq. dl'J
    g €E i,iaBql^J+El +rl +o.a +4e 94cq+ folzj:l fjg;N
    szll4 44 4rlzl4 ee gde olSol4l zl$olQ.
    6]l{e :18 rr-4.i1^Je+ eol ts}qel a^t7} +6}zl e}e *ql *86}
    q. €"JE rl* zl+.il el,6l dsl6la €Bg .]+ts €el9r+ *4e+9
    a4l"lrl. .l zlqe f,j m -1km4l zl,tl& 4& zl4q. +r+ tslEE
    a^l4l 4el "*e +9 ^l+e+ E47lz 7l4r+.
    oJq}4 oe sEJ8tAl a^}d z]
    =artl +39 d"J"le} +=q.
    611{E
    8"14. dgle q4 +E ,lel +zl"J .flE"l^l 6l"JEq rlz| $$zlzl .

    E'= t=c7izl= "Je+. .lEE 4re1 44t H6J"il El?+ 37le+ s


    "JE E;lAl €4. E+. +"Je Sd6l tlEel .d6}g zl4J eJzl "*E zl
    qsF-^l , .lvgl q213"1.,.1+El 6tlt zlBel €qol ilts;iltlzlul9 xj
    9 "l rl.
    rH [_4 oJoJ 6il"Jal
    6ilflE+g ^lc €+
    (Shepard, F.P. 1963)

    fl ^lolEE d46lq 4ale-l zl€ql EI6lq z|,{al go}rlz}.


    r 6[oJsl ++4 43
    ^le
    t

    srl 4g I qlgel gd4


    ^sl
    4Aq4 €€(Wilson. J. T.)"|l EleE. ql+q Ar+4^l Ei%t.l ,JCg
    zl!+Elel
    + qtqf;,"l rll"Jol EI^l eq4 El= "J-dE q 7l-zl +4491 EJAI= 7ld r$oJol
    tlcl6JElll ;tgEl. "JHl4_e-E- ri* +zl7l +1El6l= +71= 6uJAl_+- L+-E + gq.
    0 ,l lAZl(4"171) : rl+ol 444^l gqq "J4d*g-.1 gJ'6+q zl4ol +*q
    "l sol:la. ztrl+ +el rzt5g g-_r9 +tr+el rJ6daJ EJag q4^.1 .lF+lq.

    E 41 2 ElZl(+Ezl ) : r:ll+ -Zl4"l 2l+ *119"1 31"14 ztl 51j1. ol 7l(l F"J €+
    ${ o}ro}fl,ur-rl bXoJ zlz+ol ,.d^"rslq. g+C;I+R o}etl51 fl zJa-}ol ?_-a +-3- B}
    E+zl €d,YlEl.
    g ^i
    3"J41(€/i7l) : +Ezl EAl,a ^l+gs,+^{l C++ 4.J +zl7} *B"Jq
    A ,i 4"J41 (^lEl7l) : Ld45lq {Lz1 5"i41 6l* Zl4ol 6l%t 7}*4elo{^l 5q
    _s7l
    ^14+6lB^l
    ,:.11?I €'zlzt 49 qBs,'r dq=zl qn, i5.4 rll* 9lH3- e;Ezl
    rl+ €B_o_s. Cd.Al €El.

    E 4 5tal("Jzi) : qloJ -Brlzt 6"l.d.l nt4 ri4ql '3q +eltl9LJ 3++l Ene+
    qlq,ol +E6l.7l
    ^l+6JEl.
    n 41 6+rI(€-+) : +=;-lv-- r-- /llel S-r;ol -|Llel +9s ",+ilrll
    gEl.

    dxl IIZ+ EE 4g q
    EHolTl I t}]Eoll -=nlEtl?l
    E2l "J"J-d
    q= g+rl1
    ^ql
    ff51 <F r) ul3 0l+:
    \::g 611?1^f0lE E6tl
    (qa) 8F+

    --a =e
    qlq c"J +Eel rUrlol olq:ol
    4g PII +i0ti
    AEI)I +^ <F
    -r?i
    E.T 5HII
    FU!1ol
    aru .JEe_+ ;l]?
    "Jzl+l+ (+5)!f tE4
    -E +eJ
    Etl
    ^fle3
    An E+^i-d
    u14
    ^l50ll

    BBrlr
    -".t& 4ElnL 9-71
    rloJd
    ^l7lsl
    /\lo|]:ol^J 6lgalof alE-4

    4 n il11!: Eil
    oH+et tl
    6H+el 3al^1 d5]i 7f^l Eg: 0l5|]g + 9lEl
    01e1
    6|1+el Elcl^l d:!l 7l^l .JAS 0l6ltg + 9.lEt
    o1d]
    6r10J ++ elE g:l +€ uJg-q 4etg + 9.trf

    I oil+q .Eet4 €E

    ,-l+eleE, gE "4 g4
    t, -rE
    6ll?]_"1 iylql Ell* vrz.|{el rtl*.i-g ji.zo.oi B:+!lq olql
    ",j ^Ial ^.1
    r4r]- 91 1l ++ o,r-,,- 11").ll 4rl. Elr+?.] 4l grl +. ji+.3-+
    "tl.]el
    _qol Yr_. ,J*9 E ,J.t,..t,?+"1 *e t,rltg {glEl..
    r.il Il tl.,+ g"l . *+ql i.,++l !N* l-^I "llLl
    2a ?it
    zl_"l nl+t,3, +ji iL"i olra gl.tl :.r.1 9L -,-. ul.*
    Cl

    _"1 / 0-.'l ela'l. .Jd+ +/il ,lr.l gqlLl rl zf -, r_,il


    ?ll t,utl5lol e?.1 ++
    :
    +.{,} "JC.J S6,lf-"1 C
    lLl.. .C."4+ nl !.ql ^l=
    Hlq-loll eld ,q-,rl.if ?J _o_
    1
    r 000

    ?olql qr.f #4el L,!ol.^li- i:g et


    -r1:,r_.j---ool 0
    ; t500
    .;."1 €dEJEl . +.3-"_l+ 5l+ql'J_ 91f,7lel il d tl
    6f

    "J i'9 ii-li= -H_ol='J;.l]+ol ',-.-'zll;Jr,1.


    gf]+el +4lE ir+ ;tl+ glel Dlrilol N.;1?ll
    €i.l ,.Jz+"1 i.l .:l+!ri 4qllEl.:r'rl Il rjrl, 1l
    ol oJt!.].o,r', .9. ++el +41= i-91:, ;Nq"1 zr ifg | 6 .|]3 +tsll 9l.l srr
    rll l::l 45
    r.. z]9J E dl ei --e 9IEl. +rl L+r1,9 zl9rl 49{ s6 -'r
    =
    =alloil ^l
    J ftl rnzlxl .,+i]+q a €csla, q-s-aq-:- €d5l^l gbq.
    El4^l . qE?.il= ji+ +=ol-E Jr€ *;-"1 .l'i+ Al
    =7]]+\-lil
    e +€,- ++"14 6lq. rl 4e i{lz}.zl ,,,1414 dJ-8 4e-: €
    g =1l6li_
    i'+-g ++"14 qlEl. r+lr- 6il'l al*el +elrE+ Eil7lel Tleol *
    o Es €_.9+. +__c- er+, ,l]6l]+9 +F.r'"l iqd .i:=
    "-lril +E++^l ?*l
    ,JqLl +3-ol "J,d+ E-eg _sgtrl. +e +;,e qlEal "J6.r"J +9s.
    s+ +g+r+ dBll+ ^lolel 9dq4 qlq^l j1+g ;tFl6li_: qgl+
    +4.
    ;I+el 915-_41 14= i.r"i4ql J-e en-:- dl+ sHqi oJ^f6IE
    _*.8
    Ell*el jlEel E4lEl *'jq 914. rg I]-6.11^lel a.l 4%I aszl *
    -q aqE
    zlslg i--g.l 7l7J v*:r,4*q +€- ^]iolE xlsiel
    'ETl
    i_S-_-q;*-q t-gg,{9lq-. oJtz.l,o -+ +gel dE} H r'lr; -2-30t^}
    ol4.
    "l

    H4 0r4 gLl! afLl4 al0f0l


    rl3 eJ
    ^lol
    E.* 4401"] gLlt,. +LlLl, 4!l!lql rl6lol a_qd.n.
    +q cg"il ul;l! oJa]41 rtl6lq oJol_qzl.

    '':. www.kma.go.kr/kmao9/id_3rorz_3o.htm
    ''': nexso[.co.kr/weather-mainS.htm

    2l "JE
    g5-3 +.-orl g+ "i] i.3l-ol el6tl^l a{r+l
    d-tl+el
    +3 (',C)
    10 15 El aolql 14= .Jq el srlj=: +.^l;-tFJ
    "ig4 "J-],el
    s14 €.9= r-:J tr 74lrl B= a!1, aEl. llololl q
    4 Bszl- 44= Az]e i.g *; +=-.11^l /fd .-1
    ,)
    q. +lal+q^l: 7le-l Ea.++. +"J. F+ql^lei "J
    91 5--:45' allslql^.1 7lt zlrr. + 6lEol^l /14. -Lcl.
    3) Sal
    ril Tlelr:- EJrl
    dl*ql^l:- Slsj el H!'I7I nNg J.r|.
    6lli- +-"1 9]4 l,= j': ps/tt_ LfElLJltrl. q7l^1. P=
    .025 1.A21 .029
    a+"J., p= aliiel rJr+ "JE, si_ +"1 7l+E. /1+
    1 1

    "JE(s/cm')
    A.alz' 7+?) +r+"Jrl. aNoJafalrli 9tEel d+ '].fl
    I _ _ _-
    rg ll-7 dl]'J ^?-'l oJr sl oJ\l ?ja 119 {l S dlul rrl rl uf lilsigll re}l ilrr.
    .r, bar'-el "J

    46 6llgrJ
    =al
    6I+9 9]49 "lEiqlts d+ "J+l=- tql^ltslF_ + 4e q9 alc"il^l
    <l ol zl r m ?zlg oll
    'lrl 9l-E g El ^l dl4 +7i6l-/l 5l q a ol e+ "J
    1

    qg rle +ilF- Ll4B + 9,lE+ C] 4.14. ?l-Hlzl_o-t_ 3lolzl-e|


    I 0 m ;zlg oll ol4 t zl .J4 €7l.lJEl! d 49 + gtEl

    gqe|!6J I+eqn
    [+trl€r) +6,9E41, dF(100w), /'.{=, i+€-. +;l

    [ +="1 ii€(35psu)* 15cm 4.olz] El,il Fia +d.l 2 cm. 4 cm. 6 cm.
    8cm, 10cm 5lE *el i€fi *dEJ + 9E+ rg II-8rl gol +jlcTil= € ^l6t7l.
    14a 4 eE4el ir#g fiq^l 7l+6lzl.
    E +E glF+El 15cm :'Eol4l .tl5g €il6l3.
    a15_€ 4^J 10i- F;t *g 7tg;li _uzl. r.al!. 4
    g-'.i{9 iitrg ?lol ?l+6}1}.
    ^l
    E dFC a ,illE 2e -Ft +Eqi e+6t4i +4ag
    6J-+ gE4el ts+g 9lq^l 7le'6+zl.

    B fl"rl^l ?l+{l +t+<lg -141


    rzE- +Et'.il u,+.
    | -8 += el€ dg

    l. Tlgg t9eEts 4oloil a+at ols4l LlElLltsT[?


    2. +Eoil +*Ne€ 6lE +€.el S:l ee= ol*Jll 84ts7f?
    3.4+gol 4g +^t oilLlrle Tfgq! Bliloil e.16fl^l EaJqd. 6rl+ eEg g4 eg': q
    gxl +Etc aoJrl Eel4 grl.

    6 -rt+"tgqq'Egq4 ge
    ltca4 d3
    dl+ +4^J 4q "d5J€ 4il= +s+ Eae c e4:: Hl F6lq +
    /l ei +zl €El Ea, 4lE ge}=.-E. +€ €a -E,ol4. 4"1 611tr"l] t;
    B6tE g+ts *^tqa. f Elel r]l+Be dl?i ?s,a F!}6}q €:+51
    4+ tec oJoTlq .g;-o,,: drl€4. aq r]l+Eel qe +69] q
    : dl+! i!
    € ca.il e_lal g+€q. ++€ "lE qlFE€ gqlHzl.a dsqq +
    eg f,"jr. rE.lg -=-83-E.lrql 96ti ++g 4e +8Jd"il q+51
    q.d"Jeg ddFlEl.
    d+9 Fesg ElElg Elzl-E- "J5l=r{. F.BE= ?e a1; 301 U
    ++ AE+ CA-q "J"i EI4 844q. "l E4_=ie 44Li +rloi^l
    =
    €+€ a"l *cl. sE. F'BE= 6rl+9 €zl ee q +5 *Erl €q Ei4
    g4,'lEEil, olE 6lslg *961ts ql +++ zlf,7l €El. FBE=
    ^lE
    30cm zlE9 Sl4 gdJ(F'BE*: Secchi disk)g 4Eq 714*4, "l
    aol ,Hol,Zl .9+4 El= jt^lql dolEl.
    Alol-eq EIEIE-
    Eli*9 S4a Ctql^JL+ fEoil^l 6iltr9 ts_9lg qei 4AC +^4
    (color of the sea)olalr +q. +4'rl_"_E- c+fl +a cH€_ g7l=
    jE++q rIet4?l +de 4"+g + 9lEl. +4e dBel
    + "]4+Ll. ^lg
    . sEll +.q x=o4 g{- fAdl(Folel s scale)9 +4 Sn"44 Hlir6}q ia HEql tr}r} +
    e ,^.+i.^.el
    "En€t 4\r!4.
    sgol .!oJE 2i
    ^t ElEls+ g+el
    9.e
    EE EFC
    ^UTEojolEl.
    2)
    -ee-{4 d3
    u{
    ^}€6+= Hq+ dtl FP {z}:i}o1 g,'1 ut*441^l-1 =
    qlHxlz} ++61 Ai
    '6+/l q1.3"il EiloJoil^lel trrg dEJel +Jss^lE 4E-61^l -X,a'|-4. r?]
    r+ +rl:_ * +{^l lrJslE-c t7l €=oil^.lel
    !l_? E4/4zl 1l4ilq
    dl'j+"il^jL- +d <d. €t].6[+ "l al4 EJ^]. qfi."J,{ €|.il r,}H9l;-}
    4 q+9E1. rrl*+el .i,q+e tCif et 1500m/sol,i!!. 1440*1630
    m/se- -r HElel +"1 nul. ++ ++e +e. <,Je "; +?t $.il Hl"{"-l
    q 714!t:t.
    €rtl ^l€-Eli- ++ ++ c(m/s)el 4lt^le ';l+rl au+.
    c = r 449.2 + 4.623 0.0546 T2 + O. 1605 P + L 39 1 (S - 35. 0)
    "-
    qzl^'i. z= i-q(t). Pts f9(kgf/mr)..t= e€.(PSU)olrl.
    d-4lF- ts}4"l.l^l= SEq BEI?1. 4-o-I,-s- €-+€- +Le-g oC6'J..3 1l*ol
    '$=El-. 6llolol^l f-e4l rI* €.+9 9zl csIE:1eJ 11-9e| zJQ.:r*
    oI^.lE +-_e.ol rL_o-p_F_ €-4ol ui_E,ul, f-{ e}+qlqE +--e-ol Ea4..]
    uJolzlF-F- €-+.1 El^l +col :".2|.941
    sglts rl4 i-og
    =qTlEl.
    49 sta oJ4ol 7o=7l6le,F- €+e dil E4+lEl.
    6!"J"{^l €+ol alA?l +g odf f-e s}+el ts}E o}uil, Alol s}
    1000m4lrl Ll4Ll=EI ol I-g jlt|+(SOl,All, sound lixins and
    Ianglng/vlq-/ ?ILi,
    {8 ll . .|]gs qt
    €-517}+?.rl +lBEl= ae 9-a_9 .t]u-1^1 ol-f,-,e_j,r-, $rlr.: djilq"J
    qlLlzlTl. f,6"I {:i-s1"1 e}ol1l4. ,$"}el si=,-. S-i,tel +.i}1i,].
    ^l
    *olzlE g+zl.7ld tBsl= lrl: filo}ll4. ul4^1 , c Tlrlol srt
    H.g trllcl= *e ++<-,:: q+.1{ trl-;}+, *dJCol+ edlbe
    =-
    '9-qzlal gq..
    _8-,il= _3-4_"1 El,=- +"11 .o-t,1r rJl^t.oJllltr
    fl
    "J^lg ul "l,--- 3€-ot/l,E
    4. +6el '3-+:'3-+"1 lltl,3 A"I^l +g e-"ri iiqd';}. tr14^1. +
    +.1 3li9 +.1^l ,3+L:.Hql7ll 5l{ ,S-yt,-.-9lo}rlli: -=aq,.,l1l
    '9*_n Tl
    rl4,Zl {lEJ€Et. ole} Cg a€ .$ji} 5.;'i(sound channel)a}_/ tr}.

    rg [ -9 6llEf oll^i el
    '\ g^l E4 "l
    t. =+9
    nr rg ee =

    6'l q+elEB4 €€
    (L

    {.} ee
    dl+ +ql: B slnl:rrllf 5 qej /lal 9.I,.-zl --"ol 9lg
    c}"|r:ii-, qJ

    q. dli'lkc 6'11 5-.1 9l+ g+q #zl9 eots +4t aC ge


    (salinity)ol$ -f4. gE-el EJ9l'-, dBT"J :,19(permil. %) '.i: 4
    + g A El9l PSll(practical salinity unil) + ^l+6Jq.
    r3l+ 6lli=oll €6ll€ .,leel g7o7"u-,'lnltlE*o14. ge-e,,- dl+ d
    ilql ad "lj- ,fe tsg qql^l g-61'4. 1l nlt+el 75%e1 6[+/l g+
    H91 34.5-35.0 pStJ ^1"1"il Eil+t:}. r?ll^l oJ'lt4 o I Ell"Jel s+
    e "JC.}Eli1 /ld'6uil aE}.

    ' !t SE Efl(Psu : practical salinity unit) r+g 15t, E= c]17l?l(17loJ)61011^1 b'il


    + EEel trl lE8al ae eEe+ oJqo{^l "JqeE(Kct)lrl d7l uEa4el cl8E| g6f
    01, 0l Bl€ol 1?1 a+: !et6l 35 PSUTI sJcl.

    2 .|l+s !: 49
    200
    -ll* Esq g+e +9.4 ,J+, ++el
    +"J, AB.4B Fall el4q d4EE{, +
    cm 8l ?gtl zJ+"l 37ll St}g EE4.
    100
    a :18 ll-10!+ E"l g4 +84ts iJ+r.l
    "l 6g*Hq r*-eE-e gEe *d +4+
    zl'J, egE a$rll= +g*.1 zJ++sq
    r*sos g+g ts41 44\}4. r?.lr 9l
    E E 50'"l^Jel nflEe A++ qeol *
    cm
    (s) Al LlE}r+= ae +^l zJf*ol +g?+!_4
    y*o144 qgol4. + ;iq"I^.i gBol zl
    - 100 * *al L+4Ll= zlSte *e H6l7l +ol
    Ht4E +gElil qleqq, aBol gle
    rH [-10 *+e(fl. ar]l 6$a ^l
    (r-4, ss Be(5)9 t1E
    =g*(,o,
    ss 6|qq^lE sE geg *atq4t4.

    6 .t+q pn
    € +.I^lE 4e.*el g e4/t +a "lg(H.)4 +t$l "le(oH")
    oe ali4oslq 4g!+ ee sla+4 €e"l q+q4 gEl.
    Hro
    = H'+oH
    6lf +.il^J ol F olg tsEq B [H'] x IOH ]g +94 gg"il u]e]
    E{i E}exl"J. zl9 l0 ''mol'/n<g'o14. +E ?ql +4' olgol Bgtr
    ,lt^Jol'.,4sE "Jg4dol4.
    pHts 9€ +Eel t^dEe d+q *eralTl +l6lq +4 ole bEol
    +q 1}+e.1(-logH-)Atg +t a"lEl. pHz| 7 o1g +.d.lr, i'l+=
    pI{ S9z} 7.5-8.4e Et g+qd"lEl.
    puE *6Jd zt+s=. qilsl*azl 6I* s+ql^l 8.0-8.4s-
    ^vqts
    ,.JCE E* 4++se += tA.el 4,q71 3 ?'l+ql^]* 7.5-7.8t=
    =n.
    *4.

    6 q+ Es EE zrel

    tiel pa.$ ul$ol 4?+ 2t%.79%"1^l*. Hl*€-ql^l= rITl


    EIzIE
    oi EIEI t7l El a +ol^j f Elge
    '++ M%.66%71 94. tiE
    6ll
    aJ.td€-el rsql gs8.ls_e oJd* 016l/}- qtr d=.1 BTlb6ldl €4.
    . flal(*x) :ltgEol 7fE, g;il Eel^t8oll el4q r €e.e.e.7fq4 g6flE ge7lts sd
    50 I
    tsl*E-ql \-"1 ?l=+= tli= "-ll* sE -?il.il^l= 471tr5-El 4d
    -E'*Elj]. lt 4€el 'J*€ zl€-.o-l- C€qq ,{!} *47} Elzlq}. +C
    "l 4qZlB cgq i€] 3l+.o_F- L iF,*ol g'<)lzl 1000m i--341^J
    4i:<tg +E+'JE+.
    6il+ +el di:- -ll* dErl zld zl?1 +{,3- $l_o-L}. dgt el
    ^Jlif.l
    alq g*g+.J "let9lg "J=4 Elq, 5.- C+ol +rl6t',{ dlaJ"l
    +rlelr+. .l Sl"l "l+ eq qtelEJn= L'll7l5r--?El E* 6ll.J id:iel
    ,a+ "l"l ,J€9r4. "J-JCg Q+ uNoll :tF-rJrl.
    dl+ +ql '-*ol 9]-i .ltalEJ,r9 ?t9 45'54 nL/La 'Jd6i4l +
    zl El . t5|EJrel oJ-ol ++6+4 Ll rl.J +Ell 7l rl E dl zjjel .]ca'
    =rll "l
    +.1 -Sutlq44 ddqq r.*ol i€_gEl, +,_i oltli,'l.Fllel *9- $
    € aliel E_{p}L cJzl dl"}.*i"I^J ?]aol3-, +'tlol :d-7}aJ++ x}
    o}1lrl. 4= qlTl ;ql olol .rlo|! r.l E4l7l.rl! 914"J.
    "ltElElael
    "X*,3-
    qe {s cgzle; olt}E}E}:rc}g .a€6}ts el i+g 6}a 9.lE}.

    sE4€ | +qq+e(n-g=($=d
    ollJ-= i.g4 B€-"1 .19 t"Jd 4Eltl dtl+
    'Jqel/t €d5lq r dl+ 5+e.1 c
    39 ^1..1;L
    9l: .d+z} oJEl. ole+ a-3, 7.iq9! 6ll+ Edqal€, Jirl ($,ater. mass)4
    jr aJEl.

    rg
    II 114 +".]. d+g f -ojl €€* +s-" 6-1"] :relse L+El$ 49 +g
    "Je +C(7LS diagram )q4i1 +El g.+ ''r'3el 6l+i- +e"l 22c qlel"ln g
    3* * 35.2psu.l^lt, fC 300rn -?*sl 32

    6l+:-'igq E l2t. gE-g e| 34.2psuol


    t5nlro*
    Li. Et?+i. E+ +=E +J.]e+ +C 300m,? 24
    60m

    --el i4L- r €4"1 ,rlt- r|-=,ets 4.lr ?J


    100m

    f 9.1'=!1. q4g + +tlel dC FJAoI EI-e, 'c


    trl: 'lg el',]+rl. f3lrlF_ +94 gee- -12
    6l+el +4a}= +.o.al tlzlolr|. 8
    =gg
    g'l!4oe +grl gtg 6il+c_o.l *z}, 7l
    g E-9 +EJrl 'J+"il elal aa5lq. "J'J dll 0
    34.046835.0246
    S= (0")
    +Hg rrll+ 1l+"J +"1= E}= +1l4el .q6*
    "ll eldl^ll} r €4"1 Ug + ?lEi.
    -el -r i ?- c =rl

    2.;r1+.1 5ii 51
    O+e
    41 2il ,(tlal ql d 0l-164^l gE +de +.e Bt iP +E4l€
    ^l-+
    6l9El. f/l+ idmts Bg'rlE flr +Cm 4"141 9l= e._-EllE-
    ol€al 9l:zl 6l= ,i.l -E-zlgtrl. reI^J 7lllrl 4"1 tr. €E4lolEl.
    dE -qE4= Fia€ i'e] rJ?l+ql= I ir F'lc|:, ?.Cee z1;g- g.
    ol
    ^l+Elzl ,p*"".lS].
    "lli,d4.I^l 4= "J^lel i!,.zll9 ,J++gs ^l
    +sla 91q. .r. .i- ?lololi El= "-€el cEl= {+4 o_e 7l+iJ + 9l
    E zlTl +d +gAl(BT. Bathyrhermog|aph )/l /IgElg+.
    ail"Jg E4z]"J +4- "Je, +e, +C 5.1 ila rJal=, Tlzljl 9l
    -o-s,s- "lE€ + ?l:- d.il /tiplol +ls6ltl q9q. Czl
    -F^].il
    =,trr9
    *6+9 ggtl trJgq +q'dq C'+;+q ^f S6li- cTD(conductivity
    temperatule and depth profrling systern)/f 4gtl9El. +dql q'=J-
    ?S(dzl 3,---E). +gel S1+ ++ "l gel ++9 ill+71 715-oJ t^l
    "lq. ++ zlei'- r'J jiEl ^lz:flr+ 4Aqq ^ld. 6'lq "f E*.i+(ge
    +g "JEel €4 gl:E. T-S!=)/l /l:.5fEl.
    aJrJ. E= r-gq fr34"J +j'-= q !- +IAel .14r+ qnJ ql+ €ql
    LJrl ol+ql{, -F^l.l ,,}H+1+ dlqsl +9. +_{€.r}"+6}= rl -c,e_rf
    El. 4=ql=.J* 9l{{ el+ +.+ol B€-Ul. ,-lal 1I 12ts El+ dlloJ ull
    7l-{ 71* ++ 9ldol zl,3- e}sJE +d9 sE '61+
    €r.'34-o1c1
    lg ol4+el Fi€-44-3- Elir:+ 7E^19 all+..]
    *49fr uteld jlolEl. +e^lg-q "J,+zl .JoIi;,-
    j.--qel rllpl tliizl 9ol 6!r-=r,il ,L-*!al q?]r}. 5-
    611 6J/l+-r{ql^l al r++El al+zi +E6l^]
    "'}.jie+
    d c (fr.ont)-,"r "Js_=ri alEa! -o-_+- .{ol: *ol r}.

    A dcel !.+ol ol+ -,3 tB+'lrl. "l.J *tul i.g


    +al rtal +E E59 +e +4 +S-= +l^ds.e u.otolt$ 4lt. F- "J + 914.

    ffiee
    .Jee dl+el oJnl++el t7l dEEq dle^'l Eolzlq +7Ig +ol
    +. 1960'Jrrl "l?'l H+g_ $lq4 4dcl -.ldll +aElflrl. al+ Ltl_"-l sI
    q4 EAel Hl* EE- rit4ql'(l 4el d6lrl g_o_e,r,, al+g sli*€
    52 [ ;]rt-gt 5N
    4d;lr *+= -$€'lq 99'fr +C;]-HE+ :ral'+ q ',JHe +dql ^l
    t.l 44r =3lq Hal4q. -s="Jqle d7l4 +dBq ,l*Elq zlel
    l.= ge .'ll+el dzl dLL= atrrq]-9-e.^al ?iEJqil il4. ol
    =dq
    zl€3 €;ll +414 e_a s+!+9 4.1q, !lq^l t+e clTD ^11:EJ_o_
    i.- gEq €zl ec€ +d,*EI

    C+ qA i x16 urrl I cTDel +:sel oll


    ^lE

    I c]TD= rH II-134 e.l +e +rl+. +.tl ,J^lP. +lzl ilEE,Jzl+e+ rl.l


    tl ^l;l+e f^dqq "Jq.
    E +d6J 7l+g feJ rr-13r+ eEl. +d6lrl d"l -d tiel +dg nl4 a^luil
    EEl. fg.il^l: icol 200m99,,e 4ls+-:, ic 0-200mii dd;il, i9
    (n, g+($. g5--(,) E *3 {}i(0F-; z}z} €d+El.
    gE gg E= t* +3
    E "l 44e
    id 37 mql
    +g ++"1
    =
    zll6la 9l*9
    "J + 9ln. +
    P'+ g+q I
    zl :12-4 irlol
    EJ
    + 9Lq
    ra [ -13 cTDe] 43 7t= ql

    f}++
    zld4sE fr49 =i-c;tE rllb + 714 *'jq rlEt,
    d darl ,JBg *9'tl{ dle+El El+el s4al-3 f*H-e "llB.}
    ac +*.I Eolt_ 4,.14. olel aol +olll rl doil^l €-el 6E-g +c
    al= A9 -sgel^l +,dB(Ad +AB)"lE+! 6Jrl.
    F dsi 'JBe F:el oJ4/t +41"J ull .fag +216}= 4qE}, qlE,
    58. "JC"J &lolel _a--$41 r+4 +4.l= +jr-3 +z16l= aol4. ola
    C 4_1++4 +dB("J4 i4E).lelr "JEt. olcl'* +-E +4 %lRe-

    =1.80655 x g.taJ

    2 .rl+sl 5A !B
    s+ tl€ I tg / a^t i +e +a gdq ?asl
    ^tEg
    dE €,Ealel 471 SE4E +iel ^l+Hql qlal o-]ol- H zl.

    IIE
    B d5' ts'nl(Reversing Thermometer) I 'J I
    O+2, +15- gEA= reJ II-14e1 A..l +gEAl
    e+ +-q54E- +^dqq 9lEl.
    +eEll
    i
    n
    on}'ll:+d6J 4= rd II tsel ae "Jd!^l ;l ".iffi1
    +71-=- ^l+6J4.
    (a) .flE--o5-2.|9 417*=a ol4l+o,a alq 4+ +:F ll
    4rlral 4."1
    z14l atalEl4, ,,,| []ft|
    ^l-+. .roll
    (b) +d6lq: i,z-41 )ll?i7171 _E"J-6141 El".r.',J]

    CzJ (messenger)-rl elolq Ll-!.41 url'$ -i: o1

    zllE ?lol,q ,l,+71z: d_E^lArl. EE4lel


    ^l_E
    (c) 5llldlll a"l ei{'lB 5q =Lrl +-ETllel
    ',.g 9l=rl. = D
    J

    tl
    B rt2l +d +e4(BT. Bathythermograph) d
    I
    lt-l6i+ A_o_q. ,J
    ^l7l +,1 +e,,,Al(BT)=
    ]1eJ
    g.Y-': -:rd qrl(xylcnc) -3. ;i 3 'J
    ol
    m d E.el 2
    15 (c)

    jr /li: ;++-:. lJel -ur+ol ,J 2- /49-P-. a ':3 .rs [ 15 tr.!] il|+7le.l a]E
    -"r98*l(Bourdon s tube)otl 9a^l7lr-, ;++
    r-tlel 71 4le1 4tr+ ++,3 411l €-4loJ -o,5'. cs+^14 7l+rJ4l 7l+51,tr-q. -J ,i
    "ilel
    olcl.
    zl{$i-
    ftel4l nF,r. 5+ 5'E, 5-g gq} +4+-qi- ,i19 +3"J zl,{ol _r zl
    j+ol rlq,
    +d gEel €E= +0.05t. ++l? t% at=t, 1,1I l.z1 'llrq trl.
    7t4 "J g
    +q5+ ,,
    7lq ql
    t5-

    IN B
    "'ffi-gtrpql,-
    ir F,f-tlll+-1-fJ
    .',01 E^10 :
    100 m

    ra -16 +3 e51l
    ^l7l

    54 I 6Nii"
    =,!l
    a{
    :g [
    rlE^14
    -17 ADCPeI
    +d flalE

    il
    ?l* 9l^Jg "l+e +4 ^llBs-" gd6lq EI."t 6ilFg €+oil olgel
    a gEt. tirJ, 3l+.ilE 6J6il +?] d+ql^l €+4sF, ++ "JE _r.a
    E +ddJ f sl= .r.g lt-l7r+ g€- ADCP(Acousric Doppler
    Cunen! Profiler')+ ol+6la il4. "lE +6"11 gil€ grlq ESa.l
    -s.4e-?El ++g +46l= aoe. ++ tstr€ 6le
    ^ltql +dgl +
    91ts *dg 7lzljr 9J4.

    fl+'r
    ulqq B^l* fi+q^l+q {flrlz}:l .1,?94oi;-}lr. r EJ^} Bfl
    s.4*al Hstrj* B^l +zl4l 4e E-^l.del 9l;l= dq;] +d6l=
    aol +,q4q.
    4#44 61 } ijl+el El++g c*"tl^l "l+qa7l Elslrql. dll"J +g
    I dEE Cgel dEel Ae +=ql^l ?lEi5lq4 zltl Cjr+ .il^ls=-
    q+* zl+ 6JBol+ a_3 alBs]_"-.q.E +e6lgq. :1el+ ol4lE cd
    "I^lgc] olLlei ++ +=a, sl* *4 sol(buoy), 6tzl +aE, 6il+
    49 zlzl F CE!+L, B7l j? r a*9 q4E 7lA ++ ^l€el A+d
    9lzl Au/l s+Elr 9lr+.
    t'l+.lE CPs(clobal Positioning Systcm)4 gg fld dl* tilzt
    4gqq, d44 ?m9 dslE= zlzl= 9:l +C"l /l5dtrl gee
    4! .s.+61ts +jt-:iel 9lilE +l€.il^l ad6.l + tl4 qflEi. olal+ +l
    nJB ol€-* 6tltel zlE +lil +d +al7l CE tdl 7il9.
    ^J ^l^d*
    .l+El! 94.
    B+s
    azl4l +.tle-l +de *A{ +e g.} "ll*lq 4"19 +d4gsq.
    .= 9- /rtlg.l ,St AHl^l +Czlzl zl*9114. rel,l .lel+ olBg
    646t7lq +€6lrl ^ltol $ol Ae!fr, t+4.J +dC g + 91fl
    q. rel^l -"c-rlgl zlTl€, c!^ld, 5+^J€ ol$;]{ $${_qe +c+
    + llt- +6J +47171 /l"Jslfrq -3-dJ +d tl4E +rl= +?_o-9. .E
    qq .jlzlHoil H]^I6l-ol 9ol9-e El 4"lE ^lag +d;lq 4"1g=44
    ;l= aqul.'
    4=ql= olclQl +41 grl;- olsoloJ f4ls"J.lul4, q-3ol+;llzl
    zlQzlzJ $zlg- + 9.1:- qf BzlTl (iishfinder) , allzlB +^l 4.+
    (soNAR) tsol /lgqq B+ql + qgc J'*al-/ 3lEl.
    "tl?I

    914 EJr' l( Rerrcte Sersing)

    Il eJ4 EJ^lel cel : 6J+?l "l oJ+ flt 5ql Tzl-EJ ,J?.171= olao6}q
    '{.1}olLl ^1-E., ^l
    ;llo;, .11219 ol ++ +rJel rlltlgq^l tsJ^t g't ljJ^lsl.: {zlrl€ EJ^I6}J ol= 7}E-
    ^J,
    e+Et -tr71, 6ioJ, rJe "; :.|+l4l rll.il CEE ?q olE 6ll.16l.: ?lSg "JtEi.
    I eJ4EJ^lel ?el :eJ4EJ^ttlelel 4lEo-E:.rer Il-18"1 ?El.
    o ^l+tq ?: sE E^H el+-tr-+El qlq^l= "JsE r 4lel €-el, al6l4 5dq qzt
    n+3J d7'inl€ uj,t| .E! uJ^l6l4l EJEI.

    @ eJ4 "J^l: olel ?ol q]^1, *^t5lq I tT}Tlrlel oJg +{6}q "J-s.t rJg ?: a
    ol -r +EJ ?dlolEl.
    @ d47lnl 4;{+€ qtrlql EJ1ildl-n o;:LF ql 4a} "oJ*71 g4 ?^} e.: oJ* 9l{ eJ

    7r eJ^lzl 6Jct.
    Arl+( sens ng system)

    0 +e -$8 sot:*t(*jqdi ollL-l11?l

    d*6l], F4t), +tg(6x+9, qi o


    +s+), 'Jg(tB +el, ++ €+), \drlil
    oJa(+4 .i dlloJ sg, E l +]?), I

    ,(teJ B^(r14, +xIeJ, €tg €


    4l(zl:l+ td, -n.F"J tel "l Zl
    al, zl5- +oJ, ?ltl ++ F :trB [-18 d47l!te] g4 EJ^l gelsa
    ^1lAl,

    D=tsoo"*. D: +d, /:3Et7t 6l|rloil sJ^lqol Solt qlzl^l eal=


    ^11{i)
    56 [.6tig! =€
    :r -t --e-I - l
    I L- l--l .l-_,
    -=t-t-'-.t-
    ','t ,-t--
    rt?olt FE6E x= .il+

    611+el SEII -4+E qU 9 "J + 9.1trt.


    "Ja!
    r.11r[ 4+el "Jtj g9!l r g -..]g ol6Ug + "Jcl.
    4eJel gd 394 r 21arg ol;t1g + o;.lcf.
    =+g

    fl oflF

    4el g4rel jiE= /}.<li;ll,j.e-l i.irJl9l 6-il.9 6l+rlj| alrl . ol


    ag tsfE+el ,Joll Hl.ft+lrl. 6llii_l-'' jt;..llil Ul! ol.Ll al ElLl_o,l
    'rlriiel
    4-,9-- *ql lE -6-
    2 ,1 "JLl. "l el. {}e 4 rit.j y++ g.l Ll al L' -g'q}a}q .
    ^l
    7l+qli- -?.J6jg 7l .<11 .J'il. ol tsJ -J 6l +-ql "Jd s;,1?19 +{.1"1 .

    d [, ,l i:Ct ;+j-| .rl,j <l ilol.ll {i.

    6ll+011 4l$6l= g
    -:+"1 l;q 9l: iJ* ,,iql Lrfdilol irlr. _o_li"l tt"-f.x,.l , dll?iql!E
    .ll+Yl i"ls Hl+ol ++uJ -6-;10l ll^Jrlcl. "l ae ulq].ll _o,l6J
    'Jlea
    o
    jr- all+zl +d7l.zl rllt-olEl.. rrl-e..i:- El.Jg
    'Jeqe dll+:- g^J^l7l
    E I ,lzl9l 6J olEl.
    {!sl, 6tl.}"I ql.Jg"I el S} z}oj s] i}ol . 2-j:+!1. €=gi}el :}ol €:
    =
    -o-_r_
    .Jr._71.
    4,J ali=zl.t-g6l7ll Elr'],:r 4rl alli'd9 +*ol ilol-E
    dzl4l gEl. r?ll,.l zlEd.q! i--tlel +.3E,rl^J :1 fl.il ilE 6lj.ql elal
    3l+61'= -Jel t-g-3,H.'j. ol-,--,.,.rl9 t:r ,- *9'*g-B:lul dzl
    "1
    /l 9E1.. .l Ell. H}Ei€g .J4"1 .lzol
    ^l *g
    ./,?. o r,1_
    sell olts oJ
    =9
    9'*=rl, olrl .6! 6Jg 914 ?r.4o1a1n 6.lq tsl*el C€4!l +71 1
    ilzl9! iJ oil +,{}E}.
    EloJ 5-!l Zg I ilslgl e ol t€-a1q E-i-ol ^l 4t!l tl E S,g dJ'dll;+
    E ol*4ol l+61.7] ^lzl-dl.jr, 6J"l ill+ zl€-a.lol g,-r.ei 4uty 214
    zl,c "l*4 1 il4"J
    r,-- 6J4l 7.14^1. di.I.:
    .6J
    !l n|lelol frf,$ ol
    +41 EIE trl.tl^] -a-i-e rl ol{ zlxlxl ?}:,r "j4aj ed-+/l 94.
    '}944 'Jq +il7l. ol{l -,,o:-E-g ^l1l8J,o-r,:_&l Ed EJo} 4i€,;-1,: €9 2
    il*l ?! dJ ol el. +rI. + d el ill:i:-o_l .8,-E ol Ll Etl /l el .g,o.;=ql +s6J
    ^l ^l
    e.l gg ut::,:.rl€-tl ol((tor.iolis tblce)-rc 2il4loJ 5J ql dl*{lL}

    rfiFelsc iJE
    1l rl-dF
    .llr="+ il-g-7l-'.'- --rltaf ulg-e, - zl9lEel r"'9 *"[ trs1s-e] "1^1-5 "1
    ul. fr'r-/i/l "1:;- ule;r.ll el6ll ol?Eg
    "l|.
    leJ Il-lge| iJol ddJ:q,l el 4]

    €.o j,t -?\'L+oll^.i-.:-+aJ"tl rN rl].r1 -9.p,4.c * €.slr. rjrllrrotl^l= eJ

    +_q !- €ql+. :r+41 5l rll Y-q +.rl. eJ^l+ 6fi+uJel i9l /l !_


    tg [ _19 HlAoll el ^lolel
    "J 6|]i,el sd(+ti+) ofzl Es.+917f +g_ *9.e
    q-Fl *-"_- *os 4l.Sal= +
    E- ,or Es.l ol LlEhlr+.

    "la'.]'l d"Jqr+ +"J Ar.


    al €:oi +alo'l4l !l yl ,*
    ol ,J

    q ?+i_. 6il+ulel tslC.l1 ,3


    EJal4l -6_d4l tl:rJl . ole+
    4-,"_- zle+ela drl.
    F,*-3i
    .s++el €+: zlg+el €
    d * zlzl += a,'ll +e +zl q :l
    9lrl.
    58 fl. ill:ls
    =ll
    2) +leF
    flE tsl*.] gCt'*'6]oF- Zl+ BE Ht*ql E+ H€4gr
    -all+E
    6ll+7.l' €47lss 6flir/l
    ^Jarl. olel ag all+_E a++ lEe +^d ,Btl

    Fel.l 4q. _*.8 5iljrrts rtl?Fc.l *l*Fol4.

    ".i E+ aJ+ : =rt.g,rl


    7'l+*el sE -.E4lE zl? ztd{ 9,tEa "J4. :eelge ril
    "C6}9
    ,l+ oil+el -g5d5-- 7'l+ zlCE EJtsEli:, A€
    036}-.0r
    ^d46lq+ flq.
    _fal II_20!+ gol t^l7tl '*5]-e-F- rl{.!6}= fl'l! 9.1"il^l ++g 3el
    E ++9 +ll4e ee+oe +iq{E}. "lzl9 {t} 9l€- Srlz}= i'+
    oll olil ,99$oe. q€ 6J.l zl+61ts 4il+ lr"Jq.
    "le]+ dc"e al
    {16}= rl+oil^lE L+4k}4.
    rB Il-2loil^lild 4?9
    4r-41^l tr Sel B6"t"l 9l= zl E^";9 Aal
    ag 6}6lq eZ!€- g^l4.Elj1 ;-lzl. q F-4e g SE 6J4q +dls t
    5';-}jl g.lsLl. r E|glql zlsHel Azl ce A'4d4.,<l zl+16i9:.-E s
    ++.il'Jts 1\?rzlzl ol :,i49 -H,E +e zld(A')trEt 9-++o-z +l
    q4 '9q^Its Ces,*+;.14. +. eFblE E4q eg-+-o-s q€ C
    "l 11,S.1-: aileJ Eol:EI. ol ?-:i 'aelgq dJ :rL- 'd6*4 "14
    .a ElEl.
    3el,$el of,g +Hl-Foll^.l S4lel 3€ dj6}"il r.161 93+ zl4',*6J.
    Bpl,Fql^lE eJ+ *14 HJ6"!o_ir- zl+{!4. d6}qel a7l(A+: +lL(e)
    el rl"J(sin)alql ulql6ir. 95 4E(2.)"|l Hl4laJ4. !E*, gnlg daJ
    (nt\"| €it; v)4u1. +. r'l.Ej4 (Og- qg+ +"1 *.^l{+.
    C c< .ttt . t,.sing
    d6*4e r.il+,E j" f--5-6lE Eil7lr+ 6l+.ll^l -"F{q +E}*4.

    (rlc 8EJ)

    fg n -20 tlt SBJoll^l ?+9 t5 ra [ -21 tgaJ4 e5 ae

    I 6lliq EE 59
    +l++.I rflt qeC qg+ '{lg-e olr.Jlol
    4. rts s++el olF Eldlg dlg-el g-8F+ oJil
    6lzl g*oq, qtsJ?"ilcts 1ilrr-22e+ e"l sE
    I 4+E *E'el eE+ee 45' €*qq olF6l
    q, ol 4e +dq 4qa++ d"l azl? ++e
    +}'61q, ol= 4"l4ld= ui++ Hlql **9 dll+
    7l ^1714 €qa 6lgEl. lrl-?+.q. e+ 4+E fg
    II-22e+ 4-ol qd€c ol+q B6l=r.il. ola9 ql
    3"J Llcolelr glEl.
    s.€ sll+el *dJ4 ElqlTt qts tsJ.Jq 4F7l q
    rg [ -22 olla"JE
    4qE *4zlq 4ol€- ol,* xl6] dEeln 61E4,
    e++eg
    ol 4ol= ++ql uldl6l4 4rqq 4"Jql,Rl= qq
    100-200rnzl 94
    *vJ. HtgE g6}€- Ets aqzlzlq +g ol*+"14a 6lEr{. s}a
    + Ll"il^l 6ll+el €+4"J "1€! *E],g :L8}ol 44q ge+ 90" *6}0l
    gE+.
    "lag "l|3"J ++(s.++9 ol5)"lell ,*4.
    a*=
    3l
    HlEl 49 *g.s+El +E"l E+o"e t+,"=l= €*g 8?"lela aJ
    q. +++ +oil= +€ drzl ga, 5*3Eg €*41 gs6}
    ^lE-€
    Ealg. +tg g at€ _Fel €"Jg"l ++614 4+ql SelaEol H
    dElJ|. fql wlr] 9Fzl +a€ qE4.
    +*"1 gqLlts +gsle Bl*"Jrl, rH Il-zs'l aq +'J+9 qq

    rg l-23 gE t3
    . 0l3Ej(Ekmcn, W. 1874-1954)' : ^glElel 6IoJ Eal4xt. ++F olEg qg*.
    m [.6loJsl
    =€
    ^16il*"il +*q *H. E+ 4+= ql3"J ++ql el6iq El*el
    *71?}
    9E+ 90"r8-6JoJ e.loll +eE "l+rtq. ole4l ol*'e 4?E u+atl
    +71 9l-i^l €91"il^l= c+se-?El ilTig 6-ti+
    7t +4s7il tl=rii. olalit €*-."r ?lt ++.14?
    e!4.
    zlq€- El+el 4q
    ^i214-o-s +BEl €91 ++
    gqot €91. ts"lel ri+ olol. olEelTlel E-E_3
    €.J 5olq. olE S?| dlq.IE +3- q*.1 eC
    9q elEi.
    '{!rl, rfl It 24e+ TJol 4E ^lqqE ++ol oJ 9 +3
    gqq 9:Eil. olAe 4E-=- Anls "J+.il^l +=
    o(30J

    +qtl"ll e.]6,! q3t ++ EilE-olEl. fg [ -24 45' t6

    6 at+etrl+g
    rl s=+E
    5ll+el t+e iE+ f,6J4 99 f,c] + 7l7l+- *-rd d4i+ f 1l
    4. "l4t 6tl+ t+el g"Je Ftl"Jel +^lg"l 9lji,--ql qc+ q_=-71 EtlE,
    r.i. jr9lE ailEsjr. olFdEJo F_rl g"ILl zl=- H+6il
    "J ^l9lEel t+71
    +j1. "l *41^l .d4€ 6J+= 4rl zl+ll. 4q_qg_ .$zlol4l €El. ol
    e.l+oil+el gFeq€ *q^lEr.8tJ;-l nlszl qlt-"il 'EtqE Colr+
    Er.l/lE a}'q. 5d+ E|l+el oli?'ol €q4 914.
    s+el +s 611+el srg Btr +e-F419 *sel *B'6-l +^lEJg
    "J i 9ltsEil. olE ul*ol S.+ atFe-l €oJolelts Ell= gdq olrlT}
    S+. +^l 96lB. EI"Jel ?+l+ql tlt *inatts dl'J€ lzl'J€ f'$
    og { zJ9lEel +q+4 69lEel el61q u}6}9 E.+
    'J^l+.l ^l4l
    6ili ++.1 "Jq+= aqE|. olE 6l+el Frl= r.i7l 200-300 m ol4
    qE 4+e 1000m iC{z};41 ol e=ql. tst*el oJa}€ EJE qlaR} +,
    ol 50m ol6lElB qE4
    "leAl TlEle dl+€- "Js7lE7l 6'tE I,E.l
    zITlEl + 9lE+.

    4E' 5-3el 6li+t- 4= 4qel Eifiql ],i++ .J^Jg e"J4. :


    El5il

    3 II-25q1^Jel A"l .+€; +q+ql el6tl^l +91 E 12" +iloil^.] +4E


    6llFrzl €;+ql^]
    ^]+ss Ae j1. +91 E 5'"l-61.I^lE B4E El+7i
    E+ql^l ^l+9s F_eq, I ^lol= Hlr.4 +"1 {.e 4.E. R!+7|. ^l+
    .I
    ^l F+s-e o.-e.a 914.
    j .-l]+et e5 61
    re I -25 4.E
    ++e.l .l{+xl
    sr5 l0 5

    E*, 4E +*9 ie E+'.} 4f .*trg] +ol dsl *alE trE +


    €el*.l cEJqle 9c s + ilii. olql ul€ B.sEl+g d6}q9 HJ
    6"t B+€ +AEIE 6i+E .6-Eg d41 q"+al + gq.
    e€, sEge 9JE 0'+eel $.+ sll+ "Jqlil 'o}* ++sE, ^l+41
    i.l 54ge a.gts 4E ++=d gA6194. _zqlr1 o1 EE *+E sE
    El Eli+?+3 +CEl.

    rg -26 a€E
    tllFel ff4-!l 4E EJ

    +etcl +l^l -!+xl

    fB rr-269 1958€.il 14ffSql^l ++€ rEeJ al+g ++4 +


    e Bs H 4E HlFe+q 9:l +413 +4d A.lEl. 3Eg 6ll+E +
    4lzl "* 250 m ol z, 49 e+ 300 km "]4, 4!
    ++61 1 50 cmls 4 I
    E dlrzl ,J* 6ll+q4.

    2tcs +g
    6[+Rq A^te .Jd d7lE,(]B+e ql3"J 6q F't].il El4€ .U.€'
    6l ele +dzFl €-F€ "Jsa4. rl.l'-l "JE d+q g6}-e_e +.gol
    4qd++:r g6Je ,J6.-o-t_a, "J+ +g ++s-E 49 X.il* +94
    g+el €rlq qE EJE € E|"il el6fi^l €€ S{}( thermohaline
    circulation)ol "JqtE+.
    a9lEel tEll zl*"il^lE.S+el 6x+7t'd49q ar}6t=rl. "l '€^J
    e 494t"il €C614 +4t4. *.+ 44 4Ce ts+ 4* +Bql4 zI
    * gB6lil "l+q4q, -2x tlnlol "d499 'J-rz1 tlA s++E A
    &. n. tg! 5t
    t6lq dll4Y1* qel d al9lr. Esji dd6l S4l?lul. il i--.,1
    rl]<,Jel

    {+r'lel rl],Hr+-3, ol+rll "J=i' rtl+el 'iglotl,.l qzl {l i{olEl.


    +.+ 3i]ql^lE +^lE!'J1l- r-l".dol "Jq\lr-.lj,r +| j.g]eL]- nl+.3-
    oi^lolel- +cJ. otrql?l7l ril+otl elall i,iq,'^l,oJ or orrl . -t nl cJ
    ^lolel
    6llg -3-
    "il+ +j1
    o,!,-!rs -C
    U 1l+l +l+.i/l ,Pr5El ,i ol+l_,r. r{!+!
    ?9lElrrl +r}]rl"Jlrtr jiol,o_! u+rl,:- *+ /ltl,,i.ll Hlblyl rNEl
    ul 4 ,3- oJolEl. ol "; 4l 18 1lllol ,* yr, o ei,-El I ,J-;1-.-,- +ie €-= tl:
    7l z-ur;la gg ++l*.'t6l Cailql t:r* *#dlol ^J"Liol t' + oJrr-
    + 6ll +!_e 'J.i +,.lel C f+ ^J all q.io. d}L'}el iJ.lrr"la} +,q/l-..
    6J

    'J+rlliL rl*el ^l+"Jl rJf !l<)l n-=L:},/ ilrl! 9111.


    'i'!El. ol5

    +r]l^loJel rll.!r4L q;+ _i.ql{}_E- 5+ HID}oll&l /}4?}-,i .i'ig "J+


    rIE- +-o_t- lllcj gElTI k];- ril+ Y-Loll/.] 91tr *al-,4,1+. : LelllL- 4
    ol rl rll5:71. 4?l 4l q r,-.e. rlrl zla|$;ll 5lEl. ol i+-3_- *-i rll* g.f-r

    ^l
    al 'J'6}_o_g: 5El7I oJ ur= ?l L"Jlr.tr "J _!_.3 eN "3 g o g i i'l /f 4l +l
    El.. E}E_lel 5.3 +rl7l r:zzl +il tEe d1.l6l tll o,g4l +lrl(-rfl
    | 27).

    6fl+el Lll

    2 ^,Hi!t
    6F

    5N:;11_ ol o]-]r-o1l 5, t+J al +rl z.l o_i:, {-;=."1o -.r},J6}.E.qi*g f.


    '€d"l 6l a--_".1 +td 6 -E,g ++4a
    ^.1

    "lel;1-.r. -::! el6ll^J Ll.L].Ll-ts


    elr:l.
    af,',!' f ali.irJlol ?j illTf El?lg ril b- {!.r, il 17l. sl*lg ,rl-:- t.ai+
    r oi.i" +! 6:l
    :1d ll -28 7l5q el
    sE!31 rfi+sq EJs

    4q. sI3(E:- <!3)-E-+El 4+ R!3(E'e &z)ztlzl aalE ^l{}g e


    ri9 ?zlell. 4. ;r^lel +7le E I2^l{ 25+olFe 2el4 "J4
    (se t=)71 gqqe qe E 24^l{! 50Bol ,J-4^l ,''lz}$ oll
    ={
    "J E 50841 -:-qd4. "ldg atiFoJ"il g"l zl+:{el= E 13'4
    *d;-l7l 4gol4.
    44i d^;g "JszlE fl€r 7l4Eol4a 6lEE{, 7l=qE 37lb 4+
    6}ts a4(9.El.J)el delql Eldl6'la. zl+c+ d,ill ?}el 449
    ^ilxil*|
    ql H!Hl'.tlt4. 4"Jg g.EL4 .g+ol 37]EJ 4471 e,7l 4+ql.
    "I+
    q*ql
    q-4^1. 4rrel a4 e^Je- ?e. gq E4^l ^Ja4a c f 914.
    c.i el7l3Eel {-6}'+ olql Ee 4fEel +re _a4 rr-28+ 4
    gEll, TlaqE 37lE gel %L6J(A)'} jr. Hlql+(B)ql.{ zl$ aAl 44
    ulee, 4;g g 14 -a tsJq+s.e g"J7l^l .*a7l €q. rrlLl g
    E BJ6J!+ 90.21 Elts q_? *z7l Aq.
    t{,'lg trE('&)r+ rE(+)"J- 4= rts rr-299 (a)4H 99 zl
    344 4*el Tlaqol gzl^r'*ol^.1 6J4zlE-E rli4 a=el ilq,;

    6t€

    + + Ellg

    (a)
    ^tal(q.)
    fE [ -29
    ^la]q
    ee

    64 n. ,lgrsl 5al
    p'.l7l 7l.} 4zl= rlla)7} gq. :r.4? fg (b)48 t€4
    ^14(Eb
    alit 4.I= c4 E{.Jel Tlaqol 44 B-5Je-e zl+6lq Eg Tlaqol
    s+6tizl-s-e z^l7l /l* zl"}7lE r+(E= ia)ol €4.

    flSEA lE4el+rlelaFEla

    ll Hlg+lel g+=
    rB rr 30ql^l4e zlfel {5.84'Jel 4EEe e} 5" a^}4 9l7l q*41 4E
    P*9 e ^lee A.B-.C-D-As I el 4d6l= 5qi F dq *ae+ {!a7f .tJ
    ,l-Zlql(El"J?e). + +=el E4de 1El zldsl= 5cl t}a4 ?!az1 14"J o30
    El(g+=). +. flEql 44 "J3+ tL)l
    ^g7lE
    q;g clezil .l4uq.

    fEl I -30 "JE+=et


    g+4

    E AFEE!
    tr++^l H!"J+ a+el "J
    =+E a4oil
    + =+71 gq. a+E "Jilq 34rlg d
    dJ *%!!+ 4€ 4 "ld9 "JE"l4 6la.
    r +ql *6J:sE .aats 4frE €Bol+
    a aJrl.
    =F9 ++ EIEIE ^lc€- t d
    .l s"l tsa f59 +++ olol H.H
    =B
    rr 31al ae Elg.l f-;lzlEEll, ol4€ a
    + 4g"lel +eq. +e +-eel eg xql
    ^lL =+ 4g'l
    ol eJ+ 3+71 94. eJ
    q a+"lCts'JEol 4€-e +6Jol Elfl
    qd"l EEol g^l Czl6L= +tq C ff [-31 a+ Elg
    =
    7l:Eil, ol 4lel ,*ElE zll+(.$ift, slack
    tide)ala t4.

    3. ;li+el E€ 65
    +?+ 6lloJoll^l el 3;il+ r;ldl9loll
    -?-ts]
    HljnrJ *sq.56[oJql^]= tslEzl *
    ^l
    rldlqlq a+ *':Jql^l
    ';l(r+l II-32).
    .-.-* 3.5mola, ++9e C4'Jql q4
    _a)\t"t1
    1l^l 714 ft -''--3ql^l "-l 5.5m. ?!il
    ' ' t."lJ).riaFV":^lo
    - )!- 17
    " ?^ 1.3
    t3"l;,t1-- ei il m"l 9+rl.
    uJ5[9]el a:fi -,'-t"l I.2mdEol
    _il. ,J-ll rlat 6z16lo1 9lE !r
    ^l+gji
    3"1^i= E 3 motl YJ{!r}. _1ii]L} 5o'il91
    re [ -32 gal Llal r;l el 4it-:- 0.3m dt 4l +irlalEl.
    =6llE

    @f,1dg E*rle} r:!


    tstEloll LtTl -".71€ q gqql "*+q ltgg
    T4Ll 6lltl ltgg 6J
    ^l4l6t:. Aol 4'g ^l
    tg c'g4s_E- oIEEJ + o;e4, +61 ulEl Lt^lE 6l1lt q-e- ztgg .? Eil: tsJs^l oelot
    +qot 6J oJrJ4
    "J t4"l €.Ellel Tllrdolcl.
    €-ElleJ, "JqLt: raeJs), ^13(t_e) Eflel -e+el aojg LlElrll
    EJri 4oJel oJq EilEql
    ?l+g g6Jcl. gq t7flEg 3ooJe 7li:dH 1$l tsoJt4l 2Elql tt+ 1!68dlq, !fleJ €.
    =
    q 8oJrf 23oJg EEllel €roJ 3;{14€.Ell)ole}r. C6}9E1.
    n a(ta), nl3(ta)el LlolTl 7lt 4g "{E a;olet 6ln, 7l?t 3 4i$ .r}a]a1
    ^lol7f
    6lq a+71 7lt e ulg .J(2goJoJ 499. 29oJ, 3ooJ oJ oJel E.tlE +
    A6J EtlolEl. +d o

    *tl€ s, 6Eq.e. 4lt6ln, slig l"Jg 7-3rlls ^l46iq soJtl 23oJol 3;-04.3811)0l Els.
    + 6JEl. ls€q:g+leln 6lq, ++l El* "J+El IEE||E- 4lt5JEt.
    *. I -3 EqE

    . q1' :aE9 4A C"J Aq 8, ggrt 23, 24gel 0l^1171(6+). s.=:1 g. (A)AC.

    66 [ 6[11"t ::
    fl +*e aerels+
    qqe- azpl 24^l<\ol LJts 1l+7l4ql^l 0.1ili_4 El ele ]rtr
    {{$ol ol e714zl le Q€ +rl4 t}?g z}zla :.14'. "le} Ae q
    el ++9 +7le+ rl"J* 7lrlts rlEle "J,ezlE sl5-4ol 44 ElFc
    elul"Jq. +%19 g^J ?loJeeE dl+E +19 Hl*ql 9El u|${, a{zl
    zl{1. el+ €-3r E f 9lui.
    _19 rr 339- Eltr5+6J rlaJg +iolEl. olFE 4alol 41689 q ilt
    9.'-3-
    +ts"]q. :'e- 7t* 9-e +eqq. vlaE olF4lrl -!,tlzl4 i-4
    4el"lil, Tl+e rl-ael tl"lcl. vl*e sl-+ql^l €olq -sts EIS r'l+
    vlzl. +e
    =.ilri
    9qt s= 4€- E4zle.l aolol4.
    +9 ?71+. 4!6361= r+*g **g alulslq o|gz| zlulzl.rr 4s
    oil _s= El+71 zlulzJ elzlzl a4= rEts 6t+9 3ol zlr-fu lia
    ^l<I,
    4€"1 €"lq s= €ol zlulzt gztlzl aal= ^lrJ.lE+. 4r+^1. rt'*g
    9,t +E(++)= 4*9 izlc. uits zi"lrl. ."d'+C -q.Jq El4 S+
    61tr an+tr +le.l Hi*"1 6ll+'I'19 nlA,a ^8zlL, +4, Llg, €SI 4l
    4zl *4.
    r+ Il-34o{^.1 +E 4qql^.i g
    *+ts el.J.l^.| Hlrrzl t+ *t}*"1
    CEI= rl+si- tllel +zlE -Fqel 3zl. + a+ 44el +l+ ^I?J"il
    Elel ?zl6JEl. r +7lE i=qlc-20a, rlc* f m"l,r.l irrl m"l
    4.41= im4lrl 20-30mzlzl5 ++€ ttl 9lq.
    aisl xl€"1 +*6J €"J 6ilE.1^iE qele rl*el Lll+o s 2 ilzl"J
    T+71 rlF"l g^Jalq. €tel cEl4 +cql El?+ slrla€. 5,r!ts.
    E7l+, ^.lgulE, ++ 6llg 5og f-e'. xl4.
    Llge 9^821, + +Ese+El gq d4elq g 4;Jg ,J6lq, LJg
    e el*rl +/l/i *rlol ul6ll zJq. LJ€q rl4lg i,tldrl iE-lm"l
    a,, ?71= 5-304 zrEq4. Ell+ol Lll+.-l7l d4 +qc Bq\i Llg

    4et 0tE g.J


    rg -33
    n .Jtel€l

    -)

    3.;H+q EE 6?
    fg | -34 3!1. LlB. cE 4l!l Ll g * nl
    \f.--------+\
    e$ 4rtel g'd \<-------q \---.\

    ol plzj 6lltqi -EJ6l+ ag S;-l +ag + cla. ul+ FL d 9t= ol?l


    ql^j *e LJgg +ag:;-E 9.14.
    Llg"l 4l+ 41aJ5tq 4oJql rEtrJ="-}rd 6ll4elel "laF- ?16lo1 4q +
    lETl L?lzl:r., +-iloi oJolrq zl ol t-"1 EI j,+e] qlLlilTt .6! X-_o-tr il-e
    1;.14. r4zl^1. rlr-= tsol,(l_u rl*€'-dil filol4 iq.+ol 6tl9l $,o_E-
    ^l
    7l€-q4 lj-^lzl4l tlEl. .lag €t 4irliljl a'l-:r[. ol= q.,?q ul"il
    yl4--,? *a riJli!:igt'l f zl,-. ?4.
    rlz*-3- ++l'+ rt4ql efirlEl. .it+.l j'tl-".] ] ue a a+ a
    Elel
    6ll+ !EL= t4zi! ;Jj,r.. +dq +tJLl ?$e ag +l"ll"lell slEl. +16I
    rlTI 1l6J6J ql i+ "J,(lei ?tl4l ,s,Fe rg lt-35e1 'Jol -6--+ 4+leql

    ^.1
    +C"l "J"l4"tl Elel €C t:J rl_reitl eltl o r,,- !ljr. 6114 EJtslqloil
    eJ+ 3€l="r e':1. d6lrlel +,E,:- i"llel *g ,Jol +,ll
    ^l= d+el "J
    ol 4.-3r++ rlel +tiL- g+zl_il +.Sol .Je Bilt}4l d+g r.ll +9 +
    5= -:itl TlEl

    .ral | -3s ddlrlel aj


    .ltrlel g grlel iI4

    ddl|rl r!4nt

    atg
    '*Tr
    EX{-olL} ,'}it. +-3- 5ll4 alTl +t}e "Jo1q q}rll-'J olLl4,:-
    "'lix'l
    7|zl! 9l= rlzlol 6llgloll !. +;-li. 7C-?. r,3 tl^lU'jl +rJ4 q,ri ali-
    €9 -,tsolzl k"ld^l *-3- iit q6llel oJBgl t:-d"l ^JrJ'it. olei-t
    68 ll . d'ltl"L 5!
    rt%19 dil"J.l?+ alq. d"J-c g^J g.J"il Elr+ ++ sl"J_rl zlTl 6l"J
    e ?e+4.
    ++ utl"Jg ;:d 7l$"1 *e rJE{ zJ713}"1+ El+"l ail+"I 4l+g
    rll 9t4 dE4 El+ql 9+! olE t+se. 6i+Eol
    t.
    tte4l*(hectopa i
    .

    'oja_url €d ts"} -scal)8. d4 lnr'ol i


    zl= dll"lq. olE ?16}l -li+71 qxls q +'dlrl E[ e.rql y]e g*,ll-ll lid(N)E B€ ,+C i
    gd^laq. "JE +41 zlEq +9llrtrl 100hpa d_E'*g El{.1 F 4el geg $99. 4 :
    =
    n+619. 6l+BJel
    a*(pa)q loou|lBAl i
    +gHq e+ 1m dE t+-6121 €El :1r]4 d TlsEhp€olEl. ,
    ="1=
    ;{eE uleJ4l gal +E *+jr} rlB4 jtllji ol}Lr} €d t€ s}sz} .. -
    "...-.,..-r.- 4'-,,,-..-. t

    "JrJeq 4oJql TlTloJel ;:dq E+6l-=.'.1 zJ. !Et-u|$ol zJ-$ z"ra|


    ^l+4 f ;{lEE S!= ^ltol
    zll rrr= oJil6lH BtloJel +l4q ,Jal4 EJ
    + c qdu.= 7t4_s4 €q. l!El, BJ-iLl $_+el 4+d jl+ d€r+ 6tl
    g.rizt *{19 9s7le.= 4f4lr. ;Nfl$ +ifl:ez} tsot1lE}.
    zl4l ;]l"Jg 4al e -a ?l6l,q 4zlel +zl4.J acq+ +71 +e
    6flzJ
    gqki 4 +Et.+= .i,rlF_ "J,H!4se. ja+Ele+a +gEl. ?lLlEl
    ^lE.il7l
    d€4"J ll+zltiel 5C€ zlzla 914. +7lE lri: t0-30+ola.
    =
    4*"1 150kme,J-4. g^J i7l"lE rlaTl *zlRl. zl€ol *e ailql
    .I d+?lirt q+ol Lrl,q: qd rlazl H-"1713, 6[z1 4qE e*
    q El4 3er+ +^l"tl el* "lLlzl d+q "J,qLl?ll :;J4.
    "lele dlqql
    slltl+ zll6llTl
    ^]= dlalel dnf ,Jg
    'J461/l FJ4. ,t iI+$ .lg [ -36 r Lf El=
    4lF, 1896"J.il "J "J_e7l: E0"Jrlel .J+
    g gslql "Jq*LJ
    la4"l s "J dll

    27,000 B olLl
    ^1".1
    rl€ ?l rl .
    "J "l

    .:i E6 E+ dfig ril4 q!d. 4aJ u+.J


    "+ 4;iq
    +€- E ^lolF--E- 'J46}q di"J 4lal 4lH+ 4"61 ++l'J ++ql
    "Jolqzl.
    '":r www.kordi,re.kr

    il. oH+sl 69
    ==
    jlE...
    'l ***.
    .+4o1q. zl+^Jg Hl
    Effgef
    ^l+ sBel 71%zl $ola.29%71
    4ts Ell"J4.il'J s= +Hdl-e +€-61n. rj"Je 44"*. tll^l'*. oJE'J.
    ++6i1. B+dle LlH4. 6tl.J sts +rl6llts €i6i4 4el!-El'ilg +4 +
    os +lol r+sq +qg "Jd4(pp.38-40).
    =qe
    flrJel {g , -. rI'}E ts}qe +zle} n}flz}ale Sg- dsllrl tJS. 6llt.
    Etl.J4 t"4, 5[rl g+ 5- ++* zl€g 44rljr 94. 614 z]Bg <lole]
    zd El4 rtl+ +d+. ril.J^l ,t}el. d6lzl {_",-?- L+HE}. 6t oJel zlB
    $c
    ^lql
    Lq +_+- dtldJ_e__i' "lF"l4 ?14(pp.41-44).

    6ll+el Ezl4 dEl ,"' oil/isl E-"14 ^Je f-ql^l 7l* 7l-Pzlql eiL-r-
    __a.. tlE E 9i4 :l"]4. +e"il rl€ 6tl+el d^l
    :t4ts E*+. +e qt+.
    z^'*u*" tl6l *-s_a +d5J4. !Ei!. ,"iq 5-. +^4 *el +qlzl ddnl girl.I rilft +
    6*e14
    ^J+sil JIA ii.e.l 6lLlolEl(pp.45 -'49)
    atE .

    6ll+el tt+4 dE .." d'I+e] tl"+rl d4 +ql^l 7lt 7le49l r-i= g


    + pH. *€ tA Folq.. S1B-E Fl+lE tlg(%) !Et- PStr u) .<)$rln.
    pHzt 7ol{ f-d. 7 ol !ol'l_ .J?rl€q4. !E?1. S= tr+ "'ll.} ^dg9l
    i€-ql E_sc! !-i-P-^l "Jd + 01617l elB ^J+ol g-ll-;-61lil vlEl(pp.
    49-1-rl ).
    StS .'. ol/iel E-e14. Flal4 .siE- +di}: *'d€. 6lioJ 'J+i
    dflSel
    {"lr+ *4. ;g *,-{alt- 4lE g-5-41. 31 5ol ol.$:.1!.. g.li .rlr.lt-
    +9. g+. zlol= .F^lol +c6J + 9l+i crDTl ':il +l+ ol€-ga 91.1. E
    d. +6J,rl ++el +Cql= ADCP. glil +d"llts' GPS. +d +3ql= +
    6J. rf,;l TlLl i4(soNAR) Erol ol+sl:n il4(pp.52-56).

    0*u* 6llF .." 4el "J_a q! +_ts-€- 7l7l+_ 6l+9 'i-44?l E.q-3- 6ll+4 6"Irl.
    oi+ql 4.$6-lt- €ql= ts|eJ. .Jq 4Eq. siil-.gq +l F.14. ol-+- oJ+
    3 61fi-.|lt,
    ^l€F. +l++. +++ t-ol 914.
    B t$"1 914(pp.s7-6;J).
    6l+el ++I.it- *.+ +rJtl g

    tg4rl IF '.. El*71.E 6ll+nol 615,q1 Fr F!4 +/14.o-s- t+. sltt'I


    E dt€- 4alolr.l tq'(pp.63"66).
    4"J .,. 4+4= r E-olql sl4 +rl. Ll-3.. "J"J 4rl q €.Jel t+?l
    tlE i;-e-i- 4U4. Eli+"lt+ 6114 Elt +-3- s|] zl 4d s.P- oJ6'lq "Jq Lli-
    +€ t+€ dll"Jol4 e4(pp.67-69).
    70 n.6 g"l
    =€
    1. 4"Joil +sl,(l *= 4e? 6. oil+el "JEoll BBB += Eal4 erTf otH

    o ++6il @.J+sI @.J-E"J


    4??
    @ -l+dX @ EI€.J @+c @gts @sq
    @c+ @+d
    2. qlq +oJ+oil^l qrle+ geElq gEJE a^|E;
    H ol= .a-9.? 7. s.= 6il+E goTl: +€ eoJe?
    O dl* @+s- @ +S
    @ 4+ ^lE @ rX"J4 Sg @ s+ @ ":8.
    O rll*4 +E
    8. rJg+4oe gdA +Ee+ HJg€ 7tc utlE
    E gEE?
    3. eldq+q g^lEt rl5Tl +^lxl= doJ 6[q
    oa+ @4F @4.1
    o e.l"J @ +sl @ d"J @++ @H]+
    @ dtd @ 4rlrtl
    9. g+4atn g q 54ol 4F aoil golLf= 4!

    4. +eol ;4alal E.-l:


    =e? o lEl @24 @ 3Fl
    o7l+ oe*+ @d4+ @431 @5rl
    @^++ @+e E+
    10. cillrl gaoil g.J4q ilts rlgoil= olE 4
    5, +€e 4+el d€€ cBa aolEl. 4Ealrl Eol 9le7t?
    .Je a=?

    o6ll+9 €sz1 5oE gBr+gEe+ 11.qlqoil Ea{4q 9J:1, €e 4qoE. 4*r+


    71,6J4.
    geqq ?lE Bltrl:?
    @611+ 69 += Tlilel "Je i+q B geol 7ld g'
    9++ r*El. 12. Ht.JEel eE€ +olts cll c
    Ee +g"J7l?
    @ +e E+e rllTla"l^l d+d4 Hlt
    6J 4d€ z}{4
    13. "=il+ Eq 7Ei Edol
    E6lll{ol 9l= g+E?
    @ 6ll+ +el .J.Js+= kl+!-4 6J+ +
    "l Bq Eq *El. 14. dEllrfel d6ilrlel ilolae +tguf?
    @ dt+el gBe +ge*rl zt+*oil Esil
    zl* zAl g.'*g *84. 15. 441 e€ol .JolLlE Ttal e goJe +qfl7t?
    t.@ Z@ 3.O LO 5.O t.@ 7.O 8.@ 9.O 10.6{rl.7ts. Cdt €A fl. rl=.lt. Eilt E
    lz E{gE +^lc 13. sr+L+eE l{. eoloil 4t! 45E ea sg. 15. d*llel gq4 ga4 (€61. -J)

    n
    r. il++. '"19 d,+.,. Eili] i14^l +^l cl^1. l9!)7. pp.l7l .- 190.
    2. iir+5-. -+1!9.,. Elli! ijll^l +.1 ol^1. 2000. pp.19-40.
    3. fl+5-. -tll* . zl *j. r[F! Et[^] +]l ol^]. l!){)7. pp.i39-49.
    4. A*.s1. *+4. +++. "l d.{. ol+. zl7 r}"+ r. (+)ji16J^1.. 1995. pp.25l-278.
    tt

    5. "lEli+. E/r91. "J 9!zJ ., ^l + rl"J ll . €rol ^l4l(+). 1996. pp.235*268.


    6. 3i4t1,. B+el. /f sel. t^,lEl. .17 ![+ll ,.'lJt-^1.. 1995. pp.257 -298.
    7. ,J?\.-. '{S91. C+E. rg-'+ 6tl"J6+r. oJ rr}rl +4 3l^1.. 1999. pp.305.,310.
    rg

    B. ,+*j.l. E+9!. "J6.E. t ^.1'rl. ++el ^l+.. ^ll"l r' /-. 1999. pp.2l l - 250.
    r.tl

    9. ilt | t. rH'fliii+., iiti+,i iillt. i;.ttr{,.iii.. dtilr's JIr,5. 998. pp.48 '. 200.
    .
    Fr l 1

    -N('\vtorrl.
    10. -g?l rl4. 4l!.r^1. 1998. pp. l-r2 - l-ri3.
    11. l)uxbuly l)uxbuly. C)coitns:. \\'m. C'. Btou'n Publishcls. 1991. pp.4l 265.

    12, u'u'rv.scaca[t,.t:ont
    13. scau,orltl bu srr n.k. r

    14. ht'csrxr.kongiu.ac. k r'


    '15. ust'r'.irlphir.co.kr'

    !lcl= el 71%, 3 q 6doJ t,;


    _-__---+-.

    exlts E 29%. 1q 417EoJtd

    €rl Bi -rol 840 'r

    ulcl Bi +c

    q^lq ulElel HII

    b:l
    "t;i! |
    t"-,e =3i Bf E;= :.1+. ol^ + .fe li-irf= l! ^1 ^: } )f+.r .1:i ,'lg= /.lFei
    l^! +rr .|"JE.rl 3Jer"l rl5c.l 0ir1. .N?jT Ersf ,- -J.r- ./.1+ r..4;i7r alB;li ?^!f
    a,Jl0l Eftrio cl +^l"l += ^lEOl -,+:j +a Li.l.. H[:l/i L ] ,l: 0lal /rrl *+:f
    ^
    3q riLH= 7f ^l rl dlloJol ,lBJrrl jtaloil ilE l. l:: 7 i]Lf
    ^f = =ol:,1
    4el^l 0 EJSql^l: dll"J llE .l]zt ot rl^l .N,:f 1l! rf:-l ilt+ -|]2l
    ^l? ^le! ^t?r ",1

    *iJ ^f ? g+"f I 0 3ll rl]'Jot .lL;| Af nlllr t :jr t


    ="1

    ildx"Jzlg
    j 6l|S 8= rtg
    ', *uol 0llLlxl xlfl
    j on8 rJE rt3
    + on-T
    ^f?l
    ). ond rtEl
    =rJ j
    5il r.f 3:i
    =i
    a. 7l^14c.{
    9. Ellg9!q
    3. '.Itlt: *l 1O.Elut4aiol
    4.JEol 11
    5 \.i^tt !rl
    12 =ol
    =,(lEt"7l 13. A9.l
    7 )1D13)l^lz1 14. tllEslld -u? cE rl?r"j +4 Pn

    Il o''oJ tE atfl
    6t1?l 1!Fel 1!:l :!?Jrt . .J alEHZI= ol6ll-9 + ?.lri.
    6fl?I 1!Fel 0l;llol-l. 6lloJ 3E= 5^l=3r + 91rf.
    .|1?! llE rf =+et
    !el =!g
    ol€rt 7 g gig S qeia + 9.lrt

    fl oiloJ gEet sJTttSqJ

    zl r, ilsl ,l '/.lol
    .o,, ?l,i . 7l/l t'1:. ,!]+C , lolL+
    ;--"1 ,,.] il- L+-r'l
    Hlrl .el 1l,fl
    rl ,.1
    rll.Jl +rl , r'1.'11]
    -3:l ,j?jolLi cE_o,l + 41lE 44
    r+:r,r+ hrlir. r,t "il.a:Jl 9l,l 4r. El f+-q g€'"J zJ 5!-- 7l,sl
    ^}:
    9.1 r,.,1:3, (+ il.r,.tl ol Jl Tlzl ,.ll.ii.l ,il"tl E-ol /ill]:] rl "J+ zl.,?lql
    ril.']]^l= #+.1.?l.t;-- ;1.-'t, tl.i'' .A,J;+/l,L- -frl . C..\'.
    ^lil,tl nl;ll?,1--.
    'ilsllel ,,J.:l :i r'j zlal,tr,.l d+i i "l+-,1 ilrl.
    ^lEl

    $a eE
    gEJ1l,o,j,r.. d:+_ql ,Jfl.il .ltl rL:.ttlz.l.qir- "J€.+ 4:l . si,
    349 E.€q +a"let3 tq. 4.j"i ^l:l6le;Jce ^d+. ^J*, ^J e
    4 4 +Sq tq^l +Be Sa soJ{ el6[ €d]9 E.? 9]tsEl, "lei . dlgof,A
    t$3sp g3t
    ^.lalElE
    ,l
    t il4 s"Je 4.Jel +dql^l gtle Hle]. d"l E4. rl"+. dE g zl 4ts Ea s,gqts
    ap-14 soJoe +gC + 9q. *4. !+E, €* "J
    xleq4 s?!ol 8le
    q, Eat .qc4 e
    1)S5q4 eE goll E{4^Jts 2SEl
    (1) s4 :'6ll*
    ^JEEe ^lE *olq! *"1,461=
    rJalE ol+H^.l €ol oll4 {4!1*E+.
    zla 914. zlzl 71-?.- +^l6t4E d4l4q +z16l= *ol q,4ts
    *l!.q B"Fl ,flq. El.ql6J €r*3E9l a+= c^l"il el+ 44+
    ,Ji€- ++6171 +ldi gA"J i49 4+g Hl4l^lzlEl.
    (2) q0l4 31 : tE-e dB +z1el d*-g 91611^l gol€- c+l.ilol *
    El. rrlri^l. ol€g r.il +eq qlq^l=- Eol€- *ts Ei Atslal
    ^l,Jtl
    I clEl. 4o'19 *31 ?_.1 €gd **eE-ol+ +€ 5;C9 €.s-=-
    i,lFl6lTls 6lzlR!. nl^l dcg a+= 4olHEl +?Jol q +sFl
    _c{ef. z}+C}E}. ^l^l {g"l qq^l *,Je E.9 5 *A€-9ul
    g +.lqel. 44 eqel "Jg ad6l= 69.f! e?l-sF- 4+6171
    4c-.lcl.
    (3) e1i4 otE:6ll*
    ^899 ec Bel= €t F44-E +4lzl ile-q,
    311+ +Fq 4l7l "i u}*e 4"J dEe.l Btql 7l4t €*9 zlil

    4. r]ln:ule-F- 4^.1 ^J€el ++^C "J4 g4= all+e.l +5-g.l+


    a'|ol zlzl *+g-Bt^l7l= EI zlq6J4.
    =.4
    2lrlE+q eE
    alaq4 s"Je 4^l .{€iel Ec.il ad4se od6}€. zlrlE+. 6tloJel
    6tl4 El4sg- dt+ll+ tr4, zll$. :tzl dEil7l F 4oJ'* e4-e.
    q, zjdel 5;=r4j ut4 4^.1 ^dsel +c7l Ei+dEl. 6l=irE =i[6]++g
    el4 Hl€lel +Ett -s'H€. gse 4q. 43irel +ol lPzle zlzlqi-
    sr.I+ /[€q]^l ^l^1e4. zl^l ^J+g to]g 7l Aol 4 gs-a]
    ^l*g-
    q. 7l ee- Eel4oJ q.Jile+ €"*+9 4l+tEl.

    6 as eflzt
    +^d*4"J +44 "Jd+ 81i€ zlzlE,tl ^Jial4l "Jaj$ z1
    ^C€-e
    ;14 *l flrl. z]-€4l.tl 9lq^l +/SgZlel ^Jgzjl. fel j1 ^8C tirJ
    .lE €9flt, -srd t$9 el€ol4q idqg r?al;1d^l Sldt! 49 ol
    +a 9lEl. "lel ag 5,..J€,4 +44 ^8€4 +zdg il4^l dEl/le+a
    r. 6fPJ eE 75
    ^lt-
    ++. gql4se ^J474=
    qal
    .r*4 Ttzl '\JSE *tlsE +^dslq I
    0m
    200m I R4IA
    q. + 3+le qel 4nlte-E ol
    rzlql I "j'ra i44 9a, ae +er d€ol e
    *ql q4ol s9 t zll4ltg'J
    4km
    .
    =Lf

    6km
    +*6 sli"J
    ^Jcg Btql =21
    gqr=g-
    El4lts 54. 4E+. 48. 4dq
    4 +a eel 5g !461q dl*
    :g x-1 4"J gSel C q 4q ^gEI+s +B6lq H
    1okm -!-

    cEilEl +E d rg rx-1.+ aEl. '51* 6Ja€- 34 Hl'l "JEIE +eel z:l^841e+ f


    +lE s"dale 34 Ll+q4lq.

    6 qot^t*
    ail%t"t1,rj 4€-^d F=-+zE-g €"*g+€-
    ++6ln qqiq4e *tld9 6t4. Ecd
    -=-*-7-E€-^18€ -E*=.Eg e=El. :adl
    j1 zlg g_azl+= €|.g^J -=Eeja-ep $o}
    E!. ? EaTl: qC- 4e ElrlEg +
    olEe4.
    ^8441 'llol,tl ^3*U=
    AHlzl"liil *
    ",
    .lqqa glsl1l , s. iHlzlts 4,3- Elzlel
    iElzl.Itl +olqqn il4. qel zl"l drtl
    zt1"lr.l Eo15 +dse qqil dc +el +
    zilg E"l ^t3(food
    chain)ol4.,r t4.
    lg 0-2 6l1go1l^1el qot
    ^t+

    .:i !r* 6J+ : flg 8E[xte] qot


    ^[=
    g El* ql6lq 6_l€'d Uzl.
    +'-J
    ^lolE€- a^q6lq ^l*ql
    1. 4S Sqlllel €doll 46tol oJofs.4.
    2. ollg dE4 ES SEel qol Hli61q 8al4 E^1.
    ^f+g
    ...:: gic,kyungpook.ac.kr/biocosmos

    tO fl 6ucJ rffl
    8F xtgel6*
    c€-e /-^-+ -dlga .,i. ilE;E"j gl rlLl. nleldtl^] Hltlg +
    dtl"J

    ^JEfls ilolTl= 5eJ3.E( Plankton ). a-?'-.+- 6llg g + 9]=


    ql sJ 9l-:-
    ;'el9 /f;<lr ^l+fi-?l tq.rE +"J iJg(Nekton), Hl",iql €,.=q Fsa
    9.l4Lf ts1.19 rJsJ Tlrlo-a o+q totT}r: zl al dg.(Benthos) n-. l'll
    .ql Tlzlel Y-ele '+5 J- 9l+,

    tlii EaJee
    r"l4 q -d tq E-.tl-lq 4 ,.-l "l Lr
    -o,l ,l.d Jololl^] +zli
    =eJ.z++e
    "J-'19e. +"J;4ol ule];l-zlr,| gq
    d"l gtzl $N.i-.ll 6*-=.€ rrl+
    +F4se Elqqq ^l= 6l*el 4e .F^l€-ill-.-l *?.lrl.
    1)4E
    =aJfE
    "ll*q! ^l-3 =zlrEel ++= "ll+ uloJ;-lDl. :r fql^l +,sd +
    d.I= i-=+(Diatoms). e+tJ .B3 + (Dinoflascllltes ) I kl4lri
    (\anobactelia) 5"1 ",ltl.

    d
    4tatqts

    ,b

    {f)

    @ (cl
    tEJ l-3
    ^tE =BrfE
    (a) (bl : +4+
    (c) :
    ^1613l=ts94+
    (d), (e) : E.ls=F
    (f ) : '1.+
    2)
    == =g3E
    59 56r=E9- 9C!4 9E .r7l )l /+ ^l\r , al rif rl d ql "l] -?, ;1 *#E
    qrl. €lc 5zj=5-3 rl']pf+ol 34€ o* a** gcJatsg pl_n
    ^l-:-
    1zl idl4olzlEJ. g+= +4€oJ aE 9E]..
    *5 5zl=E-3- 4+ =e}-=tl=ql Hl6ll .'UH'%!e 4zl{!. ++-:-€t
    4*61q. ++ql4-9e +^J]_Eel 9ld*]+ql^l 4l 4ltli,loJ qfi-el 9!}
    $$ 4l ol = zl zlzl t €irtl EloJ6IEl.
    r .f .rtir:l ,7
    5-:+ + e}3E"il *l iJ 5E (P|otozoa ). zlgEg (clindaria ). t)l all vl
    f,g [ -4 EE ggfE =
    (a) elts€(Cte nophola). €;I€5(Mollusca ). d-zl5-E(Althlopoda ). sJ
    : SBEF
    (b) : H,J6flrlalEE
    € E€ ( Annelida ), r=4 EE ( Bchinodelmata ). :l 4 5-5 ( Clhordata )
    (c) : 94+
    (d) : ql+^ld asSE 5"1 "Ja. s q+= +€ EC"il +6lrl't]. q+E ++{ 'J4 +de
    (e) : tlsfEl egolF(3
    +zlaE.I +i:14.

    (d) qt{a}

    {b) a4 (e) ++nf+^l0l

    .:1 !e* oJ+

    i.
    ^lEd
    €aJaEel f +dofl 46lq golErl.
    =+e+
    2.5Ed CgaCE f +€oll 46lq oJol-Hrl.
    =+el

    flet gt
    :2-ji.?odg-+ 9lL ts49 /lzl,u 9lo'4.6liieli: it4l $lol Llq
    o,iL €.+g ol,aE€-i 9l--.-,"qE-€,Pr"d dE-"lell Qlul. S€ di:r*
    5e]=Eol ul zl ^l ^J €-"ll Hl6l t:loJo-},(l ^uaJul. all*41 ,<l{ a-}i f9
    +oii-- 9ii(f ish). a[* .E]?-ii(mamrnals). :rel.l. oilt tf+ii
    (r'ept iles ) F"l *rt.

    1) ol+(RlF)
    qiii_ Ed'rl. olTtEl. 7l '-4l]le zluln.li +ql^l /.1^16l= d,9: Eg
    "lr:1. fli..il.
    qj# q+. ,6r:+ q+ 5og rr,8i;lq oJEl.
    (1) A++: 4i,tsiri 7l+ql /ld. fl^l 4"J €48 7ld FrelolEl. EJol
    ?la. -el"l(z}+. uiTl-?llrl)E 7}zla oJ4 9}-q ?lol gla-
    {.zl
    q+ "l d€ qiie+ i'trralrl. El"l sl= E3s- sf*ee r4q "Jq
    78 l ;r "=' 11t'
    += q -r-'el +ql 5 4 b1"l !l= Uol
    ,rl 4
    "l +19 rtrln ilrl. ,rld tl'"] ri
    el ql llol .,.j /l olql +'ilc}.
    (2) "JC cl+:r:lol gloq !..:- !nl/l 9'l
    u1*-

    (3)
    3E s.]o] 9l:- Gl +e *q iiel Tljr
    rJ,,- 5ol q ,l"ll +'ilr+.

    'J= Gl+:r.lol 9.1


    orl !nl,: d4l IL
    : g+e.l 4€e. r1q elL q+
    4:
    ""L.--
    I
    \J
    +, e EI el 'r7l ql 91.'l EtoJ'6lrl. rll I
    5,eel aE q+: "rell= zlLlq.
    +rll +el *u lgl "J-."; 4il610l .3
    +ql ^l ,<l7l el 9l il sJ 4 il 'a:lEl. 9l -J-
    q iriel Ef ?I7lzl g {-rl t c,l"l-.=- 7l
    -z,m +t

    Hi:r:ll. E-el *aJ-:r +zl6l7lLl +t


    lg 5 ol+sl dE|1
    el ]r3 TlrJos ol+= -H-5 -1 tlel olzl'ttl'.i tlLjo
    ^l€.FJEl. ae-
    q ol7[o] _Ej /lls E?.4 9_nrlr. 9lEl jtl+b .[-+u]ir. ILH 9lula-
    .

    g -.jo]zl 9,lrl.
    2) F+F
    rl+Sol zl:i5g-?, +Cllol 9]E ,.r"J gg +,rl tr H.ul--.,Fiiql -'t
    6t= .lss. slilSc.I +;l= sxol+s E i' glrl-. f-iloliii' lla
    ll€ril "J7l 4 ?{rll.il 10.000q €"1 HTll }}J^J;l$oL+. 9.'--'J4:
    "J, 600.4 + rAl ,Jirlglr|. gaq 3 ul+af4 s.l . "+^l , g-!F
    dE,?.
    zl 5.3 giJdl=ql . 371 eI 0 cm 1l --.-",1 rle €!i- /l oll ^l +-El + ul
    1
    =
    'l q = rl1 € sllol +I,'- 9lrl.
    3) 6fl9 cRF
    rll+t_".] s++= +.! d"Jg;+^lyl. {{.t-6tl* di+"jl 1L rl*,1
    q 9lE+.
    "11*"ll 4 ;-t-.--' j| Prri'i,' :r;41 l1rll ii-. 7l /t.rl, 6.ll++el 37lzl
    ^J
    +eli- L}= i, ?l+.
    (1) .rrall+ :all'Jql /l1l J'J4 grl;f-u
    ^llrlzlal +
    9l-:- ,1rlli i-r.-- 'l+

    "ll^l €:=
    ,.-- +l.leli,- eJd6l +;J4 o s ,.J g 6fa
    9]El. +el aJ Ell
    i.5 +ql^i .\d dJ;-}71 {rl;1E:+ ii-i171 .!roJ,os Hq!l?lE}. oJE}
    el= zl - ?,lr'l .-oJ q .{ CF};'lg_1, llq eJ +r- oi ^l +ra o g :;J 7lt:
    4 ',l ,s.J o s uJFl;'1911+ .ir|] jiL ;<lit*ql ^l ,l d Srll , rl] eJ'3ell
    el ?f,30m ol 8el ,Jolel- 100 l+ ol l}el illd-ol LlTlTlE q'lEl.
    -l .::dI:l
    (2) )17:fr: Tlzl+= rl^l'3 J g^d+l /= zlyl +r|lji rrF-' ulrl^l.zl
    +eI el +ql i :- ,J al_/ 9l '(T 9* 3, -liE ;i-. _rel ,,r LrlLl.,lrl Jl e,l :l 7t
    1l +rl-+, Lllr' + .JEl.
    (3) 6|]?+:dl++ql= ti..c(dugone)4 rr|]LlEl (manat.ee)/l 9.lLl- --+
    €.J "jlal,,ll^l ^l.l6}q +iJ .lS!,,: Ht- rt{olr-:1.. olEel 9l-a g
    zt+ ++ql e'! {.el +il-:t zlkl=rll. :'+ql^l
    ^lrlql4 49 El.J
    trll_"] t_.;ol
    ^loJol 4.3r ?i s_;4_ ulio=[zl uN.!-otl g]ol4,jr €rl
    7lh {lrl.

    =Urr**t*h

    4) dHgi rf*+
    4l+ d=61=.1oJ i+6+ql= Blrl4
    -+fr.. l]Irlu+, rJljt Hl.El.hullll 5ol
    9l L+.
    uf rlTl +9 rll+,3.o1 oJ_ rtlLl oloJ rll .-tl
    q
    "l ej;+jr 91..o_ul , ul.rl. /l 5,_ql rll rl
    rl- rJ 7l .l :: il 4i .'ti .J.;:l + 9lt;.'+
    L-/] r.l LIdJ5l ol 9lEl,.
    rl+.t- 9lrtl '-,1 "l"J-rtl e
    tsfl'+*+i,-.-'
    tql e:l;+iir 9l.o-rl . t.l iC oJ:rl- gl I;?l
    ql- e_i!.+L+ fll oJ'4lr-. ,l ^16l -l ?*:
    ^l
    rg t-7 . oJ rt=+ ase trl4 9lrl.

    rl^i 8E
    I) xJ^1
    ^l=
    alc 4E.I= +;=!r,y "J++ ,Jg* 4= €01..11,i, FLF!oJ oJ.I! /l
    80 lll :r : lr'
    e.I ++ d,6Jg.li, 6tl4.r.i, _1rlr. selJq 'l.A flql ^l.E ^l^J^J i1
    <+ 5ol g*€El. q]gg-ol Hrrre., q-4-.i, ,Ja+ 4 +iji E oiL
    ++ zl ^l ^J +4i-i<,1a. .J."r {li+^lgol Eli g.q}5lol ilr}.
    (1 ) xl^1d +=+ : Ell aj oll .l .;ti-, if 4.ii- .ql$_ -'rri. ^J
    ^l ^l
    *8. -1rln El€ qJl !'f.C +,E+el r4l-?- Hl"i
    .+11.1
    ;+4. ol zl ^l'! rf 3+: trtgl Ll !.el 9l a 91 5 9.1
    ..4.

    ?!-q +{-9 7l?_ tsl.E} olrloll^lL} H}Ctlul.


    (2) |-J^llE : H^Jltg- s.-= 7:* +"I^l 7.l.* tl^l4ol-/ 9-
    a'l]

    Al I a.or,t al.iqql y+ol olii-3-tl.!l_{ ^Jg


    ="tldtrl.
    e a7l7l +.i + H-olzl -{,};<loJ. s eol q r,l 7ll}
    q ="I
    ^ltill/I E! *ql Lq til-g "l+t
    ol+El.
    ^t*il=
    + rr?lE}.
    =.il
    (3) +5+ : +<-+el rll+sg 'Jit,"--c,_ +]4 q-,4#ei
    90ok2 zl.<ltJr+.'J+ \,4].i: ril-'r# ,?* C*} ,.r;izl
    "J. aXt! +t-+ 9,+= J.(tljE ^l€.,rE^l 5-fr ^Jg+ 6li: g+71^lel

    aE g!|4. 4-?+ol Elllg .lgF- +.| ^d*9 aJ4. rg I -8 +9 6||.5+


    +4 '}4 €"J.111 a" Sd5.lt, +iie,- rlr{li. .=r"}?[+e] a4
    + 5"1 9lEl.
    (4) ,JE+: A4iit- !t--r El.4ll-+- 4l#.lq ,,19 ril+]j-ol Altz6=oltl.
    a1=+ .r zl.$ a:L €Ellil g-tl.o'Itl, *oli-= ?lE(kclp)
    ';l^lnl.ii-oll
    4rtl 40rn4l B6t= 'ii]{ dlEi_^] rl^.lo}!} LtlrJ*el ++ ".1"J
    -t-
    g,'14 "*"1 .3,a;-!-'r 9.lul. A4.ii= .l+!-e J|ol= 5- .!'tzl.o-
    s 6s6lrl. +71 Ll+ql^l +r, gaslF' €:.rj.,iiil- l|lE. r:l^lEl. F
    Fq 9lE+
    (s) ql+eol dlt+-qe -ll"J."]l +-Y-al: ollr+ +ql
    ==+:-E-4+=
    ^l
    7l* ge- *,'r zlzll .JEl. +.r+ ?q +;1 "J+i EJ^ll$ 4i+
    "l^]"J. tl++g r+^j.+, 4.1+.1q. +r.i?= C^{Zl dl".t"I +yi/l
    BL6II 91-o-q. g t]l dlal oll Y*ol e$btin ";E+. +el Llilql
    =oil t;ol ilrl.
    ^l +s E].381= +.i?s= a. +'?7]^lill
    de+^lE : allt €rl^l€-"J dljiii= 6'tlaiie+= g,el +Elgol 9li1
    lPq. ..7i71 . glol +slElq 9l-o_q, ,*!l 4171 9li 1€ 4l+lolrl. ol
    Eg.J"JEg dA;1zl tli6ll lpal= zlLln "J7l Ell{-ql ?}4i4 Ze
    +l:Js! Hl'+ glol= ^.14a+zl qrj-?,ri. "J{}4-e_e Ielle} I'Ji+ ag
    Sld tstgql rrPal= L]l?ln ^l^l e'!El. -q'll zlltlgl -? rl ++"1^l i-
    I -','J13'li. 81
    'llt9 _cetle+ e.l *qlr.i ^14-;1ts *rlel g
    4J.J
    -e tsrr-4]^l ie 2,1e15 "J+rlel + +-+zl "^.1tr1.
    .Fi;l +rl= B;}le+ sldtl "J+ LllFFll "J^J.tq +
    1J d' 6'il4zlE ol+,r 9lr+.

    2) r1^i5=
    +tl +4iE;Eel 4el rll+B"l 4^l 5-€olEl.
    ,q
    ^.1
    5|5-3,6C4e]- i.7loil 9t"l^.1 ,l+,q*6lq al
    rlql +5lrl 3-=4a 91s1.

    AdEE: 7}1l g^l4E EJ^jjl -Fgol4. Ed


    (1)
    EgEql +61= ++;+-= $!e '6F71-++
    rg lll-9 6il9 eni^13
    ^Jf-19
    6l]1 9lzlEJ. zi^l ^J'Jg oti ++-rL
    Y*q. 4^Jd +*++ts ++4 +-F+jiil J d^tl6J * .1r?Io.',j- srl
    q ?l,l ?*n +rlro.. ?r-il7lE "lq 9lsq. C.ql"J E/lg,-'= gJjr !L
    qrl /l-<l eJrNzl. 1lcl..

    (2) allSEE:/l1l +l^lzlol El4l_s €l++e 4lZ{zl Ei.i;+ol 3+. tl4,


    44)l Eol glEl,. rll+8,.1 Ht4ql gi
    ";=rll. .Pr^Je +"J C"Jg
    ;-l^lYt,,J4l_- ;r:i di]=q p-!rl. .'ll= glql +,ol QlolL-l goJ€, ;}a
    9l7lE dli.l, ildlzlql dJrt. +9"'I{. E}
    ^.i^161,715 ^}slHl^i6lleJ.
    t6l EJ 5ol "l"l 4qlc}.
    (3) xfEEE:oJrl +dolel- grl= g^1491 i:ilrf,ol 9,1_o_;1 6J+ol 3l
    El alld:|Ej'}ts "J-el *Eql 4-4 ,\Jl_a.
    =4ll!,
    ila rls 5-ol e
    Elrlq 9lrl, da ,tls= + sEql^l €q4^l l{ "3e1sle- tl."J
    +l?d4l€ oli+LJ. ",1 ++lql= ++7i qrl 7ll Liel.9"l.urll. ".lil{-
    zl4lg4E 1\=
    ^Jl-[7l 9lq^l H9
    rri;]n lol-3- ?J= rl ol€-rJ
    r+. dl54el ta, 'J"l + 53, a4 cgg ;.},:.1, 6lrrlJl+t: +oJ
    ^Jg€ "Jri+.
    fg lll-10 6llg
    ^lic
    rteiSg

    @
    a. |l ;r'11 .'r
    /4alq l6lIP1
    v ,,i^l.e10
    (4) SEEE: *ol zJl tl€€g:" ^8r.1 aes. 7l1t go-l g- + 9l=
    *+=,llzlJJol+olE+.,.{zl?dol= rll+€-ol allTl El4C 9l+ ?lq
    4'14.1 94ir +* € zlq qq= 4^lcq4. Q!"J, l4d ,Iul
    ?dol+E zl.tlol 1l4l tE ?B 4.1'l +l 4.111 s4. rll+E9 ,.1!

    T.lrJol= zJolTl 5 - 10cm"ll ol=.4.


    (5) EiilEE:Sol {6l-r. H}qol 9l-"-q, 414. +v7l sl4. ril-o-}i "i
    i.l . H-5-(Ll'lts+). "J q e.lFE -6=- 4+esg- oi-!iqzl *-o,q. E-€r

    "il: ie+71. trrJzl. ulpzl 5"1 -:tq ";a. "J3- EEJg t40ia
    slq q .l ,:- T]71 + "l 56lE ql tJ el6lEl. E-€|4 el +"-l ^lol el *
    zJ$ e1;23-o14a al=ri. qzl4l= ol-7].rrlzf !lr. aJ+;+ nil€?'ol
    crl .JEi.

    fl41 *Ce 4^l 5'J"_e ++qzlq. +elqiil + g4d ++iql


    E Eili.l. +. €-it. :r* F"l +olt- ]"-4+e+ g4ol , +?Jq. a+.
    qA'l +ol +61= +4-+. :re.l.a ,s4q. Eol. ++zl'1r,1 o1q,
    E.l €il ++fr71 orE+. ol i=ql^] 7tt'JBg *alE F4-.-.olui.
    +++ ++fr
    fg t-t1 Ei]IEE
    .A
    lC'gs.L
    IIEFg
    .-,>v
    -.
    -
    kl
    -.
    HIIE qEq
    - -\
    --
    g^lEE: dil tg t4 85% 3g [-12 ErlE€
    (6)
    E :lzl6lts H€z'J +rld. .l
    5el 5r?3 l,lqs: $ Elel. +
    €.q+ ,ltl fiq4 Ee 4?.
    +3E Elq 'J-u. EJEI6J elE
    43 zl'Azl ttli'E"ll +zl4"s
    e3flatl^1 Ct+4. +a d+C
    o1b li1f += ot7lEl3. s+bl
    q. 'C4+(r+rlltsl )el €rJ+(F+
    cllxl

    ^llf +el 4l+) ts"1 9lEl.


    '. 6l?j gE rl3 A
    (7) +rl-58: C€4"J 1l^l t,+e 6l zi qrl
    "l^l') g,dg + "J!_q. ol+ _rEtlr- .$
    *,fl ql ETlLl 7l^l7l Ll "^.1: 'l"l 54"i
    L+. olEg "lE6J4 r4ge{ ?.esli
    dl. ol-E-€ +q5E"l= +7f^l"l+. Tlrrl
    Eeltll 5./l^lrl+, d4l+. .fl*"ii7| *o=lB. _,r
    rg ltj 13
    =q5E +e +q5-Cq= ,I-n^luljiTf +++

    E5 rlE ll .1 r^r I SC alglel 4^l dE E+.

    {lil
    3=-=€-++l..tlzl ^l ql q 7l del ++tsallzlel FJc.{ r44es ajEll= g
    rl +4. 5"1. +ol utsliiE+/l ul^l *71'I q= r{hl]= tr.il o.{ :1.{6J sgS !.oJE}.

    Il =Arlql -96l 5- i 9.1-:- Fitr,:_ L+,llxl+e+ /l tsel +4-i,. *r.,t=rtle+ rl.3?l


    '"--e-l r.,i-n+. t,ii +z'i 5el ,',*-i-F"l 4lg "Jr,,
    K----t,* i,r-_.-.. ?.1.E+7l.ig S*riq *q
    [ .ra+4q1; 4,.lrjo]+. il-zt+. qlil+ e,,l +,'l
    ' AEE ::1,,.t;"1 3-grlol 91j1. .lgE= +3+if e]lsl
    3l+lnl
    --i&qd*l'tl't
    I "Jr-I.

    p-c oo \rot"r-'t
    l. +al Llal E"Jo gsElol ?.1=
    ^l^l d=S
    i^16fl grf
    2. rl:r ?l o B6fol saH F= /HE 6lj?lel x.]^J .g
    ^[0lE=
    'g EEql q6f 01 gfols^l

    n{q"h
    ,.,., €".
    st;
    reJ -14 .J4
    i1^l dE E-{

    84 llL ri'-' 't;


    O qe dt* 4a
    €4 €t dlqol^l q416.3;Nflt]_rF-4,
    "J+zl il+d.ql +^J6Iq
    ul+= ol+6lq dgdl *g+ €€q qsl+
    'i+ Fg 54q a.J +
    et4.
    €8.t1 =eig 4Hg 4Bq +zl"J +ed 6lE
    + ilE g€ El.J6.]
    .*d
    IEfEet g
    ++E a4Ll 4E 7i+ +€/t + 9lE BEdg"]4. a54ee a+ol
    +4 tl?lqlAi flq^l dll.J ^8Be"ggt 'qC a'qfl4. oiz]6:! 4lEre- 19998.E+€l Llal
    e^19 .l+ 7ltq7l 7l+ 3al :il4qq g "JB, 8li%t ^8cEe "JFel EJ lE 1tlg ol4
    *a3dE${g#
    +9 +dq4_r+ ,i* *+gsE^.lq qgg e{.*ilg +EJoil *a *ss Elt, 15279oe 5
    E al++ a'lEl. €+l Elc|I| * eEl*
    40.76gq 37.5%E
    tle a.eP
    6 z+rl zlitet d$ gt 'frt6}a
    LleHEL(rlE : d+
    8e er{ et+g,
    6tl"J ^d€e +E 4* s= 9* 4l+ss ol+El9e4. 4--=41 Eol 19SSd alg€s)
    gil4ql q+ "144. HE+ a+71 TIrlE zFlE gdg tl
    ^l= "lel+
    g4q "l+alqE rls.49 cle 4^lel.
    ^lEzt dil EolLlr 914. :a
    ulE F"I *fr€ "J{t -Fg +71.t}es E+ *d zl}o-ol4 e+
    "le
    "l 4+ Ail tsqg zl^la qq +il il+oil ol+51! 11s4, 6jg"l4
    6*'*dl FE elE+oeE g+qjl fl4. r4r +de 116 FC g?.,l
    BEile Rl=q ?E 4* eTlEE-^l Bq ,tl*94 *r, El^dEel !l*
    E-qsE. "Jq q+qq *El.
    EpAo+ DHA'Fg 5."-4 Arl €+"lLl €d^J e+ 5.el 4ld;. il
    s.il .Er+zl 9lqb aol 9q4 ?l4. +6], al.J ^JEg 7l*€'lr. Be
    +tl*ol+ 47lEg ol$-alS a.$z| 7li]e tolr il= Cle^l, Csl
    {!'Jqq A+ +E .+'Jde Sg+'+ El"JSel gF 9 dz} lla
    4+sE ^l+ela s. 44 ^l++el dElTl4l^l +eqe 7l€r+
    914.
    7lE+e +Ea +d41, elE+. El*+, d€ !-€ile^l -t^oJol *
    =
    H+1614.

    . EPA'(Eicoss Pentaenoic Acid) :90tlrl 34lSel Eg+ rl'tJtf oe +-a g4+el *^


    F 59 =+ t{ .t{d EEo "Jol gffqq flq.
    . DHA?(Docosa Hexaenoic Acid) :90ll7l SllEel .a=. E4'q rlEttoe CE4loll trl?l
    44 eE4q 5+e Sdol Elgol ;Et.
    1. dllg 8E
    ^f"d ffi
    #! +ettgt E+ otg
    6i oJ
    ^J
    E- r?11.<|e1 ol.gg +lfl.o.li.E dTllE^li:
    4lt-,? 4lel6l 6l oJ:

    ;r-l- id' +ldg.ll *tullcl-E ,J+l"ll r]]fl.€il7l Lltrl. +e q+sl dB


    "I +alqi-- fr4lrl s7+ 7l4l'J Y-.118 5"171 +16J. qi-iel €* As
    E-ql +4lEli: +dal 44 ..1+ 5q f, 641'-or .lil :l-e-q,
    "15 ;-
    el "J+,:- ol'rl Ce.e1 qL
    a1g6g..Iilol.a 9lEl. ?losE oJ-* -"rnl
    ei oJ^l /l+ol+ 3ull4l qnq€l, g44 e4l- !L* _a l]._v- ,]?l €:ql el
    61q dt€ +Tl^lTlZLl lrd-g- _-fll +.= zl€ illEJol g:FEJrl.
    r Bl"liE al* ^J i'. + qlLlzlggs .l+ 7t-.--* rll{zl"J 4 9-s^l
    zloltE- 4!'(ciant kelp)cf pr,_- qlg 6il3= ^Jztal +.^lEl. d.llE
    "l ql€ 6il3= {lullapl frfafa -1x+ Pfn z.i ;-ell-e-.? "J:n^i/l qlE
    /l/-= 7|l36Jrl E^141. _r -,rtii-3r **"1* 7l< ^l?- EE tslE 5=q
    ul aa-l-t- -YEt ol.8-oll rl] 6J oJEl.
    "ili'€ol TIEJtla

    sAdS 71tsJ .7lElr] Bl -1 Ei'.l-'1t].9 olLloll ol'BFJ + il.1]vl?


    -r 7l4lel
    qE+El 41,
    ^ll+€ llolLl llzl 4e " 0l*6ll g lql^j "J + 9liol, TlEJolL[
    TlEJql^j EJol^lEJ$l 4alql el6|l TlEtqlE +€.1 s: ao F +c5JEl. st, 7l
    ^dcEl:
    Etql: €+ gEl4EilE ag zj6l^17l-= ^te14 ?1;ol 9l: ae.E "J44 9lci.
    zt.et3 6JE "l "t+"Jol 9l't atltqt 4* ts-+ 4.1* e^1, s.i! 4E H?dtq ql
    ^i+"1
    611 4+ 48ol glTl ailEql so; zflej4l +3 dt4 toj-e.e^lel s"EE g .;El. t
    ^J4 +
    d 80lql +ol€ ct+el oJolg(polrotion)g ec6l7l E|]+ql 4l+-a rlrltJ Ell S44s l
    gqLlq, -H.+C ol +ol $lal+ a4etr ol€-Elj!. o;trL ralr. rjllql elt g+,:olLi
    ^lls
    ++ql^l llslCol ? i6l7l E|]EqI ++E tgl^lLl oJ+ €.el el-E€- 4le e^lel €-tr e
    "l+
    ++Eln 9lcl.

    :rB lll-15 ;l-Eti El TlE{! ealngq q-,+4]

    86 L. ?J
    ^f!
    ofioJ oilL{at 7,lt
    q+qE . 4.J oll|-lrl 4gE r qdt g + 9lEt.
    . 6floJ qlLjal rtEE =+e+
    oltrt 7flt,Jo{ 440{ 4 lg + 9J4.

    4* qlqxl.il= 6i+ r zl4l7t Ttnl olLlzle^l


    6ll+,
    =fr. 4
    =4.
    +, ;il"JC. gB :lol ggq. 4.J *<Ig .l+61= dil+.il^lel +q"l
    .l rl*.1u1"19 E+ ol+. 4e.il^Jel ElolgEl4 (biomass. ^JSaJ)
    +d €|5 He 9"1"il^iq 6IoJ "ilLlzloil $.6J94.
    4.J qlLlzl 4tlel ++ +qlts olpl Tlgqq ^l+g j1 ,a44. zla
    4ee.219"1 7i5q! oiq4e.E rlEq gF.IqzlE ol+61= 4q g
    d, ultrlg ElEtl €Cq +EE tsol:lE "l+5lE 4q "Jd, El49
    sBrl 4e *9 gs.:lE q+* 6[+ €s;1 94. all+ *iS. g+i]
    gd F.l flEl.

    Q ++'re
    gdg rl%lel t6l g5 .il'.lz'legrl Eqc Eq gddl= *4
    'lq
    qq. $sal elt E .Jzlg .IqzlE 4lziLl +ilql el6l 7l4lq ss El
    c + tlE+ 4z+, fg III-16'+ aol allBE ^J6l +4 SA€ *,71"J
    c q+6lq EltsJel rld4sE, +e a^lBg "Jd gets €g 4*51
    q +qss Hf+q gdzl€ E4= a"lE+.
    +q LlilE 19798 ilg_e_s 6tl"J €+Aql^l 44 gd"i *t zla
    €+ 4^lE €^l619!, i982ts"1 ^l 2t4'l 4^l ^lEg +ig6lH4. ol
    €+ ar+q1 E6lB. +4 +4 g"J"l^19 r+4 +€+e E 500"J kw
    2.6rloJ orlLl^
    ^ra
    ElF.le g! ?lA
    :19 fl -16 ltq g{j
    E flAIs

    6llEol *el,J all .llgol rflaia {l

    olq. olel €'rl zi'3.o1 tiulo.l"il Bcqq 9lq. 44 *del 44 +lr


    zl,a,-, tsll +i- "l"l rtlg-g-E Fa'l aq- +gel g-oe-E -L--a6lolt:1. +-s
    rt4 "JLg l.t^.4.4 k\\r/m j'' El5l4 91tr1.
    ^lL8-el

    61 -t+'Ja
    rg [ -17 6[+ gd dl+ gde- E^J"il^l +7lE -a€.?j tsl+g ol+o-tal +2f= 5el
    el 945. ,--- zi;leJ. _1q lll-17j+ eol tsl-u,t+ql + i' _+grl EldJ;", €il
    ^l
    + + 6[+€ ol-s6]q ol-=-54 4171.:'oJoTlL- B'.lolE]. 6'll+tl.
    dlq+"il^l E4el ,Jil'd oJ-dql uj*s ra _6_lr.:- :l-=.71e eJ+q.
    olEl 6lli?E Hl"fEel S4el +€4 'JEI€rl El+. rqa 4:l z|
    1l"l el{! ?q+qE fl"il elol ^Ja+E}.
    "l+.'+ "J,g- Szlq^l=
    ol+ gtl.I Ellt 9i'7i +68€ Hl 914
    rl. +"1 Ll4qi^l= olzl sl+ gd.il +fl oJir/| 6Jo'll4zl P*i oJ
    4. _1e]Ll ^ll41 alq dlFg ="'},+"J +-ts^l.e_ 4+el 4+7t 6-e-=
    t,6jq!j+ 8.6il919 "J-+"I a+,q-el 6l.ii Ed"l ztt-'* *ol ?l+.

    c4q€ | 4q,dF ttdE ise


    o 44gdet
    =F
    +ei Eltl tsJ4qlii tle}
    oI elfl .d'ilel €ts "11 El
    4 zl-F s;^ll€. Tl€l ++
    e t"J d€ €ol ilr.
    'rl*el d€'.l] elt gq
    €, "JlE€ Eol gEl. (a) 7fE *illE (b) c5 ++e

    88 fr. ;flJ r u
    (a) 7fE Eillg : d/t+q
    +Fg drl "ilLJ^1ts B
    iJ;l=',J.1
    (b) alE ++E1 :1lF
    ++
    E *dl {Eg drl "I
    rjzle d€l;lE *4
    (c) 3F6J : rleJ qlLJ zl
    =
    gel 9il oILlTle Hl+
    I El ;? dzl qlqzl e (d) 4lg (set up)e
    H+l6l= ts41 :rE lll-18 4ei gtl 3J^lel 5+
    (d) 4lB (set up)C : 4tl 5+9e +9j€ 1}+^l7j 9l:l oILlT,ls El+jr ol 6Jg d
    zl oILJzls E +161= H;f.l

    1. fA ilr-]83 An4q 4 44 "Jd "J^le] 7||e€ €94 E^1.

    E 6lF,JEq
    =F
    al+ ga *4"il: d1+e.l +5d olLlzl=- El{.1 qlq?le H
    {;}3 rrg.1 E}4 gF-rJlrl "}.1. g6}t! *rl 5ol 9lr}.
    a]
    6lli

    (a) 6llxl n8tr EerJal HJ^l : ++ol ,J6J.l7l4l i1d^14 tl


    d qlLlzl= g= tsJ^l
    (b) HJ8+€ o_EoJel "J^l : ++.1 tt ++"I Zl+61q Ela
    rdd =eE4 g^l
    "lqzlE g:- tsj^l
    (a) ;{rl

    (c) .f;ft! 'J^l : dl+ql el 6l +'altol rl d "llel +Ei s E 5l d qq4= €= *!

    (c) q,a d 'Jq

    (b) ,JE+e sEtsel g I rH l[-19 6{F 8JE g^]9 A+

    2. fal ilF1gE A=4q z+ 4F Cd S^lE 7|ls5 dg6|| l1rl.

    2 ;[?1 $lL]Il 89
    ^'Fr
    €) =q.Ja
    44 g4le a49 +lil qlLlzl= &E oILlzlF- tsl+a. ol4g d7l
    {$a}i gil *49.e,, rB ril-2or} ?"1 s}=9 q47l +
    qlul,.151

    +iql 4*€ €-^16l! l}4^l El*Eg zlfzlol z,lltlSqTl TJv l


    "I *F6lq gdaJ4.
    aE ',Jde rll4le, *t vlTl 5m dE"ltr a4l€"1 gts gd"l
    7lts6lEl. q *4e al*.lulzl4l elQll g,al + 7l* tzl zllg9flrl.
    Eqi, 94171=- €il6lE *i"tl El+ fts rrr-21r} +ol t 4+r{e
    "J,tsJEJ
    ga *4. 14+^lB oJ:'*fJ gT! r*,q. 2zl+ale .JB6J "Jd
    *4 -F-"-e, LIE + ?14.
    =4 9d9 =ao,iaE ailTlxl+;}/l +gq 4ol
    6lq. E+*el
    ^l+
    7li.+ +e,€ +l;1
    q 'Jg ,l+^l-3 *e-a1"1 6-lt, ol Zl+r'l+i q!
    5rl 916l +"1 EJ + 9l= e +olol +
    =oJ+
    El.
    =4 'Jdel tde €4 i:-41 €.ee1 6;.1
    €gsralg,'l 's"J BlTl ali1. 4l/l9olL+ t6li €
    dq Eleq flEl. gde zllulz| $o1 5-1, a
    ^i
    +/l.l nlE+ gd ^ldol rltq jr- Hnl't4.
    "JLl--71 j-r.l ++i, lg7oEEll atl"J S?rql eldl 6
    fg I -20
    g{et aqE ^P-l
    'rd a 'Jr 7lEgql4.a+Rlg E1toll Gq EJtl El'*d _rr^l/l .!^l!,!
    "lrfl. 19808'1 1982€ 44
    ,Fu4e dlryl /tEBRHl 4%l 3q g
    d El"J€ dE 6^l q zlE €41= ji"J_,-el t5ss d^16-lHq.
    1986€ ,ld-qat ?l!l 41i ^ld €-+loYlkW E?t tlde} 836GwH
    e ir3zl9flqq d4 irl +q 9l':1.

    rg [ -21 .=aJ gI
    "J^lei 6e

    (a) 1^i+xlE gg*J (b) 1x1+rl8 grgs (c) 2r1+rlit


    "JgB
    "Jt1 S4 cI g^l

    90 6'l*
    ^ltl
    @ g.=-l'JE
    9=;1 glo- 864 C+ ,Jel 20C d-i;el gEzlg ol+4q j:rdJ
    aol s+el 9f_+ .Jnq"1. -ELile-E-el "il4lL= +g^ia +
    rrr-22e1
    c+el .d4+tr +q^la f iieiilji El'tl€ Ed gTlBl= %!4qEl.
    q ElHl.ll j."J Tlnlt- "d? +li'J-s_e ddlql^J a+ ** er.e1 u1
    "I
    *9e 44.t14 "-l4lE +gEljl, .1ts ++€- {!:r,e4 4,t1;' egTlF-
    rr4{q olq+ 4-d9'}*grge.a{l al+ *d-;}/l 94,
    oJ6J gE esi- sBee+q 100-1000m
    "l+el +4 er,Eel +t
    ql^l ;4ol zl6lElt r ol;-loll^l t- 4-68 dgtl gLl, olilfl a[ oJe-]
    ++r+ d=q eEzlql el6|l ^J7l* g4LJ.<l7l * g-ei} 4ul;<1.14.
    gETl gtd-"- El+.l^l dT-fl qq +4"1^lE
    ^tdl7t ilsq. 'jl=
    dl+ €t *"rl 9lq. +qql!= ol,'-14^l eE;l Pld /l+el 7ll*"1 g
    449e +dg HfE Rls4. ::.6l ki+- dlqqit- *++el- d.6+ ^lol
    .l +'JdJ 3-Ezfz[ fzt{c}-z "Jel4 "iq 6.il"} *s.;1 g3 zl+ TilP!
    E"J ol ,q 96t4.

    sq€ I eE{cd
    O es^1 gdrl= rg III-22 gatTl 4rJd
    el A.l +d9"1 9lril.

    I 6l+el g5.il qlqzlts qe


    al *^8 6t=7l"ll rll6il
    =^}fl,E+.
    E gEil "Jc'l ,l .urE 7li-ql
    +t+ 7
    ql6ll oJol}|!.. :1 7Nq4oJ +q
    (kw)g jrzl. lgall €?
    =^l6lq 94 .Jrt+ ".!3
    ddll+

    :g fl-22 8E^l g8e galE

    'i nfzl 'llL-^ 9l


    ^lE
    f| ee+'Je
    g+il gde- "J+el dl+ ^l.lel g*ilql 9* +lF"Jg ol+6}q "J
    d6le %t^l"lEl. 4c 6j* ol LJ 7,1 ol+oil ts13il ,:1 q^l7l 6l-o_Ll. uJc 71,
    ts{.1 nl.? 59-- ge$ oiluJzlgcg oJqzlTl ^lz}*q. rJg 6}+oi^l
    ,}Sr+ Hl*Eol
    "l?d 4 +F.J 4+"1 E6ll EElt 9e ,Jgoi *.E71-
    tse dil+"tl geJ il."t ol+6lq aTlE-e.g + 9l7l 4l+olEl.
    ,J-ii4 Hl*i+ "iqzlE E 247lsql 4EJ!]E oilq7l71 4+61!' 9lE
    ^1"1.il=
    Ell. olE + 240m Eolel +E "JdL Qal{ $ol:.1.i €._"] gi}e} "*
    ,i= 6J"il 6il'JgEl. r +l?1ts iae lll 23
    l ]l' " - aol 6hl rl HlEl ^lolql eJ+,Zl=- *
    e+
    Z4Om
    "tl^l
    ot6t
    ^l+,Zlel 'J+=-
    tFFlg ^l€-6lq dl
    r:. =!.
    + 7i9_9 HtlS^l?14. ol rldql^l €^dsl:
    6l?li+ e,l+:l +91 ilol el El gil,,3
    ^lole.l
    .l+6lq g4l.ElEl..
    rA -23 ggrq g
    Eel flalg

    ,F4 'JCe ut"Jel $-F olLJ^l+ ol+o-lol d7l* Htei: gC d}.l"l


    El(rg III-24). "l4e *4 tll"l 'Tc€- 7lg"l4l +l 'AP, t974vt
    4l l il oilLl,{ y1-oq q+El9ertl. €rll- olrrl {$n} Et4iql -:iq.al a
    ilul. "l $d *ale,. €l?"1 ulilt- oJ6}ol 4el flq +,Y-t +al qLl
    f,d^, ln-24 5El E' Ij
    "Jql^li: ol+ ztlJ-g-n
    ,(l?19 ,/f;<lj. {_:- 6il orE}.
    el flal5
    l,
    I "J,tl4oJ .+q Pld ^l.He- +it
    Er srt aBt
    g4el +:. "llLJzl€ sldrj-e-g d+I,
    /b_
    /J,
    -.r{?-r{n
    I tl
    ;:l
    ij"J
    r 5.d
    ld
    8il
    # -rr-ri----]
    t,-ll -
    .'i,i ";;.-lJ;;TJl ;;
    5 4l qq. P+3vJ 3'l+
    g '.trat eEJ

    I +6r(4+) +at(i+) * A 4l +dzlLl ++71"il -6'*€El.

    qoJ qFlxt 4ssl


    6-l(,} qlLl4 4gel oJol 3Elr.6lEl4E --1d'3-;1+el *ol gaLlit
    6ll+el "JE7l 371 .'l oJ qlLJxlli Elg 491 oilqale+ ul+t7tzl
    '41+olq.
    92 lll 6ll? ^ltl
    s B+l Ezl'f, oilLJ:lg olol olrq 44. r4el^1. 6ll* qlLJ7'l€ EllfrEs
    ol+6]'44 +ElE qlqri€ S"l r.lzl +l?] rllfrE €ssl4. tE,
    ^l€ol
    rel Ag rll+E ^l€g dll"Jql A€6lq +l6l^lE'+rl],* zI;|.
    +11612l
    ol ieg Ssl g ,J.l-*rl.
    "lLlil. dla4o} qel Ttzl zi+4 SdldE
    rlc"l .ILl7'l€- q++ qq Elde r++el +tJg irl!71 oJda,l:l s7l
    q+"i], !l'J.l ]?g Ell gdslHE+zl yl'.I.] *€- Eli lt}€6lq gdal +
    d 5qc +zl6lE ililTI €s-a1u1. fE.le.E. rl+ qlLirl€ d4s.a
    tsL+q += *il".l *71 ElPlel dtsg 6],*^17lzl +it zl+ zli'J, EF

    "l C"J tl* olLlxloil^.| "Jd4.J dqg *1.=alzl flt .JCEI *Be]
    7lg Fol ol+qzlo} t4
    ^l;-dl
    djoJq eEil 4q4€ r4.4-e--e- ztig6lTl +l6il^lE +irrLl gil
    +]7lel C:.ol 6}d.Elq+ 6l?. "lgel +d iti.lgE 4*d€r dltaluJ
    + 91ts zl+4 4.Jgc ol++ gE^iel +rlr) 7l+ gol zNpQoloi
    'd4. e. 4s silF=- q+6lq dqC dt6l4B +qsEl EilB qq1 5
    g 7il-,?g + 9lE 71+g ilgol C6Jqqol dJ4. *FEg gg "l6.t
    rl gde gakl +"J.il dg + 9E s+Eel TloJoi
    ol+q4ol 6JEl.

    ^l cq e
    dle+ aol . olol qlLJ € o al
    "+"I 6il
    ^l ^l
    €
    tr rlifsq ^l€"1 gsdlq. rli]rel ,r1g-" "r^1 g
    7l= *+^l7lE s?l"l €4. _a4q gd €zt9 ^"1*
    e gd s ^l€g El€ +EeE ol+6le EJBs51 *
    +E 319 aqEl. qarl, *q4l d+E a4 glt
    = .ra t-25 3Jn+41
    'J;19 sl5.a. ai+7'loll^l.E q+ "J4lC ;lE .Fq *Bol r4ol4
    A
    E d+ 8q 4EE
    3ll* qlq4€ ,Itsg cl +96lot g de dl.J oilLJzl€, 6tioJoil^.1 Eil
    *ee. gz1 5J 41, 6lloJ: +ae qB4l H+g a"J7lc aq4 cl+6tE
    9.1+ "lelt ql+e +4 *€Eol zlt +Ag 4,461:1 sj! zl+4
    -qe ^l+ TlSatEq'cal+7.l +i'dx 9_-aa1q, fal+ rlzl *glol "la
    9,1 *,* Z*e z[9€ *+q +eq g+e + 7[g6io] g dol$.

    E5 E+ 6llgl oilqrl xtEl

    El* g 4q dlq ;lloJ qlLJ zl zt€ /Ig HJHoI rll4q Ejq *


    ^lolEB 4
    ,qlt Lll+g 94 ez1.
    -'i wwwnfrda.re,kr

    2 6l?J olLl^l 93
    ^fil
    6]|OJ
    TE AIfl
    6[?J eJF
    ^]!.el
    r 5d= 2| ? !,1tr1.
    5t1g B F rluel =+el
    olSrl Tllg 'ceg "letg + 9]trl.

    oltoJ oJE
    1 ^tgJst
    5F
    nll.J: ,,Jj,i rftl.3- 6il z.lel jL:". 91 ,.1 ?_ l-4.Holl +?fl61= dll al
    'JE zl
    rl. 6ll.i +orl :iol 9lE
    -..J altl o-j,1, :'r 4l r+5 + 91 "-q. 6l zl 'j€'
    '.]i+
    z}eJlg,'il,JSl 6il 1-lel +ilql rl.rl rll ii gril5,lrl r'JL zHl . fl;ll i-zl Ul
    e,l ,Jii /ftl. -i?i.,'il,8 ''r+-9 ,J€"ltl ts.ql +.i-ie LIE +'9lrl.

    rllij? Lli,U',^-,-
    ^',rlx,illf"
    rg lll-26 6[r] 3
    F43=+ / etle ll= \
    I rtolotSs I
    | +{ ix4F I
    \-^rl ^l! E/
    0l

    k;

    94 lll. ;lr: i llt


    O rl= gE+E Elr 4a
    ril+ €H+ql B.u6le +g rlgq Ei+ee +zlE+El d4l, eclq
    3- 49.e +*q 21e"il .c6Jg Bq uJ=E}. ol zlqqlE 4+.
    "l ^1.1?,
    s],*9. eF 5q El;|+ zlflrl tsl. ol€. *. €. qA. ;|. g, +
    e. €4. tsig-Ei. +^1, q4t €el #+ +*'. dlfq e# zl+.il ei
    -J +rlc *€. +l;+. s4. zlt, x.* *+. d4 4qql^1
    ^l!l 5e]
    4dq= "J44. stl+^l Fei zld *^Jr-l EI+4. dsl44 zlg"il elsl
    4dsl= a, "*{t trlE €lel +++ r}9.1 esgq .JE}.
    ol +ql^l 4+. d€ zl^. 4Eg *E"l zl* +!,J6].4. 20^n7l z
    zl,iE 4Bol ?s_.1u121 zlfl"lfleq, C A€ zt4"tl elt +
    ^i+4
    4 .r1r--1219 rtliilqgq. 4r?n- tl+el a€ 7la=- E.+ 9116l= de
    E, zl6loll^l *o14ts eie+ +A-€. ol+qd sl*EolEl. ,le
    ^lrl.{
    t€ 54gel +sll7l i+L+ Hl4 "Jql 921€ + +Elel.lel 4+C E
    ol 4lEd(Kerosen)'ol 5ln. ol4ol 7,1+oil^l -s45"J g,3l
    "J4g E
    "l d^J€q. iledg q4g+ lil"il
    al.'9zl
    +€61=sl, B+d El4sH4e 4.JC 94
    Cq *+61i1 +edJ4. g+el d€ 714ts
    a^84 "lF9 .EE zl+.l]^] t€q+ d^Jrj
    zl+"il + 4+ "ll+?+E 60%z1 7zX4a.6
    4rl xl*"l 25%. a^}Ell 4+q fi%71 C4
    tEt.
    +, ei, ta Fg sllt tlilE.l E<l4l rA [-27 4ed!
    q *E g+= * +9l ++"il qq 9loq. qzl^.I $lol- gA +l+€- e
    +. C4ldlq d€ zll. zl€4, F+. ?e+. €+,8g+, "l^gE -F+
    9C + ilq.
    d€ 71.(NG, Narural Gas)E 7l:d.il^l 4d 4A612Ll E3l d
    € 7t4= 7l+^la 714 *qel €E+ 7l-'-€ "J6|q. 9gl d9 zla
    (LNG. Liquefied Natural Gas)E ql+ ++4 zJ*g 91611 d€ zll
    E S61 162es'14^14 +48 fr e *+^la +4 +B+ "14=
    g{!4.

    . *S(lt, org dEposil) :^lzlel oJ+Eoll +E sJEol AS4oe Egalq r|l€g Ell!

    . ill=d(kerogen, r{E)'l;+7lEol ss pa +o E+qlalofel rttg EJol $i, aa 5


    ^1
    LJE.Ag4 4gE
    TlEf fli7f rll7|gln a4q +*rl
    J. 6|igr gE rl"c 95
    .:i E+ E+ 6119 qlq^l xla

    [ 4E!st u8 4E
    nCql .lF+7le+ qlFTl :'.el Aol 4*6ta +St 4l.rlts a^lq+E
    4lEq Hd6l.l €: tdg ol+S,'rl.:1 rllile 6zlLl oJe
    'qlel ^l'39-
    g "Jql +4= q= ++91sr',a. +q HqzlE E +ol €Lq.{l e qI
    ^l
    a"l ar+6lE Esl.jl rtlEJ;l +41-t'i,& q!z-?ll Elqq.
    ple* qql^l +e 4Ee E Eq fl.l,(lLl. i+ +q^l= CiE ++
    o.e {zl ?*a zl9 :.9lrl tltrtlu}. ol sr4$.199 +--q reJ Ill
    28,r+ aol Ea,g ol+9lE+71, /l4el aaqs zl+ol :1 gql +aal
    *q qq^j zl-ollzlE ;_1 ?iq4 ^j? r-fl+el g"J 7'lg-g E= FdJ.I 4
    Eel +c ct-91 i-4'. da. tnq qY'Ee- $olu| ulelr. eae- ^i
    *El= *sI 4€9 oJ"l ^lE!.1 4d5l9lEl.
    45.1 E.ll^l ^ie.l qts Ltlt- +Ele]olel zl*4 "r+49l dsl 4+
    ql sl61l^l il6d ElI'l . 4aq EJq, E- d-.1- Es"lEt. EFl3, r +l"I El^lE
    ol ,t!qt^l 9l:q€
    '*.1 it,rl il "J
    € t-ol il 7l Elr.
    ld B.te1 gr3o1
    '?TlElrJ^l zJE] - E.:--
    EAe '+€Elo
    3.J qag +$'J e1
    :,: tJEl€ci.
    fg fl-28 AEJel dd
    fl {"Jel €F
    4IEJ-S- .zrll ?flklj,l gcdElo e ?tFlul . EaEJ. aEJ. EEJoI +g
    EJql +Eltrt.
    4lFt-3- \,1!+ dEql r'lr+ +€El, elaEl, te 4 _tr_+se eiiEJrl.
    .+EEJ: R9+ 2l!-+90% ol+olr'l +'lEl d F:"1 7Ct% ola-l-oln, al-i+'l
    =
    er'l g*+ "J g-7] ^l gjr Elt- 4 ol +d olEl,
    . q8.J : +!l 4Jr,+ 80-90%.1.?. +lg 4*+ I0-40% olr|. l5|E

    {;r u* €F9 "J c zlnl r:}^l il.el ol 4lr:1.


    .'J=J : qlFl, 4EV 10-8,0% ola, f$._o- 6,30% olt+. e49 ul jr
    "14
    5 ++el .*,E71. ,eol= +H-ol 9lEl.
    .,Ea:EJrl dEY 10% ol;-Iolul. "j +q E-'8J gill 5l^l 9*+ ,l
    ^ltol
    o g. olal 4lgel +7171 rql-E Bol 9JEl.

    !t6 lll. ;,1?l rfil


    6r,!:. ,.jfi-. 7l:= Glrl.-,ll i,Jc,i ,l]€-rl"
    'JoJ
    eJ++ il+el "Jqql 1it ol5dll 7[Ef7] -E-ol sg lol4l eJEl. -E61,
    =q^l ^l"J+ql ^[
    oJaolLl goJel zl+g st gel 51le ++ul"l o,l4L}, F* zl+?ol glaol 5,2$4l *
    ol 9l7l trIEql tt t|,.'l eJ+7f +J4l soJ + 9lEl.
    eJ+71 g trfi:, Hl€:ol ,Jt 7l^71 fl+iql _s.oln, 6zj 9tr91i +J+
    ^loJ+ql 'lT 1le
    7t r'lq, 7l1l olzl]+q: g+ol Sg Eol !l7ll sJcl. olel ?ol eJ+71 nJ *+ e-oJ s(oil
    pool)'olelja ? olfl 's.J +,': 7l4el H€:olLl 4$e1 o1-t- €'93 +q LJoleJ -sil
    =El.
    d e-! FoJ
    ^ltol +^l_e ol56}q +d zlcllC ol.F.1l FJEI.
    ;t TlqolLl r:l+, 6E,€l,?'lel 9z3g 4+-3 6HoJql
    ";?e"J gol +7l-+. ol*'
    ^t,
    EJ aolEl. r4Ll 4oJql^l ol5di4Ll t*d gzlolzl .,j: s.J g "l "j
    .o'lloJql^1
    6il g'_e-s-

    777" 4E sln ?lEl.

    geil Erl 4sl g= 4?l


    !"I +"1 Ll]el +:+ zt?l e_s rllx:zl9l a-9, dlli'r,i+rl il-14 ?dql
    ela|l e€q-L *?! F}4 (manganese nodules)olu}. "lrl'{} "}11 Fltlql
    e., *+. d. Lle. i.zl. i*E Fel #+ol ilfslol 914. do|] +al .ll

    el /lflotl:, i-3-. aE- "Ia. -J. -e,- !,j-e.l ,++-"JtJ"l "J,,r. !E{ i}.inl
    ts. 3. +zl . Ll4. ?*E. qEJ-grl'J *.13.;f-i tJt,'.el djri +6llel ?
    LllTlLl o.lllTl +l atlxl "ll 5J4l Es6Iq
    'Zld
    g cj^Jb+/lE i!rl.

    re fl-29 "JZt +! rg t-30 0J7f Fl49 Ltl+ +4

    i, , 6118 +=9 gE x]fl


    =g
    C6ll,!ql= + €*.1 60,000km1+ EIL f ?i a'[ Lt (rnidoccirn lidge)
    ol4 +/l: "JdE oJEt. ol *ql^l='tt5g+r,l
    "llzl tf,_!ol El'J5lol
    E|=ulz| $trr|{ 4eg dl* xl4"l e.JSq Bdqq, q Cl +EJEI
    b g?. +.j.I elE] *q zl*e-e qe1 ++E *+ grgol gEel€ t
    ErlE +c€4.
    .le+ +e +3+ +41'1'.el qlE4 fr+ *Bets ol€, ?4, €, a'Je,
    qA 'FC E + 3l-"-q, +6ilE 4;'+ 9q q A+ql .s+€q. "J,J +
    qel dJzl q.*.4 c6ilzl gc"J ilq ?+, g+ +te qrl
    "l4ql^l
    +^l zt$g 7q1.$ol sla 9eq. C 444.J ^}g ^Jrlol ol+q4_ d
    o te zl4Eln 9.lcl.

    gedO 'JJ EJlt= q ^lzl^r^t st:+nt?


    st EJrlel
    €T +.E-: lootHql 2mm?l Ell ul6lq, El4Bel El4 +E= loooEql
    2mmolcL +, "Jt tq= q4* +ql E-6lz.tl sJEt
    reEll ql q4Eoll €-6lzl ?Jr 4+6)q f44J' ll$zfr ql+6Hl Hjdalzt ?jr: gl4
    t "Jg t++ s'J6ll sg z1^l ^J.EolLl'JdJ ^i+ 4+ql el4 oJt trlTl 4l+ glq
    { + ";+: a!t, ElC.t{e-B: El4 +-E7t Hln4 '-eJ *q *rJ tqrt Sg 40 e ol
    +q sot, ,J6J ^l+ 6li+ol elEl ?Hg sl4E3 €Bl7l t{rlr +4s "Jt tal"J HgIg
    +E o;ct.

    +d.il^l ol+5t:z 9l= 4+ dg +E,, 7l+, 45


    €7ll +i-lel {+-}
    7l^1, ul6Jzl 4 geql^l S"l t +li
    ^1. ^l€Eel zjel 4+Be ^14
    g .l+6-lq 'rlE 401q. F6l, +144{i_- "Ja. agE, q4 F.l 9.1

    ':1. 4ele Ag tlgel tlr(t;le^l ^tq a4l *d"I g+


    qa.l6J +.C
    z7l/a6J 9A7t slsE. _-14 el .Jd+l *fr"i] rI+ +^rol *o}7ln I
    4. .15 zl{9 .e"}714 ?}d€ :.fr :,rlirl+ E}94= 4e +qE ^}
    sl 44 +Ee gE-oln d4alel A:ll €t 7lE] 4^Jol +Ealzl qlE
    {, daizj{ +CElq 9l= ElEl+ +* z}-flel zN$$ +zlzl.J +d"l
    ' e+ Sd : Eg6lr +-e1E aJS
    . sq e4' I oJzf ttrle+ ee d6[x]
    "JE

    98 [.;fg rl3
    ^i 4144-e-.e +6Jdli.t +q-.
    -?4 +4: ElltCoJ 6}e+ol4l^l Fo'r-J+e-j:2000 km eqTl *"]l ,&?J
    Elq +i. is!}kmr=- +$l,o-r-+q g".ltsJ"l d.J B^l= 6ln 9,1_o_u1.
    ol + +:tol 7l* *ol ,ll*€ zl9 7"J 5dkm2= 2gg2u,lzlzl el€'c
    C.+q aHl-.:r 4gg 41qq4. IE+, *?l Flrl= Ef1-4-o-F illA6lTl
    gq! tlo]7le+ oJ'J-7]= zl4l Tlsatjr, d+ EIE+ it+('2}d, q4, +
    al . -zSE)-3r 44lzle-F- 4ldg i. ql,? zil?1 ,'.1,'rg-$ ri9-.-l alq"lt+.

    ss qc I s6[,q $3 &aE E^t rfls el{

    4s l{ ^}ol_F:.:r d4\o+q d 6tlal t}* z}:]9 tsel +rl +49 d€ilzl +g 4tl
    el EJ^l- 7ll EJ d 4 ql ql '6lq $olrJz|.
    ,. deepsea,kordi,re,kr
    :. www.kordi.re.kr/chongseo

    E+& dEn
    ES

    & 9ts9

    ,Agr I
    ,fr c*'- OI EE

    '*e
    I
    I
    -._.J

    -
    fg [ -31 d* +el Afr Illg

    3 6|2J B=
    ^til
    7,rfl
    6t1+ rlgel r 5!E .J + ?14
    6ll+ =+el
    0lElf 7t{3J egg rf"lg + trt.
    ^t?.el

    ;1+= 6'll+ Lilel €.= zl.{.'82}+. dll+ -.e,-?.1.. 6[+e] 5+i.i]-E- "l ll
    7l'zlF, ol+!la IEt. s.+e il6+€. ol+aJ. elnl . .1..F. i.t
    "J':1. "J
    ^l I 7lF +"1 ti"tlt t*e ?fl8"1 ol+q7l? oJEl.

    ofl+ xtflet
    1 6F
    dl+ +"ll +dlltlol 9]- !J{. z}tl .Jg ii lll
    loll^le} Aol tLJ6l
    -o,l
    ?l f tloJel tlal-.{li-r-^l
    "1E,3- itl
    y+E}. .,jrt;}tr
    ^}4 a4l o3q1 4:
    f,e_s! {jiolr}. L}Eji. d F+ z|t i.l.F.E gi.g, ol t- /lil /l 9lL}. r
    iill 6l+0l^] oll? ulfl-:; ;l+lbl/lF.. "il+ ol€n 7l+rl /l;E ru+ol
    n.f,.tlErll. Llal +oJol i],J ,,{ C {Lrl glal ;- +e.!rEl +el +,+"rl €
    .6Le il_o_Ll a4l tJ.ll ^l tl.ifl{! el_.-,_,3.'dE!.Js}e'J"} 9.lrl.

    ,r,=
    4L

    il]e?l-=rqi/l ^Jel 1j o-re g.i. Erl.d+ 94."J, lp.r! oiuJe]. ]qrl


    d*Ol 91"1^]5 91 s3_ 5.9t ildoli-l. !8, .{tl2lzl_o,e l|H .Jg, ^la}
    ti. 9l .l+el ?lsl. +!l 50tl el.-il +..161-/l dt!t| i 9,1= <tt E3J
    100 ll .|]'lr r !:
    s n 1 J::=ol

    rilf E 5s (g/L) dl* 5 5E (g/L)


    9J,!| cta (I}9*)
    1.O77 x10^ Ll.e, 67 2x10-j
    (Na) (37,5004 (Br) lAq^ E) (Ni) (30q 5)
    =)
    ol.rLll6 1.290 x 103 4EEE 8 .JZ
    (l\la) (3,r006 E) /1?4 E) (Mn)
    --'l 9.05 x 1O'7 1x10 '? 3 x 10-"
    3 (3,050r E) (N/o) (140q E) (co)
    -eE 4 12x10'? 3.2x10-: 2xlO 6

    (Ca) (6604. (Ag)


    -E)
    AE 3.80x10' 1x1o-
    (K) (620r E) (40E E)

    olti. rrl'-l +q Ll4ql:- 9]e"l d6l ?ll. rl;1 ti-r,--


    zl il eJ.qzi g d Eel EEzf p e- a .3, t!3io-l^l .X-'o1.,r1
    q 6lr-9 ';"J.ll 4+ Ct"l +-ag olEEl. 9!?l e+ 6 11
    Yt E o -.,r 1'141 ai ii +99 40% 7l HiEloll
    ^l illil5l=
    rtl. yl+ d^il4lg ;tl+= nr-- +g^l7j 'ilE i;€-^l+
    ,sTiql *=rl€ ql 150rn +olel i.j+ol 3,l] ,l"lul.
    A*el +-c.U++se-= ++. rlt. Etl -+. oJ].Lll^lol.,
    oJ]E. tlTll-EJ. 9^EelloJ?-lol. qld. olEljlrlof, ol-i} .lg ll -32
    S el
    =
    sl ?1 I
    aJ. ElTl , +nlqol. nl{. El,rla. ulLlliglr}.
    flitl E"lrl.
    t,'l Blf Lll+
    rlrrllf$ 4++ +B"tl glq^l:, oJ g .ip.d ^d$g.+. ol+,t *
    ql^l -.lel ?14 oJ,-l, el eid-_ 5ql
    ^119 49 "ll 4!q= igeJolr| ^l
    -gEJ rf EfrLJl+g '1154 tr +C 6tli'=- slEolol
    "J?zlds_E Elr+.
    rzlE Elrql+g ici+ll-1llltrel eqlr a.d6l4. ilde i't5+"1
    rLll€g- 6tl+= q 116l,"l ;N +l{1.4 i.11;1n}r!)f,_3: 1l ,fi nl.f!l^lot+
    E^l ^l-8,elq. ?91^.1 ElrLJl^lol€ +=4Ll hJilul_rLJlt' o;,:- ul3cl.

    1,: : H.=,

    944 "lBaJ* 7lel6llr.J "i+61=rJl. + ti.q ei=,


    rr+_9- 6il+.11

    9q":"1^l gqd gE.rl +7lel eg uf::3 13214.1 lr.i*(iul) *"_lrt


    ufl6f,^l4rl s.--9'J?l i+E'el €Ele +il t;il61q dttul. r-Ei..-o

    -:t :-:: .t.-- 101


    .I€ zl++ 7l€Aql A44q +e7le golTl +14 9C
    ^l+qflgq,
    .l= bEeE gol q+al9El. 3*qle €8, #41, ^lA+ EIE+ E
    + F ^tle$ sE=. zxgqa 94. ,{alg ^Jt+e E 25r} €os +
    c94, :r + El+ol 60% o\*+;pdrla fl{.

    O ++=
    +4tse a€q^l e4+E q4 + 7l+ +4e gr"lq. ++"IE
    E 41q Eol *+qq gxl"J, 6i+ +"ile 3.3ppb(3.3/10r)q a4:l
    *Ecl. €rll +9.il4 g+71 7Hl ggtlill dEJqn g=Eil, ^jq EIE
    4^41 ll= +4ts .1+ 4B.C+e a!g+ d4C *-ud ?a il4.

    ii !t* q+ +il 4alel gE


    g gdql 44q oJolli"4.
    ^lolE= d46lq +4 4?+9

    l. *e eeel cfl4 ?4 4alel g€ xd


    z sdg I e+
    "s4 "E
    3. +4 L+it sEg q^tg Elrl g Es

    $ u++ea ote
    tgrl.il^.1 t'4el es:E *4^la +4-qE ^l+EE.d4+ts, *d
    .l qeqq 4^l+q4 g= gB Es d}^l'+ "d49 F9 "l
    ^t89 +
    *alq ull.d4rlrl ^l+61ts i+ ^l.Eg-s 79C4. *g +t7l ++
    * A+qlE g* 5s *4+ "l+6la' re4 *aJ 4+'ilts'd4gq
    ++ ^llBg q+6141 €El.
    .J4+s q+€ qql 4€qE 4+ts +'J 6I+e+ gE ilol4 10u
    ^J4alql * stJ€
    ol€le 4+qqol 6l=sl, olE +B 4+el El4=
    gsg'g B}rldlTl 9l*q4. +Eg dlfTl4+g qqlE eF 7-8c
    ,EE ,8++ gqile ul€'€4.

    ' .'.*
    @ e+++ ote
    d4lal4se uld €"1 ++4q C d4el ^lrl4r g "JE! €q ql
    t Asdq *al-4 4r ?,14. Sl+el s.il d?'+ g adl*e.l +4e
    fld. 4,* *+el +B ++q +4, 4* s4 sgel r{dl, 4+E 'l+
    e qlLli,l€ g+ F 4+el *+sl"I 4e +,gol tsolrlr *sq. Brx
    +Eg *dse rilalq *e ilqol^l B++4 "l+ol^lr tlEl.
    B+rl*, El*E{ +"} *ts ge€ 444E ^}Bol 0l+6}r
    ^l-*g
    + ge e+e dltq ?e aee. gE€ 44Elq ++€ gesE it
    +89"143Et4.

    4+B *+E HltE BEqIE 4?"il4 g+El +7lr g"J ets Bts+ {r{e g
    s€iil4Eq ?*B Bz',lts *Eq 94. "{4^jts €zl sol ol+qa *s E+F*
    Bq q* *+4 4aq 4d4 golts7lg. dlrl.

    4t

    o it+
    d+{+{"1 q4 i(+E {{ +t
    tx t-83 d+q g++ 4c
    tr E+!+Elg

    oq+€ a+ €BlE +4q flf4a, s4 o4rlaql^.f qn+^14 q3l4+4e s{q.


    @ 4+ {qgol q}FE4 ++9zl e*sq d4?t Eqe4 ddrJtq.
    e.el
    @qlFEC
    ^lol4l
    Fr. t'+ql 4+, 4e +q B+e Bol q+F"* €+C q*s}
    q B+€ilfl*lc}.

    a 4+B+q84qg6
    g
    4-g- A^46iq +q q44^j {&qa gE d+ B+q *{ql q6}"{
    ^lolE€
    9ols4.
    -'l kiwe.hraternr. kr

    4.4+^El t:
    :' ,, 6il+ eElel olt
    u|
    'rl4qlL *zl4'Jol d&l z5cqlii 300e/f Yl= -3-1lfz| tro|
    9_u 9l:-rll. Hl"l€-4l-.-, 14r.llg-. g6lLlE_.Ei,. r'J*. r'1,-1rll+. -s_s= 5
    +rl ++ql +"jd zl+g'"'f': €+ol i-+;l4l gl+llq ';El.
    olqd =oll+ .glle r*€-.Jr+.FulEl?! tJzl, tlllr -4 ?-!zl €.JB +/l
    Eqlzll sr+71 + ,i.o-L:- 9r-11 "Jsq, "*e ^ltli,'ol "l+61-t-:lt+.

    .:' d=+gl zltg

    45, dfJg.+ "J= +++e 7il*q! HlElcl gulelE.


    =zj_rs_olg!l6ltl. olBtl
    ic
    I 100rndE.il Zlo-rJ 'Jf,4 q+91 a- SEJ oll.lel
    ulrl r|+E e,l il.-l EJat{4
    r-{ 200 m 4,1r: .fi-ll++el 7la .r! i}zl-..if.rl ^14;}= Eol ^}=el
    .J 6*9 gzl.il. ol H-rl. 1l -p.- *ql^1.= S,allirJol 1l.J 5J. #oJr1i edl aol

    E+ trt, a?lr_ -loJ'q{^l= f4 200 m 5,J21-^1-"1 El.r}= d6llr+ ;}


    olti4 4e Blq'.g il;]14 alrl(2000rn.\LrI 43- +J6ll7t;l
    'r. ^.-rqlg
    /lE;-lzlt g EJ'zl ol 4l ,"J*). ol d-19 Cg ail'6r C ++rljr +=r+.

    "'il*il-.-,- 7l-l'ol *9 +="lr+ ++


    :|_"1 zlEql^l *+ol "Jol.r- *4Elq1 +s
    .l 5aqq. 6ll+rj 9lg- b.z| ga u1;
    ol ;7lll ol 6l zl e ql d 71.7I rl4 . g + t
    .19 zl oJE olt'dlfl
    fn"rrl 5.-z), +sl.o,r,l tlc'l
    dCaJ4. ol 6I* ,rl+.-:, tCg i.l
    qoJ.

    -a-^J.
    dljl/l \lz+g- .uroJ oJ:d . zll*6J ,jd€
    -{
    g, I ^lq,r 9,1?l qi{l.ll -?-rl L}elol ^lE ol
    1- .l rIEJ Sll /Ig 4lsl.l +tlEln 9lq.
    al.J d++= Ldrtl. Tl r6t +E, nl*E-,
    e}rll . 4+ troll ol +5l l . +rEzl E,t] <il h
    rg -34 +l ++ 9
    llt

    "l oLeJ4 . rrl ,rr .<t/l+ ;-I += rg IIl-3.1e1 'Jol


    ol3"J LJu.'llgle olcJ d'zlE- ! Ll ol
    ^llrl
    zlq C]li-g +ilel +L= *+: a"l 7l:'61r., !l-- ol %lBg-.;-7lel
    !:EF; *3 r4 T.?l -i.-ol +.;71ll +.+610l gol !ls'i :+r. 6J4l e,9
    + "Jrl.
    6le+ol C;-.i ol,1tjlollrlts olel Ae,,, ololrlol.,,r- ?l/l+ 6ll+E 5!tl
    qolr_= +rdzl +Bql ?"1 rlol EE.g?l: E
    ^l?l =1€: 16l= EI{:l,
    * zlE'"ll ,I*o-lol :' /.]-gtl- *E 7l "ri 9lEl.
    104 Ill | --l
    . eA ol+ : dilg d=+ tgil ,il"J +!
    =dt1
    : +E 6ll.J+(wwu'.mltm.go.kr.) rlol^l-:i a^lalq i-4 +zl9
    -Ed 5"1
    : aI* tl+j. d+El ,l* +d'zlqq 4bJoj ?lolrrzl.

    tstEt7t +aE
    ^lHi
    Eo ei 3ol: SEE|oll^l

    3|
    ^l!olol
    7l 94?

    5^l7l fl01 ca4.

    ^tt4 'Jc
    aol 0l *q
    ^oJol^1 Hge
    Lt,J Eot tE flol

    ,1 6[+r3 llE
    oH"J 8T rtfl
    611?l E?r rf trel r sdE g + 9lrl.
    ;|]?j 37r rf.erel =,=ef
    olErt rIg tr+t= rfqg i ?.1trt.

    oiloJ
    fl +T ^feJet
    6F
    +d €,ll"l tJil. .i.'tl t:al j. rj-;r 9l,r.E Edlzla {<L rJFe +!l
    llq. all* +(!el ol€ 17't1.;zlfltal r[] e].r41 +l.J 91i'E tJtr6ll7J
    /f-r 9.lr--f. r-1.71 ,,r+q ?ll+ ol+r;lol g l['l] g- LJe q+d;1q. E ?.ie
    + ol 3, EciHol ?ll!t.51 /lrr +lrl..
    gg E,J
    aH.* ,a-.ll:", ol+.1.?l4l: Scrl 4lg"l ?qi. ij!., 7l
    t+ *t"-t,i
    irloJ \lfli;"1 +"| 11 ,l_.-. .l.1lltl, +latl d.qj.Eljr.J= 4:icl= 6Nt
    1l"Jtl .'l i tl,-l "Jtele.l
    ^l
    .l 9l-.* c. *a+z.l rrrji tlJtel rl
    "lltl
    r+ {l dll | 7l ,i, nlil "Jrl . tril"tl: dll,i} i*"J. +6J };i zlzl ,14
    .E-ol
    -b-g ,l:3 .. i] ttl i] r-rl_9 :J€r z|; a.1 z1o1r1
    'J €, cal
    ol
    ^l 1l

    lt{^'1 l'to{ =,7t

    ;ll?I -J !-ol.'l e,l q rl :-zl oll ol+rln 9Lrl. 1 +ql


    .a-.rl-:,- ,++l9l

    rl {,r!'1 1r!"J:,{lllr,r_,1 drtl "l+!lr.9L= a_o-q=;Jzl z.ffl,,Ng


    I ,r ::'r.
    el t4. qgel tL.
    641 "l "J^l "llB tzJ4l elal +9 +zl E b$
    €-zlel tl4. F.l .q-*"il .rtl*zlzl *ofl rlrlg il4*, B
    "JEl. s.q.!.
    dr 5:rI Aol -F6llE'+uJ^l7l7l +le {t ^l€g ++^l 611.J +eE
    tsq oJ* C +lql €il6l= dl* -={_E-E olrl L}i}.li] E}Eq $+o'}
    :a 94.

    m ns*+93,J
    4* *'JC mF 9 ++
    ql
    *t_o_s +_l+61= "liE
    {+lel EaJr} 36}+ 4l+
    * 5-9 6}rl ^l€g S6Ja+
    ts 6J+. +4aJ +il *ag
    e+_u6l7l 9l ql +.94 +il
    t. 'l B zl 611.8 -6raJt. 6ll zl
    El"J. 6ll* €d+r -F"l glEl.
    rg -35 6|]d g€i

    ffi atxt e"l


    6ll* €Lte €4el -!r*b1!. ?ld'+l
    ^ltl ^Jg"ll^l
    tsl*-g C+lel tle 1
    .3ff +Eole!. +
    €q +11. +49 5l*ill 6'[ +U ?]lzl *{Les^l --1 tsle-ol lld 4 7t +ffql +d+ 6l
    a

    =
    zl,1 ilrl. ElrE,ltl /14 €e,,it4 4*rJ,"r 7--r7l7l 9l;l 9rl I'ql ail* clq. a^ 5 3
    ;
    !,
    *S4 zl+ erl4 ^l€ol (l€rlg4q alsl +.ll 9lq. .'ll.J +tg Ell,(l aofl
    ^Eq= ++
    !E= +EC "J6ta.
    :

    ;
    ol ol-S.o-izl glt
    ^l€eE -trr+.] ir-a$ B^lE .llt iHl. Elel it+
    ,+t 2oooH et4 +E L+ ;
    4.el €+ +c ola i
    ]?.tlc* zilae! 5l1I n"Jl. 6lla d'!"q. 6l* +?.1. ElEt k]^l *9. 4 E4€ "{ 14.944ha i
    + 4lzl ^l€.:o, +€.* "1* 9+ Tlrl . o-l $ !l?lq ^l€ 5ol glEl. olEl.
    ......... .' '''.. '......'':
    i

    dg €z!
    a]l* +?!-:r al* *a_o_e ol+6lE aql rlloil^l:g"J+q ++el 4
    *. 4*uilE *ne. ol+6t= ?! 4iHtl. 6tl+el zl+F-3- el6ll
    ="JoI
    nzlF.; {! ile ;q *6}71 +l{! 71.+al 5-.,l .^1914. 4eoilts llE-d BEJ
    "JtdJ +t
    EJ 7l€-3r HIEJg-=i ell 715L *qql 9lE a+El EJ4l"ll 91
    E Avl? ]' 4** 4.1 419|!l! 9.1-o,Ll. fdg rtl+€-e 4+q 4*g
    qlt_o.e * 4"lrl. alf,9 zlt
    ^l€g +Eg.i'. HE, tl+zl+ol^lel
    fl+ 3l++i'l .a:Elzl+el tll+-€-_o,?,37]l +E ri .;tri.
    ^l+
    :, 611:r */.ilir 107
    ollgt
    ST xtgJel olSll rilHJ

    ,l# 4l4l ziE.3- olgEl.g *s]+ ?146J Blrlojl CE^l* ?lil;-l-71 +l


    .l Fzl= olrlzl g'? 9,ltr1. d'l zloll d.li 9].:'l.rll{l' d-ii, +s;' 7+-?l
    ilzl6l4 a"Jcl olq, dl*:?!!J rJ g-;-lol olilql ! -ii5.d ,,141
    .=s-
    =
    .-l+'g?15. €-zloJol !$elzltl 9J.4. _relr,1- 6ll.Je 9l
    i]6l= ?l+el
    =-
    tol .J 5;lTlotl rl]{L.l ol?1€' 4zt-_?. 7l^l jL 9.lL+. ;-}_<lq!. _r1rll-sl !}s}
    7l+el 1Its,= olrrl.,I o-l:r{l* d?l -i+4q 6tl"Jel rl-E'il"j al
    ^tis,+
    +,J .l+.3 7};--6141 6l9lEl.

    x lt 2 6ug rf:l
    =7] 37J rl8et ** .z! xtflE ott
    ,l]]a! :ir, I 6lltt E^1, ltgB Z+
    ^ld
    l|] l ,{l}i =7f 6113 EAJtr, I|Itr EA +.J A
    tr5 "l +a a2J at", ;lld EBt, 6l|^j EILJ, oHAt E+i
    allrl 32J 9l{ /r^l rl!, 6l]g iFj, 6116 |AEJ. 610-,Et
    ^13
    3Z 3+ 4=A, {+ Ht=8. US elSE

    =,^.1
    ot ot,^.t .r7l 313 rjlol ql r oi (l^fl, rlt! ,(l^EJ
    ^l^e.

    6llg .E'^l

    6tl.J E^l!- ul,r;1. sil ts;


    slt.l t,?lqf i:l_+,,.,;;1
    tsI.*+otl^l rr
    Lrfrl +.tl 5,9 "J=ol ElEl *Ag q,zl .4lql irl+olcj=
    ^l€ol *6J,
    L+

    ,lielql^l ^l "l;'l-9J,!rUl . rl-l-olLl oJLa -"--.ilrl: ql 4l ,Jd!lj1 9l=;


    "lL+.

    tr3 rlt 36 6Ug .t^l!t tzJ

    108
    l:1:1 rlEfl zl+ r.lfl
    ltgtlE_.]
    ^l+,I"J"l :'flEl-:
    allTl
    ^d+l
    *tg +16ll drsJ ,i7l dll * q-dll"tl
    ^l-!.]]s-
    d 1lg "J*+ € ]l . tlEl €.1 , llt1l (bar.se) a3
    4 F.l "Jrl. "l +4+ iri:++ ad:t"tl^l "J_
    4lel dBl= B.ill^l1l Hlr.l+ r! _ta'1"1 "1219
    €r.lz4zl ol9li'!El. 6Jzlotl^l:- rjlrl el !+?_g
    6llzlol slj1. *rJl+,:, 5+ zc€.
    "l€-';lq i=E
    *el "Jd {l jiolztal Bol€-r.l €.d ":,1 ;L1l
    "Jq. lg [-37 Bf^l c^]E
    l"Jg z+ ^tc

    ;-'' alg tsc


    6llt l3a|gc-\lounred l)lants )
    =qllE(fll\IP,
    =
    dlldel ++ +,ag 9ol 3r!. |iii. zlf. "{
    zl .Fel +.Fg +l6J 47i ^l€ol €il!,,1 Tlolri.
    ile-r FlLlie} eJzl,4 ',Jd,J:.= rI'|eJei rJ:1l'+5
    +i.-es- ;ll. !E ;-+Ll Eejr tsel i*="r aild
    .l:1'1+"ll el€;+.sj,:- tsl4ql
    ll + *otl 9l ildliol
    ,elEt. tt+. E^l
    "J+,1 1+il iHl d+el 'jl
    .J3'le+ +,41 F+.}H r':rl rl ?l gel il el= 9l
    6ll dll t 4 7lE- il rl '5{F,el d il 7} ol ji',ol zl
    .z 9lEl. -r \+"il,-. 6lli' *+!'l +Stg. '.1l! €.
    te i'"1 ';t1. rg lll-38 6|lS 418
    ulil 7l^l

    s*b qeEE+g€
    4tE qle "J8 +iI tle t"J-'l ;'ll1} +tls"l +t /la.9 rlair.
    -lq €!'l-. +e-El6Jo-ii.,!'l z++.6tl1l SqlsE 4.il'61q oJtel r'l+^l
    rll
    ,:1 dll *"ll d€ 6lal _: 6[ <,] r,:^lel
    +*i+= gel . oJ (]-e, _- tol t]j1 ^l ^l
    *"Jol''t gdt. d,p,t -39 tt ^ld-:. dl*oI ?ld.ole]r: 6tltl gul
    LIF-LI
    "'l* +Al /I^l+ d^l6ld= ,i*"1 lln oJEl. olelo.J ul€, .3-*
    ,Bole.l 5,! qlg. sll* .,"altl7l ilrl + *J.l ril e] ?].F71 .{.ll41 4il"tl^l rJ
    EJ;-l Tl aJ 5l ! 9.1 trl .

    , :ll._l r- J '.f :: lut


    ..rg LI-39 r[i! E3 _

    6il9
    =a
    il -:6J-,i o-..ilel ^l iiol nl.rl .E-ql _el-tl 3rl5lq +1lel +lr+. rlrl
    ;tl

    rsl: rJ\l *o:l- 1l?r'li ';l ,"r ':l9]!].. jlrlql tl; ++:zJel +til. ^l
    al '..1 i' 41 +ql el t1l. Fzl tl .'i-,.1 r:+. a.}+/lel ir"'. ol*
    ^1l]-ql 3'?Jl
    ..-- o i,r- oJ all .,1;/j,el
    a:6or Hul tl ilol r:t;1,41 5lq ;ll *.ll ;+6J 3 a€
    .l-il i ,- ,J oJ,"l nl 4l ll-c,,_ir Ll LlLl.rl 9lr:l-.
    c.l ?-rl !lrloll qltl il atl t. -j-41 SdJol 3€!lol 3-€
    ^l: ";l f,.t,,.41
    5l / 9l/. el -;el ?+i;- +4i *.J'. t
    !r,r,1 ull{l }l o- i,r, il+el 6lrllr-}
    {1."1 tl'J',ll ;,6J r'1, ul -,iel lq,!_irl'^l ,: -J -{ rll ;tl. "J !i,tl +z+"1?l n
    ti ,z-..'J
    ;ol 9{L:l . l,:.:r,l-ol .l.rllr:1. I {l X6J-:i qlgLa] ."r 'tilsl ?l ;' iJ
    gloll {!/.'l !1gi-o.r!. 9l 14'L+l-"1 ;r+ r.9el 'r+ (i0'r';=-l ilijl6.} + 9l.rj}. +
    S50 hrLel ,4 ! or ,'ll { .1 9l .o-rrl . ;:) zll-ol 1} '5r.-rl. 2 ,l el .q .l 1 ^l :.' +Hl
    ;+.r 9ll1l.

    lg lll 40 :J^fti
    el
    'J^lo +^l =:tl

    110 ll . ;ll
    ii !r5 0l+ 6115 5?.!Eel €d
    6ll* *{E€ a€6}E A+. ,.]4*+q^l= ed}."l^l SdEF=, ts}
    zl +l"i Tlel €ldt *qe ag6lE €{tr d}7'l u}^l.l y+"1 ol+Ela
    flq. dlt €,{Eel 5ag gqlrE q+!} ar}.

    I a{501 ts4.
    o +t E4el +.!rzl qaJ* dg allig + ilsq, rllit_e '321;+ E
    71 aEl.
    @It+sl s-EJg 7lg61q ^lq=F- d4!+ + "JsoE gTlE d'JC|
    + fl4.
    E 2le4E {Ll! gEl.
    =5=
    O€el. ^l;.. +zl. +4 eolql 4g.aEel t^lqqB(engineering)
    7l€ol gs6|q, 4e tH oe9 71+4 ++.847|" 3.rl.
    @ s.=+71 +ol6lq EEslg ++g Bt.l^i Hrl agg i gleo-a
    8^I 717J g+ol 7lb6l.!.. 4t E+51.il elt Sd4 jr.Erl€- Bc
    g + ?lEl.

    E Edd4 r{"dol tsEt.

    o ++41 61.8 +a€oil rl6lqts zlael €6Jg El^lil + "Jeee €


    Al 7l+g Eil+ SEI^la + flEl.
    @ a4t .Jd de ++*.g.e.ri +a4?l oJd^Jrl q+d
    ^14fl9 +
    Hzl /lE 6lr.. ^l€el +zlel H-+ +471 +01614.

    B EA eete 4a441 a 91.1.


    O C+9 +Sl zlrl ^l€g +il*o.e^41 d4t €e ^l€"il rtle ++
    *zl 9e9 ee'l ga +48 449 + 914.
    @ ++^l dtl* +=Ee "NB4ql Hl6lq 4"J +a4 +"Jel qBa E:
    iil"il rI* €6Jq 44.

    E 7l5col tstrt.

    o fe-"14 "144 z]+.al €il 7l:.6lEl.


    @^l€el 7l=e+ +€ol +"l6lq, d/l olFol zlt.6lee +s tr'}"il
    elt} €il ,Jiel EA "t €Zzl dEl.
    , 6|9 E'J rt3 111
    dllg dEi xtEl 6||9 SEq gA4 g* ... d€el ^89.i zld s'= td o e €6}9 4;l
    ts sE- ad+ -F561 +4.14.'lq, +a eqle €-i]. 4"+. d5 4 il4-
    1 6i4 ltSlee ?€€4(pp.7a-76).
    6il9 gI xlael EF .". Etl".I ^J€e 3/ilts dl*€ +"il ul glb *Ele
    €olztts €*aE, rlqq +ol7lb +"J dc, tslq* 4+ Tlqls
    ^t++i4l
    e- ;lq golzlE 4^l dg -F 3 +e]e 4ts€. f 94( pp 77-84).
    6119 dE 0lt4 Tllg '. . 311.J 4g altle 4.* 4 e* 49. -a+zl
    ^lgel
    7tr,l9 dil* ^Eg. +dzlel azi €|..ll .l+9E}( pp.85-86).

    6lls o{lLJxl 6119oilLl{ rlE|el ... al.} qlq4*lqlts 44. itl+ 9 4+. i}*,
    =t
    6i"Jg. t€- Eol 9Jsq, at.J *zlel +q. E{"}g- €lg ql'-l^lE}+ qlqzl
    ^lE!
    flE 9.14( pp.87-92).
    b=llg 0{q{ r}AeJ 0lt4 rlEJ - . 4* {Ll^lb 4q gd, 44 "Jd. dll
    + s,,Eil Bl.d. ollFr Ed, gezl *4t €"I "l+Eln 914( pp.92-93).

    .- sE xr€! 6llglsE xlElel


    =B
    . 6lloJoI +zll61ts '}9 4*!e dl4el s+ "i ,l
    e Ta 4q e4l6l= dI zl +.S 7.[t]r] 6I+;q +-o] 9l= z]g-"-g 341
    3 4E i llrl( pp.ga-98).
    6119 g'= 4eel 0lg4 zlg -.. c-lalol +3o-lrr "JE "")4, ?e.E. Ll

    e Fel +E zlge dE rlgel {z}4e^J ^}q a4l gdql g+ €7ta+


    s.tol4( pp.98- 99).

    E+ . . il+ ^lg"{- sI+ qlE += aig. .d4+. afl+ e


    d+ xlael
    "*ou a, d++ 5:ol "J_o_q, 6|]+-3 "J+clalol +4 ^8nJq cs*i89 €+.
    4 i-g ++.s- ol+6lj'- RlEl( pp.100- 102).
    d+ rlflel ol8!l 7il9 . all+ ?41 €-6iqq 9lb nlg zl+l"l= Ll-E-
    €i. !l:11116, sE. +c+E-5-ol 9lsl'1, 91frq d+q fl"1^l= "J € 4;!
    ,E 6ll+.4+El gC + 91El( pp.102-105).

    -. ='r
    4s 6119 E?l IlElel *F ' dl"J T,J zlgql= ^Jg +<t.
    ^J+! +lg *,J,
    iF ++ *4, Et, 8,J 5"1
    g qi4 ,l* gI4( pp.106-107).

    5 6lle} E?! rHel 0lE4 tllg


    ge] z+
    -.. 6ll"+ +7.1 4ge 6i"J Eil ag. qg
    6fl+ g-{E. r{€ sl:r 4-it d. ail,} *6} =" se ol+471 9l
    ^l€.
    + ilg €+71 4la da+5€ ?c o e ol +ol^ln 94( pp.108- 1 I 1 ).
    ,12 I. -[g ^f3
    1.7t8 g^14"J 44ls 5Etr illrllTl trJ+6tq 7. S4+E olEE 6fl+7t ullEe 4l ?g 6ll+e+
    Ca, A41l €ol fl: 4e? eErlTt F tS5'ololol 4E7[?
    =e.
    orl^JF5 @^lcEE @+€5C @lor @20r @3ot
    @ cil5+ @ 6il85C @4oE @5or
    z +E+el ,gcllTl iJdoil +q6E ggg+ts? 8,
    ^fd€
    4a 4 ^\olts 4gEJolLl
    il"+ Eoll
    ^l
    ers @+te *rle aqts dl+ t= 4g€?
    o @
    @.Jte @ e.llg oa# @BE @gr
    @ +4E 6 u|:riltr
    3, 4g ollLlrl xtg 6, oltelTlT[ +l+4 +gol
    gn e44"J 9. 6fi9 dE 4ge ol€11 oltq! fl:71?
    'zle?
    o+€ta @'14 "Jd o4t Ee @4^J 8+
    @aq gd @eE:l gd @61* 5{E @4gg -'l+ ^14
    @ ET€
    .J8 +Fi 4
    @ €Bit Ed

    gdsl 4S CZJ 4fl E, dg BZjo|| 4.J6lrl ?*=


    =aoe 147t E le?
    4. 10.
    =eJ 4??
    @ zzltl zl.t t4.
    @ e.J+ +ol 4olol t4.
    o dl^l *iJ @ 6ll+ 5^l

    @ gtr €L;.ol 4 9,ra14. @ 4+ +^lC @ "lg4 'J* d


    @ "Je 4+alE 9rrd1o1 6"1.
    @ 6x* 49g 4? ^I,l
    @ ^t+
    TlFt E+*9 ++q €ea1q. ll. ^^e 4gd tsqot fl1Ll olo+6fl^.1 Et5!E
    40ll al tJ: a4e
    5. cl|4E 61xloil "J= 2}E q4rl ?}ts a ^lts 'zlc?
    ^tgoil
    12. c*el ,J4+e 34^14 r "Jq4R EIEJS
    04+ @4Et @+4 €ai gd;t= "J^lc?
    @ a€ 7l @ "J<! eq
    ' 13.4+e+..t qetq Ado{l el6fl Ed€ SEe?
    6. 6[+ 6otl g6ilqol 91ts Ede olr{tl 4gq
    +4E71? 14. sllg da+E olt Eo|ts?
    O 4+ zlg @ ot"J4E zl-tl
    @aX* *E zl-tl @ df* *?l zlg 15.4"J AzJol xlrl 87lee olEqts qlo{= +
    @ 4oJ {Ljzl 4*! Sol 91ts71?

    r.o z@ 3,@ L@ [@ t@ 7.o &6 t@ l[@ ll.c*3E lzeE+cd


    t3. .J?l .J4 l{. g'J. A* EE. 4d+. "+* , ^tE t5. !++et
    ^1?}.
    aa 4*ut{, q+E TfFal

    5. 6 oJ *ZJ tlq
    ^ltl
    l. ^l6leJel. "'li*
    jrlql..,. Yprg'. 199t, pp.20-.2t.
    2. j1++. -+tt.. rll+ rrrlrl 7.1 tl^l-, Zt)(X). l)r).-11 - 97.
    3- j'1++. fall"J . ,l1l.r. rll(,1 .,/r1,/.1 :r.r,l il^1. t997. pp.105.- 13tr.
    4. 6lr=3 el 3oJ. 'd-SIIr. rl ql jr1-rl.rJ +.1 nl^1,2001. pp.319.-35E.
    5. ;?l 'i el l1 E'l guJ;!?!(rl urltl ;rrl (l r.,!l il (L t99g. pp.j, |- l.{r.
    6. i+EI el 2oJ. '6llij{l i|]-E,. !llt} +il^1.. 199.1, pp.1,19-216.
    T. ,,,4J. dlrc,c J,tpl ;L ri-.rl .;l '.1 ..'. :lotrrr 1,p. ltt i0.
    8. -3 !t el 291 ;Jol ;l]1l q'rl(l ..'.,! \r"l"j. -rr(rl. t,!, jj I zt I

    9. 9]-"JE el 2t +sl. .rl] ?I d.e.i,. r,l...l ?l+. 200t. pp.:18- iUl.


    10. l)uxbury Duxbull. Oloirlsr. \\'rn.('.llroirn l)Lrlrlishcr.s. 1991. pp.3lti-.J21.
    1 1 . 5 t ^loltl .'llocl r,l++ .B: tlol 1l
    12. \iational (leoelaphic Srx.ir'lr.. ol)\'SSfl\' 11),S8. p 2ir5.
    13. \ational Lieo*r'aphit: Srx ir'tv l.lrplrrr ing ( )ur Li\ irrlt Pl.rnet . 19E3. p.2(X)
    I 4. analvsis.chc,ju.lc.Iir,.1lri,:j.'.,1i%IFI;i al:lol 3.hrnr

    1 5. ust'r'.chollian.net/-t(llli\,/l)r1rjrtt,/((rrling htm
    16, nralinecenteL.co.lit.1htnr,./t,rrr,t.g.v Lhtm

    'rfEfel *..1
    oll',1^l r[fl

    114 lll rll:,' ' l:l


    Httrt: olati .1gel Ellee^l ?+or7ll FFal cf
    '113= 3, i6li *-'Y,l'J
    'JrJl OfLaf I 2 3^f tg e-r5 rilaige "l:'.Je 4l?1 .^ll,lilf

    gi1^l: +ol^l: +oltrf 0l 93o1 ^lr- ?!?1. 6llF al,l.


    tfgol o
    =g^l
    gr tr_e tg. .]1?J all^l t"J Soll +ler rlr
    .-N
    4.lE ;=o17. 6N?i 1/l=
    ^
    rl]
    ^l+^1q4 *6171
    l/=;fg^l 6lloJ afol= /llg6l: !lgol Lll;101

    il6xo+ tlg
    1. +alg
    2. 6|{E llg
    ? *uol E.9. Alol
    4, dilg ellxl
    ^lg
    /\ F ol
    Td H

    0l?10 .4,1;i,- er? tl tg?l= ol;Ns' -i lltrl


    ^.1*J ^tu_E
    iil "J^t :r rdrl,4 gA lis= E f !]rf
    r 7l+
    011
    -i! 7lE !ji!
    .

    it= 7i3g=q ?l + i.trf.


    =Arrf r!1- nl"ig
    -j
    alEe ?! r'+el:i! +:.lcl

    iL]'H oo'
    0lg4 7le
    1)olgst *
    ol ,,,f /.r o_,,, lilLlr Lll
    ol.il
    "l +t. l 1:r,rlql r.l /.1 r.l ;,1-l _ ,l.,rL t,.115 ;.oll^l
    :,1 1ill fi3.;'l rll olr:,1]. :t,t).\: ,,!-,",
    "l 1.1. .,,1,r' ;g "l+.lq -{!l ;,1_4
    LI ill ;l -l-I. ';1t,| c'.1 r'lII ,r .l :- rl9l :i,,,r(;lrl. g+o r-- ;f 'r 1
    "l',.1r,
    * +c'l irf .rl rl-.
    .i.1.f.il,tl.tl ,.1 ,i,l:,_. 1.1.!' t^l :i:, \'-r,l ,tlil 'r:
    "ltl.l,rl ?lrlb=1,-
    r.lilolLlf r li1'l "l -ir e.lol {1. ,J,.1 ,.1
    ?l r, ol(ilc}tl -,' r},'.l,7ljr 1lr+. rrl
    r-l r,r. 'd: el iJ i . -i. 1.t ,.r,. rl
    ,r,
    I i r,,. gl . z il rrl ::_ ^l.,i,i r,rl o, ol .il..,l rf ;ful .

    il ^l;l i-_
    ^l.il-i-: ?'rl9lc,l!rf/ (,1 L'1.

    2) o]?lel
    olij =F
    'rll,l'cl
    ,"_ Lll iii
    . al.). ,L/1,.1 . ilr. ,l-,ll . 'J.J {+l , {! tl +li.l
    1lll,-_ r.;.il rfl lrf (rll .,1 ,1.11',, r.ll,; i. ,;lr-1..

    116
    e+
    (1) rl]dEoll r+=
    q?el qlt5.rl= +t 5g't +t !g.l 9l-o-q, olt dt.i1 1o1
    7l+ ;se] Ll*Ce ++] :lE'91 q+.]4. r'I4^J. i'g 9nl.+-E +t
    €lg ;- q+=,Ltl1]_o-e 6l='l'ilg'ltqcl 61.7]5, ElEl. ol rl f! qloil
    =
    -{++ F€- 1t= laq alli 98, 2.2165- lt: ag ilrltol4 51.

    j1, +t 4lgql 6lf:+=-.tl+l6l'= a+ 4rBol + ElEl.


    (2) clA'oll r+E EF
    € nrlz1_"-= qg.el rtl*Eg iNg !E: ;ll+171. ol+olzlF ti= olzJ

    "]4 Elrl. q.J.il= a^i4 7l.zl,=- glAqlol- 7'l+zl,o-_ir_ oltol ol+olxl


    q*.1 91=zl 61tr,z uJqlgl air. il,'_, zl'J4^l olEJ rl.lol Fl4 q
    = gael + .otga(#tfl)
    ?+E ++ dg"l+E 7}*
    ^lrl *B_"1 Ttlc"lLl ^tlr__3_ 716€ q7l, gA,
    -E--o_r- "lE .ll* ^JCel a4lzl Tlilz}
    oJdsld. r d5g E$t" _,i Cr olg
    = E+i dl! l dE
    fl ^1lF-9,qtg rll*q slol ^ll,+-g qil"_i-^l .Jd€ Fl4 tl4 ^t
    7l . Fxl^F{ 861
    ^l
    .J,Hlul
    "_9-, €"J
    q9g olcg *a^],,i+rl a.l+ "J"il 5ol-=c /- ?l 5 "Jot
    qgd 3+
    ofl €e-6lq +l€61X1
    Y zl43, ri4"ll 9l: q?iiql^l rga+-,-_-qtg']}o1r1. +.!l oJol 4al
    El= SelE "Jabl.
    t zl?lol^] ;l: qBg E"J qg. :r 6t d,rEel qlol^] .4to'l
    = oltg .Eotfl(^ffi
    : ="il "l9"l4l
    *rl. d€ olESxtel ola|
    +tgHds-.3= +E..- 8ts r,lEJel ,F?-l qdg ^l+.'l:- q.J9 -. qt^l 3a qgc c+
    dl qg"l+o}jr F6il. t}6ll "l .E,+q4el-+91 25s,J "l+. €;zJ l,l0 t^E SatE.JElc+.

    -r:-c ol^lel rllrJ* slqg rlelaj aN{$ eJoJ +qola} b1:ril. "l +q
    ol+olr.l=
    oil
    ^l "lB€ tl "J qoJolutrr 6J4.
    (3) dd nJal lllEoll 4e g+
    qg+ a^I zd9lol Es t_Il_ 7d^J"l c;1:/. It rit.i.?"J ^8i/r rlfl€i
    € +4 ss +^l ^l 7l H ^l {'s,i aq o1 6l s E Fr-aLl E}+r}l 5i <{ g tJ :'
    9.Jgg +:- gtE+. nlel^i . olE aJd 7l+q^l ,tl"_.,1-,1 6utl q=rjl.
    6J 1r +1zl TIEt|el q<'Jg ,=r4l y16l q"J, dl /l
    9"J. c.z qg o g u|
    {]Lf.
    r,1 \ -r Htol _q_a

    ol-^Jel E+ olelqlE qcel fTlrlLl El].lr-it"'+ qH 4 a"c €Etlql


    q= e+ €:"l 91,:1.

    3) 01trs1 118
    qe= "JHl4se qJq i"tl€-*.l .tlE.J.. ol9 .fr?=q Yolzl 9l
    3ll ssE .J, r]]^J-3C *ol=olts I Fc ol+olzl= A
    ^l 4d€ 44
    +7t Bq
    r +tL 117
    od ol atl9{

    5g [-1 qgE *+

    Ito N. atg $g
    /1\ nl= El^H

    C) ol847l :qtl47lt- +9. "J-3.


    3Jd, F'd5-, 6ll+el +t. zl€ F
    r+a-3,5q4.J siel +* ta. g"J.J+ -Eel +'d+4 r.9l
    9 rJE
    4 .qoJ,:r F+ q6l E+.irlol rl-_dlzlol+ -H-€9 xlzl zltlel rI4 qE
    4,4:' +461n, IE 4e qd Yt Q+ rl+4]^le.l alla], oloj {ts€
    eol^l oJol drl.

    fg l\ -2 olSol

    (b) oJel EE

    (Do1?4)l: qJ*71= q+"1 glrTli: ,l+"1.+ Tlii- !r: i+el .$zl


    "J
    _E--o_t- ol-u-_9 ,_arll€-
    "J.l LI= rJ_:-4.J *B"l <,;o'4. ol 4f-41
    5lF-+ {-"ll^l ts-=.1"1 ^lot7|. $q^l d llol Eil. n}^F- s.l
    = =g
    +ql7l"l ^.1 ++6l7lE 61j1. !L trEl EJ alH 9lo+rr C+-6141 q.fg
    *71 +16il^l ul6J7l=, ol+6l7lE,*r|. -1q4 4-P_- *ql 9l-: olTe
    o1 dl
    '*H o t-= "J.l B +7I 31!-ga +rl= ol ,S€! 7l /l* ^l€_,6+41
    q , r-3€-g d *"1 +:- El*+ q d E3^l 7l /l 7li!]€ o .'ir9 <lg
    =r1l
    *ql 9l= "1+r- 441 *g + 9l7I si*'El.
    (2) Eol
    qig ga4,tlr+r. zl€ *Elel 9t-3- .zrlxl "Jdqq *+: ,,lol ol
    .lss. q"l li!},aq tolTl 9l;tl^l= qd+ rl *_3- 4tql "Jd^14"1
    € 9sz1 9l=rJl .l lldg d"l4! +-1tr1. ilqel *H* -'rrll +d, +
    d. 7tE fr-Eq .ql 7t^lF, Ll5- + 9El.
    o +d4 +d : q+.I q€ zl-g +q r z}=i+ +ol6lt- qiol zl+
    I 4ge- solal ;'}E ag +Tlol4 6lq, EJtilE zl=itl:or tl6ll ! E
    nl uJg-arl q7 +_o_F- €..12.l.ts 4-9,r'.ll"l4r' fl4.
    "-lrtl

    . 4A I Bftrloll^l qe +iqel eAl


    ^1e
    .5q' : 6il.J EE-el oI+6e +eC
    r +aroj flg
    p{
    ,11
    ti
    Fd(slq
    la) Fd(s!01 lqE)
    lqE) (b) +d(!rl.J) (c) ilE
    ilcJ +5.(SxloJel
    fir(!,t"J et 3rE)
    E:rE)

    @ xf'J ffs. : q J-ol ol5--o}e 4..r= q Eel ;+El. ol ?.,] t q ri= oJ9l4
    _o,E, ile6l,q olrl-ol.7lol "J*g tig +.J61 /ll'--:.'i #sa-19 B-g
    I il+ +5.r+ +!q.

    q+=JcF.{-lffig 6fl+7} +61^l gJ-!- ?Jtel 1}?t +g olloJts qe} q+el +11, +tg
    fldlq a.!5J oJ+eJ s.: to3.J3 B6JE}. q+eJol 4CaJ t.J +qqE ulclei q+71 t
    LH+6ll ezl +lg *se, 4tl* qt €Eflql ;.s6J EdJg t.l.
    +el LlaHl^j: ag g6ll+el Ee 'J3 q+eJrl al+el .il++eJ Fol ]+$a1r1.

    .},{tl

    rg I\'-4 EA g= q+e .rg r\'-5 s+ 8€+aJ

    (3) olEl
    qFq rlll ?a)r] q1 ou* €'ql^] *"f €elt- rld-,.i qllol4 6t
    4. '199 +t 5gg q cJg"lr+_.r "Jr+.
    ol olSrl d ElglLt dlul eflE, qs r+dq
    "lJ=',14.1'l ilolel rl.4J

    4edzl x-6}El.E tir}4JoJ qgq -+4I slEl. qll:r s


    "Jd.J +/l
    rl.4_o_F, r}d6l7l 9l6l^lF rtld q+ql "J9l4l ol4 /lzl EiLel %lB :i
    6J4. g,:-B"lr.-- qit€-el -JF *4{ r|ld. **;4.91:1e} z}
    ^i,+alot
    _s=-F6ll ggzl.o_i,r- 44€ rr 9l:- q+sol Y*ol 4Eqa oJq.

    120 l\. .i.':l 1r:


    & qs+ c+
    qgel +"J"J ol-" dJ9l= rI* d€el 6JE *49 "Jol 'lla. _z
    dt
    4 "J"+g +E!l *H 4 r.7== ^l+*_"-s_41 ol+q{lE}. "JEJzleE
    ol el+ +Elrl. BJEg qB(fishing method)ol 4 6lr. E,FE_. q+

    ( ilsnlng gear'rr{rl oJq.

    1)olu4 ol"el EF
    (1) +^l GlEal q-l
    A4Pl'l .ll ElTl= 'J
    u+^l= ts +.]] =!lS
    "s4 ril+-F_3 \l^lol a;]Ejji o-lq *: ol

    Hee. "1 qB"I,: +q. el=\l/1. €\+/l -F


    "l !Lrl.
    ?qLq qcl ?lE \+^l€ *-^l"tl Eel9]^l {
    +4 qq"i zl5-6ul t XsE qq dtsC E
    "l?zt + a"lq.
    q LllllE-,:, 6J Elcl4 \lol- gell. ,l re n -6 + e
    =yizl =
    I ?+4e,E + 4ee. \+rl4+ iaE Ell5i7l. hlrlril* , xl ?*ts +e
    +7lF- LIE + *4.
    5k+7l= +^l= +€ n}d}oe eq. +q.7Vl+ *€"gtlo1/l ,t"J
    alB^i €4-"1 ;|6ln 844"J nTlE 4tss. 6lol \t-e qB os. H-
    ;It"lC +"lrl }*q=- q*e-_e 6l=.iol rlls4oJ 4olEl..

    €+d
    (a) cll'J^l (b) +gi+^l
    ral [ -7 i+^l q+
    (2) ?JaE'! 9lollrE olg4 q+
    :r+-r7l g $ zlEE € il dJ :1-Eql 4 llg"l :,-E- s't, gol ol el6ll
    rE3.l +'"=lAl 5lol nzl=- *E q'$-,? a__-1++ qB.lp+ 61.a. rBa
    ql g6l?tl nl"l += qBg g.I]].€ g'fi.14r. t!4(:rEl N_8. 9).

    r :-rfg 121
    (3) 4fE'J ErE qg4 q+
    fgg ol+^Ifl El+ El
    4/J-C EJos
    g4^l +E qHg;lrg(apor) qB.l4
    t4.
    (4) HrE qS4 q"
    .rg N-8 BrE age4 +^l* +aE q+.e ql^&cE
    +lE+Ej gq4+l +E qBC B:aE q
    Holela t4. f,'Eol f€alri o|l zl zlzl
    714*E €oJ.il. .r.zl7l q+el gi{l H
    +|.il.\l Hqqzl flE dEe id.l "Je
    4dol+ n4. 6ilH.ti^l ?e 4!olq 9.4
    +!+ 7tr{+ 4 F'}+71 gleL} qg4-e
    fg ll-s go|lrE E'J4 e"1z1g 9394.
    (5) gd qgr+ q?
    4t dcg s-+148.$Eq ?4+. +
    +* i'aE +dg'JEq q !}4.il Eq
    7l^1 t+71^l *6141 *E qBc *c
    6lq
    qHq4:il e4. i|del +a= "l+ rJt
    (a) 4A 4fB Ei t 4oil^l+El df,q} 4r1l^l rl*61q. r
    4lE-E qel 7l:lolEl. lld qBe *6 *
    dF. "le *d+. 7l4l *dF, +.,J Eld
    +, ,J4l ! d+ F_o-e 1194.
    (6) +9lfE ols!+ q+
    s.+ol+ 6+q 9E ct€ *.1 'llf-
    fE
    (b) grt 4ul
    zr. A Lils*el f.5s q+€ EelA Et
    rg $-10 {lrE4 ErE g-. :rg olzt4l €:l€
    "Jeg 4q q+

    r ir| n -r r *lr{ d.a

    1n t. 6[eJ I'g
    (a) rEe gd s"J (b) oltg Eel$ s"J
    re t-12 q+et loJel s6(+9trE olg)

    ol Etlol.al -R.}Eq, ;-la f B+l= llZt G6l^l al94E 4H,=1 F4_z


    s.!- qts"l?+j1 er+.

    (7) €i"irE qs4 q"


    olt9:r5 0Joiz golHq^l *ts qB"l4. q+9 +rE +4rE
    s"JoE- 7lgql.il ai+71 9la. r *+.il tszlzl gel 4olll
    ^lzle f.
    €E ++ Hg g;i 9li qe ts48 4.1 ilb ,li. el4.
    (8) +efrg qE4 q+
    al-? "J+ql AqcJ g7\/l 91i1. f €o1l 1'€ol .Jtl q+-=, +zlLl
    dl 7|zloloil 5-""I"-l +4, €=g 9_o r.lB^] Br-4 .rtsg qrlLl ulF_,='
    494 rl]dl-$-."r +* qBC ge4. +tsj. el,trol zl{ rl91o3-
    €lol olql +tEl. "t+Dl.
    (9) gfE olglf oi+
    €rE qR8-
    4*ql^l 4llir€ *ol/l'4 qEla-tE'|l-?- ^l+^lSl q
    Hog. al+.s*E _1* .J+.1 zJEf+ l3zll :_rB"l xll:.e|41 1'6.
    "l gfl q+s, ;q+ E= *.++ ++€ +!3 %l6J-e_-E- olel ,rlz,! _gQ!
    ,J"l^i *E q'solEl. q+= zl,?"Jse +l a+E 9l_e_+. al+el oJ,+
    q zlEle.JTlTl 9!. _-1 €"l] €eol g+l d"l "J*4"lEl. q+ +a

    :19 [-14 +415


    l +1]g 18
    rg N-15 46 €r
    E+
    tgs= +q:a.Ei+ itoiTl fl= 45a 99.Ll, +4rgg iag€ €
    q=g + tlE H+l7t= ol+ 6}dqzj"J. €_rgg oJel
    ^l+ €'"J €a
    glEl= d.l Elecl. q+=- trlit
    ^l+61= +4
    E}C + 4a, €:19+,
    3+ gag+. -E+ €rgFF- LIE + 9lE+.
    €r5 qHel rlls.4.J q+.J 4+ €r++E q+el "l4"l"l dt4
    q *E+ rr= olHolq. .lzlq €q t4'.l .ll4 /lz4olq
    ^}ts 49
    49 r{*ge FIE}. q+9 .J+E d46}= *H.l Et4 ''d€"1 7ld 4
    91"J. H Eg. gEl E€ -F"l *rl.
    (10) 7lxl4 olEal q"
    ql+Eg qB€e qq+.E- r rll^Jsg ge dqq 4Fq5"ln.
    El^l q+€ €ilEllol dls,+. :r 4dol olli {zlBa gol 4.q
    ^lZ}E
    gEl. El4^.l, q+71 ++q gog.<l olE +E + q4 qltls"J 4+
    q€9 + il4l3 qq €tsol €{ E.}d 4"lc}. "le} A"l qq r+d
    rl fq qdq E;^loil ol+qilts qHg 7lal4 qB rLE €+ qB"I

    (b) qg
    't4 Bs
    (a) 4i171
    =rll
    :19 lv-l6 7ln{ri qg4 q+
    '1.847t 2.Eg 3.E3 4.ggt(++) 5.8 6.dolg 7.+ 8.I1+(-3) Ldd

    124 I\ . 6t]g $g
    ?+ tEl. "lB1?l qHC $+ trl+ ++-=- ol+t a7fl ilf,7lFLl. .a
    it"il 7l+qal r.7l-=- rigelE ql ol+Elts 4^l rJE(t-rsh pump)Fzl
    ?19Q. olzl-e- +dC q+.il ,{ol+ *_o,s= *g, q+ 48"t1,r1 .1€-
    9. ae.{ clt€E}.
    (11) r Y+el olglt q+
    ziiLzlrj tril-s qRF!+E BEI d4l
    "lgcl=
    q+49 q+g
    ^l+
    6lz1 g+ts'J+ 4a qH, zl* qB. ulHl qHli ae aol 9l
    "l,sqLl
    4. "lEe d4 qB4e-e $ol ol$sli a+E ".1!'. q€ 4+"il=
    zlfl nEt qt4e-E- Zq itolzl g+ts 4E ilq.

    2l ot? 4e
    q+ 4iE qgg .d'44=.-E +6d€.lzl 916il f ++. +a. €a€
    ol-ll6lq 4ee *ql 7l+ 4aaf 4ls.E dqal"l al4. q+
    =2il \+^l
    ;l.E.4:E' 97 rll|_a +e€4.
    (1) i+^l q+g
    ^|jE
    k]^l qB-g- #371ll \+^l €"il a?-lal dl^l +
    E 4014. q+ 4ii,ri^l +^1. kida. *,lrtl.
    gE. +. f,"ln ilJl€el jaoJg *,(16lzl +lt
    -Erll Fol il4. +^lel =.7l4 s*e _-1 4ts
    ,c =.f: ^Jgel ++ql Ei4 4eEl.
    (2) :lE q+e-l
    ^flE
    fE ol+el dlEe ,^olE d+= 6Jd c+71
    4ez1 4t.il- H. ol. 4 5el il€ d+71 q+ I I
    t (
    llE_+-^i +s il$zl".l. 4+41= rtl+g *C +i \ \
    +"J ^l+Ela ?1E}. B{ d+b *71. aol. tB (_) (,)
    \_)
    el s"J. 4e F:g oJ*4e.E e?_g + geq. =i4 ?J4

    * 4:l e+'. 4.4,r'l :E- q? 4lg.e^] .!a7lol rg N-17 -i^lel ?=e+ sg


    nl* *=cl. re.lLl 43 eE + +dg q?s.J
    t q*q a}4slzl zlg9 +el4 aSql + €aJ
    + vl^lAl €"li u+4 tld dfrq ++dg 4qE
    ^lE
    q+E^lel Tlil€ td6l^1, +?q s{ 7l
    ec/
    + FRI:lsB 4€61 +49e di{e.l zN$o1
    adq s+93 14.
    @:€d9 +4 : E^l Ae Ae C+ts tl
    =Fe+
    4 ** 4olge:€€9 R}E7l 916il^1ts 4 rg lt-18 Alel +4
    r +llg 1E
    s4qe I olg4ol"
    ;tg +t !+qg +al ,,+++ + $lolzlql :iq7l^1 reJ IV 19el ae t^le ,J4l
    6lq a^l 6J--*[4 Eq q'J4 q+q] 46'fl oJo]ll^].

    Er le4e)
    ir^lll .".!+qH

    + o"J+eE4d
    @^t*FEol+
    ll arleq(l) .trltill4+
    .ae"J O++"1 "l+fr
    . qPJ"J
    .
    .€g
    sdq il\+zl t @FiJFr
    q++

    .@
    . Elsl
    ---
    .€+"J rtiSEl
    O€44 olul
    '#EIL
    J!-i[l
    @ElEi4 plul
    r EP]
    . *n]
    lryt
    llE @{zl{ o}ul

    dq olgg olf "l ol+


    Y 9+ ol+

    rg t\-19 g qlol^l +ot7f7l

    o E^lA+(l)et gg^tB
    C "l+ +€ @ @ n$ .r121 @ 39 6iE @ qlt qtr
    =g "JH
    @ "l d rFg @ qC tlul @;,e z1i' !'i +t1cl
    @ BEJ
    'lC O {ilzJ
    I 4^f g+(z)el $e ^tg
    Oq++,J @39 BH @ qtd q+

    1m [ #:] tliJ
    el d 401^l ylE=ql. gEBqlb ll^J d+q
    "ll+ da 5dg "l+
    6lq €€e {!E- rg-dg "l+.lrlE
    Flq.
    @rE€el +4: dg -?c €€el *7171 gulglTlol E+4^l eJdEJ d
    4 fr7171 g4zl4 qse r4€ dq614l -S.^l6llol +El. _a HlBql
    €d,9 iirl= "JCe 5-4lel zl-69 d.'ll rFr dE A"lzt Bq ,J e
    =
    olE H uITl 9- 4lql r i.Al/l /lt +117l' slETls4l qElllts 6J+
    . cat ezl Elfl
    -aEg4lr1ts 10009

    'ill.l, ?"19 "Jdalal dal tjr f 'J"lotl 6l'&sl= d-E +471 El+l el 3ol 1000m'J ql

    El=/fs^q +El.1* 6J*Bq .JEl. 1E+( S)al 6l!,


    +rll9 9 ullTl =
    gSHoll^l: 9000
    m Solel dol 1gg
    I
    orEa9l 5+el +4:-:5,J9 'lE--B€el aga-71 €+€ d"lqil EllE 1cJlLl0.l(D)zl
    ,dEl. j

    1 71]E r5.?= E+tI 4 rlel !tlF(ae) e 9q 9lE 4aol trol


    _+_

    +, d4le= ol* -1++?el +5 +g"l 91ot's, lzNg 'J4 tz1g


    'Is_o_tr
    qq ?Its ^Jl"lEl.
    rE-+e 4l= *Bql rl4 +sd- ,lH 4.* $*4e+ 7laltr alts
    Tlal
    'j*,.ls LIE + ga. r]IFel +y-ql "44 =tl a€ *,<ie+ +a
    € += + 9+ a-a "Jalts:rBE.g ol+= "l€sts9 rll 4
    "JzlF.
    ,<l1l"l4
    "IEg 4q^l t A"lq. 45'g ",!ts ,jH.il r44 +"|lE;4
    q'llE'"l gla. ,tl4,ol Elr;JTlLl t4"l el6[ r5?g s*ol dBE]
    +- ag qzl 9l"lg "l;'Its-.'r "J5'4E 9J':1. +ag "Jrl='tE-g
    4;.1 _p*a rg7,lg 4]+ dog 4EJ-71. qal "J^1, +€|€ "Ji!. 4€
    ".1,<1. d + "J7'l F"l 9lq.

    @ rg#el 74 : :.$a9 371= s^l6lt- tsJBqlts I 7i9 gel ,JolE-


    E^l6l= "JE, .J_d+ a.l S]g ,lEel ++ sel +_a g^l6lE lrJB.
    cddJ + "JE 4l=9 +tr s.^lEl= *H, =€-=.gl qlTl-=,eE _ti^l
    914. rtr3q oJzl€,sg S.^l.o=lL- tsJBg zlg H_q.
    ..1L- EJB -5-q

    el -_s4 dr 1Ei z-7IEd.4l+6J rll"il +e .!oJ r:t, olag oFE-F-erag r


    *,4= p4 *91€'tlg LI+E aol_=, :Ni l-es. i,:14_s_s *"1 }olq.
    qoJ4oetr'l+e,q+*BqEl.

    X
    (a)
    XXH
    a!ilE (b) (c) EollE
    "lo[= (?ot^t) qotS
    (5P,'{)
    (d) ol€
    X
    (e)ol6
    dtrlE
    rg [-21 rEnq o|1g C+
    I +.119 121
    -.++-r315l5cm ,l

    -
    YIl _ -

    fal [-22 f,.E3el


    =71

    + €) :lEael trJ9l : r€+ 1 "Je fgsel n7\4l +Al slol +-3- 100 n,
    ' .gEOJ zJol: 100tEI(151.5m)9 EJ9le ^Jt6l7lq!. i+.l 44 +4 'J
    q+€ dJE 4l fE
    ag rcl|e €ql g "l €-'Jal i+ i.r-- 9.lEl..

    u6ls. €o az ol
    g0l EolLlr !+Eoll
    drl ae {_ir. += €rol Hl+o1tr_s .la* 946l ifHs}zli olTl
    el6J *i401 +ol^l7l
    E o:lal, 40lrl7l 4 +Ll rllil l:- d9 zl'5:t €e fr+. r?iLl H''F* *EJ'61 *rl4E rg
    +.se rEdstr+;
    'J.3 al= rll ,!ol: 4g d"lr+ 6lj/. Hli4 zlFEl4E a5el nqrfl=-
    e d-e g rEng o? /dalr'lLl .f,"l Y+"1 il-.-_, 3€- F"[ i.ol= C -3- .,'t.14 +r+.
    cl ".!3t $= +q "l =e
    E "JSt +ts qE rl.""I 4+ dfrj,'- E! d-P',i,'. 'J gi:3gs! g e+olq -"E. d+e}
    361tsrEJ +ag 4lol "JE #yt,SE jirr.e L+E + oJEl.

    (a) +gE
    tg l\-23 elolol egel ++
    ffi w,@
    (b) EoJr
    dR rl.f ad
    :fg ll-24
    4c
    e4oq= e=ei '.lg

    (5) rE ol+el +++


    O gaf +-tr:+49 q€..1q q7'* 9lElr-e zlzl6lTl ioloJ +++=
    g-ol 4.6l.ril. q+q 9l ,l1+ *.^1 6171 pl* ?4,r'-3.,,rE41 q!4..L'

    I "J'Ja.l:r +Eol Tlol 61E-E :q SqlL= fl-d +zl +ol LJ/l .!oln
    9.lEl.. +XE +a-q ae-F"lut dl€- 4-:t ol+6lLl. ot+ol=
    "l!]="i
    -5,9 .3 ,E+jr. {71'--lol^11,. ;fzl flE:i +tl +li=' g^}al.= +3
    +.itil 7l ,-. 6J tl
    -:r .

    @ g-5rl g : d,Jelg.l€-oloJ q?-* ol-rll+ge, 7t4,e*6171 +16ll ^t+


    nlE +++-:- Ssrolet ;t,ir. !.rllu| i:1. ^l,lrltr F€- €q +rllel'l+4
    -o_F- olTL= jrd^l7l-.-j 49 Bolet.l +tr}.

    1n\ aull ff\l


    \.-
    c;-----+ [a (a)
    '@
    (a)
    G]
    @

    ,ll
    # if\-

    (f) t
    (sr
    tu*,
    {b)

    (-1----\,n)
    w
    (c)
    (f)

    ffit
    (@
    (c)
    ,lll
    '',tUI +
    I

    llt
    ffi
    E1
    ', (d)
    fr 6(h)
    (i) w
    (d)

    at
    ---!g/-1
    @
    rg t\ -25 +tr -al l-ra drE ul cf
    (a) ,JrFE ="f
    i: (b) Z:13 7 Ef 3 g lcl U"J|Z.j)€: 5 ra).lb) .J("J 1Ei../lElg) fc) ,JIF"JB)
    rd +al? ,e Eci.l? f , +z +x rd re
    g oif ila h alll Pr^l +x r ?C 9+- f ^l9rq{3]r=8
    sg h'f='aic'1+3)

    3lolg 7 t7l
    .t rl zj .o-,+. +oJ olll .?l all^l .
    "l 3i *l E-3i -r!L+ e ?l'4 ,"-e s-."! 3 .
    1l

    qcolLl ol++1'l ol,ulz|. olrl zl al TlalLi ,ilHl_r +Hlslolol, 6l=rJl.


    ole+ A* 71 4lli *ul+= 7d rtl .! o + ..9--oJ dl 71 9l a'll Lol- ,l ill'l iiul
    +:= ol9l 717l .+r +rl.
    4l= q+'+ ol i.l ol qt,rl]rl.fl!1. _E 71,:rql el6ll ,|]Elg qrl
    ^lql ^l r.s
    7l^l 7l1l7l u#rrl ql L+rl.c'l?el R+ol sril 6],dEl9l_o,q. ole+ /J+
    d,*9 :l'"_i tlt5.l loJ.olrl
    rl-o,, .

    L:++!i e g
    =olL 4I
    ol rl QI q oJ el ,ii€9 I ,l .o-jl
    =. dtil3l
    u ts,\,1

    A-E "l 9.lEl .

    0 += eEq +3oll 4lol: a : ol rl EJzl 7l . ql L: rl ar] . LllF- .e r'll

    7l+el dllil

    I -.fl 129
    @ q+ r4oll r ol: 7i : zl+ A*71 , *+/1. %t""!71. Ets +lzl
    @ olEloll 4^olts r^i: j|dq zle,;24/1. rl^l ,tJ g
    ^ld
    @ q=lg 916l:,^i : dq5. TIEi+q qdel g+ *:l
    O q'lE ilaloil .4ol: 7i : q il Cg7l, iJdlolq tr";'l
    'de 9nlst- "lji,,"r F:E-9 ol$ zlzle] g +.Jzl"J. +g el"lsi:
    olt 2l4ul,i.oJ Or+ qH Tlal+"J @p!€ 7lzl7l= a+z} *r+
    4)qd4 Ee
    r' l \ atl ol lgnl -r E-e
    ^l
    olC9fr dl= 6149 dt.i"Jg-E "l+rl],_g- 'jdg *oe: q
    ol
    "J
    +el oJ+olr:t. E:g- i+o-s,= i.t 5E--3r 4C rE= oJ:41 ^l3ol +{ld}
    7l'+. "l+i i|]?j -r-ql ,=r^l-olr:- dEl-:,: t?
    ^lH.ll ++,a;.1..,<lE. _n+.
    aJ4 qC* g,'Jzl_o_E,43-rl
    Er?elrl, ?-:"1

    O dr]] r4el : qd. ,Jd, FRPI, di|.+11 5-


    ^Htrql
    (2) +C+oil r4at : :'qc. S-F4'J" e
    'r4l LIE'+ 9ls!r1. ,oE"-.].!ql= el
    I ,l+!. rl9 ,l+.tl -E-"1 91.u. 5+eJC.il= ]-,1: tsI. Bd Fol 9.lEl.
    (3)49 +sloil r4af :9loJ qC, -3611 qd. g"J qtl
    "-'
    (,-.)^f3 +4oil qat: *.l]-c. i4d. 7lc zl91'* c'l d. ;l\t/l qc. Eir<l
    q ?* qll. drl"J q{i, qs-lii +41,11. +F- ol d Fol .Jcl
    (2) olCel ?Ee+ a7l
    -\ qcg- iltli+ 'J"l "Jd"J 6Je= q4 xg ulel'l
    aJa-tl5l7l ?+1
    "l
    'Eig(keeD
    s. :*E-:, 6lf3^l -:,j5].1= loi +_dolE}. r4+^l .s"J ?el rlEr-l f.
    E=e ^lael Sqotl
    4EJqr. tBql^] liiel el"Joll r:I6iq +-E-aJ tr.el-+g€'3 zlt +.aolqol +q. +il
    c-3- rli 1'l9zlrl4r. +dJ.!ol +olol e14. :,j]:r "Jdlql s,* €-
    g E qee sol
    ^11
    +1f] aHlqe+ aol
    HIE EE,. olF- rltol "Jgt ,++q"t 6lss .a +
    g2Jq "14 Tizl €ulr':
    -=7llflotll 4e+ gdl7l. +ti6}'1.
    4t 4q,
    olae=Eolal
    cbjq ula qCel -rr_aE $="(keel). i#(f|amc).
    eB€ ol5; ,q*t
    O qCel ?=: gq1;.1E _H_

    (bcam). .-:;5zll. d.rrll. C"l g?il 5--o-j', C i.l e,l +4*.1+q el+
    e-?rlel +4 rl' zl-41 +/-Jql rN6J'J.E +^l El ds+el iJ Ell=i +zlbJ-
    :a "Jrl.
    tr{'!. A]+g g"l *.,11 6f7l 916}('l +"J +4:L Elq oJ= el.,J d
    'rel f'Jl 9 zlg t+r+,'6iss 4Aole 4 rJ ,JrJt ql €il6J tl+ +
    4goJ l1+, :rl-'r ;'5o;u1 r+a Eq 9610l el+ol 4frl9E fl
    d€ +tt] 3;sl,u 4E ors,q yg€ rqljE .ir7ldJ,!-E4l tlu+el
    fl-3-=q',.1'<lg i.9iL,44.lLl oj+11 +4r,i slq il4. olclR-! 4'q

    130 l\ ;f: | ?l
    I{l z0l(ce)

    lg [-28 oldel +^e+ 371

    E ol_3,q +a5e 4+,4a8 ^l+51!' cu+g fr€g +zl6l


    €eL+
    ts +EF- 4olq. ilulel +4d "[+ "F9.6]c].
    O olCel a7l : qCel 3zl= HF d1i(l,oa), i=dr.l*(l,pp), 54t
    (t,i) 5-4 A"l Ll4L[= zJ"le] d+el 7]+ He el*e-l D]4+
    ^]ol
    e.l +'c ,14-=- "J6l= +. c,-lel
    'Jqel ?s"l^l €.€9 tE+El I
    A$lrel A+ ^JEzlzlel +4 4rlql 3l"l (depth):" +Ei{E}.
    @€+el efl :{e}el 4l"J ed}E}"il 9lil6J +Eel 61d+El "iEz}:lel
    j=4 44!=- gi(draft)el 6+"1, +E*.I^.i B 4 dllel aol EJ6Jo
    _'i zlgq4 9lF-. SEll= EB(rrim)olel o1a. "14.P di
    =aiel d
    t
    .d"Jol d+ 4eE
    r,l g+el il"l-q4q +E+{r+. sgg dP}g a661ts ri \::. oJa}$ zl 7l*ol4 fl* q*
    ilq. lt€e di gfzl d"l €iHrl zlo| oj$$ol a+ -E-{ €4 ,!+ EAol4 r}I,
    .!ol r+gE 7lEol4
    € +4e4. tJ* qtE dql Eg
    @ HllE E+ : tslel 37li: ts(ron)f9 4E}LIq. dEql ^l+elts €+t- ol4 6lc{. o|! +e
    Er Tltrl g! q
    +tl,e +EtqlE +4 Eiet +als +ElqlE +ei E+71 914. !--F t*+(€'/€t{G€l)
    qdel 3/19 +qqlE rilts *4 E+"J €'€ri(gross tonnage)zl r| 4 Ecl.

    +t!t:}.
    (3) oldel 7l$
    o dqr TlsE €+ : +{71= s]d^l7j^j cE}g +a^l7le ttlc 7l+
    (engine)"lal 6lq. qte 4+B LllC 7l+"J qd 7l++
    ^l+t4.
    dE+ zl+e qt.il^.i ^l+48 zl+r+ r +='e tsli6l+. ^tt t
    azl Tlt.ol .9613 +717t ge *.il^l ^ls6lE+ 5E6l 414+ ds
    e +t.il^i ^l€.6lE 7l+9 ^l€-alB *g *4171 *^J6J + 9lq.
    @ 4g zl-+E ql€ zl+E +4 ElgE BF
    =q: "t4(horse power.
    HP)g j.Er.ll. flr.ll 1o149 550 lbf .r,/s--76kgf .m/solzl"J. ulels
    oP 'mlse l"lqgE 4q
    75kgf PS (pferde starkc)E 44.lia.
    4=qlE "l PS EtgE Y+ol +q.
    r ?!g t3l
    E6 dJ+ qdq +elq 4E Eol
    qdE gH] Ct+4 pltiTtzls re I\,294 4.1 :1 +9lql Ei4 zl
    4 t:+= "l;:g €q ^l+61j1 914.

    d
    r{
    E.U
    a
    t
    ',|?
    +ES

    tl !! I
    !d
    rg 11-29 oldei +qql 4e Aoj

    O Ci(bow) : t+ ol.aETl fl: +Zo{^i+El Ht{e_l *+E frl= "J.=tEl. ?elg


    e.= olEolal 6Jc.l.
    @) dol(stern) : 8[el ?+Eic 96t4, +al"Je= rgol4:-J4.
    G)its(starboard) : E|]el
    ^llE =Adoll^l+El
    9e+€ "J-dtr|.
    @ 4fd(pon) : Hflel eJ+g "J:-Jtr|.
    ^{lE =dColl^l+El
    O flq(quarter) : Clqll+el ;l+Eel S e€ "J=dq.

    @6dw =-ol
    +il]
    do]el .zlg E"J+EI !J+4s.e. ef, f(to$ -e_E LIE}4q ejr}. 'E-'el qeJe l5^ji7l
    eqH tE+el 3,1€ +tg Cg + ?l: +-e.,1 {6}71 qEql, -r ql gc{{rl g(tun)
    5ol
    6E q: aalql^l +ellElgtrln tEl.
    2l+ +4e1 t+lE 6H ol .+€ lTllel €-4(l?41717171: 17fl71 40ft3o4-o)o Tlt6lol €4
    €g LlEfLll4l El9El.
    qa1.i1. 46 113e1 +4€ ?lt +Fg R 4 4g +.;: st€t
    z 2l^liL 9l:?lql qel ttsJel r7l7l getagq, +o rt el 94
    ql €€':g+€'el +rllzt 1016ksol 19 ${Al,rli lge_Qons
    tod e o fi4 Elflcl. olEJtnql^l!
    ^t-tO +-J €el tgl-tr- ^lso
    le looo ksolEL rg Iv-30 €E

    II i t"J u?l
    lo
    6 +tt qElel+s otg
    +4 +r+ts zl.!ai{-e_-al.} qfiel 7l+qee + qg g5g H
    ,,1i,

    9JE'll+ Hr rl*alr,l .r i?sE ++61+n B i *4. r tql +q


    q4el q?g 6r+"il^Jel
    ^Jt, +e, agE.il atl zlg4 gsle +a
    oil^]s. q9 €:^l45iol H"J eea ---4_o,.e zl+4oJ dtg,sll *El.
    :lrlq 4+ql ;iq €"J+59l 200d14 a^i +q Ccal +ttsel 714
    -EoJd. +41 +/lel t+ 4 +Ul €t6il q*el {t4 zlals "*e q
    dj-$s il! el4' =11-:''';il?
    qol zlgol Fr'*'Q'! 4ol "lr-l I aJd zl.lel.: "J4"1 s-sllElB^l 7l
    gel *er "J"94_",E- E44Ll:e o1+.il *q^lE 4gq +=. q* *
    4. zl4 F* acl6}g 4l€;-l +rl5l-: zlfl +tal€ 9B"l oliolzlr
    9.lsq. r H97l 1,1i1 elllrl! *4. trlel^l Hfr}zl+ zlg +?]e- I
    dl^lE +el L+4el +,c_ qtql qlaJ -eqEls: oldll/t c6JElqol 6J4.
    +4 Lt4el qH ^Jt!.'il zlll;l ul69 zlTl;+:- q*H +s qB"rl=
    -o-4q qE. +il qH, '341 olB, gil qg F9
    5: i gsq. €=.'ll
    olgql* q9. d'* qt, d^]".t qg. s;Pl ol"J 5-o.,- -i; f 9ll,
    q]7.1'i}
    g"J qE"rl= E-:rt qfl jrl q'.lq +g "; d"j q"J +:r l= + 9lq.

    1)ol=EJ +R 0lg
    (1) e8q olg
    ++E t*,a ,ut*ri *]e-q. +4 L+4 Sdlq---
    eaol=.rjlzllz.l-o_ir-
    7-87i-"1 5.C5lol 9.1'jl. /fc i+l a-3- ggdqqa. r49 qlts..i
    ?+ illkiTlTl,+g qBj|'/ ol.t-rlr *rl. 4=ql= i'l?]"-i,g 1l=E
    *lg6l,q +eqUr:Ll $'i.'{le t6'[ol^le] *eeqH.rl olt. "h,-rl7t
    +^l+el L-tr{lr. el sE qq 5ol 6J 6'llzlr ilq.
    ^l
    =.6ll.l
    rg |I-32 .geol 4l
    :]71 olg

    t;\\/

    ry
    /t\ .tt+l n]ol

    +el ul4 U+el -J+/l EJLI= ia zl


    56l]91-el
    ai.Jl^l +e {-r.lvl3.;.;13 +s"J lal 1}gel 6}
    Ll9l Y+'J c,l-r-lrl. i9' olg_o-l rrlzls^ltr ol.S!ln
    "JEl. +?l Ll4ql^J ts ?rr- ge; ,Jrg qBol ol+
    !l r .J_o-q . r 2l -.r-"1 rl3 .Jg 6ll al "l C : +'J^d
    ':i "l+610l ilolalts +11 E-+* qB ts-q-e qel
    -a n-2" a-l E3ot. ol 6lil 9.lEl.

    134 I\ ;!!:
    a?\ ElFu O{
    ^]
    E +el Llel 561101l ^J ql ilJ' q sl r;l I e Ll 3j *"tl F- ja "Jol llll+
    E E.l

    +a6l'9El ,1 {oJos_..'. {rl z}zlz} 9l fljrL+. _r + 6l,Ll.: q ri.ld-


    zla !d ?:.]-li-:,; ol€,;}!-,ir- it ,6.otl +€+l t*lg ?il olr!-€oj q
    3el el+-=, El=tr}-3 7l ol rl.
    trr+41^l= ElrilbJ, oJzlrl. qlt-o-r_ d"l'* oJ* 4l"Jg d46l.rd^1 . ,B
    LI
    "lrlg tl6}_n o;91+ ia!€ "lal $"1 5l Elg-a 9.1Dl. BLI= rl:]_o-tr
    -J olH_o-sE +4"3"J qil"i^le.l _E-fr, qH. +sl -E_6l*oil^lel
    '+4
    iul.olu} !:r€ [= elE"l /l! z]91,* q'S 5"1 "Jr].
    (4) git olg
    EilE +?l Llclel oJ tql^l olelslsr.l. *ol 'tlJrl o+-r +.rl +flei
    l^J"ll "+."-q, 5r: {.<ll$olu} 4.,J,,t zl-+alzl d+ee -9.c! E*+rl
    errl i"J
    ^J+lri Elld rt4l* zl,l:L ql4.
    ,f-tl Llclollr.j g ilr,=. +rl.t'o ii b+: olr;lg 7lC J]d"J,, +eJ 7J1
    irr. {tsil.
    ="J.
    1^l 'i} :l.1 9lr+. "l ;ql^l i'i#el ,,4.i1 4.Jg st ol
    cl%t€ rrQ flt'*ql^l il'J! ol d,€ olrl{}E}.

    rg ll -34 Exl dg
    ot r!ld ur oror !r7i

    2l +a S:61{ olg
    .t
    ( ) "Ja"J oig
    9]j'J'f q"Jg i-.=oll ?.91 + 1r-Z^14 r*:Hlj,:- 71.*!l=
    -z* "lf"J *rrl='+r}]trrs;+-:- oltolEl.. ol qt
    g tozl.il= glo.fzlzl {*6ll .sr4, +.J ;.E.1 rj}+
    'J4l fld qB
    ol-Z.ql ill6ll .Jaf =g z.r'a3 4+.:- ol€-e'!

    9l 9l?.1+ "lB"l ,41f. g'JaJl e^iEl. dJ4l.llrL-. til ql aJ

    El. !.! rl.-lslrlol nJ-dl Y+'J olLl el ,Ftr+.Iql ol +


    ^l5:
    q,(lI'l . +4lel olBlrj,r-.',+ol olglslc|.
    'Jj^lE "l trg ll -35 ?l,JoJ olu
    ^71
    r+'r.lr 135
    (2) doJ o1g
    =6|]
    +el L+4*dlq^l +elg-4q 3l+6lEa
    Eq, d,8.1, aq4, "J+l:], +.4 F9 q=
    g 4*se ol+qzlE d"J qge 4el
    =atl
    4el cEoe +{qe d* 4Eg 6}pe Yl
    I
    zl+.'l gqol cg9ts fr:rz1 3 qg"]
    4. "ti+ q+e q+g Ealz^]..(l 44 qI]-
    =
    -€- ?leel 7i+ol tJ p.6lEl , qrr tJ^q"ll+ a
    tf -36 +5ll dg E !+d"I^19 *tslr.- Elo};-ta +*6lti.
    ols
    +rrl* q-esl jl€qel dr8"l= +eel Hsl.il El4 ts+_qE rl+6t
    q*es.. 4l+E +H 6ilqol^lE "JE qlul Al+6I^l r.Eq7t qq
    =
    sl+ colTlH 12-19"14. d'dol4 a5-q= ^8rl/l Elialq + q+
    ol 4,ic]^l 4 4 9 zlg 6-tgql . Eil tl E 4l ,! oi zl jaFq rrq \++el g d}"l
    ,Jq! 4q.I tcl. drdole+ rFqel qq*9 ElEd nlj/dll trB, 10H
    ds--e-l +71-e ol*"1 'JE"l 7lq "*ol d6lF 4aJ."1 *q.
    (3) 7ld r1E.J qg
    +rl 'tr+ B6ll+sl ^16-I'l= C
    4qq ql++"lq^l qel z.l^l q+q
    4"J:."1a1 eL6-ta "J4. 56tl+= id"l <l:r zd^l/l +l6tLl. qlqF 4
    zl,(.1 q+"1 +-?6ly-F- g-4+El q4C rllSss atts zl+ 3
    ^lrdolr-:
    :E 4Bol 'llE;191. q{lE '16il qC +"ilt- rlB"l"lrl +4 +r+
    qE.il^l zlzl6lts tsle5-- tE6r6l 3rl.
    =.l]]
    (4) Eg olg
    5.* q'Je elzsr .q^l rI8 q+g 6Jcql +"Jalq *= qBs-a
    q?/t ?!+alq agol ?r., olgl E.slE 5o| alegEl +4 .+el 4
    xl*otl^] ^J6Jo-I o*ri. olt:;-- 4€- qgrli,'ae] +dq+ alzl €r.l"ll
    ;J "d 6Je; Uzl ?*_o-q . + t- *q ^J ql _e q .l El E e. +71 7l^l7l ++
    Etl

    qoJ"lul. lEt, r 4* ol,F--. +Cq, 4+. 41. id+. n-F -E-ss 6iz]
    /l-4olql 4o1 rt)*-8.)ul.
    ^l^l6l=
    3) +e ag olg
    (1) EE olg
    6-+ rE= ^l+ql rl]]., 'dEI, "J€f"], ?lzlul , LJTl Fel q
    ^l ^l'61:-
    +-? qltg-s 6lE F=E oloJ!,. Et€c9E tE. 69g ;1r'1. 4+4.J
    9Rola: ol+q H€lE nll,or !14.
    +?l Ll4"]l^l= 1960E8fi5-El .l qg"I 41=,+q 44el "lil qt
    136 l!. .ll"J tr?l
    .rl^l
    +kirl +€16l! iloq, 7l
    + +=E "l+ t-El 1970Cr$
    +ql-?Elts .!l2l qcl glsl+el
    200dlq a4l +el +lse 3E
    +€ol 37ll 39_o-q, +Erlt3.J
    E5:- €,1 qq *El*,ol ntld
    E +tElrll rl9El.
    atlel zlzl EF qg8- 4.!J
    ola 7lzlFJ ;c -o-s. + ?^l q
    .fg I\-37 Eg qg
    *rl .'ll.tl"J 41rr'I 9lr-_!l^lol, .hd,oJ::, -=5 oli|41r.]
    afla|1 i1-o,
    4, ^tl* _=_r-_: qBe -6-*'lsl +rlH qtql^] 3.ig 4l+6}i 9lrl.
    f.r,l+ stqel a4l +q c5.,+- ge qdl$q 9l-"-"1 . 9]s.'- ,l€'4
    g EiE].on dJ €q qsq dlel ol *oil^lel qs Ff5,+ elal +
    ^l+41
    -.o-al 44olq..
    (2) trf *ol olg
    ElzJq qii= gqldr+ Etl"Jd q*"1q. !# q+olq^l dli tsldl
    4.9e1 'lelE 1957H.il q! r,:oJ:ol
    ^l
    ol oli -o.l ^l6J
    iig El ol.1,8.,

    l960ljlrtlllrEl P44s." Tl€:61-ol ,o-59.qlii 41414"J Elalq q9+


    el 9l"lsj ;lzl;ll 914 .
    ?4 4elel 4elq .l"J+ q+"ll EI?+ ++ qBtl dDJ qBol rfl$
    4l _o-s ol+qzlq. .lq *€- 341 E}E}ol+. 7l.E}e}ol+. ^i ^l+j7, t+
    ':}.|
    E + e]4.
    4*q ?!+ qBe- 1957'J"l ?lE*"tl^l i]g_o-s ^le f.8.3 e'l +
    1960€+El g4zles ^lr+';1*_.r. t962LJ{-rl
    eli} 4+el
    =q;-}/l
    oJE"J. r|l.l%l
    "J il_"_e
    r1,"r
    "3:. 6 'l 6.I sl

    "I^J agalglrl. : -,1- 2lr+ *d';tq 1975


    C"il 4 a3.11 EJ6igll|Ll. +,s q6rel .^i
    A 'ft4lzl ,J-19"l] 4+ 3 .rlelol {z} z}
    aq7l ^l 4dl?ioq. qBel 5€11 LIdi+
    C 4al *q oltralzll cle-g. afr7l. ^lrl
    .l ol+g €,lol:- 4Bel
    zJ"il4s_l H9l if
    Bq +i:tla. 9L= €dolEl.
    rlelq Clrol qgg f rl rlilCl^1.-. li
    ^l.l ag,g 197lL,l,,rEl ^lE6lq l980tJ
    *d9 zlrlrl .'J ^]+ E]ltil.J q*4^l ^J rg [-38 &gf rf +o] d"J
    ^g
    g3

    | +trg 137
    *6J -F 1981€+El g4zl"J ;gg -141 99E+. r985844= azlg
    EAls.(.i 10zl 4elzl +q6.lq q4ele- l"J E dE.l €-+619e+.
    19958"il= 32zlol a$a}{ E 19"J5dEg qq4= rl=€ ^lil4.
    :14q 1999CqlE 26 lol a$a|{ e+ 14s} ts-g q96}q tl3 ,Ji
    q= a6}g 4elLlla 9rl.

    fl cee r[E? Erl stJ


    +r+ts zl$zlec. !ll-? Etg 5c9 xlrt 3E9 Hlr+4 qlE!| .tl
    +q
    ql qldBfol trloJt q"J"l
    '$Bg ?rC zlLla 9J.4. relq r qlqol
    ,*d4olr ?H,i'."r tr5- ftgel 7l+elol tgB"J L++=4 oJdoljr
    {q. qg g*.$-F} ot'_.]+ /tflel +qE"I^lE "l-? RI'J"J +7I= zl
    qn 9lq. Ed.. 200dlel a4l +q ds.4. .J6i 9+g g.J q-.Jel al
    +4 gd-,? t.go=l+ 4E -"raltl +q zl.f g rl-zl +q "14o14.
    1) +4 olgel €g
    L+al

    *4 ulal qB,3- 1980cril i'sJ ol+-'rEl q-1rzJ.el {41 6J*ol +E


    .FAO(FS
    I .
    r]zlal LtElLlr 9lEl. r+44. qirl 7t4 qelg q.d 4"l.rls o15;
    71ts-4 s e qB
    ^[Ee E{1. t} 5-s}'3-
    ^ltt
    qet E6l.jr. oii?-a}71 e]o-I^l
    tsg ,F)et ?l " --=6ll
    ts+€gig =
    olc olg. .J^1. 7f
    I zltl *4 € qg_o_F. dg^14 ulzlo| a|{. qE. ,+trr=o Tlali}. z}
    E, +$3 dq 5+ Fildlr. 4+ qg dts_ "[iI-=-4-_,=z]e-s rJ+6]q qBE a4€3
    $g t$ot e4 4 eal *9 7l"l Elq. !r-_q!. zli.l rJ$,El
    "lg 7l€4"1 5l +l q4e+9 q
    g ?l= +d?l
    g ^ld
    +|_.|q. srE +71
    S Elq€ rr---E-61'r.. gld+tlel 71e A^84 zlF+=- 916il 'l+ qgel d
    E€l se-e xl€'ofiof €4 "l== 5iuJd6l-71 9l {l jr-"- ?l4el +"J",| +l3Jqq+ ,{!4.
    * Eg
    "l€ tg.l* 46+ 7l+_o.l E'Jrl ^1rI4 p.+"1 El4 dil ,J4l4_"-E
    7lE
    ^laE
    ?d6la ts g"J6ll *,3-g i-r]ts oj^l.zl
    ^ldg F6ll + "J + 914.
    ^1(]e ul-{z}zljr_ ol
    rl€5loJ d4E +I]l
    trH-qe, 19951J gel g'J,-.:. rlaol^l !':jH{, +l7rl^l-o,,+- "Jgg 4E-6}c4 g=.Jql
    'tog rll2Sil FAo
    eEJ *Hlel l}dlzl t^lg5r6tl rl sr}4olq El azl49l *HE "l
    c.loiFl ifiqq1El. =
    C!l,q? 4 q,r,r- tHlL,!.]+b.l"l , +"J dql dl6tl uli* + SIC 1r,-
    el qq C!}r= tol-'r il4.. :rrlL+ ol /l ql 7l+4 BJBzlgl ',Jg 5'l E
    "l
    rll^J'€.] u3-9,o-1r- 9l -ol.ol d^l:1 g,ol €4 zl:L l.ll. +lzlolE
    "]9
    zl f { 9-';- 4 ,'; s3oe-e- I /,- 919 ar Lql ol _e-71 u}zl ;}914.
    olei-, oitol^l= r ulB-g a'J-le+ qgq llt $59 zlldt.j
    +=.'l "l +q 4 zl+4 91 lLE Elr5ol ol+q zl of +q. a/l7l 9l ol ^l
    =
    e-El 4+4?! *rtl=9 F,t] zlf,lel +q7t q+q4"t ++

    t38 ll. .il:l alg


    2) r|a *al-d olg q
    "lgE t€ gl,= *d.-+ qB zl?lel D_E€- +zl_o_Ei '.47171 /llo.lel .t6{a o|qg 4tE
    4+eg qH gE-C "Jd+ Hg ql"lld -F46Ir +Lel="1= 4lr.= qg crAc)E!?
    +$ +gc "J44e
    +zl 4a dJr+, d Al zi+g- q 'J el B 4 ?! i+el * 9l "'f"] ol el zfzl 41 e Sal6tTl g6tq.
    "l qSEe S?-t ol=lg
    -L€ ElE1"'lq ^l6J6ln gl-:-rj, 5al zltlel UF-* 9lb'lq +xl;+jr 9.1
    + gE s'Etd3 €
    :- ^ld}-=g .grluB, qC.lL+ qiq fs|-ff v_el ,l{}. q* ": qTlel 4!. r H9l 40ll^1
    nlaJ. "lil+g t7l :E= :r3 a a71e) 716J, olEi {:el ,iEl -.--q 9.lrl.. qqg + flEq. 4
    qll fl +iI ol?3 Er1, io.loJ olflql^lr 200all4 a
    ^l6}e €=61 ={lE
    4l +al cc_s 91sl +cT'19 +5 zlil. +al 6Jel7l BTlrlalTtl EJoll
    ul4 d-+ +EE Be 9i]5=q azl6l4l rl9!. 7l:.1 ! if E 5-d,tliJ
    it.:,9la'tl +71 L+4= dlF.,6J ^Jlzl ol al "14 Ll4otl*l rlzJlE, 6t= €+
    7t *r+
    ^lg +lqe
    qg-3- q** ol€-al.- qoJr,lTl +itl7l !lq ol9,3r +!e]
    ali {ol ss. 9*9 u}9
    =t14
    rtll} z}gel ^J4E n4al."] *zl4
    oJ 4g9l +=:r €a?l +
    "Jl|q. Tlqel q"l ^13-:t i146lol q tel
    n.&zl.J tJzl= 5J + "Jq +_E o1"J.,rql^l= xl+ 7l;-i'! qg d+1.:]
    r€61= ztft *el"J 99 zils-S E9;19 2001\'! 7?.+rl ^lel ^lB
    I ^l6lii 2003c+El -3-4 4l_"-e sl+!. €^l6i7le 6i91El.
    €.

    3) SEel olglt ojg


    oltql oJol^l ol7. olzl. .l *. "19'.I -:-.el .l+3- oltzl.ilal rI+
    o-l +.s-J rl4l9 al''lq q.
    "lel ?e rl,.tl: llrlql: olflzlz| zlzl_o,l +
    geJ .C;J"Jgi-
    'JEJnljl
    ol+g i4i4 glq,o-ul-, 4.rlg dl slr} ol+ql . 4E Sqe qepta?
    q+o Ed"J e€ +
    'J+ Y}g dg5€ +lrll ol++-o-i;,.\l .da121o15, j{+11,o,.,r- olt sJ-E- gol4 rlE: $al7f t
    I € .i.9lq qBq l.dtcg rj+ dor,l^la i.9lr|. olE
    q
    €€ g€oll 461
    olE4t. +E lEts
    :l=ql= +=-oll+ Fdc z]dl,/t B"J'gl.l r+r+ ?.1^l"tl r*e €t dqTt gqTi 4€49e rt
    zJ"l;]21 3"3=3 /- 9l.7ll rlj1, rE ?iiEl"tl el q! V+g dU il rl /l€.-E al ?q€ E6fq .

    col rl^{.q Hl^t^l -


    Bl"J "-lq qq /Bl d!r/l +l^l 'J 4l+"1 i l:6-3f7ll r;,l o q4\ Cil rEEl- ne+oll 6+ef qgg s
    ald+ aolEl.
    Elq /t,1 glq.
    qg dH€ d'J;+ts'- sidlrl--.-. €1lol/.1 :c$;-|i ol !. ala;
    =A;1q
    d, "J+ +lc 59 -=-+:lr+. qc4^li;'J 9l ilB q!f,eJ. qll I
    4+ FC 4^l"J-1. ^l6Jd"I^li +,.i q'il i^|. 6tl* ++,. .rgt 5
    ull a.(|. gdlrE r^l 5€. -J+rl. .J+ gld{^]i: 6li}el .3+ Cul

    = "l+;-lq
    +g €'s. 61lrr.,el _6-;=. ir.g +lc 5"tl rl]+ 1++ 7t{ts g
    "Jel qoJ Cu+ol trd4. q"J dll 9lt-,1-"ll,r.l i_-ol-ri xfg.* ft 91
    +:: 139
    +4. 4q. iJC +al +$"il l-qq +il E^l6lzil tq. +B E4S d
    q+ q+ q d* d}.= +dq+ +tl q^l F"il s4q 4E qrdE'l
    €s+ ^l-E€ gC i *e 44lE +d6ll 7|a gosg qg.ilel g+
    ol 3iil zl4q3 *4.

    rg li-39 olE €s
    "Jr.l ds Eg ilzt =.-*-=-rH\
    w,/ \, \-

    4l qsEE *e ,[d
    9EH4l-q qE ^JtBel "Jrl LJEq Aq e4lE d4614 r45lj1
    914. olE 4*ee-4E Elf,t] ol+g Hq^l^l 7lE#ol+ E+ Eel
    1ol$5.21 +t*ql^lE gealz1 143"14. ?tq ol+qEl
    ^l€--e_e
    4E +q "Jeq 4+9 "l+4eiE atslzl5-el -[+E ++^l7l71 916[
    ^1ts ^Jal
    Ealal!-'-r.l a4+ +A +qe +7|- zlil* Eolr, td ^l
    *ge.4el -a Ed-3r "JCE"l ,q+4oJ +nlzl ol+q7'lE+ 5["t g rr!
    olq.

    5l ez e4pl otg
    Hlr+t- 4-ol+ ii="il ElEil a- 3-7171 Hlilg + flg erEF- "dl *4
    E 4C 4lTlgol sselEq/t-E Etqq *q4q, ,14 drl 4+"il el
    ^larl^\z -3 +illl sglEl. r4+ €"J9 4+6J rtlEJ
    dl E!-g
    ^lcal
    ilEl sel _ai1"l 4e aolL] i+lal + E^l+ *g 4E"l .Jditl 9l=
    A+qE, +"JqE egflq zld ;qq *ril+ ii7l6l4l Elol ,il4f!
    -sg AtC "Jo717lE tEl.
    rJ*4 4r-.IE e +4q4 ?*ts *C +71 +d"l'+ .'9+C +*+
    lo lt..6fioJ alg
    €:ol Etlf +.il +4qa. :l*q segol4
    B:l4.E €oJE dzl ^8Bql €6J€ +iI q
    q olil4oE f,ag q.le 6lE 6ll.J ^dE
    iil"i +45]q Etrtl7l Eln gq. dlE4 +a
    g-ge] S*C Ezl 9+g 4'E_ ,]
    ^84s1ts
    99 Sgzlzl .r eg dslzt Brgs iloi,
    *d g€g-u "Jt d4{! ^}El= "Je7lr
    gEl. olE +e6lq4 qaEl ;ll*E a?4
    egol 51tr, ^ld'l ;]*"il El4 5.la +
    9= ^lElql "l ets ge, zle+ElelE E]* fEl lv-,'to HtElel qg *4
    el ee rl,iqol rl3*9 ql4"n"I g d'lEl.
    q3"lE +.J +{!gql^j +ai "Jsg a+e
    flEn +dEq oJad.tl eJSol 47lqq ri! alEge-^l
    ^l+sF-^lsl
    I tElE"I + €%lg El:lrl 9S4. ol= gse +q Ll4"i14 ,l8ilE
    E +tEol^laii ggee {e E4l7} ECa}B E"la + fl: E}49
    oJAl gq= aC
    "J4= Alulzi 994. A+ ul4el e"gol g +"I7il5
    gdlg 4AqE
    ^l€g "J46ia, +EJ l.szl:. :rn4l 8Jd'l g a
    olrl.

    O +t $atetrfle
    +47t €otzlq gFalzl qdl^JE "ll"J 4Bt €"*g dAoilol "t=
    ril, ,(lge E||++ 6l+ 4l 4el €.4g 5:4q gs* oilLJ4= E=q.
    +?]5 d"Jel Aq.il g4ets +41 +"{^-l 4+9 + S,.ts 4;lE Ezl
    aol+ 4l+aol ,Ja*gl.iq. 4*"l4.lEql 4a q eEli'}ts aB:
    r+ r +ql BE *+'l olse g*9 €€4. :4a +7lL+ ul*4-e
    r+71 s.e gdEol all+7lE
    qel* a€e 7|* ^t*59 *€+g H+ril +4.
    ElHql El4 €EilLl
    *"il E?l rlolTl r+zlql e.F
    +t*ol +Eeolq. €4Ll ,l.}]+ts 4+s q"J4l^] &"1 g 4o1a. zJ
    oJ.lg F6l&{ €e aol *4.
    "lq 9,+g "lzlg +q ^Jgqe ++g
    ol d44 oe 9a6 4"1q. :r t4lris +{! .}4}E ^Jt+e +ilE
    "J* ^Jg4 ol=| zlttlol glrl= 4C .J + 9r+.
    1. +$g ltt
    it
    "J.lrl+, +t! ^J€.e.l +lr=-'J=n ol=- ,Jel^j ^l+olLl zl4
    +4.1 "i+g + gti+ 6l= "J"14. "l=- el6t^]= +e ++E +J15-
    "JEj1. ^lelE Ei g*e R"l- i4"t 6lq. r ^Jgol 971"il 4d_El
    *29:a 4A-6lE^1 44alE azlzlzl a/l^l ++6t= "J-g "ll"l FlEl.
    +q .+4e"J olqE+ ^-llal4-s_F-E +CEg *9 + il= q*j+ z}€q
    dd €q€l 9lsJ1F-, +t .J4*rl *4 zl€9 7ilEE +4zl Eol
    4= r,l +8lt4 +e-Q'!.1 *,U11oi1 t3/'t1o1 a|flQ.
    olalal f!.! qlE"il +4 'zleE ojt +dtd'ol+
    '14.il^l= 'g,as-
    4ld61q, 1zl4 o -r:.1,-- 3]+zl9l F-qg zl€oll 9.19 gl_o,s ol Eol-ql
    gdol Tlri€El.

    f) +tt s^rer gg
    r) 5E drJ
    g{}4_9-e oJ€el q:-- ^JE-el qd ag 6E-a} a}!rll. o141
    rltol
    ?liizl '^uo14+ sl=/l ol4-S 49 d€el ^I/4-::- +ol^l
    = "Jt4s-E
    tlrts ds ts ^Jttsll q,'l.e+El "J"l+
    ^l-8-6l.i
    EJol.^l 'd:
    ^l]4':=
    ^l+6J i 4tH"l llcl.
    o^l="rtrlrrl^l
    ^l ^l8.blt- "J* +g
    ]1_e ,J, el

    (1) d?l 3s dt!


    dE +s ^JtHe- _e4l +sel +dHrt i|lEBE F 7t4_a q-E i=
    9lrl.
    O dg AE +Eg: +]r f{q rg.1-o1 q:- *41 q+ql:- E}q. *t
    q. *q. e;€9 ts <! eJ /l^l/l 9lsrq. o15-e1 frCol+ oliil
    ^l7lll
    B 9_e alqqg aN3;i "131 lrol:- +dg ol{-;-}{ {rN rg,E *
    4Ll +.9- d:l'ilql ,E- 4€r ic;lo] +lle "l+Elq.
    oJ-8 +n {t"l Elzl ?*? 9lo o ji. Eilj'e oJ: 5llEel
    ",! d-q= "lal
    4-9, *q^l tlFlal9 -'rr}*1 +^J.l +zl +4 dfioJ-o_e 3l+6ll gQ^J
    trEI€- 'l?i dts?qE ole +q * dl+ ----aiql^l re IV-41r1 +

    .ra [ -41 d'J 501


    i||d 5?
    O g^t

    Ei+ 1.8- 2.5 m

    142 l\ 6f 2J il|ol
    e rE.e id4q +E-e.
    *q= 6g+El
    ^l+dJ4.
    7gq ad il^l'l g+€
    r44 +^J5t=:lq5"l *
    4l s.z1q1 -.EE wJElq= 6t
    ol+
    = "Jq e-ol= +^dg
    6lq rEF- 41.! sq€'lq
    +E-a ^l++4.
    @ aE ileE : ull+9 :]B lI-42 El4711e ed +6f4.1 4s ^l€
    =e
    dg +B C+s ri+E a
    € ;IE.B"I +61q, +e ^d+l^l 6 +zi6|E ^l7lE ol€-4q ++ 7l
    a.il +4^lzrl 6_e_r- o1ga3s1. ^l€ *E.I"il^lE qol 4+el t*
    ^l7lzl 4ilt C6ll4 *eq, +dg
    g.l +116lB gA zlt 5"J +
    + ^JE+_+ 6l'17l ++dlll 94. r4Ee HlElel igg +ddla, nl
    +el ++.?.84 il'l}g "Jd t*9 4^l6lE ++ ^l7l€ cl+g +
    9EI.
    ol rllol :l]loJ alol /l "J,1 +E g$:[E ol.tre] e
    ^l7l= ".|4 "Jot .g**7l*| q!
    6lq. olqe gg qil 7l^l v^I 7l+2,;+ d€! 7l+ql^l 6^lt
    4tsStol
    q+ r cs= 4l".6i1 ?jl 9lEl. ++ +^J9 Ests +41 44 qe oJEq^.t Cc+7t 6|?
    r.il. g'+ a"l s+ 7l4ol{ "*"1 eg-"1b ++4 qr7[e+ 4ol z]* E 4alt g[EFtts ut
    FE'rl EtEot gt*ts
    zlztoloil "tol B5.6l= ++7t 9iq. -"r.?]?iJg Ag dlqolE+E 7l+dH dlaEo{ 4
    ^l
    drt *a"l Elel:r- €€clol qeTl ql+oil dl+q +E!+ 714 4.J ee + gts ssg
    *a s"Jg *_!.e;lq ,fls-rllo|.*4. *+{ EE. EHE
    pFl4**dl*{t
    ;lE.= +lall^l qel 714 ifls.
    ^l€ol €S_a14.
    ilE ^l€g ilB qatfgl sE Ft
    = * llg
    'rls alqE 5d 6tl+q E+ F4l El4 4.J6lnl
    ql^Jq 9E ++, 8rf, 3^-4t!
    et z! eg g3 d[+
    aql€ 4ol olsga il4. qls4sl ;lE. rl€€ =? rv_424 47 d6tpl| Ec6fi e4,
    4l ;llF- ^l€'l 4o1 :llg SH'+ tlrl.rl El4 ad4 , +54, d€ + dHqrs€6tn4.
    6l^l , g+4 F9-e LIE'+ 9lsq. qe.E olEel gqB -&*t s d 7He! tEl4frel
    qgt o!*lts 5^p{
    E+4sl ^l€E:14. !+IB E4E EqfiI
    /t\ ol=. 40 ,/\tl^L €4.
    "J(zl9)€ e€ qElg +sll^l * +4{l 49 te^17144. "Jg 4+
    ^l +d^lz ++g q4^l gzSol azi H.lzl ?*E+ e +4tq. ++
    e +^8ql^.1 +q e ^l€-g i *€ 4lzlzl d+ e41"i El4 4€t! "J
    e, *zd, E.l Fg aa6la. +61 dt *Ael dEl+ 6-49 +zl e*ts
    €:. gel /Fl ^lld6f +9€ €!4.q "J* +E.E "JEEI.

    1 +trg 1{3
    .tg \ 43 lr-:-l !_?el !rJblg j :tg |\ _44 oJGlite +t

    ilt qol dE H|]oJ:Dlol {i'rql :, ujl+€ 'rl"l cl,lll ;3-erjle}u} 5i1r3


    *l"l ililt! e-r.lr.'l --c,l 9,19q. *E- ^J','! li nir,zl 6l: +t E5el
    ol llz=ol iiol'4,1 flr ,"i 1};+rl.il ?l''t 1l ,l-.t-'l9.,lrl zJ r-rl.
    .lg?br plol c +1.-? r11 l\r.lrrf z,lol ^l,ilil +lrJ 3i Etriq i$/.1 rr

    *"JL+
    i{
    (2) 01+el 3C:oliiel gr+ 7,-t'. t i]9 sll.il!:- rl:-rl rlg olrl
    ' =3trdat(Ch orella) =E
    zl zl {!le} r4l r+ r,- t ol ge;}L}.
    : 6110ll^1 *i ^l
    =61 .,1+€ q,,l,cl j.!. 1Lr] r1qzl I

    egelr4oll +ol: B . tfe,.L !L: itliir( /if q'f zl I,r:= rl] +


    +.+olrf ^l€ )

    .
    . fslt$nlzl rt--- ]fFlzl )

    . zl cl -o,l $,! 1 <l <,1 ;.1 I

    ..r/l +{ ^li $'rl"l /j I'irl rj1}1r1lo; ,.JJj'f rlllo.l'


    ^l1l)
    4zl :'..F'rl -q.iJ ( ilol ?.l
    . )

    .l** ?l"l+ ,; o3;tal .c_Ejal ?,1: ,.l.|.allol;,fq 4lrlIl l.l.J!


    L's-;1'1 9l all if i! ?;llH-3. jrzlE ?i!Ll rll{}r;J 99 +'rl ^l /lr-
    *.+I 3, 1?l t\' -1 lel <)l?J_ql +'r,r rl alol . ,,1 l', -1:;otl "J€ .tl.l +
    ciJ

    r. qTlql iJ.rl+ lrirJl-- ctB"l "Jrl .l -g.l1rl-. 5nl P ti'l /l .il?l


    zl rf ulol :' ?Jl7ll ilrtl tltl.*af ql"l ^Jll,i-:, t,r ii;1o] +E,g 71.:Jr_l .
    =
    i3).'4+EEel tld:.Ni! riil-i\<ili -i; !t';; l;\1 '3flql ,"l.rl ".1'
    =B
    .l5l- rl+'.1?l ,'l o rll
    '''.1,. 11+. lrel
    ^N
    r"-"1
    ?. ;J. i {{ol . +13
    9l rl.
    l-- ;3:+zl g.li?I rdiir;lol 9].ol ol 6l'l . ,il+;1.,1
    ,1l,rJg +l ql <,llll

    411",1 1l.l Frl". 11el tloJ ,;,r|.t1,.1:; ill iL 'lnl<]! L'll+_"1 +'d g
    + ,"r c "J9 -llll , .l r,.lt l]lol ^J:i+ 'rl i. /+.if r+. c'1 t,, x E alrl'Il
    i1 4-l4l rl ljill , .l r'|l +]iql 4c] zl 111r! ,iL ?.1'?lil-
    ^]'*a]o,l +?]^l
    n;
    ?l +1r,1 +'il ^l 1!t f .
    lMfi
    @ 6ll4+E
    =s.
    3t: oll4+iel +s ^JCg 9+ q
    ul 6l3E + d+g 4"J+j'i ;lszl €n s.ztel
    %t+q 9*6lrl. *6-51 .$-;+= *4 zl4,ql -?zl
    ;-lq 4+q q,/l q!.8. dL]l rtl* i.=ql^J *sE
    ^Jt;I:/ rl46l= +96lril rl*"1"1 i* zl-ts-4
    r.1l

    oJ e-its +gr+ +C"lEl. .l


    + +gg zl€ +EI
    ql el=.;]-s-E- +41 ri,? +.q614.
    =1loi
    ,Je: :.€,ql "34{.1^1 CB+ qEl 6l=otl^l
    %l+qr:- 4E4=- -oJ^]4 7l
    =TlElql ^l+nls. .:rB [_45 E "l i[_"=
    e1, 47lEl ^l'*il HI6JH4 4jrzl= ++._:1 glel oJ;,- utloJslol *
    a +q tElg ^}.*ilg 71 3i_- ,"r4 ^ld4l lii?lBq 9r+. ulq"l+
    El^lDlt- rB IV 45e+ aol ,?4lq+41' cl t9 €.eq 'J-S, 4n5"il
    ++alE ++^14 7".Ire 'rll*t!E}.

    d4qc I E*
    ++e a-9- ^l€!l-,!r4_e_F, r 8+l€"1 _-_ltl dJ.8'!;J + .J= a,,"r 9q ++
    =q.
    el uJtsg ?e reqal ia4.ll q;lq. El+r+ +€- *H"l llrl
    Il E=et EJH

    e.,j^lnl=- r€61.q /iillel ,qls zzl€, z;,71^l7la. c "l9lc "tl d.lj:9 *E=q 9
    46lq +e dt s,'+el ",tg 5J^l^l7l= r,tl ol€.El: +d *olzl?! *B
    @.J+ 'Jel d+oil ilolTl-Ll:- q+€- d4t+^lzl ^Jt+g +ql^l7l= *lS
    @ -'r * t9 -ndfol el6l ++3 eeg 4146}= *E
    @ +e €d€ zl41 7Uil]+ Al+ ilEl6}q +oJ Ba5g 7}{l 7ll4l=E} Cgd] .I=
    Eldl

    g s^{4lal FqETt?
    4g 3l ^lol E= a46lq "lzl ^16J5{ r.l6}q oJo}}rz}.
    ''.::' www.dnai.co.kr/sangsik/cont_sang_o1.html

    1. gAi|let gEJ4 qd
    2. g4{*1lel +=et 7l:

    , 34lE4ll I olq E4= oJTl ?16ll .J€


    ^tgqts:Jd 8ff9
    I +rf ol 145
    2)s 5
    .Jd,3-
    rl9 +}1 !s-,-_-oJ* +ug+rl *€'rE!- 3-4"1= -rz1'1 o1

    ulzf rl5$ 7l_q= oJ-g '3"JE+. +11 cEe +F7l- 4*;-l.r .{+L HJ^l
    lE olel T}7.loltr--+_, "l-E'g g /l 371 9-la'I^l= ol5ol g se. ;1= "J ?l
    -:r ++!-6l *llal_,r_. {"j
    +^J.rl tl,.;t/l +lgqlrl ,J-r.l +4"r1 )l4l+ a-_
    <1+ \tii"l +olol q!4.
    (1)++d 5E "! SEel "Jd *g
    ^l^l
    (D +6f^l gA gHJ (E 4oll DHtrl= gd
    'J'J) : +rld 5-gg ?I^J 6l= L:ll

    .*algl iu'il o_ir_^l , 9l:, i;-l.l ?]^J "J'x rl *€ .j. "-t.l *^J *,ll_o-
    q Ll?t + glri . r{ 1\r-,16r+ 4ol . d=el +'+ /l= ol $o1€ d
    ^l
    .3olLl TlelBl_q ?ril/l Fel iilnTlql :rF +i+^l{l rld,Er I
    =r 'i}+.
    "JB r[= rfl
    olaN liol ullrjo]- #: :I.rtrql rcrll !1,= 9l+ +al^l ?I^J

    I\,'rl7rrl eol 2 9L€"1 ol:;+ rrllfJol €' +o_i,:- r-q*71/.1 ?tt6l=


    *i +6}.1 ".ld lllH"l olql 6llu}lJ4. ol lloll ll+5lill+ .?'J4ol
    .+.9,=' P';/l el 4lse *bJ7l5: glrl . -i-rl +el 'JflE S19tql
    ;11
    = ^l
    ,!: zlrlul C,J.,3 -.<1 olriol oJ.^l zl o_I,r- 94 C FJ€r "=l:.,z.zll
    ^l + Xl=
    oly-'.. +il t"J ,l t"i zlr-l,i flil d*-l 'J.ll L4el r.(l l\i 484
    eol -U'rll :: ;156!-gri +Z -3 oJ:d tu-rll o,i-
    ^l +.11 "l.Jo} r--i: 5-
    ,ll

    zl_e_71I,-- qlif. rrl-1 ulqolLl cl.rlu|_ol glo)lri 9!= -:. ol S6l=rtl


    olrl ql ,lr=q qI'J6olel ol5-g ol4l+el ildEl ,Jololl €-i
    "1a.
    el El.-s- q zl.il +il* +.LoJ al lr ."r *"1 +B oJ,! ol !,-lrl.
    Hl+g +.ll 1j-,! il.3,J-E i*rEg,jdl ! Gl,1 .al,"f: il=olL]-
    4l+'Jzlel ?e { jl ^J 5 ,3- +6}.1 "Jc uflqlf : E"l-= 9l4lE

    .rg | 46 ,tr+41 +61


    "J^t ^ta .tr9 l\ -47 ?a:Aol +6i .J4l
    ^lA
    Ee

    146 [. .-:l ] ,;
    "l
    *19_,j'9198.+, rlE *! ilJ'ilql tsl;tl €tol tstslir jr
    _/J!l rrl.Elql
    ^f:- all3l i,l.e,l rjl.;ll71 91.1.
    iJ ul.r]=: il .ll

    :l:re olga+rr-'. *1lol ilr-'+. rrlLl r!il:- ?l ^J %I!l e


    ^l
    €Hl /l- Ylol 1..1 +,rl"ll ?li:"] itol --,1: rrl'rl"l 9lll.
    uf-J^] "J! 'Jg:?zll+el oJ..lql ,l,il LJJI ol+rl--
    -2_- ^l
    '!"rilolLl. i;. lg1 ill.Elql ^lrJ rlall'i.l,ll
    zl.rlr.rlr_| ri.4
    ?l {rol ol^lzlol 4L+ rlldJ, Hl.<.le}, aslr,l pol +zl {oJ
    7l ,l- 9i.-. arl r';olLl. tsl-ol /l ilg -]-roll
    ^l--. tl+. ^J 4l ,

    .4il 5P g?lel Elrl..il 5,,'1d ,j-.3 dfal ?Jjr_ "lli"l


    ^l
    1l /d c .J + 9L!-'; zl |i€ 'rll 4 614 L.l. "J,.1 rt:l ,il+
    .6ll
    ^ll
    .,ll al:i ,i ?l.i.q €
    'rlel,.l= "-l_iiil], l+ 91,--+ +!zJg
    .rg l\ 48 Tlalble
    rl -!' f;r :i tsl L,loll rli'r g}tl "-l4l +lul .

    ,, 7lo ol.^l trldl

    {D"Jgd'J'J:-9-?il l]+tl A'J!ql 40] ejErl {Uoltt. itl iOm'J


    -rr9 lrlllql ;u},"1 *.i !.ul."aB ll 993i el.,r. qTlql ?l tol 61,'-

    t/ I 6t1 .-- {l],\ti! ot'\l

    I .il +,rl i+"1 '{l .j-,


    t g 4lol zl+ ,,J E 61"".1 . J.
    :,f -l +'L il+,r/l ';1 nl
    q]
    , L-.f^l nl.e_l +]]_ g$!l ?]€"ll rll;l.q :Iol,uzl..

    +!:J ^ltaJ

    -*

    #
    €-
    4ar 3.r!

    rg l\-49 /fe'rl ill+l '..r 'Jl "J.,1


    =q
    147
    "tl
    rI+ 4-5^lrJ /le} -g Hi.l ,l+ 9lg dE
    el 5olo[ agg c- *.Er] +t[6]rll ullEJo]
    "JC.l-:- *'tlolE+. :1/lLl a.l=ql.= -r.eJ IV-
    S0rl *"1. BJ^J d.,? rEg "l+alq S Cg
    E.\lee "J^J6l= aoi _H_flF+Flq "JEl.
    g.Jd B'ilg ?l'g-3 6Jc E- EEql slr'l
    rJg"l E. gi-q-ri E_+l Ll;<l glc+ oloJ
    -a n -E^ 7l o}^lxl ^J =€,
    zl=:-,-- z1c:9,'Jel dtol
    ||ulsrl= "JTlq 9ir+. :ael'+ eg-"9 + S
    cql sl+l.t 6.1.71 'qlEql yle +-:. €-"16'ln, g9 ^l* E^l4Ll +11
    €:z"tl *=_+_ €A6iq, ula €e_ 4_o,.r1 ,1{rlzli €:. ^l€-ul7} Hl
    it4 yJ.ol _--=
    "JC"l "JEl..
    (3) +"J EEst g5
    qtiq ^il+Fel 4"1 digg
    ilq olElol d;-lol
    =olElqi.Elg5e
    F"J 9lgtr il+4 +/l7l ul-E-ql. +3?li:L+ -F-oE_ x-5=?; a"Lr'l+ riri
    g 4^l li'*g y., "1E+ ^l€9.dilot.6!4. r_eln "lEql4l= ^}.!i= -F
    ;alq ^d t9 r,:5to=f s ^l-a al 4 TlLl- Bl € iriql el 6ll +d q q, zl d +!
    r-J

    aol Lludll zl ?*Er+ qrl z|;l tr.rfl ^1.99 ,l:,-ol +q ;l-e aol "39
    nlct t€ %lB"ll= d+4 "Jd. ++.1 *€. il+rl.l *1J, +s q.+
    4 "Jd.'Sfr 4lrr4 "J^d -.=-ol 91E1.
    CD 3+4 g.! "JE ; +4] o e +olLl e:rE.l EF_ i9 ClS"lrl
    ."1_ 5-,"r
    ,/lFrq +i. €-az1-3- 7l ;r -i:. i8-'B olL+. :iol +-3;1^1 STlLl rJ- +el
    ,8.= tlr'3"1 *_3- *-4l^lE al drl_,--' .JqF. €-q.qr. 7lgil, Ellr
    rl . $ 1l"l =d9 ?I^.j 6l-.-. ql Ll.l .l€.qq. tszl- El+ol Hlizl ^l€
    441 -E:ts *d '*Blql +fl,:l ".lCt"l^l 'Jp-i a1:-',?el "Jg "JtJ
    d'el ^l+.i./l Ll.zl^J _._= S]f,' !_+6li'- CEoll
    =g6l-zlLl ^llq =q.Jd rl=
    Sr+6llr-F-, U'*ql dl6lq of? zl

    -,o..
    "JolEl. rlSpel ${ {otlAl= ril I\L5l
    tl- gol +il+ :1?l4L+ olqellold € F6l
    q tE +E €-?r tli*€ Eq^l ^Jt+l-:r i+;
    oi1 o^lrl .

    0l|Oa{0ld (aeration) : E 1or E'l= Eq Jq : +-.1

    ttas 5^loll E 4oll^l Ll97l o1:1E 4?lel


    =71^la4
    0ld-fEf 1:Ll €a= !{llL|]T]Lt tsE a7l 4oil -ts+
    fr6|]s!
    rg l\-51 5+! g48q +iPll el-* tl^ .'= "J
    ^l7l=
    l{8 li- . .rlU tlg
    o ?+4 "JA "JE : *! l-ql ^l+.i.j,i g i. el-.-, g-q *;ir.Iol .z,ri6l
    dl r.l+zlel ir-3, zf.-rol .-r.rl ?.j,2, zll3;rj -o_i:, t.u! ull {u}1,!,.1 ol7
    5 .,.t€o-l: *B"lL+. ?-rl L+el_ql tt aU"tl^.1-,-, +r,:. l.{l Tlotlrl
    -:-dJ rllTl
    o-; .jr.ol Ll €.t!,i:+ ol €..'l.ol rd i:,il ,?l+6ln_
    "J,^J.,ll "l+
    tlr+. qlqLl +qel "J^Jce rl]+.F-- 1l ^l,zl €,ql i--r,'_€olLl. i:ldJ_ol ^1.
    q-.r= $"Jr+.
    ^l
    /'l+zlel ir-jr -6- # *-,', €'?l5i ++-sl *.11 trlrll'ol.1l !lrr--ii, +el
    +oJ alql 4/l ^l+ "Jr-* +il .i 9lrl. ?-l*.ll el -,-: !i i:d ol + e.l
    ^J
    Ediql^l 1|+51 ol€.Iq gi:/rJ
    ^f 8,5lfli
    LJ _,a,!il,1.:+ ol +L-
    "llE
    ?]€6fn ilj|q, HlL,t i foll ?-}.i,l ,i |,'€r {il.o_i,:_ :|ol 3:'l ^l LJ
    ,.1r.-.

    ^le+,J-9-;lli "l tiE *!;l-,1- -it


    ,i..r.l g,J,-.:,;+ -o,],'lotl o-
    ^l
    i.l ?l€ *';l +el ;lLle +l.i .r.lrl.
    I TfFal^l "Jd "Jg : Ell+olll ;llorl el rla|] /f #.i j i.,ll"l 1l+ rll-rlql
    ;*1J 'j+el 1.3E t:, zls,-el {otl ciri*
    .r.9,;}.1 *,Jul,-,-, 4H.l
    11 . ]f5_it= 5|61c4 7l+?l 9lj{lel :..o1 lf,figol .U.rl.o+rj rl- .8.€ i.!

    i-"1 *;.,+ Lll^l !-.ti Eel il|]+ol 8-<rl ;ltl. rrlel.,.l , ,.1-:- y*+
    ^lil.ll
    ?Iel C>l+= ?l= + ?lq /.1.+li,i" .iL{Lel eJ t,y.!ql,.li: r,ll.i, c?l?.lol
    rl +i, f!5d.1J ol 'Jsl 'lol5 'rlr_1610.l _trl.t.: .-1. lrl il. rl+ +el all
    i. "l+ gt4 ol+s'Jr+ 'lieli j,,r +tp + silirl"tll: rll€el i;g
    9ol-^l -rg_ql "J+rl g glql !,,,.i,i €4l!lqo};frt. -ri,'.e1 u1c1 :a
    ql: +71-3 ?:="J,"lrl -r+el r'l*ol i+ Slt_ rrl o-_.r,1!,1" -r j,.1ol 6J
    +_q !r- €,rl zl gh+ galdlol: qtr-l .

    rrl,L ?lJeJ zlF"l ?l€ !rt: IlTl ;/1, ()_--ri!l iL 9,l o lr c.


    ilolli: rtl

    "J^J'il.il rffl€ ,91:,e €'il.'ll +jr.. ".I.1 il +]illel- rl:i i-.nl* flt
    ,3rlrt 4 zll a?l= ul.r.ralq L85 'J
    ^lrtel ,H-{!.,+ ii:i .9 el
    zl
    ^1..\i
    C.^]d ..--r. 6J4tl ++1 oJrl . !,r:. olt:11I._ +il {r;LL 9f + 9l:

    rg 1\ 52 ,f+cl g^laliali'f L.|]nl.! 7f+e ,:J^talt))

    I .i 149
    qrl Tlzl
    ^ldolLl c-ts]71 ts_Ez5l!. tl-",F_F_, ?Idt9 +471 +t6J
    159 zll€€- BqLl alql4sl ^J'$el *,o-,2 terl"1 z1a 14
    zlFel *^J*oilrlE q+ql ,lg_ "*e
    ^lii-=q Eol.lr
    9,ljr.-JtJg,+
    xl]€6]71 r.llE-4]. z]F4 iEolr-] E]E+ql: qel.'J
    = *3- 't[€E,g qq
    €asol S.ol tlolTll r +dol sg€ Tt:'Col =cl. re]sE
    7l+elel €il 4^le= iE4ol ",ijt +'Jol y+_qq "J*g+71 zlg
    9i,3- *ol +q. a*"I= Ela ulEl-E- +l+6171 qalq ad_sr+4-E
    d'J + il= --1eJ tV-52(b)4 ae LI4d 71,+el *CBol Tllgqq
    el4.
    @tg o14^l gd'Jg:"J_HJ-4_o-E "J^d*ql^l q g{.+
    "l+,:= ^l+g
    E.,qld-3-. sl"li^l
    = q+-=- ^tq-+i q--s: dildg4
    d€ ^.14
    tlEll {Et +g
    ^}+ "J-E 4d
    -e-." zl-eE E9l4l 4l4l/l!L E'"1q +a
    ^|f,
    ol efFluls. ol rl + E4_ol t6ilFl= rld4lC €€ tAzf lu1r1r4
    +dle-! Edol uf,{s1ol .,.1q- ^Jcql L}g- ""i.}g ,l"lE d.14. 14
    ! ^lq-!ls,7l +.o-E g +9 += ta s+*ol sol.^l/l 4l$ql 8fi€
    Eol,+ 4,tl7l7l. ol+el +e tlel 4u1 /j i8 zlzi 94:r I + 9lL+.
    t+ q,.l^l "J€ ,JH-g -1+l N-53,-l aol
    ^lg ^1.9
    qlol^l '+^J6l
    E qel Tlal u$lg€ qrlrql^l ,Jel 1-[_/. 4el t Eql *7] +E
    +Ljr€' +'J6lq "l E-9 clrl ^i+6l-= '.1^J ll}B"lrl. "l *€ ,'lBg
    .8-frl gol g,ealzl %lss-e q: *
    ^l€ S14!l *dX.l^l ^l*g
    ol^lEz'l €-1lzl. zl;5l.jr. j.g"l *e Ag4l--,. +4+ 44 +
    ^l+
    +. -l++ ,[^].E-6']41 rls-" olLJile] +d-=e ;l]i]6J + 9l: *d.l

    rg [ -5s eE! qli


    ! ^fq 8il(sAE)

    -i

    tsll t!. 6ft?f il,ll


    glq. :rslq y+ol 5! aE-e g9+l X,ilel /IqF,& 7li
    ^l€El7l
    I EsE dlts EJ ol 914.
    O g+ "Jd gg : st(&lll) ll+ldg zlTl ol*oJ €4gl €:e=*
    ^fls^l
    dt6'tol 6l{ql o}+6}8, +Etlrd.J.tl^l d^}61q q'17} EIE +!+6}
    zl $1fl u|{ol "}+5l9tEl :r -6}d-e_,a 98"t9=rjl. ol49 a}t, "J
    .l *Hol4. "l .J4l B.Be El+ r[},$q cl6}q +s- dt
    ^l€t
    e_s
    ;-lcs ^l€HlLl- ^ltrEi. -$el +^lulzl 2.1/l EEl. +el q4"ilci:,
    _a

    €4 +zl rl? o .e ztg *rl= 9l ?! *E *.F€ al:e fl.:l"J. "l?9


    Eils.* €oJ"l tlts 3 ocel -_E4 sri ulF .4crj *^J?-li
    =1r1q1;,i3
    rlal6|!. ilEl.
    (4) +tl gEg
    =Fg "Jd 'Js
    +t ^JCel *:+= rlltdl geq. .J4le f ?41^lE zlq +d.l ql
    *l ** TIilzl +sq isEzl €. rJg rtid-gs t4.:e1 l,_E oJ'a]
    -,? 6lela g 4lqlE olelal afl-$,,t+ *^l
    ^l.9"1 +elaJ *++ ++
    g dq'dl"t qlq. +el q4ql^l "J^Jqa 9l= +t 5g 6.I^] rtls-4
    9l "J4+g *d *tsql rtialq triHE 4€_r+ +4.
    o gol : "Jq: ?!rl 7'i'.J-sE-?E.l gEil 4Elq "l?.71r14 "Jal +g6lt,
    g+€ q+s^]. +q +?+ *4q zl$--Ei zl* _e-d ErlE zFl:r g
    sq. 4+€ qB ^dtc} -e ilzl6l= Hl+"1 -3 q+q4. .J"l
    F zl$ril +4 Ll4"ll^l zl{} i*oi .}AElr 9lE ++
    ol]49"t1^! ol4e dJ,q olE+. ol +-q +?_l r+?+
    =
    n+el +"JqeEl 4lazl *-n dtol ge+^l olqTlol
    ^l "Jq}LEl El C.a6lE,rJ"lr.l. fg li-54 oJol
    .r,.1+l $iE +e. s.i, zj+^l. dlnlel €,_q+ol !u
    * 5-olq. Ei
    e €HEl 4i 6-A C"il^l t zlecl. 4€e 5-C1J '4"1e+.l5ld q
    ol-=- 7l"l7l 9*a + 9+:- t]4c_",E-. ulEJe] El.qlt E.s.l-"1+ rlF, a

    +. +a
    € 3-4cm AEE q?! +n€ ^Jt6l= a+4 "1€ qfl +B-s+q
    15-20cm Llel 3719 .dd 6sE ?e.l Lilt- 4d Ei olSF-+E]
    ^l
    +q€ "JE.l ql: B4lE +Bt':}. qg +s: oJ,4l€- €:Es .'^zl
    "J. ztg =dg 961 s4+ 6ld *++eeE g"l ^ct+4. "Jqel
    ?g "J.l ,JB-"F-= 7l+el= €:l6lq .!.yl_Eq ^l+61=Etl. €.Jt
    'Jqts 2Etl"i 800-10009 er-Ej?- zlelzlt. 6Jq= EJ zztl ;<lelq
    "$al zl4E 4? 2kgzlzle4gq
    r. +lfo; 151
    @+rl7H*ol :+-al7l+q-,-i "d+^d .i+".1 9q. +"1+9 rllE4"J'J4
    .ulolq, d^{4lzqos Eel oJ,4lrJrl.. +^l7ll+q:- +g 10-l8cq^l
    i! 1lat? tsc 1r.+71. ilal d il .i.9"1.1. ".!l 4-3-3- 7'. l5tola.
    lOc c+Tl ilal 95,--olr-J. +_{ z€,3.i il+d,q +s}6fir. 1E"l
    100-.200g. 2E"ll 600- 1000s. 3C"I 1200-'2000coe /l+lt}. z|
    €zl1.l1.r'1;- ie +^l +*-9 *"19E +tCol,l, Hltloll= LIflTlzl -e*
    r ylf"r1,r]'3 €iI B4-JL+.
    ?l.l +de] 1+,,1]= ql+ €E;1"j 4+
    i,;<lzll-f-olel
    *,e4qla +l^l/l +*€. oJ=L+. reJLt +oJ7l7l q
    ql dEolr-l. +?ql rtlal zlalalol Zzl Es "J9 frql+
    .lg l\ -55 +^l2ll+01 qlqlE H.l.r:^l 'J,tzl .l F* Erlillot elEl. rloli-= d^l4ol .

    iL} Fl^lel t 5 ^J ^lji lL+ illla* ^lE- E-l +;(lYl 4+ ..<l+I]l dzl "
    ,i -g,?,le
    'rilfl.^IE-,i i:El .

    '^.r t ;."I 371-ol ,l.ol 71. tloll^lSl ='i.l +3,49 *"19*.J"1


    "^19-.n:,:-. ;7-zl$rl- d t;1o.1 llzl I:l€ *.rl +ol 7l-::L+. ^l+ %l.l-9-
    f,,i:!l e__s 6lr *el 5J E{:, 'J +t €oll} -o.J€ ^l= ^}$6}q i?t q
    rl^llr-45 ^li.,i'!El . !r:. 50-. 100g 5l:' 4+ t'lrlql € i.l g! 7l+rloll
    /.t+-c'1.71 rr -Jul.
    ^l
    "Jg nJqell1s.614. +rl rle].]
    (3)H^l : H,(li-. qJP
    tsel 9L"J.i +,s
    dJEl. LJ il-ol r+ r,l.+ {s- +l 2l"l^l +
    'ql i,-ol Eel E+o_jr,
    oll
    ^l+ol
    licJ 9.1= 4ol r;?"J 9tree^1. i,ol 9l= *1il+9 4l{lol ElI4 ^t
    Ll A el ul!.l.oll il-,q 1l r.l tg=q ll"lsl :r 1!L+.
    ^l
    \l^lel .l,J.ll r}f,;|i f,rti,. .iq oJF +E.E, dt}+
    ?rl.o_ r,:-
    6-
    rJ ol,,rr 9111.
    U al= € * 4_-.zl a ri . slol HBl

    * 'rljn +3 rlulolu| zliel gql E"l 9lq tJ*,"l 4l


    t\ 56
    o,!.9,
    ^l-f, 4l+?1.
    E]-.9 ol f,oll ul;ll *ol' oJ..l*-o-s +/l
    6ltrl 'iil +.rr7l. i:zl{L'.} 9lA"l ldlg +^d g.l+6lq -.9'd *
    +3j,o-r,r,?l+ f-Lt-+i ,-i.Jdn'l4q ^l*alE *r.9lr-1.
    @ EElSaf : rul${l'l" .?-rl Lla}el 'J^l ;'ll9l q 1-7}olE ol'Jel
    oJ_ts

    91.11.11 i,*.l,lt.
    oJe ull+el .,+iql *q 5-6el4l zlq= *- \lEI

    .teJ I\ -57 rnlEat ^Jololrl. ?l'.41 ,J 1l +e-,"_- 1,9- 27Co14, !?j 6Jll +99 7..30c
    j,r- ,i.rl r+4el 4€.? {l+3,q1 ql6l-ol t}.:= *4 q+uq
    N;trl. +elii /f3rll ,.llajol _al- *ol gtq *.1 4*
    q + o -e _ftr.] 6lrl.
    .,JtJ g +j?,= algil. +.E*:r ,l j;1q ^|+61= d.',+

    152 l\. .i -' -


    "J;|' *:s.gr ^J
    t6lel 4l+6}= dol 9lEl. +ztel -Pi: rlg"ll^l +
    7d

    ilt t!"]+i +4q1 "i€-6lll47l e$^l/.1 .Fjl=- c t!6l7lL|. oJ4la.l


    t c ?a-41^l qEls €t^14 :.:rr€ dtolzl-E t4. *de ig zl
    +rl.:1 ^}€-6lq gol ^lE6lalt. +* +ji.tl^.lli ^l+eljr *4. q
    ol:- tsllil zl4i]. ,rF
    ^8 ^liiel ^l-R= ^)+6lq ^J^lgF.= dqq.
    q ii"l .Ja. oliiel Cl,/l *^jqel A,Jql aJt +l
    =.ll 'Jll6lr,,E-
    1l fL ?aq l1Jtrl.
    ^l+o-Iol
    <}J':Io]l^l o[$r1] xl$al $_g_of
    ^{?+ ^llf-+= +r_ "j el
    €) : L+e+Cl^.1

    rllzJ { $a};r 9lzlyl, -?-rl


    '+r]"il
    i]= ,H-rl^ll+e} L'il 6} 2 €rol oJ:41 5l
    !. oJEl. -H-el4i+el ^Ji+ 9€ +ql:- 6117.10ll +oJalr:-
    +€tl. "l+ !i9 -i-€ tl;l= +d-:t ii + .Jtrl..
    +. *qlL st{ +"ll "Ju}zf .}tql* *J-E-6}-.-I-
    qol= i.,qE4 +q.t e!4.
    *dil,o,F-E dtgl ;l-= .l+alq + uilia1L a..rlal zll
    g4 "J4l C, -e.rll t! ",jTL rg 71.+rl.lolLl q-* lg l\ -58 Eal4+
    ^l€.2-=..1+
    6l= "J,li gEl.
    416l.I-,----s,.t dtlolLl "J^d d}Be- cel^il+"ll f,flu}. rel+ rllal-=

    *"I i. gFb+rl $l gol .url^l +-H-trl- ^lg #-'r r,!+71 gn. ^ddri
    tt_e-El.
    ^l+lol
    715-d Ir44,?,1+ Ela+el 37lb
    'JLJ^d "J€91 a+
    i.+ if =
    +-o_Ll. 5-dl ts-el^i+ql 9lq^!L, ElalDJ r,3 {?ol 20e 4t 7]'.

    ?l*r;1.
    6) 3 :i-3- yle +ii-ll 1i.ql4l4 0
    : ii
    H4 -t-rE.6'li1 9l_o-q. +cl Ll4
    ql^lE LJal9Hi^] e?l 20T]-30s! ++€- +qi ^Jt;1q iulgt "l
    q4 .3
    "Jg. nl+.s.rrJ.ol 5-aje_ ^daolL}'85l lEi: +rli+ €'"ii
    +a-ata ";4.
    Hlrflg-g^l *6iloJql^ll +e q+ ?i-;1.1 *€
    =_"_l
    ".1^J '*'Jitl 't
    € ?i-"-l^l
    "jc ,JHg Elol 0l+617.l{!. e}6]l9} 1l^lzlol^1i- +,ii rrl-

    +^l *d
    *Beg "l€-aJ4. "t,€'i.614 oJ:c *'ilr_e- rlEol +6lss
    ${ol $-q *ql^ilE ol S* + 91j1. d:l aHl,-' qg- +-6}}l "}^d * .rg t\ -59 E

    B"l ulail zlrll Eq "J^.j1r9s /llp++ + "Ji- +q"l €t EilEl.


    lL5- +o-lri o,ri .J^laJ 3g q?,+7} ril'$"'I 9l=
    ^l7loJ l2EZi-
    El olii6ll 4g3rl^lel
    ^l"lq tqtt4. Ll+ *-o,.d **g 91;ll ^J.l
    Azl EB"l Hlels-e *el *olLl +Aol €q^l4l S4.
    O rl=7li : +ilI L++oil^l dilli: r.'+ii"tli: rl4r1l. -,-=1olaJ{.42l|. ^I
    jrE. j1E -5-ol .J_o-q. ol trqlrl +s tl|/N)l *^]51,1 glrj]-. j1+
    .:lf:"1 153
    .ii 6,.ti^i 7tt ?).2- {-.il gui, +el L}4el H:6tl+r} €.Eilt 'j},el Lll
    +olLl qldlql f.sflEl.. +z+ d rJ.il 5olzltr ^d*"1 "li E4 Zl
    e+!_o_e^l Hlsl<il^l 4.31E ae 1€ Rlql 4*.{5mm qel. 2c
    ol 65 mm qlel -+ € ilflEl..
    7a.s- rl.4rll tl*/l.J E-g€ql 5-+ +-J-,3, 2^l6ln. +
    di}g
    fg I\ 60 nl4r|l zlzlotl EEJd.ffdol lx.ol LlElLl= +qr,+ +d9 r^l6lq ,l s"JEl.
    rillrTlel lf?ll_?= _--r.:?. Tl. !-71 * eg ac ol+;JEl.
    ola;'l 4€. z <al +ri i,lrllTl- e| 15mm.{ ^J d;-}Rl ,llltTlql +,1-9- !r
    il ;<ltl rr r4l9 llol "J'*g 4l.'j,ql LJ j1 ElluJol tJ7l6ltr^l g,o.ol El
    r+ "*C+ €ns $E}El. "J 15mm rzlel +rl=- alrlql +4 "J^J
    ^l
    6lH 2rl Hl.ol zlr-1.70-90nrmil, c^Ja}.B.t ii*"J i tlr:+. q=4
    E HJul "_:,,, ul.rfol zi.!-{-+. +l *€, +ol6lzlEJ. 7lge"l Ll+ e4
    oJ-

    L+ +.]l o.+ Pl+ *-,"_-+rl gj|q. 1l+ oll+el +F.l +g *9 dEj

    6l]0| +El. E. + jrllft ill+"1 ++.ll^l +6}.1.o_E- "J€.+/l--,


    "Jri+.
    (0 X+ : +?.1 Ll4ql 116}= {r.+-q -6+.I= A€+oJ 9-.e.+,1+ Hl*
    ^l
    -l"l +d+. ,Iqlil.+. ^l g-F,c.+ E "Jd+el 5+"1 Eq4 elr-+. d
    +-3 gl".Lel "Jt zl':tl.tl +]tr^l qrl 7l.al ala+,,=61 34nqoJ ul
    q. E|^lLrl 5-,e; +1 ,41- alsl= +gal oJ4l rI*+olr,lRt. ^d4ol
    r.el:n q'!Pl alflol rr- ?.l5lE Elg,5l/14^l _9,{l ,l +ol g,CEl c
    ol +aolEl ;l+ 9l*.?F. ^d c-ql 9aJ;.lrll/l i*"}^ln 9l_1 dll

    e+71 gg
    {,ql 'ilql.3 uJ+;+q. q=zl9 +dse dJ .4}fl -J?l
    aJ oJ:rlol rlE;'l .tl.4lsljr 9.1"1 g9,l i= +ril ++oe 7lrtlrl:

    +olrl
    4iltl - 5 mm ol N o -i/ r.l+l .<li,:ll= .+--elqlEJ_{l r}+ql^J $llq '.1"l
    Dl= +4ql^l A+fl.N. Flql +el + L:eJ r_ idj9l al++:=
    =itdlq
    ;.?l i.d^l?l *. 2-3cm El: zlrl].:,= € s_L.l tsJ+;-l4Lf
    'til "i+ql
    €q ')l= i'.1,.1.e-r,t ?l^J6J4 $, r]="ll:- +/rlqnl 4+.1 +:E4l
    i'€-;}ol lltrE- %td alTlrL oJr+.
    Prrr
    (9 ?a: dol : .?-{ rlj ol IL,: Ed rllT] r.E 6]= 4 5'€'-q +rl Ll 4 5-\l'
    "l
    allte,l eloJo ii 1{ 4 ui9lL} l:.otl "r z};}.4 E9?1r}. 3} aJall
    "}e,,
    n.rll"l ii -:_- trrr9. 9al z.l "J:1. 3_*,a1 "1 Pltl?] Cr.l €-
    =rl
    (c1'nthiOl) I'lli-oil -1;.]:
    ",!+ Hltl. t
    +e.: llt !t olrl ,rl el + 3''.4"J zlLl-^l El/l ts.41 'Jl}. Elyl !
    +3 4l .9{! +^1..i:, r!5; ++/l= ";q ttllldrt. 5zlol €:y}il]s_71
    € illji. ;'"]l ,'l.ilol. i+L-.] ;1rl . o.l+ol zlLlyl -ur++ +{Qlol: 3}
    =
    154 l\ ;lJ .r':l
    e sq 'J+ 37lE €1161=rll. "l "I5-El *t+ +se ^l€-g i. 9l
    El. +^l.I ++"J +1.rg.l +F.= ?lss g +rla +4qlql aol^l
    .*44 ee *Bs-a i.+^11 g:..bi6l=rl, itl 4.'5m+rl 10m
    =
    4zl "J4lol 715-4q. *.+e +e uq-/| d';+4 .F4 -9lr+. rIT}] 2E
    a .Jc6ltr +el-ol 7l-:-614.
    @2J:4+ +4 Ll4otl^l dl_E+E,l o}4lllq e^lsq, dlsii "J4 x 7l
    t 69Cl 9l,l€- ilzl6}!. 91tr1. "J41 llrlE L,tolloJri *6lltolri. +
    s *4+g +Ar+ %t^l+9Aol 'Ja. -r clqlt +trJ. ?l-'JE4 E
    "l 9.14.
    44 "l ,J I oJl 6lzl I 61 7l-:rotl 7i_{zlz} r+_si: ^l
    =
    zlql. q 4s471 +:lg agg HlElol €:laln il.136.lq
    €*^144. ral+,q3€-g dL]lolr] 'r1gg ^lt4lzl il
    "l gl= zld "J"I ,ll'Jol iliB6l= ole] ,]]lle+.
    =21u1==
    ^i*nl-= ^l*6tq d +eoi ^.1 ills6l=
    d]l oJdJ Lll oJ+ ili
    nql el;+q dt.}= *B.l "l+sl! 91tri.
    4 rltrEt- 4+++s-d- Se qlgg
    %t4 {a) E-A rb) g^l+92
    ^l+619_0,
    L+. 4=ql= gtsJ4se 6Jd d+e +! rH'llg Y*ol rg -63 'Jel 6+
    ^l n

    €';+jr llEl.

    3) +grl a$
    ,/1\ 4ol

    q+Ll :1 !+el +t 55r* t :llri *;-;1b zi"l *a=- ztil-=q *"J-


    + 9l= F^lql. +e 7i4ss S"IB i 9lgg-rl +-.J,(holding)9 al
    F= g"l E*r+. +*.1d. €"1 91ts i=t 5,Eg *l€al ^l€ "J"l^.1 "J
    oE. !r+61=9dc}. q4€-el "J^l !-rJ, +q +€ EJ4].I
    d-.ar
    ^14
    ilq^l ^l* s.= 4El €r +nl t^'oll^lel rr+. ."1^l *ql^l dtg +E
    E= "J^d€ 4+!+9 ssl 'F rtlt* EE +';+^l/4zlel it+ -5- y+e +
    4 _"_E "l+grl.
    +* "JB +H.l zlttyol 9g 4-?,"t1* 2154,1. y+ol ol+
    "e= k;-9-
    6lzl"J. r 9+E a+qlE
    ^lq +r+
    4le xg EJ^I"JE +
    ^}+EJE+.
    ?It a+"rl='J+,* sTlslsEE /lts6lr-+, 9-{ ^l.Jol AA 'tl"l=
    dE-el arJ€ +zl^l7l7l +le +a +rlel qs dEel qq *;Lol 'J
    s6lrl. +^J ^l€ol.{lel 7l+ t",}e +.J BHg €.€|4 qrllF-= 3o}
    . CEI : g!++q goll

    r :,J u 155
    += "JflLi, ol EJE os': E+ql g,cd' '&* tlizt ++6171 €71 ql
    Faql +61 a%lel +t +* +4! 55E
    E*€- ?*EJ + 9.1-,q.- +olq,
    Eidgql el'4q +d.l 'gsl q}'l.El-EE_ d+4qzl *+ a+71 "*4.
    q},,]?lel +'Je ECg +71 +"I ++6la ta !-+g +l6J ?il
    +11
    t allE 7l*6}rl"J, i=aq €.71"I c++ei ++l €iFr9 rJ"Jrl 1-2"J ol
    tel 4oJ€r 6.l.71 96-ll^l= 7lc Hj;J "J-:lel +a del "Jil7l €ea1r1.
    (2) 3HJ

    . olTaFlTf
    + +t ^J€"#{L- €r9 bjzl glo}E -E7l +"I^l *^l'J € + 9l= 5c
    E 4E ol Elol 9lEl. ,l+, 4lF Fag *zl 6ql^lE 94 aqss Nlrt4 tsl+q
    traJol rlol^lE,
    +E l^l g€ Lllgol
    .i Bol^l -3t!{':t. tstq, i}ts-il. El+el. irq^fl+ 5E H z}il +t}
    c6J 84 e5€ 6t *q=e- 7l€-ol *_3- il-g?qlts *71 ?ql^l ulazl e4 a? + ?lqs
    olff€, ofTlololl
    = F_ Sal'-l El+qql EJol^l 2-10^I7Jel etlol 7l!d.J a+E "Jrl.
    elE! gE olEo di
    rfolN a7l€ golE .f.e.lLl rtl-ur+ei +t *ri,3 -szl +oil
    ^.i
    t rl F_ ,3-Hl6izl: 6JErl.
    0l= E}4 ng€ 4 5o-'1. +F-+ "]il ael f-oJ9 ts +ql €qC $l}a-}ul 9}eH
    oJ €t}
    7l 4eo14.
    tll EsaJel E €, +"ll Hq^l +r?l6lH -$+ ,ll];E -?+e_e i€:ol +:*6izla. EI€
    3
    E jalrlo{^l sg4r gol € +"il tlq ag rI^I 7l:.ol *.11.3,=.u1. 4el^1. -s{}Tlel sr +
    fl4.
    "l tA€- t+"li- %rtsrl +t Silel 4^l 7l;'--3r *+= *"!9 4l^l
    sdJ6l= 4ol P_5i.olrt
    o gol E'J= +l:d 7lg flal
    7l) rll^[ 7l: -&{} {] 2- 3"J E.J q.iiE #7la 3dJ ++E
    :
    -a-
    ^161
    E+ *Al +/l^l7leJ. Cel TlE ol "*"lxla +!i idl zlol ,JJ:6t Il-s.
    ril^1, dld€-el e-LE *?ll +zl6t7l 9all^i= g,€+
    "fl€ol 4qdq.
    ri€."121't g't! d: LSzlTlE 7t5^l7lq1 5JEl
    Lt) tli E=:ol+el q+el ql^t 7l-o--9 /]61,^lTlElr+--,_ +g +7lql
    n!15--F- ++="-lt .i'?el t4z| $$;Nzl ps ry!+ ie*€_ F#
    -l]"1 ,*ul. t4 *+ *Boet-'g'il'J €.7lE E-,.+ql i'g+ 4]i
    il+7lLl. 9.l4ol grl .J= eql +?lel g 4"t1 €421.o-E- 2,1o
    =
    !r,-ts ?71€- +11^l7l= u.iBq flEl.
    trf)gEel rllz: Ttt ,J.l eqd rNr.| IEE ;l*. ts
    ^l '491-L 9,?el
    Hloll eltl. .9_i,',-ol ii +ql +451 E-e. .Ei+ *^l=, 6l.1 4l.,16l: 4.1
    r.l€- Hl*zl6iEl.
    @ gfq.el drli g"JE
    )D8)te E"J:gq ++q +E{! cle^] z€acl ,J*q, "Jq 5
    q 7l7l q+=.J dl*-6lq {l+. ,ll 5|g ts}+qq 'J"} 5 9q S+;+
    = ',Jrllolq.
    156 ll. ;rg 1g
    rl) golC 3"J:6ll+ q+el 6l* +t,3- +tilel il ?ql ljil et +lc'l
    .a4l i.€.lcl 3_HlElE} g.ol ?.r: ul.qiql +1Bg il;-,r "]g:1 u}
    'rlel
    +j.'."1 t .fr-br!llLL; Yli-;q ?i 9lL:1.
    q.) gxloll el'i1 -3oJ : ,l,l'
    =al.^a
    'j el rlol ts tTl e'! r!'ril ol Bl ,

    1 - 2^l 1l j:951-:, /Ial,.g alq il


    el +H!ql ,r,rEJ I - 2g 'J al i ,l-
    ^l
    4l 4l etsJqlE rg.ol ol +5Jr+. +t_
    1l ol Ll ;lol Bl t r-* "l *-.1 ,:- 't
    _r

    ql ,,1 8.Ll'J o:ol liul. -t.i! l\'


    6-1e+ 'J"l El'J It: +elqlEit qrt

    {pollethvlene) "l o-j,r- EJ €'1l.il


    tl rl .l ii i t 9l r.r, *el rier-l Hl-j:
    ,+] ,|],"..'d.Bli t zlt! 4+ El€.
    .lg t\'64 8l.J *^
    olrlql ,3RlaJ ol'?3 +jL {'.1 9l+-"1 *,1i, ''tl4l.,r
    r nl il t'9i*
    ti= ,ll9.l 'jrLl. -1 tl-3r rll S z| ;l ?l .l 9+e -f,"] ! .l'. ':r'l ir--ii tl
    Zf tsql H q ,{ d q1,4. €'tf r.-f ql +-,4-ol +ef /l
    ^l ^l
    gjlE I'i 6llol ;-l

    "l 'l ^1.+,Jg !il-1.r,:+ 4111 . i..93 9ji'j rl-3. Itg- oliri-r".oJil
    ?- 9l r+.
    al) 4c 371 3oJ: ti_,",.eJq;i eJ/4rJ4 €.'tl;l/l 9l;tl /.1,1::rql I\'_
    [i5e] aol ril { +rl ql .l +5, . ,ru-_-i 414 ?",1 6'l"i *.ll 3r
    .3 3- El -3

    +t1. 1= ol ilel :. ..?-,'*€-.{ e} 0.iE--q ol+.3'+jr ,ili=- +.i.dl


    +fr61"1 l0^l li "l +],9't!€',i.9lul. "llid.tli, s"rl +ql 3-ltl -8.
    ,lel +-.q-, il+,i ,rf?l .ql;|l ;t_$<,lr- | { /l'71 dr, U /l^l717lE E}LJ. il
    i +"Jg'?lall,']ts *t+ tJ:Eg i'+i].il !.,,r-, ql"l .,.-.E-g *zrl
    + _na+ -Ll dlq .8.Jf zloll /lljial o r,r- t_i::,r .f-=^11'il. tf r11 rg [ -65 Erol 'i.a
    .il-eq +ls:L-i: ?r1rll^l= 4l+ /l-5^14 {.?l+-i i:o}l;ll]L +tf. -r
    ^1el ir^
    E aiTl
    rlLl' il:a::- "l1l +",1-.}= 'l -H-rl. 6 go1 ,:l tlEl
    "l .

    of) of+l €'J:lilil ri !F:: .J ztql el8ll ,l+l-:'^l


    7ljl rll^l 7l;-3 rl6l.^lr.l t9l i5-. oJc]. r3 u 1
    "".
    nl,,'l -u.,-H]* 'il*"lel .,r,.I1 -,tdJ.<il ol+!l: o;lol

    y*81.. lrl
    '.J"lE + j7 i.t-6l.al '$. tLTl .;
    olTl.nl .r;',

    <,llrli- :;l.fy,r,F i,$a1_',-q. f.EJ f1.il ,lt-q 9_-3'


    €:,1-'8zl ol?l ^l7ljL. q c *rl4l +ol ol ]-_ 1l-rr
    I'E-t 1:-11^l-7ltl il^l t 'gq]"] 7l.ro:al.rl..
    i: i: 157
    Ef) 71E}: q+-g ilq"tl El6lB uli4 q+'.lE]6lal e+g + 91E1.

    I gHldJ 4loil= +71 +q +.EE Eld4 *4 6la. "Jel +flql ?


    +d +7lE +71^l7lH^] ;L7lqi d+elE.r 6l= a"l +q. eEt
    q+71 9l6lq ggg BE aol lri:olEl.
    9C Ei= r*g rB IV-66j+ Aol *Al "J=q qZl /l= 4"!=rll.
    zl r* .J€- ?= r99 HlEi"I= C
    ^tolqiE *t"l 9lXl +4. It,
    ol e nlzli-- ull€ ila, 9l+el g+ r*ql:- Etq.rl 7Bg *q s
    q +_g- g+*ol gorl
    'Sqzlr.+ drl.

    rg [ 66 o]al EBJT

    (a ) +5e 3E d^l
    @@@
    (b)Egri (d ) oJ rt8 Ll+Ell

    I
    rlol ({€.6^)= +71
    ,{.*g- gel ;}+ol t El=
    zle,--el S6}-31 441 EJt + dtTl 91,6'lt

    4R= e4. qrl Tlel oJ r*rl g€- r*q +q el+ +zl"I "d=
    .
    rlolTl({1As) ol+
    "J ri r1"1o1; ntxl €lg il9,l eJdal -*.19 6lq s
    +q d0171 olcrtrl ql. tzlel
    I olfl EaTlolEl.
    'll{!'El.
    r g+oil _H-rl^l]+. F4 5e tzl"I €r EB.l4 eJ4 5
    E+^i+.
    € ;19] -Fs'.1,<l ?*--.€- b-loJ -t-tl6'l-i1, d+ -E-e .Je *xl.l *9
    gL+ 6|q t'tlqlEl. +q+ +/l 5;]ej +tl +ql 4
    ^Js A,il^l,l
    -C *71 slql 5q 9= d4q gqCq +liiq 3++ A-3-
    ^lE ^je
    *il ++g + 9lE zle *4=- +'116l'41+ +q9 A+ eHl Cql
    olgg €EJal+:- "JE ilq.

    # eqe ce
    1) gf^l8el ae
    'il8J4 =d
    e .qA ts 4t*'.r +lidel oJ:41 /J'oll^l=:r EJU 3a-3 q.l€14
    tslE++
    <,? 74i;l7l7l 9fl*gE-. ulzl : *el .14 zlzl $fl zz;13 ! 4
    qltr +C <'*461lot {!4. +zd flJ +
    ^l+ El+ Tlrlql *,,1-,"--
    =4^l
    ol^l zl+4os "J"lol aJ P zlzl .eoJ59- -Ezl4. El-"+4. {_+q4
    eoJss Llyq^l €rllr9 q+4 Ar+.

    158 rr 6[9 -!g


    l\ -67 ,t]g^l "J

    t+q4 soJ €-ql^l= ".rd+ei 9lil ..214_. gel s-.'-. gel llol €rol
    +_fr"-lEl. dl'+oJ a+ dgs 5dlAl?l "Jts|4?17i, tsleol + E"J dEl
    t:loJ/l.tl Eiel^l -:iel aE. *E. Fi=.BE 5ol .Jrl4l4. "lL: Ee. qii
    6"tl r44^l d*ql "J*e +eel B9l7[ ed]4 gleEg *
    = r.il+"] i;l= ^d=31
    4 +* ad4ts Etl +s+ =dol 94. "19 91,5[^]t- 4
    qE +\.1 {l 4^}+ 4n7} eJ 9.6}E}.
    "Jql. si.il. Tl+ €9 :l !.{ e9l4 Egl 'J"lF,
    qfi- *.I.I^iE "J
    gb=lzlEJ. 5,4 4a44 ae .(.1^l J;dgg o}€6la^t g
    "rlqli, €+4
    ol aaol r.lEI. _-1el? €9 s€g "J4lg + 9l= cgq ++el €t
    Fl4l "; _riiel ^d* +E"i oddJg Elilq. "l q+olE ;<l{4lol ez]€
    ,:+el 6€.olLl rl"il oJ^C rJ
    A- ".1619 +e,F_ ^l.ggel 4lzlolL+ ^ld+el
    elql +e'o idol €El.
    slq4 sgle +s E +ql +ol 9l: olel zl;l gall +q.1eli: Aol
    q. "l +"il^l g+ 5-E9 a+ "J^l ^Jc"l 4e+ 4+ tssl"l B+^l *
    Eit +* ad4ts Eil +p.'fi elElea Tlzl'rl . += t.a. €*si?. i
    ^l
    i "l-,4- tsE(pH) FE "J.,1 dEg ^JrJ4l = "JaJg 4;lL.= 7lP4oJ
    -soJol +flq.
    "15 sgl
    qelq 'J4 5-gel
    ^l+ Yl-Ez| 54L1 $€{e1
    r;'"e- 71,1

    "l aq4E. r=q tsl€grl 4ol 4/47171 *^d*el dtqoil +olH^l


    gdlqq gF,q"l,
    "l?,te. atg, r]51+4. €9 t]^8^la
    oJ:41*el

    +!Ag e71l eirl^lZl4.


    ^l+ "JE7l *g "J4dql^lE olz.lt ltoJol
    .:.,1 1$l
    9--51 !-4171 llj<l %r'!-Ll. *4 {.,\iel Yl-I;z} 3-e- o}.li}<il^l= +9,q}
    efa .,o"9lol €El.
    .tgdl3l 9,91_o_e= ii +"tl rl.l.54ii €.r.Jr?--a. ill.Et<rl
    ^l.E
    4l^.1

    5-^lg. E +olLl Hl+oil +,f_6l-.i:- ^llir Fg -E- i' c,Jo-[rl. olSg oJ^l
    .l1l !,..= Ld4_o-4 oojd<}€- ,ldL}. .lB 5c.}3-Eg E +-q €
    ^Jg.il
    oJ'g +.:1 -9,+6lol aJosal ul* ,Fi;sl clol zl. *'$ olul
    'J8J.t+ "J
    4. E-"'] e .'+ zl+j+ 6,1/ll tl-tel 3'#"lll- -e-s--J algg qlEl..
    olel ?ol. ,I*zl *.1 d.el +!? olli:- ol rl 7l^l _s?lol ti 4+6lq
    dLl4_q 9!A g +z16l! 9lEl. -r.?lEs /tlg.l +4 aa4l^1ts ?.lr--"1
    .Ut,jolg -3iillHl/.'] gl-d{l dEil4l/l ]?zlfl i' 91,r,-$ eJd de+4?!
    "J:41
    ,l€g 'llE6l= al dtl ?f {ls6lul
    2) E{t^ll4 g^laq EJ3
    nl,,r j.r .I* =s
    ^li.l:ql *,.3- ?Irl tji+ +8-;+41 slll.
    -i.olL} ol-Fel
    utlll yiol s6IFl ?,1 ri,6}r ilq^l +,rl 5 +lrd e?lel
    'ltsl.+ /14_e.,1
    {lL}. rrl_il ?}.1 5.9_.1 ^}.q. 'J}c7} *:"lali,i ullii,iel i*1"1 11 4
    t .t-rll ul 5l-.-. ,I;eg zlzll olc]. .1/]Ll 7l .r- lli.i.el g..ll Hl.Iol
    *e,:'tl.i9 ol€,tl,rl ql[.o]l ?lr'l 3l ?]rd ir!?,| /l Un. yi.l otl r+q.^li
    +f, 5 t{ sJA .e.?!g .ne9} + 9]-(,.1,-.4 .-r ,lqel .(loi! +,Joil'l'-
    "i.lu6J c+j.g *.li+ i-.J= ol il5.91Et.
    ol el. .lLe ol ,tlg /j rlrl ylrjll zl ir=_+_ 4 ti6J ,4141 .l "J4
    ^l -n 5.el
    altl.4l oJ?.1?ilolrl.. rI dl,'.l ia-+lj cii+/-.1 rl,:rotlrl,I- rl's €.
    ^l€ol fsJ
    +* ^ll+i.l il oj rl., 7l ?I zl q.,+, :1:E el 3 y!r{ _,ei il u,.!^l d nl:i! g,ii -i_l

    .:i xll^f 8-;+oj ,.1-,$ r-c1 i.?.f= aj /t) ?1.361/ll +zl + 9.[L-].
    ^l1l
    t\ -68 "1t4^t "J
    ^tI}

    lm I !'i.:
    ft eu++ot
    "J.{.il^l "J*4 E"l= +}A s?lr} qBq r,i+ u.-sF} sE eel a}
    Llol4. o1afrL, ++el €*g+=- g4l dile $fa|{ a34-a1"-+. 4
    g €"Jg "J9l4sB *;;J €-s7l gtE+. g'j *al7l *e l4 atsl^l
    9! 3. rla7l. /l4dl 5g HlEl.lc
    ^l€ tld6l= ^l€- 5*:99 4
    r+611^] g o
    "J;. +s
    'rg a j t} 9"1 4€f' t a-alE HlE. i
    ^J+el
    s "l++ ^ll*-=r F9 11"+4 "J4"J ai'-"l* S*"1 +eg "lc ^ls
    *!-blq *41 tsg-3 +46121 €tl.
    =-
    dl*Q! tlllr*9 *al 5€g 4€d
    "l+'==
    e.l olts"l "JE= +q *4lat= 4-?zl
    "Js
    Ylo Fg "J;,- illl;J ^lsLl ^J^}tr= EoJEt.
    1)
    .Ja' 8E
    ^tEe.l
    d.+4"J .J4lE A+ ECE d?r+ rJ
    "J2,1
    :*ql gsa! g"J
    ^d+"1 9*/l e*€ +B
    ulB -jq. lg [-69 A^[E rll=71
    ^lE€-4!"i
    u[!],r[Eg +e 4ee eEa. B+E]5. ,l*, +71 g+ 4 ul4"J
    ii 50Jr'i. olSe "J4l d5"l €sE 6l= Hlgta '*+q4"t €lEl.
    ol q;oil nlxlel da "Jzt/t g.ct q7l 914
    E}",qd-e5E;I9 i.{$ol rl pq ^}tr dt- ? 7}6} 7lP4oJ siol
    q. ++Flce "J4 Scel gE, qlLJrlF- "l$€r4. zldle- .E.gq r]l^l
    qlLlzltl.,'l 4el 94 5ae +s+ Egg dlr4, Y,7l g+ 4 tsl4"Je
    4^l r+d .eq +!l "t +^J Eae z'e614.
    ol Blq re rle €49 +z16171 9l6lq E-ll-i". gtl +g E"l d
    zi4le roln, triqlEol+ e,l^l€ 5"1 sJtElTl _e. d7l5l7lE. +El.

    2) Hllg 3E
    ^lEel
    ^ljiel *ls5! ^l+El= ae "J4es ++6lE^lE *^l 5g"l
    tslil
    €eG =o-lF, €eg n+ ,*= 4"1 €-eq. HAqzl SE CCaJ 4"J+
    + +E+. El!.qael flEs= cil. dqel. dq €9 7l4ol *e q++
    +t 7t*s {d^l L}s= "14, .rla. !q Eel +t}Ec ol*4q "JE
    q-8. drlzl. q+. +4+. trdsl 5C Hl*+ 7lE d 41471. ts 5
    ol ,'.oJ4. El+slg gss= "J, +++. }-?-l FE +CFE 7i++ F
    2l $ol Real "1gql 9ci. zl*E gEq= 4*, ,Jfr, /l+ 7l+
    E-el 4+ F4g 7lE"l q+€rl.

    r . +t g 161
    3) 713
    ^leel
    djEllri]s
    ^liiel 11.++ -tlLllel J#;1+.' Er. ?izl
    \}. rll++lel ;J.?"ll.l, 9p-sl i.l,s ^J+* +,Lr.^la rl,
    $, l+1e1 dfzl fL llr *4 -E-€ol dill Uol-sjg
    + 9l.L- €rillel ?,ol r;lF-+ zlZ,+L+. olE fl:"E I|€
    9]= €+.1 .gElE! r++. zl +:el +Cql
    r+4.'llol,rlTl"t?l1l,E5
    fl + eu]].l, "J=El. ^l_a= 1 .J* Ci_
    I'Pql ol.Ll rl r. l7l Ll B ril ql L44.rl r. ol +el tt"l
    {
    g'.3- ?l.ol * L+L1.LJtl..
    ,Jg {lcl .,h-!
    ^}it=.1+l I\'-70r1 ^}trel ^}++-
    sli_. 4ol ?iEl . 7l+ ilsi- .Fg .=-e.ir5."ll LI]{;-}q
    7i i 9.1i'- 7rl'l+]7lgl i7l
    ^ltrel- %t,J ... '1.,I P4 ?
    ts ri"J. rleul "J4. -,.71 ^}tr= q+el "l+ qil ^l
    ,l4l ,?l "l= ,1.3.- yj;1"1 . L :1t1y 1i0 ^ 1000 um 1l
    BJ..l
    ^r--el
    a+ golr,J. .,.|{ l}oil ,rl i,.gj 4td+ .9,
    ".llgt ,illji7l-q
    =
    !!= clcl /1.71 .171e1 glzjol i.1.;i91 ,.llSl.,+ +^li ::"l 91q,4. €?
    rJalql nl r-l ^l €- {J
    .JEls 1ll 1l;1711+ +oJ 6l<4 n-,#dJrl,.
    =.'lg+
    4) 1l+
    ^le
    %t^l 'd.+ol ^ld-* rll-,r tlilql d 5--5; +';f! rll"sl ,,q-+-:.
    Hl il;1ol
    r+Lil.L]l: 7li1_o_ ji.r.l i[,i-e. +El ?]'J +: i rr]91 +7[']l;1 +
    ^fc =..
    ^l.ri ll+clr al.r+. l0Oke_"1 "J
    7l^l-71i,- rll 'J-.rr-9'r z.1ar1 .ur 4i;, olql
    /ll 900kssl ,rl ol ri00kg o r;
    ^l-+:- di}^l ?rlHl. ol uNel ,rf!l ?li
    E ligr(600lig l(X)l<g)-l.sol tlrl
    900 .

    alrl -jr ir'.",' L.lt+LJl n{ql.= t)2. r'1'9,liioJ,.l +f r.} 7l=o.l1l+ DJ ul


    o-l -llol <+r+. *.
    'il,il"l ul. 1 ks € *61.: r,ll 113 Btl+ ^1,+-E "+ l.akc
    ,j:.ffslol
    ^ljt. 4l+/l t.5"1 "lt, €,fl ts +tr.cJ
    /li;"J nll.I= "j,5kij
    el .,:.f?_rlol {}g \l}tl 5.t,t- gEl . .Jtrllr{ llicJ /l=_g i}
    ^lt-/l
    !l).,r 4,.1
    -]G Jl_ r;i I Ll.

    q\ rLE -a= Hlut

    ?Irl i, +!, j ^l ?lr+ ?l+_,o_, €.J .d 6J 3 F;.I^l ?.1 ,J :r


    .d-l,'i"ti ulol

    9lF'i.o.E, i,.#+l *l"l t l:3-l g-+!lq dtJ "t111'.1"11 ol+rln "Ji_


    l]ol ii-el t +-",_{ zl'Jslol €,il-61 ?ll { r.}
    *N 5_E"l ^],g"<r rrl.l: "J+ t+,l?l , +_l.oll ufal.r,4l ,J4,rlrl.
    .l ii-el l?l rJ* +Y-ll-.,] I -it,l6G E ),. 'la/o)al /,lt,-,r, ;<l.,l7l
    ^1.jr--Sj,
    162 ll "rr. i .!
    qlE- rc-20% 4^lE E=E+. d dql +ts e.lg "Je lr^16l= *E
    70-80% 7l q7l +tsrjl. g."gg :?.1i1 d'Jt q ii-+ 7l+zl +l
    ^lsE
    al^l= 56.1 ilqTlg+ir 4e4
    ^l+ +E 4ol +4.
    C) e,J+ qta
    4ldJA +A =4lql^l pa ";= .J4 F€e ,+{ gA4^l ^J+n}=
    +^l 5-tsql ul;-lq eBql a4= 4+71 €d *r. E 4Bss+El El
    4El7lts-48-c6il4^l +ts g-"1 El Y+4.
    *4 4+izl 3B.l ?_el?l E]tr qal 7Fl +44.J HEIE=' tsolZl 5l
    q_r:-. ol€-g+.1 Fa *41 q+=- + +e-;tE aBq g^J q+=- i

    .:i n5 EJ+
    EOI SE
    E Eol dEoleJ

    q+€ Hl++ Azt+. qF -E- +8 ++! ^d$el +s ^Jalg 9lol C


    t =zl ltdql^l q+qts 54lEc 5c}3ts9 rlol ^Jgolal_a +cl.
    E qot gEet =es
    €*491 *.1 tsg +l6ll^JE +e*
    =.s ^8c"1
    €i4.ll. +* +
    e ^dd9 +16ll.*1= E.l ^J+E a4 6}d"r} +tl= 9d rl* Hll
    oJ.zloJ

    *.1 .J_+4.1q. qal+ e] ol ^Jsg sllr6lTl +l.i^]= E.l d5ol zl


    + +"161= !ol zN$ol .d.dqq+ eEl.
    g Eol d=el 5d
    oin+/l+€+9q+6Jq.
    @q"J7l7l +B6}qol Flq.
    oJel 37lql 9t= 4"&dJ ezl4ot +q.
    @ +^Jq
    @ dl€*lc ^J5..olqot +q.
    @ rl4d aHls qleJ qloJol +ol6lqot tq.
    @ enl-:-rl €,et rl"i ,r]$ol zli.;-|E$ al+4.J "JA lioJ:ol 7lE 6l
    q"l +4.
    E EIE a &01trE a^q4q Eol dEel gFg dilgr+ 0180il E[dq golEr].
    .-i. knusun.kangnung.ac.krl -livefood/index-r.html

    I +rE 16il
    + 9lEl. qlE +iyl, El-s-rl Ag 688*el $nl+i:-/l
    4l "JAg ,E4l ol
    t+-e^J.l Ll4'JEl.
    1l EEo{l 3aJ olFel Ea4el Elil
    q+"il^lE gg q,?E q: d.E
    El€-,rl a,3- +*i;e+F.l a'Bel
    'J
    rt6J +E 91.<lRl. ?Bel deilt "JEle €"ldg 5el Bg ^J+el ,J+
    -3; E a1r.1 ".1 7l;6l.rl.
    (1) dEdel Het
    O Yel"l^l il},+- €qzJ cl44 $xltl Ed6+i,ol 6lgd ElLl-:- ,,1.
    i+ +g HJ tsJ --,.ts "J !I'3 i+ *'q! .7l7l.ol4l^.1 qlgol 619ili:-
    @.lBlg g jrJ +_o_e 6Jb-6f:z glq^l "l^l E jtHq +49,e "lEl "1

    +l .il _H."lE d
    r,l ?l

    @ -ri:'"1r-1 i'a_ql q9.il g+ nlHl!-ol ,.,:'ilE a


    q / ?\ -P q ol ol .rl^l =/\l
    . t4.(*fi)= ^l!
    aiolqe 11116l: 7l Oui/ft84o.i:-+.g-4
    49 oJEga +EeJ @ t+ Itl:- *+-q Eol FlqLl,o_4LI li"ll Ae,"l ",t9"IE e
    3 olqTl ileq. ,l (0 +.el 4:El ol glol zlr .q ?ol 4 q xl 7l Li g "l ^l ts 4
    c.gel g
    =E "Jr]l gE,
    4 +Ee 3C @ o|,,fulel ol { o .."^l o}z}ul z} !_ol 9_ li a. o}7].lrlel *j pr+"l yr
    4 +e Eee qol _E iil zlTlLt ,g-q 4 t). olzlultl _=-6-14l
    -H_ol= 4. ofll
    '1.'J "J.iiE
    ?ltr|. Elel -|4'd'ol .e,iol,qE 4. zl,g- { d"l L}El,+= a
    (D^l-el',lel € +E-"1 5'.+ +sq4 glzlu]. r.1-r-_,r1E1qtol +Eel
    ^l
    a ctlt)l LJL,1LlcJa.l.4l _H_ol= 4
    @ rel 7l - fl 'Jl /l .!-_,:r1 a1 z1 ^l rl 6fo] rJil 4+//l zl E-,1.- Jl 1t a
    o 6J+ :iPlol sll s6lts A
    @ t^lzl 6cl+ tllo i,i lttl4 Ll,.e-- 4
    o + sHql 4*"1 €cg 4

    fg l\ -71 olTfol .i^lColl 3eJ tc t\ -72 +g.Qu:ql aa


    oJqel otTlol fl+ ?tqq iilr 8+

    164 li -l;r I ;r:


    @ ElSol gqd4i+ E s€"l e€ol 9E a F
    (3) ErTl LH+el EJcl
    @uNz| ${ee +c €-''719 !R+q 4q+q F.d6}44 Ee +g
    444 E-ol il 91ts a
    @ €-el ++"1 a€ol gqq^l *al g+4 9.lE d
    @,J, ul*, d+ F"l 5*,-q4E tsJd"1 €d€ a
    @ rJE gqrl4'-l +eq "Jqt a
    ^q4q
    @ rJel ..44.1 i+n. {4sE dq lt€ LJ+ Szl^] -s4lq^1.ts 4

    a egel 5F dEi
    dBe:r
    "J 6114
    S?l4l Bg ^JE9l 7l^J.lLl ,Jgq 9+ zldd eB
    EIE+
    j+ eAel 4st1, 9g Edrl ae +a s"J E= €* g4-el ol^J F .dElffi)
    t
    otE dEE 8q6t
    s.E. "J+ HlTl{C d€"s +E + 914. :4a *4 ^JEg zld * q. fl4t4 r4t q
    .lEE FB. 49 *aE 4",t4+ e"le-l Ad +41"ll 9: 58. +!i 01Ec361ts83

    el adl €l 8'il€ zlile a+rl 4Eg


    "tl4 dE"lell "Jcl.
    (1) Ttdd Eg
    *.lC rl.'lel +fl"Je dit. ts|olal^, ?l^J+rl ae BA dE-gl il
    el* *41 ^8$el d€"lcl.
    ..,Jql

    7l^dd aBe 7ld+el 7l^Jql ele nlr8E9 zldai


    '.41 'ld6-Brl El
    96J ul^J+B oe +Eqq, _+rlt, t:l^l ^llfr€ aB dlolEl^C 4-
    Bee- 115 f 9+. "l^C5,€el g"J"J ^1fr4 rjlolq,-zl EF Eldg
    .il +614"J. 41t+ a7l7l f m {s."1q,<1 "JR}4ss ddJil
    "l ^t+
    6l= +Et €Elaoe 1000Hl -dEel dlgs 5+r]|6|l^l +e6}c +mm
    rlE 4ltfr g + flq. :r?].a d*e +E"il 91ts qaj Ttzl Ea=g
    eail4q. gst g* deg *+6la ol$6|S,tl .'-,.-e.*ola + 9l
    g +"J olq4. 6}c4le+ ee, g{4oJ ilE s+Eqls {*"1 g4lg7l
    q +7lE +4.
    oiol El6lq ulolel.a!.a7l7l ol+ ztol,! "JB]4se +c +L"l
    _1

    H (nm) ' 4l g46lq d4 aEl a " e"J +ag + 914. Hlol el /-E 4lt
    d 4.B9l iltr4ql qld ^l6}^dol oJzl 4lE-oil Hlol4^^J aBq +gq
    E :,lE.7l qel& 471 Elo Ire aa +48 + 6lq q*ql el,''l"t eq.
    o !,J : ?-€.tl agqE de q++ El*6lq "J^lt ^ll-.-+
    Hlolel45
    F 4"J+ "J^l rX^J+q E*qq. + rl6tl€ LllE dBq ++E y+

    ' 4t'0lsl(nm) : loqEei lElEl

    r. +1lg 165
    .ra I\ 73 tilel al{^l1El^g ]g lt -74 d=el olelEHlolel^ g

    r]-.4="I el^l ull-l g:.lol .JaJ6ll.^lr *4 ++E qeJ 7l^ls /illl


    sJCl r+E+ ulolall:! ,'8ql el+ rldtlE #461 *^l tf
    gel gd"l - d,6ll/f q! :lrl. ElEl *4 q+ql.! =?.Jq{,
    t+.^J6P; HloliiJ
    ,-^J eB tr.tl^l _3 116.l+ !}]t, aql_.= fe IV_73!+ 4* uilel +l
    _E^l4qlB. :r e; I\,'-74 el +g +Eel olalEtstolq,-B 5ol ?lrl
    4 9lr+. "l liiqlE ^1.?-.,.i +ql^l H-el *.lEl? t]= 4;tql= * tr
    "J"ll^j € q!t'ol 1{{rl-i- /j$ol u1o1z1 ;-.9 'rrl'llBol +iJ6}q qlr+
    ^lt.lg--il{l i? l_ € I,
    ,41 Lll_1
    9.lr-1.

    o ^ilEd dg:4litel ,Jg{ 96tl s^J5}= ^Jl'dt ,,.r.8


    * *ii-r. t*eq. 4.9 ,1dli r+oJ6lrl. 561. Lrloi 41 4
    zlL] rN{l+ol 9.] +71+el *.1 g-3- 33- qcl Tlal
    ^ll
    il"I 'll4ql + "J.: +-S izol rl Ee. Hij,d !l J.l {J
    41 3;zf5f4l qq oliiel d'J:t 9l6J 6lrll FJtrl. 1rl.p_51.
    E.lolLl id cli'l-el- a-3, 7-Eell ^ 9.J-3, .{l+d +].€el
    ${i+ "J 1:lal. rt4lzf 9.lr+. 4.'llEJ .ll= +lH 'i"lli .1
    :g \ 75 ll ilel 4l =:
    a; I\,L75e+ 4-ol U ilel ql_--91_-- B F ol cl Tlzl
    71 9lrl.
    (0 cad !g: ll*1J .4H-3-',? +"i E4 +s6la 9l= 9,9*ol+?l
    +t 5'3ql ?l ^Jo-Iq 'J.liJos4 'rJiJtl= 4"lrl. "J'J ol Hol g
    { ;}y1 4] 1l "J "'l i L|] ?rl ol $. rl 4l Eql q ;ll 7} L}71 E .i}rl . ol 4, rd
    =
    el 1il4 _coJql-E 1.1','l ,j-9. 'Jg^J dH. Tlrd+el 7l^J +oll .ole'! rl
    F.el Nfil. ;!.':l- el+ ]-E ell )-71 +4tlq "J,+ +I-+?l 6J il
    ^l+ 6.ll
    rlyl "lrlql i+.$rJolTt 'Jg 6l<'l g-.oJ"lBol uJ^86irll FJE}.
    (071d=d Eg:zloJ.zlsl "li"l.(l 5- + 9.1= ?l df,el z.+= "J1.1 ol
    #ql ulol<'l .fl.l! Ualq]. 7l.t+ol q+ql Ha']]s- oJ._o,71= 4*Y :._
    -3rl-. _rcJ Ll ?Irl qi?ql^lE zl €?.]] 9q! 51.'ll7l l']_o__r-r_r-. Lqltts
    *.1 l!"Jql i'l 1lql..JdJ:r TlzlTlE dr+. ?i^l q+il el+*,o_ji.E
    166 [ 6.jf U:j
    d^J4se s"lcJelE /l^Ji-ol gl= zI.i7i Sqr 6J CEe 4++
    el q+"I^l: 7l^J;.1 ++€El
    *41 q+ql 7146l-ts 7l^J+oil^J= ral tv 76rl eol 7lg s5- R
    + q+.{ tl6ilE,-ilL- Eld+t} -F=al-rElL}+, ol el.llE.Jqel +z}
    cl _{z}+el EJq4= €€;}= *cz}+. Bilel 4i{"tl +I* i!+€
    €^J61ts 4+q7l+ 5 qq zlzlzl "J44 :]cl.

    ffi 7l= olF 7l€=

    'J-
    ffi
    "!+4Ll

    (b) "f Hell (c) olrfo S* (d

    (e) '4X= (r) leE.Jel (g) EalnLlLl6


    =

    (2) 6fi4 dE
    d€9 5g=e_- "J.l ^f+"tl el.lq ^J,ir- *olqa d-o},9=ol= +4l.ll
    91El q€ 5E.l ++ C5i9 +l.lqlg Ell. lF_ts."J*rl {t^1,3- *;]]+
    "ll.I .l=- 614 .4Jgol4a tq. reJE_ri- rl+{9 Ege dl4 Cg.l
    EJ 9ltl. 1+.1 rllAlii<,] Elt- EJ il E+ -;-IEl eltr_ olSol E oJ4lt
    z|;-rJ o1
    ql y+.1 +4LlE E4l rtlall*l 6il4 d€.,,i +l -tsl7lr., ?lul. :r]u1 4r,.
    eei 4+: *41 dgq 6l zl _9-s_^l !L!J zi o,il- A ilEl.b Fir€ol qq
    9.lE+.

    +zlrll+ol. +]ilq. TFgil , Utq, 'Jd-F rF"l ---g qe1 q+Ll ^tl
    f-+= + +1.19E4. gzl+r. q+, ? -Eg *.tE=q. ?l*
    'I+. ^l
    c rt+?l F-qerF+= -1=el eHlo-l o e 3.lLl 4= ++ rl+el ?
    rlrlql +Bg:Fa 9-,?'llq *lsq. B/i^lrl,rr. rll+= "*"1 +"I'l=
    4 "J{. 'J"l'} "lel , 4^lEl. +n-7}^}el €;el .ll31+.}^]1}.rl gp.9
    .:- *6tlaF7l d.l6lq ++ 4+el ^Jt!€ c.6+7ll zl;+^l7l= ..t,5_- 9lEl.

    +1jg 167
    (3) HlTldd 8BJ
    HlTl^J€ a€e.: ds^d.l ctsq. dHg "J^d d-E: *^l *8"14
    "J^l* +tsq +zd Hslotl el'* €6J=9 321 *=q.
    q+= He.. €*ol7l r{*oi q jiel 4lgL g
    ^l4lAE +eq H;18
    "ltr6lq +gol trol4++ gE.ol elc6llzlE-s EJ g'€, *el +li-=-g
    9-+,6l/l gEl. :1al+ g-+el ti +=E= ole+ "JrllE +g"l +.Id
    +E, *oFl7i 4+q a-+ q+= +-s"l Cela++ gsaj $aE S"J
    6171 9l6li olzlul$- tsEl E'l rJgEl4
    +4q.t +4
    e 4r+^1, +gq f€i-ei otllulE +t"ll el+ 4.8"1 r,l {Pld-Al "J
    .SE€{E"J€ q+il 9q, 5.4ql 6;3.14 "JBq"le+ ae +F='c gd"l 5-l il
    el sE{Ee Eeol
    !,94 Eo{ 3C €
    o$ 1 {;'Nz} El 44ll sr}. :4l gEq t4dJ Bo}-'- z1.z1g g
    Eg EPA, DHAgI e7l2l 610l old s.l .sR "I 4ls4ol 'JolL- gq 9l+. HF-3- 10c ol^Je.l
    46 g*^rt 5+4 g_E ilol/l 9l-: E-e d.l-?= a-9- qirlg .u/lql +r{ .E^-6}rl. ol B+
    r Eol Stol crlB
    o{go +lol'J gatTt qlE pH. -*(:' 71.', S€ €A 5 qrl zlzlTl- 4dzle-s %!.1 qiiel
    flE aeE .J44 drJ"I € 6Jg El zl 7l t-,1 -Jq.
    r,t4.
    ++ 5.ge E"l liql €g_e alg d+"1 -?+61,j'l Ell6Jol +zl?-+
    E "l= "J'7l {} +q i.}rt d tol ^}"i =; E.rl '} ol el 7}71 a B "l ^c 71 4l
    gq. relil B4_g q"1,3 Eq,E eBol gddt4l 5l=rll. -1 f-q^lE
    5.1 ^l* cee Edq?l €l:t. €dEJ ,]s d+"1 €q glE q"l.3-
    +/l.+4olA1 qH. {t+ tslE-.1 ^lql q4 +91.{ 5-d €a"l .4-.lEl t-
    F qel Tlzl "ld +^ig LtE+{4.
    (4) E]|AC

    .4llIrBel €t[",]14 6J{ g4q +8, 4!?lq-.


    iltrqli:
    aBg zl1149! g91e EISE9 zld"l4"J. nBg <i.d^l7la q-3
    o-li+^l7l= ?l?le Llg-
    ^le, ta
    ++. +4 sg 5el +-La etelF- 9l
    6J
    "J^l E|€-el ^8*I *q4 zl6l"tl +49 47l- "*El, r4rl-^1 . ar8 Ell 4l
    oe^l= E-:+ eli'l ilEel i+rrl +A -e.gel /[Col B6Jqo.lof
    ^l+.1
    ts-q ilE na}-3 e{ j' *E}.
    q+E a''Jg q++ €6ti^l dgq= 4"1 rj+Eol,q,t!. :z 4i4l,r.
    B q +71 €a oJi: j+. "J.1 tel .rg 5 € 4 7l^1 4 !],t) s; alol 11
    =
    g9 + 9lq. :rlr,E- o1791 i*. +s-el +"'l F *41 B:+el ol5^l
    ql= a.B9 +"Jg E_E€,Iig6J t!49 6J+.
    ^4lot
    "l +E ?-H g il ti6']-ts
    7 u;lLtlzl ^I= S +ql d +l E-r'--
    uJ'ts e-d .-]]

    e .-i=.g +di^l7lH.J, 4ls +EE s++ +Eql Hq€- E^lrJ ?rts


    .J..J,dE] "JCqqq 4iq^l e.lr- *ts Fol ,-.Jrl.6Jd g4-g
    ^l'

    168 IV. Efl?J llg


    +ati.l q a+.ll= E+4 rtl"J r*+d d^t€ d^l.o-lq n!l-4.J +41€ -r\
    cdaJ 4-,q ^jd'Jg 5q6tl+6l't, +* Fq6+q +a 9-9.14 E4l 'ca cdE ^l*e
    ol 4a dol $6fi, 4
    qldfr"l e€.1: .Jol glE+ 5€"J +9€ otloF trl. q €+qol go14g
    7l^J:--g +zil.-i7l +l;-lq geEil,
    "lid €lel E+ol i*ol /,,.olL- olalol+ rE. srl
    41. q+ +doi E-S"lsE 4e +'*C ^l+atlolyl e':1. SqFtl E6l €i!. 5
    = +e gdoll Hl6fl g
    d'8el qlBJHosL- ^J*zliE +q;lq E-j]7lel ^8nl ltlqqg +rJ "Je ElA golrlrl
    ^171,-.*8. "-rlcg tse € qel /l7lll
    "-l= "JB El.
    ^l++l
    EJ. HlaJqTt 4! g
    sliiil +7exl dxl
    Ets -r ttLt.

    elcl4 gal*

    o +s€ edee
    3JA l km7l '.1]
    gr 80t0l
    ^t

    gg fil 7l+e uJ.Je clol= 4ofrl


    5al: 5EA i:aq qi6l{C Er7l=ol
    =
    oJ5 d{q€ xotlfrt *-ul gEf.

    .J4lA= 1+r .
    ^

    l +.uE 169
    Q +trer+u
    +t€.9 +lg z|flog,r1 'tl+ +,9g +R} "tqel. ir.9+E ^ljiel
    *B ,ql+ "J gE+E €s.509= ^l+r14. 5q, q4l+ts +?.1 +
    slg Fg€ *"qaE *;tlee-^l oI+ 3e4q. Ecd BH!4el
    40-50% dEE +'llBt+q dA'"-13 914. El4^.|. "l?]t +tE-g
    s.g4ol'. oJd6l4l olt6lTl 95il^lE Bzl itB.l zlrlr 91ts +d
    g tlEata. r 5dq1 44 4€614 r.lelqlo; e4. +t$"l ,lqn
    9lE +^d-.9 sEalH, ^Jt ttrel ^l7lel 4le+. 4t *frel E+.J^d. ^d
    +l*E 9*4d. H€r+ +471 d EIE d FC-'i i 94.

    fg fi-77 d4aJol q

    il ut! 8a9 r{lE


    zl+ sEE + f.l nt"t4]l al^l"J d4le.E5- tstq.il 9*"1 dts
    slts ag "l'.lq. "J-EJ4"e fC 200m ol'.llel Ell+€lol q*"s 9-
    + *= +qq4 ?l + "^lEt. raJu| ol Ell++]r t4lLl q+"e ^dg
    5lt. 4e otqEl. ols-EilE. qq q^*.1 r;l= ++l 5rB3- El€ 4q 4
    +61= €.+7t ts71 qEql 4 *-e ol5 ++L 5€9 qiiql El4 H+Et.
    :allP,E. qqt alqql^l= :lzlzI Ell€l trlEs g!-3- +c.i+ol t4rJ.ll
    olqqtszl-6lE. El*- zleloil^l= ++!Eol d6l qslElal ?*= 4+5
    F+ol il,E}.
    +i-l Llf+-"] Sdlql^l='dEt. edq. ]sil Fol. Boilq|^1; o**.
    cil r-d-ol, +5il.1^1ts 3.71. +]l7l +E tl-5JEl. _1(lql ol5 q++ Eil
    q+6its 4Azl $zl ql+ql qq-9' ?l + "J= *i= al?l6l
    =- ^lq
    flaEljl, !F-?l ?l9lzl-o,s dA^la +E 9t4.
    2) dtl rilE
    ^lrlel
    +t FEe .a+q r4rl tl+61= ^l7le+ Hgzl Elsq. :elJ! 4f,
    1t0 l\ . .N"J ' foJ
    dll*E +a E].4^JE E6JE}. +. +tlE.ol ..Jt5l
    ^l7lel B+]b =dql
    E ^1717|.]+al dl.Jg €814, 4q4, ^Jc+4 +a 4aql E4 a
    trrqzl 4Eql I ^l7lg tsil7]l qE qqol Bzlb6lTl gEl.

    3) d^l trfg8
    =Fq
    +tet+EolLl 4ts"rl ulap :r-++/l "tl+4.J61q. +. a-
    ,15l€. €^lFC. +rlFg. 4^q€€-, 6il4+i €Lel *€ *Fzl zH'ol
    q q$el rl]^d-ol qn 9lEl. a
    . ol4l+el d.Et s
    s, +tge 6F"14 E9 + 9le zl4l+el 4zlol+ cE a]301 q
    =e^F|atslt*4
    sEl. ag *+4 ElEl4E ol'lel 371, cir. q4, "lq E e8el As, ol2|
    ^lzl 5ql ol. ts, qrl. ++. +
    tr+4 ^dS g+4
    =dol +E 471 e. re1a g4l 53
    4/(l€ll .gopl44.
    4l u+l-Jel E"4d
    +tcel dtele afl"Jel *a adol eldl 34 3l+g':t. e.tl+6t8,
    .J:lgg
    zt€4-e__" ^Jt.El2L+
    ^Jtlalts Be +t E^l€-ol .,|l+q +-
    E. g'8, .J.Jg+, eq. dl+g +F SEtl F 6I"J {!Ael €6}9 *zl
    4ls"lEl. ul4^.1, +tlc ^Jt*el H5'.l caH ^Jt*el 4lq4"J a
    €. alq dt"l '119 4€4.
    =
    5) E!C!+ +4 Aol
    g'lt4sE q4l;iE +ee q+"il tsl6lq ud,olLt +41617l f gE{
    _l g?le 494 AEl.
    (1) +qql El6lq =zlol €E-6ti1 eltlzl glsq Hli-E gqd qTlzl
    f el ^J471 +tr .qlitol doJ'olzlzl d4. E. ol4l9 EEg ':J? I
    AeSe.qiiel t4"l +e 44zl €4.
    =
    (2) 7l++= E€ +ql g Liltlol 44qq 9l^J4s_+_ +E1 E !-+5lzl

    "J, qq+El.It"l4 olTltrl Fol Eg frlja +€lEjE a+il "*


    o Eg .^llaol ++g 7l5lll *r.1. :ell g:i4 Ll olzlol 5|oil +zl
    6iE 6li.J]iltg uljl4 *g gE"il^l e z}r}e 4gc ,llt.l "*
    oe.e qq +ql Ep.l g+, +^leEl.
    (3) zlTl 451 ,Et$ z|3os azlel €rlel +eel s3tl7l LqqE 4l
    301 gq47l +g 6doj Rl5qal4.
    (4) qdl +el dde,Jqt tEd edl Ecg
    ^8tal:401 "*ge-e
    q+q +qle+ H4g +a^1a4.
    €q, "le+ ae goJ trI#.rl qi]l+ €Lq +de +qql El6}q cE7}
    g4 -4l615la. Heqz4 +qlqq 7t* ses^19 4c€,.Jrl +lq.
    I . +||g 171
    +?6d.:, F+q ololTl

    9"J, oJ;.J"] EslloJ BlStTls LJel€


    rl6ll el^l 'J^l gfl,rJ 5-++ s_alE Eq
    u ?! 9tol TlqL+ Hll+ol -e-ulolr. =71
    rg II-78 E+q
    71 4+ iLTl ol€€ gqzln E9,El. ^lg
    E Solt oJ;LJol _r. gtg .;^l *6ll t6lE.ol gqE +6ll eq dl7l1l
    ^l€q
    q'l
    ol+ g=jrl. e+ .J*"Jg 'q19, E-?. Eqaif "t!i=
    "lr aFg 4 dt ol-eol tr++ol Elgrl.
    t6l:i .JTq^l: €i6lloJzl;(l 7l^l E+€€ +6ll + +n= ol**S,ol tr e €"1-L il7.l7l
    etq ol uu .ga +cJol '93 5++ ol.l. + {?e €+ol sJe^loln g+ele} tsu ? E3
    g"l4olri. '"J+ *.6ll, oJE *',lul, g?ll^7lql elE6tn +6uoJql^J +d r4o-r50m
    ^FJaJ,
    El: Blr]ol r.e]lLl llgoJ *ql +e
    ^l^l6JEl. cc6J
    -E.+€-ql
    ^;€ t4 gul L*r* +
    9l s g gEt ",tol gl+. ,Jg.JHg o-ll^i +E ol tr'laE6J c tr e aol€ €. oJ+ol o3,j
    r-o_

    t_g._eE +4qo1 sEi. 561, gHHTl E+:€ al7l|8o e oJ7l7l +^l:] 'siBl/t
    q+ol EJ E+
    q+ t4dcl.
    ^loJ="i: 4al7l Eq4
    E+. gg 5;-t 99 +.;zt Eileql "E+ql7l(5++el ^lFal):4=go;q1
    7l6llE
    BflEl dli5. E:rl.": Ezlzl taEl. !14 tqol^le t6lEJ E+:+ s€' T.leJol n?5lq
    oJ'H' o e
    tt'Jol €n ",1-4,"Jag CoJBoil Fael 6lq -n7tB
    'Jg q! +€'5ln 9lEt. 7l
    a 4 lrolot 3ocmE oJ El-r. rLlol TiEo eul 4olEJ gt E++e, ?7le 4fz1z1 t}z1;
    5lq f E.J gq q}t6l El*3.golE}.
    ^l€el B{g

    +tlEelrla|ll ?lE
    t) +^! rl8 flel
    ^lEel
    +al .l+el rl il +lrlE nl .{J99 ^J+olL+ _nie1 4g + 4+ !+
    dql 9-olLl.E e+"_t qI€g q4l^14. 4l+q al+ /fzl9 url .J'd6litl
    ec! 7l,J f'^lo}r.+ 6'}E r.l 9.1E+. olel ag tsJB ql:- /I9 gdB. i
    --e rl*li] . d:.,;1. 1.*u a?_H. pH 4dg. €€8. Fl,n+ qr+ fl?l

    Hl. u.i^lC zrlB 5-"1 914.


    (1) 7l"J €EHJ
    4l+g 71."J,tta'l.E rl4l.+_ zl *€!l oJddol +"t^l4l +lEl. ol=
    is, z1'g-41 ,.l.tq .l E eql +71;1= 'rl^cE-ol ^lgb-la. $:i7l -Bg
    ^d
    r+Elzl EI t-olEl.. rrlL}
    ^lE,g
    /lg srr"+E €* €e. 4li. *. ts
    1r2 l\ ;ila.1g
    azl Fq 4qq +,Jg a44= +d4?l BE .J4. :1e1 Eg oi
    ^li,
    cJ dql +qflq g.d"il
    'l:1ts
    gElg 4tr1a1g ztg adg
    ^l+el
    dE4"I+ Flcl.
    r|*zl"J zl9 F33. BaB 4 BilE_eE rl+il(r.crorr
    41#_"_Ets I
    pouch) 5"1 9l':1. 4E-g zlg gti+ 41"11 z1g gE ".1 ztg €4ge
    . EdE{oJ
    ^ltg ^l 4Ee +ol daolTl
    E9 dt (+e EJ+%}. pH, €dr.g E-). +zl Dl^Jl+el €+iel +. :. 4eo , AAE +g
    elil zl* ,lrJ 5ql q4 E4d4. ol "-t Eq7l flo
    +, r{3501 +4EJ
    4Y-+el '4^Jgg ^J+ iil? €-lilrq 10-15t "lt +g -e.EoI + aE 7l.a7t ga4
    B ^lP-6t4+ dqql qitig EJiil €rl. +. c.TlE gdo+zl e*ts +41 ?looe +aol E€+

    fr"lr-l Btl^d 4lt Fe- 60tql^J 30t- dr-- 7lg6lE g Elcl.


    ^lH6l^lRt. !E IiFe ES, 4t
    zlE € C 6-lE 4ltg ull9-d
    "l +al7l 41$.il 100t oI^.1 30 + "l * zl *el r||e qtet 4
    g6ilE ?*t, ?iz} fl4. rE q^l
    ^lH_6lzl = Eflg,
    ,qtel 49€e pHqE +al71 4eql. +dql 7l4g+s,- Llg.Bol 5E s^Pt Eq€! A
    SdEf6|5+eEl.
    'J6i+lq. g'?!4se. 4€-9 pH z| 4.5 o1a;oi td 4lSe 4g gfg
    allE El4"J, pH 4.5 oltoJ 45-9 l-L tt-,? €.-sl.e tul. nl4^J. rl
    "J E=g Fr+ +"i /l *g 4 *e +l ,il ,(l -9- +tol
    pH 7lE .-17,1 r*, pH
    zl -3€ *-=oJ dq4 €l49 5e re4^l zlg AE€,6l"ls! +rl.

    (2) rle r18E


    +t*c 99all 4^l ti-eoil r4s %lil6l +E q.La +E.e Ed,6l
    4l qa dETl +]61H +'116-}41 q=Eil. g-g 5-,"r z}atg gEg *+7tl
    qE He.l q.4lqq +t 7l)l/l lcl _s4E"J +zl€E}. olel g"l
    ^l
    +9 t+.!rq *e -LEoil^i ;q+6le dg xle zl+Bolr]. FlEl
    ,lg zJtHe 4Eel Ha soJ?l El^dEolLI riel 4$rl .l-F ^CB-
    iJel sl6+ u€.g q4l*qe4!
    ^lsel ^J+g tr!+^l7lzl ?*r +dg +
    z16l:- *B-e-F- LJel ol+Eln .JEl. dJHeE ,l*6lB tl4
    "l ^l+-3:
    /*4 ql 7lt ll'gAl
    ^l*g i llE d €= Tlzl:il 9lr+.
    ol

    rel4 4e zjtBe 4+9 H4_C F+ol tzl 4aol 7l:.61q. nl:


    ?.ilL_ xJE4lrlE +*dJ .l+4C qElqE a,E cll. F;l Eaql 9
    6tl^.1
    ^JCg {adql 9€}q 4Eie1
    gel4 €*qL} a4qi HF}7|. "Jq
    B +r-. flEl. s'. 7]€ aJt +"il :ltsJ.l trlE "J,e4 E.qq *loJol sil
    zlE 6ln. zleql,q X-zl{} rl*6tAl slE +Bol 6galq 4Sq +7il
    ,Jre+ q5-q q+ I =4.I
    H5+-=- irtlg + 114.
    q4+€ ^Jt^1"ll^i aHlz}g eq 5q+ 4lz}zl 4ges +,<l^14
    *?_ol +-c *EIE- 8t-;-l7l +lF! +ees z]g +€ *nll 421(cold
    1 +r1g t?il
    chain system) 7t ol+q ! 9lr+.
    ,le rltBe "l+ eEE "CEql 4/i olsl zlzl
    e Bfi-gEri. :1 +oil^l .84 r1*Be 4* ?el +
    eol t,a_ElZl $= B9lE 4eql^l zl 1L'o1E x-,?
    g+q. r44z l0e ol4ql^l 4+q "Ja€ +*91
    ,2-3V4l4el gEql^.l gzl *-q *sls-,- 4lEg ?.1

    d-;tL- r{ "l-oL*tt.
    "J'.j!4
    os.
    +tE"l +4slq 9lv-- +6 4ltel rll
    :lg lI-79 g6t 60t
    e e4 g5d 4aJol +eg 4*€ ^ide_tr^] El"-qd€.
    Fsd]o'lL- ++er 6t= d.l *1, s..t

    I z]+E rleql^l= t!-3- 4ezf EJqd B.lzl 9l{;l {zla}i zl$ o}


    "84 zlcH€ +e ?]EE ++ Ezl 7t* *tolLt 7t
    f 4.:el!.:z Ef

    d F"ll^l iEl9- qlzlzlel 'JzlalSl ,lzJql .l+qn 9.1tr1.


    rE. FA 4lE 6el +g9Fa^lz 4+9 {ad q6}el
    ^l"J'Ig 'lg
    ol^l rld'61-= ac 't+':].. ui: q4l+= 5t 7l EIE rtl+Bel ++.1
    -Fa;lll eli-rjl. altgl *-3-=q 18e Ll r q"-l-q +zl'"1<,1 zl *61= 4
    I +4, zj6l<,lcls i-lEl. 5,4 4tg;18 4+ fel +S-3- r:{+€ 'ilzJd
    3r €dal4. 5-zJsl,(l o*rr "J"t 9l= ++"il= ++^d d5-l :.S-slq +
    + FJ.8E/I *olzlTl ul+oil Dl.iJgg ;216lzl "142il 9a. s.iel 4+
    "l+ FlEl pl+E +EE i1xl6l?l €,ol44l 9q crl zl*ol 7l-;-6lEl.
    l+:9 eq! ,lA *?l617il 4*0171 9di^l= 4l+E +-39 B/3d "l
    6lF- qld^l ,Frl t4e z.l{-o.ilot dE}.

    (3) a5 g EJ+011 elEj HJH


    da E =Jj=..i] el* 4liiel zl.sr gel= .l+ .eel ++g ai^l? oE

    t\ 80 cB €= ^l +aq 1}E114 tEE tq ^l+el +E- "J€--,= €olrszlt: Aolrl.


    <it/l .l€ -d.el gg ,JEl+el _rl-l?ie *ullal=9], d
    ii{=-i-al'Sel +€ €c"J Bq?.lL} ei=s}Eel +
    {zlol al5-galzl F4 +,r airg 54q Aql. ii
    4e 3416t= gol4. a6J+:' 4+tiol €'4loJ. +
    5.. 9tj1. +ag \,ol:_ +EIs^lel ,1,"--E flq,.
    :relL+ 4++= +'is^19 71ii€ 71,(l,ri 9lq^l
    4+ ;ql ol {€'"l'} sig
    z}€' "; E]-q 'jJ*41
    'Jq6l= d€-g +q^l +"4 *Eile ='lElEl.
    14

    r+^j. zl++t- 4l'*el Hd,{ 'Jqd,:. nl ^J€-el


    64lolLi nAE ++41 q+€ SRI "lqel. :l+
    174 l\ .rl:J ..g
    el ulEA4 'JS"l'l zl*E {!sl €l 6lq4 EaqE +q6J4. :1elF_
    e 4#9 xl*€ri *d6.Iq "iBg gg 4"1= 'rld#el 641. Crq
    4T 9 Elq ,'J3 F+ gdCl +{"1 ilE z}++-=- zlfee "J6tE
    'l.l q.
    (4) AfFgoil elE! "Jg
    4lg"lrl €.+ +r4 5,C bsz| g"1x]E *F9lE trolzltsEi, +F"J
    ol +ola++ +e rJ€ E= *olzl 7l El tr s pl d ,srel +ol E gEl
    .4*,
    I r:l 5
    SE
    ^C ^I oll+ril6|: E E:oll
    qa"l g*8. **(t#Ek)H sl -ts+ 40lBg ?telol4. +d d50l+ g
    ^l
    g*Bg t-=r"J"ll eld ol^Jgel ^J+ 941?q q+61= iJol^lE er{ ag6l! *xl
    =Lq 8lEEC4€+at4
    %F*Brl Ae 94.lzl'1, Ag ++9lse 4€']-ts rll"1 ?l"l n, 444 Erl47|l
    ^lge
    €'*trq e d 4g oJ-o _EE ztt;lE+= *d q 9lEl. el€tEeEs+?+
    419 bEql ril* ul^J gq zl6Je ++.I r4rl ilolTl llsL+. "J EJ4 Ec+.

    oe r{94"1 *e +4 ,4lte- 4g EE 5% dEql^l


    ^Jq.l 4^l-El=
    a.l g4 ra1+ ^I+ e4)+ 10% c+E 4lg ts!.ql^1E € zt4E
    ngC ^l+"1 91q .1 ig€ ilt +"ilts 4l++C "Jezl5 4]i g
    q, +t}cc E-a g.iJ6l= 4?+q g"Jol 9215'. ,aJ4.
    "JHl4sE. s-g=.ilt-H.4 L.Ig€ol ts-3: 4"1 i*.r., tq| E.s 6"I
    ,l
    =
    20% "l+E tse
    ^lg *E.il^lE aq= aol "Jq ?l+el +ag
    6t^la + "Jrl. E. +90iE LIg4"l *jl, rilLl €E(penicillir.rm) 4
    +qlv 25% "l^JE de! ^19.il^lE ^d+ale a"l gEt.
    '* +qE +F"Jg B9 *E"il^l '&9 e4*q 4-9- 1"J++ +ss
    -\1,eg *Eql^l= d?gq .gEtrJ(glucose) olr-l 4*(fiuctose) 4ol
    *g ++ ,FJCE= "lElttrl. :Le)p s 6O-rOn el €eJ +".rl"I^.1 ^C+
    ol z]4ElE E_q7l g-E€! +.j"{^l= 40-50% ql^l x}4r,1 ?+E a.l
    f +g Cl"l+. jisr+ +"1.1 e4IY 70% €EJ- +"-4oil^lE d+ ,ltst
    aq elq.
    ts+ sElHg q4+ "l all=+=q d'* sElEql arl"J"l $lE+ elETl
    g+9q +e 9Crz1 qo14 o -q.4 .l+ol 4*4+ 7l^lAl gq. 4
    .I= itsl4q 7ii7l 4l+E *s BEa}a 9e$ 9o15, g4= %lnls "
    ." El+l= z3zlolpE-, 4l+ 3E 4lg, B. f,E.€ *+a Ei€,
    =pl.-qel
    SHg BaJalq 4^J^dg H,J6l= ,JBg 4.!. 94.

    (5) a! eTto|l E-J


    aE
    "l= zJ*.il pU zl *9 "l4l.trt(acetic acid)olLl 4t!0actic acid)

    I ?^lg 175
    Fel #zltg B7l';tq ',l^Jts-el ^J+.oi zj7l^l4e-s4(] zlCC€ +ol
    E plH"lEl. "JH!4se. ^il#€- f,^d ,?=.I^l 7l* $ zlelel. pH 4.5
    olalzl 9c ^J+;1/l qHal €q. E51= ald"il ErJ z];|{ pH 2.5"ii
    7;!"1 9l_,r. +'J.l* cdql q+ + aH4.
    ^lE 9+6}=
    ilql elal nl^Jcel ^J+ 4^l 41€.-3- pHal 44 ilolTl,4lnt!.. ag
    pH{ Zf-"il +/ltlol 5-7ltl|E} El^J5el e4l9.zl4;}:3:rl7l 3.
    rl.:r4;L nl^Jgq ^Jqql 4t 4^l sr+ts tl.,+ 4lg, Ctl E3., trl
    elsf etg-(H+r,l, tifill)€+ ?1,/ll
    ^|'&6Je-etl
    : s4-E- ..lJ+
    +71^l
    a+ ilL+.
    t tlel +ji 6ql^l ^l+se ol+g + *= ae o|.rlEt, 4t. ^lE
    stl(citric acid)olr. r S+el 5j=+ uli:lc frzlCFel ^l+.1 "l+
    .+elEE 4lg.
    ^{
    E €o{ Eol7l+ !E
    E ot€ ea:4q r qr- g=ql, "l eql^l "l4l Etf: +.tll+el 4a €"J"I +s. ol+€+.
    El 7Foqts 1€ ^{
    €golal zlcf.
    = (6) ES ,qaloll el-.J 8H
    ,F€e.tl+El "l€.Elq g rl{
    $$9.,e. $,!l z[E.e= BeJ4l €i^l
    A 'qlq +9-.-_-Szl+ 4+!.ql AF^14^l r]^J6l='JE"l4. +e 4ji
    e.:- *ul.-r. slAl-l+. 4Ll+ 5 +zl9 ++'*"1 *e +g+71 lir"l
    ol+9n ilEl.
    4 Fg +S61pl Ll-"rE 4& q{ L}e= €zl ^Js ?ql 9tELll6lE
    (folmaldchydc). ol,{l -E-t} 5-4 ZIP acid). "Jag, tl
    '"rzlt(oreanic
    E(phenol) 5el sii4"l 9lg itdol 4l+ 4zlol eF6l= F^lql 4+
    ol{la€lrs^{ +S rJdr-_e.l 46}z} gq.+ al*.!ol +7}r;Jr+. !1. al
    +g +€d"d E-+.'J *rl.LJ^llg /l^l i_'= 4l+q eq+1q.
    ss +.llu qirl TIxl 9."13o1 ul;lzl d.3 ^lz t"tl /'1gtroo *
    d4 gi,(l'tl tt 4l€-"1 9lr:- I';roJrjl6leel qlts F-c Bs44-rl a.J
    6Jo s&l /l*,al +qli.: S-S ni+zl di:6l7lF qtEl

    (7) elEt "+Eoil .el-d 'Jg


    4+el 4*:t ".-l5l"l Ylol ^l+El=
    !+qt E-*rol:- !-=,,llel' *t4l7l
    91-o,q. 4l-E-"ll 4l+ lr=s4a +4. 4lE tJ=,R=
    ^}€.51i-u=rlE
    ul.r!i:;el f,+lql ele] 4l*9
    'jd9 9zl 9l3I ^t€-;-l-:- eraolq-. +,
    ts-=tr= +'l "ld€9l ^J+ "^ s.iel 4lT-3- q4*es&l rl*.I zl*
    €g /t;{E:ri ;-}.L aolE}.
    d4 rl,F-,"r 6l+611 9.= _H-.3.R= +319-^ld4t"ilEJg 4lel6ltr s
    -F +7ltlolLl ,r- g+"lEl. riliiz.1oJ 49.a= iz d t*f (potassium

    176 1\. "i:?J 1lg


    sorbate)tl dat+EB(sodium benzoate) Fol 1i4.
    gt4ts El.\8€€ d'e oJql 4*g 6ltsEl1. Eils4.J
    ^lal ^lg^171ts
    +tSlE= ilolg A.{}Lls+(sodium hyBochlorite) 4 ql€ {+^}ol -
    (ethyleneoxide) F"l flq.
    .H=tr1+.g:t;l::1 gr+4 +61r. xl${ololo} 6}q. .l+ql q16}9
    Llg €6tg +zl golol 61i1, ,J€+rl 5^l{ <}ol zldrllo}
    ^l+Bq
    +4. r4a Slii"I 6]17l SrlLl +dq polo| alr, t7l4 oe ^l+5ll
    E d7t S,qoi tq.
    .rel4 "lalt 4a9 d+ E!+^171ts ol${{ :r€tr * ffi.{ilts 7l
    el flsq. !ld€.+,tlp,rlzlzlu| d+g 4;li6lts ae oJ4iqlE E+Ael
    Ed"l gle aqe oJd6llol trl. r4oe dl+ q+g ]r+ii 4 ffi
    4i?+ 6liE 5d 4l+"il *4dlq f s.4g gfl4ts 4i"tg d71615+
    4# 9l^JH"il ^l+ 7l=ol 'l€gq 9q.

    (8) "J^tdoil gtr SH


    *^ldg 4lE 41# ^JB"il + Er+ flol 4+ 71t"1 €"J9s, 9l^J4 .
    e qg q
    r,Jg7lg.
    q+qdq. "le+ eol 5l= 4+ *^td
    "J +d 4dq ^Is"il *^ldg a tt,tH, q*E s
    4.rl(irradiation) g= 4* 4^l(food inadiation) ela 6Jq. 4FeJ rl +'l ,J^t€ s4
    *^htl a^lql q+q= *^ldq ++E E w-l"il^l B= Dle+ e4.
    ol el4^l ailel +
    E E}gE EA|EE
    +Eltl g "J^ld g.J ?g E -60 (60co) 4 *il +- I 37 ('37cs g-,(l*al
    ) Ed fegts
    ^I?lg
    q g^J^]4q. Elce E:d gd7l"il^i g^Jga, dzl.dg dzl 7l "Jflq.
    +7lql^l g4€El. *"1d4 E4dg F +qol ,J-6l.E.s s+ 4+.ilE
    4+ol 4F6l:lt'J. E4de 4EE +El F +e H+4 {u}-$o{ u}a}
    q Yls.'E q+q +4lzl 9lq.
    t{, dz}ce,J"}.,Jol ts16}q F +q"l E6}4 9+ H+17} 4tqr+
    ++9 ++.l'.l4E;E EE €+ F9 e"lol ol+g + 1lI, 561 I
    Cq 4qLl "lLlzl Egld P tdd Fq +E"l^j +d"l S4.

    a I[-1 g^lc =.\lo ota5lts g^tdel g+

    't.17, 1,33
    Aold(rray)
    0.06

    drld(eleclron)
    Ea{ju-ray)

    "l
    il 4lir- r.lrf i^lql srL€rljt "^.1.i: 'll^1,.1+ ilrrl.r..lol S0,:; "1 i1"9,
    rlli-ll ,"r il zl o+J i1.1,,1. ll_7.),i1.-?, 2O.:1, r'l'JLolrrl . dl ,-,.1-9 l.l\!*lr al
    el;lrr: t 4l !gl .l g.otl allllil glrl
    -i-.J tlef; 1987\] 6{l e,lr,. q+ql
    :'-1'l}-q 60(""('o)ii "l+d i}
    5i7l , rlr+11 8, 'IJ'^I.,J .a^l ^l i] ,".- ,i;,,dlol ,)\. .i "t) 9lo,ri, l{}sT\l
    tlii,,..\rr I o.lri. .i.i yiql Lll sl 4?l l; ;lti;l,ol r. .l, i.l.:l :-_"1 z.l ;r4l ol
    t3-;l.r- 9lrJ.

    r/ 8 6t1 rl 'J cl^fal ^13 fla


    .rll ,.lolr.t;
    il ,rl;'lol .l,i:icl il I s,l /.]._el .<l il i,trlql rf o,lol .llol.!t 1l .

    2) +U=et 7f=g
    r1 ) Zrll*
    r'l ii,el {l.r r.'11
    J,, rtl ,il .l ir-el 9t.tl
    i}jitl . .l i,.rel !!'l yl
    ftl 1'}
    i'. .l Jl {l '.; ii irll;l.ol ,r'r d\ll.rrl. .l iiJ,l ll ,z 'l}}}lqll,, ,l,tl 1l!l tl
    a'ilrl {l a,llol :lrJ.
    ?l d.
    Utt ',, 't't, 3-- ^l i{ 3i {l-aafl. rll r,.'jl .} ''jlolrf ?l 1:<,1 ir.(,]r. /1.;
    ^l
    ;f rt. 1j 1.41 r.'i.fr (.i1 ,<lHl /f ,.1 ,tl r:-1. ol llol 9111. Li.lrl 4l_1j ?t rel
    2 ?,.lll, ,,.1 r: ?.lr1l ?l \l{4lql .cg}.9 i}ol '}jl. l! i-oll j-._tu!ltr /.lt}ol

    .rg l\ 8l 1FN.- .llr lg \ 82 :lil.,?lL


    178 \,,.
    ll a4 ss

    ,*l --l El
    ffil I{
    7l
    =.
    T E .!
    9l g
    ^t E ol 3 i_t
    ol

    6t
    tu+ d
    71 lt 2J )J
    4'
    n{
    )l I .4.
    tt{ =
    U{
    e
    Et .5.
    !l =
    til

    fli fll rg [-83 a:E 6Jgel g+

    E dn|Eq *F
    O iA+(EElei) : +tlEg E= A+d d ;l46lq "JQ a
    .rEi-e
    @ ala+(dElg:l) : it99 .r4E E'= €*6J 4C Se + "JeJ a
    o tsrla+(+olgil) : +tgg gq ++l "Je a
    @ ga+(tolE,l) : ?t9€ g*t + "J€ A
    @ Fa+(g"lE"l) : it$9 Far+ Sdlg Hl+6lq "J€ 4
    @ zltsllds : q+g *g + ++l^l "JA d
    @ 4El a4* : +tgg aElalq g€ a.

    E El€t{c

    1. rg lV€3 d4'el Sgoil r{4q €44 go}t4.


    z d4*et g+g E+€ 4^tdt ts4.

    1 +.tg 1t9
    44, +d,ol t"J+ ddl+C 921 "laj+l d= 6-ql 4S.l Edgzl d
    4. :E. B.Zlql E.lq .l+el +d"l ,+u+d + ilsq, rl44 6tl+9 i4
    619 oJzl f e
    "Jd"l 9.lE+.
    oJB daH e 4t <laH .l /14 ts ed g ts-€lt daB o e,rl zl4
    .
    zi"J gC q+6ll^] 4+ +q +Eg 4a^14 da6.lb ,"lH.lEt. .l oJ
    Bq A+q= .l*el ++.1 Eg4gc 4l4q!. g4lql €6Jg EJ,l
    g*sq da .rlzJol sfoi aa trql "JqLlts #e dgl= ag + 9lq
    frg+ +?-9 4l+-P' eg i slb "ldol ?iEl.

    ::. s* q+ SHlel 7t3 gtg


    c[$ fl r.1o1 c=a ,J 6iq 3tsle] z]+ *E"I r{4q "J"}Hz}.
    ^4
    '":. www.gulbibada.co.krlzlsrlS.htm

    (2) Ed#
    s4+e qq+Ll ++ €e q-,il:= E+41 gr^la q. !!^JgE €71
    .rl 4q q_-- 4u dz^1t1 ++dJ -F'le+ !re^J-:, zlzlle+ + ,1,f;,"1q.
    *4lq= -H=^dts-El *u|.il f__o49,E .rlgol g.ol 44qjl glsq.
    "ld a+.il ++"J H+€C rCC,ol+ €laeJ Fq 'jlHoe lr+4jr
    ilEl.
    -E4l*el 4l= ;|de fl,ee] {l ilel. gzl, tsg. Szl4zl.
    .JdJzlSl

    €€ il3l. "l+4 +e Fel t^le ll6dgcl. ,+lRe] 5dn+ 4l$el +


    +"il nl4 44 4"Jt ;14 ;'-Col zl+ElL+. _F€ *B"l 4?+ ,I_Fg
    *'4.+ z.l*c"I + ilolTl 914.
    g€ *Be 34 4*d4l +S49 E *EB3l €-El "l zl,a^Jql +
    +4€ -E g+B,"-s 4Hrl. : ql.il jreeF- ilel6le 9€8. *€
    ^l
    zJg EJq-6'l7l +1 ql 4-f H, .l€B ".1 a+B Fol 9lq.

    r?\ ocxlE
    4+g SJt6l= *'$ql= zld +d^J 6l= plE<!H.
    ^l+|"ll ^l.J€
    .19 +.-qql a;.161= EAH.
    'l€i(lB!I C?}Bel afJ".ioJ zll* Er4B
    4 g6I F "Jqg 216l.l ulfelah_e S+ 9*B Fol .JEl.
    O EfEilg : plEzJrX€ 41+ql ald g*alE RE9 "J6J
    ^lgg +4^J
    El. q4lel 6+el ,l+ 5-.I 4r+ Eleq, "JH!4
    ^l€-gts ^ls9 "Je-
    9s fle +AI4 20--35% di..lt:1. r,lE-zJg g El"il= qi{ d4l"ll
    180 [ 6fE nrg
    cqE e*+c s]€q i|71.

    O llE
    €q(+rJ34),49, F'J
    E tl+
    a. sFl. E-gdl. "$*a, d. c+r.]. g44qF, +€71
    g TEEls

    @
    gfql 2-3^l<l B3El. E'?.1 2-39 dE 9q9 el.le.llE ulrP"l al€ol t
    oJ,+ala+dls+ t4.
    a+ ege g + 9lE 4e €.szl *e'J+r.il^'l 4E aol +4. eEzl t
    g *.ll^l= €q+"1 +Eel+14 4*e d*"1 q4 g*ss.a i9*ll.l t4.
    @.r* eg€ €{ 4e ge e d ,Aq sBel €89 gt.fla, g47l€ 6} c}€-
    ql ?Folel olTlEl
    ^loloil
    dg +lq^l Bol "J i 9lrtl Ell E+.
    @70tE g*9 €tsl6lq :r +q €q€ tsq 40e dE +e +Sql EqCq
    c47lE e4.
    @+€7lE' 30-50t"il^l 12^l+, 50-80t"il^J 2^1{} E?i +t6le +c+
    ol €4.

    4€9 g+ El4il +Bla, ?B.l g+g qqE aTlq a7l2l


    €"1
    *?l + ^loloilE r#g +q +4. +qd 4ge q4l sBg +Bol
    4 .X+qlC .q Lle +Sq +ol c+ 4g+€ "J€o e. q4 EE
    e *+.s+ 4g+e Eqtl.J *4zl 94. =el"e q4el .l+ei
    sl+e+E +F*E ).171A^l ql+e aF6}I, q4l Lll+el +
    ^lgq
    ee q+e +eqq Ll-Ese g+71 il8J94.
    ,lEzlHg *dc €q!.E Elc'+ eq.
    . g{-c 61ts Eiloil +g* €ul7} €s fl4.
    .,rl*+ 4ge.l "Joil El6lq gi*ol Bl 4gel aFTl nleEe,
    ** azlE +41= u}:lg + 3lEl.
    tEl
    .g*"1 +*r1fl9 qqlts "r rJiill€ +ezlsE ;lisl6J + 9lq.
    HlE"l El+4 ae +dE 3lEl.
    .4gel aFTl€t"J6t/l q7l fl+l 4l+q SAq a-e^l r{6}El.
    . g+7t d6lq 4*el 9*ol +^l *6I! +gE *El.
    . g* +"il qqol *7le+ 4J+El-E--e. .Js7l
    'ld"Iq t5+qq H.lg
    7l 4q.
    @E7JH:EzlH9 .Jd+ ts.Eq ^lg+ql ^1€9 g/l^l gt6l= *
    Eg "Jtq. *?lg 6lE 4lg.l qqql aF€ql qel q+oe+El
    e +e.1 }q Llge--e ^lg+el ldEzl Sqrl4 €q. relE-E El4
    .rlofl7|e aol4 c q+9 4SC BEzl, otqB +^l_a 4gg eTlalq
    *lg rroe sol f. ^lgel *E=
    tsql^i Ega47t. oJd6l4l gqq^l q
    izlalo} eq. s.. 4gei aFe+ EJ€q 9+71
    rqe €e-q g{l il +91"il se 419++q ^Jzl^l ^lg aFe+ 9+7l- *oll9 EgoE
    g{'e4t6ltssg
    rlqq q#go14. g* ;!.il f^l:?- f,Hldl +q.l "JEl.
    cdBq tdc grlrlE u++!t 44.
    .4lgel +r-71 tg6lq 4l*el +e.l aE.4.
    . gt 6"il *7le+ d+6lzl g+sp-.e 4u}el tlplzl 4al "J-q*4.
    . g+zl zlLl,l7il 9-"14zl e*_",s_s 4lElel el +r+ {,"1 "f +g"l
    +- r-f .

    .41*el t*€ a€g + 9lr+.


    '++3| Ae edE 9lEl.
    RI€q
    .4lg+zl
    ^l7l 9*E Bt +zl7l €ea}q.
    . ElerJB4l ul6lq 49ol "*ol
    ^lsgEl.
    . gt +ql zl+ ilRlg .o-}7l o*otr se idzl 9,* azl
    ^lg++"1
    al P4lalzl flcf.
    @ 7fl-J grJg : gt +710il olnl€- "lEzJ9 6lq €rolgrJ El+ iE5
    c 9q zl*dl Tl"Jalq +tr, q4F_+El .q +e E qEql s4 ^]
    s++.1 e^dqq a4?qe_-E B?lBg + 'Aal eAl qL-rll. ol tsJH
    g zlEJ Et'gol4l s]rl. ol r!-r$-_c rrlga.Hr+ EiJH9 'Jd€: il
    s- e++l a-o-ii E+€-4 Ae td"l *q.
    .
    ^lgel 1j+/l
    ri"J-31+.
    .H* ;zlel Y.i,1lz[ 941€4.
    .4i€;9 q+.ri +gol +El.
    . rlu}el tlgljr. SlaJ E^!g *^l€ i flrl.
    ol HJB'I 4.1 gt.l + EJZI-a trrl ,l€- gAg zlg,?.l4
    "l+qa
    611. r E+"3- $t9 E9;.14j1 aJ4. q4+E dfql= z1g"1"I I
    182 I. 6fg Ug
    6lq ql+eq +Sg 4a6iq g* azlel HAg qzil6|a, Bg;.lql
    g+ Er+€ *-oJ4
    ^l
    @ 1eel 7E: a?Je +4 +?+el ,g€4Rl +i! "JE 4l+iee^l BE
    ds"J olulel +a. 4o*. f 9.lel cgE"l 4?d e6ilsl?. r dB
    E"l 4€al tl* ea*C qE+LIse 4d 4€.-q_e .l+qq. ?ilel
    ifle+ aulssE Bol .Itsl:a 9lEl.
    €n, olElttol+ +7la
    4l$e el+ol+ B^llts +zl 9*eu1 '1o1
    "l ++El4l 3J+9q 9.lsq. s rnl ++7t € sls.e €*4seE
    zlil il= 4l+"lEl. adsl x,l== r q^l7t s4 qr.. E tljrel 6
    +L+ ill= ltlB 5ol ,lq4eg 5^4ol 9l= 4"1 "*94. :I+E 6+
    E 4"Jal4.
    q+E gtr_EAeeE l€lqa. ,J^l\, vlqq\.,tiiteld. E
    EJ e
    .d4
    {4. "JB.la. 841, z}z}4. dq1. dq?la. 6ila, *,J.Jol4 eel Ee ^lEgola*
    gsle d
    ELol slEl. ?zl+t tlEe. e a"ilE 414. +^Jold.
    ^[+a F"l 9l E ql. o{dqB sH
    oq, €4fi= gtri:- q! a.ilts -9+71a. gd. ulzle+4, rlli}4, 4 0lol 1e.ol
    =+4
    trl flts dqE !1
    v7N4. i+4.. s+47td. e-{qd. q4=4 Fq il4. ql,Ifiet ot +4 r+let e4
    rllt.l'l ol-zlol=a gtrs ,o
    4ssE ail+d, 4+ ol7lEl4. d+ el sl^lE ffi44.
    r.i*4. dqEla. 22144.. +tA, 4* 6hl4 F"l 91:a. qqfie-l r Allel 484ts
    *olrtrF !01+.
    ^J^laL: ?ltrF- + aql= 4+"J4. BeA. CAl.J4, 6qgd "l €
    qga F"l ?lcl.
    dag il*g Cl flEE +l'I^l7l^l ?+j1 .J*rll +^J^lA + 9lE
    4gE tsEts 20% 4.+"1q. q4E AAe, 9i1.il El6il 20-25% 4
    19 :l*9 A7l4EEil, gilE ++, zl€. 4€ zlz! 5ql r+4 E<]rl
    4=El. 4lgel Fl-e7l 4B'614 +6lH "l+ Hl.f4 +r[7] E!^1.il "J,
    9*ge. 7l* aaql *+q 4gel b'-5.=- "J*7I aad"F tq.
    "JR!49-_.2, 499 tsgzl rS% "l|471 EIE +d +oil zlzl t5lTl
    pl4 dEJEla El^8gol ?^l6lq +4Bse.r{i *49 ds}z} "Jdl.}zl
    €El. a+q= 4g il+zJol 4e 4l*g dna|= 4a3,o1 gq :lg
    E Fzl I0% olsloJ 4l€ol "*ol .$alElr 9leql. 4lg 6J+*q :1
    e ae ^1g.il^l ,l++4+ +€^lz t7la.il idl6i= 4ol +4.

    (4)g4t*
    98 €4lS€ qtr qqol dli+6lE i44 t+zl l*94. ^d€ol ul
    r?Er s. zl9 tsJHg qal 7l^ls g4g + "Jzl ql+ql 4+9l ++z|
    4tal Bl E+"J''lq.

    1 ir]g 183
    o e40il 4e
    =F
    . S€"1 9€ (4+e +{ ja71€g goJ
    "l+)
    '+= q+ (la"Jol"t1 a-7l*g +el +S 4l+)
    .50il Bq Tlge 4s
    . 4^lEl eg a os 5B]
    "Jol^l "JE 4lE
    . s+ qq (€4.q gE-e.e- c,*. "J+6lq 4g;J iil*.)
    . q+ (* soJss EJEq zlBq Ha 4+)

    &,#ie :/ts#. ' '. : , :.:. 1).'':. ,,,.'.. ,'..:

    i grll$+.el 7le491 7l*;.dg fB IV-84q^J 5rts Ele+ +4.


    ' o rjal4q iflEEltrl.
    olr]1-=
    . @ a7l= 1!r g+dtr|.
    o ^lld:d + ^lgrl +sle "J +gEE d7l5lq ..r!.71+ol-e!trt.

    @ gd=d s"Jee €€E14.


    O 7lg6tq 4E+^lzltrl.
    @ ts44q sg'il4.
    rzl4.dF a7l*g ?lE-e. .rAH gBqel d44 *4.1 ^J4ge-e4 *dol El
    +6t1194.

    w w
    vv
    $] w
    + +
    w
    I
    ol
    d n, | !?tl

    I"+ I"rJ il"!J


    UEr.TlE )+
    ff l>
    6fl8 .) r-----JllL--------r ="LJ
    rg lv_84 gr{gsl 7tE E€

    8l lt. .riPt rlg


    @ fleel uqgql c4s 56
    . ge 4l-F
    ='ts€
    .=''3€ H1l ."*+ ?lS
    . nl-:' €g 1l r!
    .'J'J r=zl +l+ +g zl+
    . ol;l€ g 4l+ Lnr

    @ 7fg 'JEoll t4€ €+


    . tslli:B : +,9 q+. 5-+; qC
    . +?l 1l+B : d q+. $+l.l <'li-
    .grJB :Se- q+. rl qq. q+
    rg [ -85 ,fi9t d el
    -t^lZl
    . .lrJB : HrJ q+. qt
    ".1?ll+_3- +ii7} ga EloJ6l lt. .-1 71.-dr '81tle-
    oltr aolLl 7l_o,l

    lrl+dlEl.

    +rlEelff5
    1) +r]= ?5 ?r
    (1) +!= ff5 7l+
    +5 ?l+= +€:.nzlol 41-'r 'dl,'1. 6J
    ^lil t.ll^l { -n- it*.p. zlzl
    l1t5;61.E +7lzl?l .ii,ull ,e^l_"-l d{r4l 3'tl6Ju}. .Pr-Er zl?L 4*: fr
    5 zloJ"l r ^l.Fl tol ^.1 e+dg /l-<lj/ g-Fdl,i:- a/.lol7l ,ql+.11. 1l
    +5 ,l+g 6l Llel € dg zl.<l iL -,ort5- /lFea: .i;J;J! 9.lEl. n. +-t:
    4e.l "J.JClql rlc) r r:lel UilE _a4l "Jq "f,t
    g.lrl /l# rl+ 1l
    .C4l sJF.il^l _'l,Eel d-rEl.'l rNaJnl.{fl 4l4le s.s6}i/ "Je-q.
    "J
    f.5 ,a3E tloJ'.141 !]"J6f..1 "J'j+.
    rJ tzl el iHl ztli rite--€-
    4 4 rll ;1r,: zd 9-.ll ; tr {lj Ft4loJ +.!: ?l
    +/l dlllllsl-rr 4.$4ql 4rtlul ol:,:-olzl{. +''d- r+.1rE {}+'J- + 9.lE}.
    ol al6J +-Fdg al d +-e6.ol+,n sJDl. _r_aJLt ti -g_- /d+ql ^J +!11e+ itsl
    zl,
    ^lol,ei: €adl +!-- llvrr
    1l oJ pr
    bi 7l'l 4 +,,j_ zdeTf 9.1=111. ol=-
    O'{1 .,or,e.'olat-rr 6Jr+. Elel^]. ?lliriel *,'": zl:r.* 4*e! :l=E zlLl
    I {r-}. 2;l +4/l li^ln} "t ; "J o'}+lql c}a} oJ,r'z} la^l.li +l
    ^le)
    +rl_/.itH':rHl +3E H nldt/ll };J gs4 . nBl.4llig- El?Ie] +tl
    :' :|HJE ol -:!''l^l 'it+i +rj' i'=L ++q r44 rlo.lslzll dgl€ ,i
    "lu+.

    +tg 185
    +tBgl +Fe tTilzl ++dta +€; Hl+ol 4E+61q, d4 dtlzl4
    aulzlql4l 444 +BC ?a 9lq. rel+ +tEel +5e Ad ++,
    + ^Jtzle]. adlzt ^loloil +al4?l +F zl+71 zlrl6l,Zl ?+c + gte
    q. "15 +E 7l+ts Eg4{ qdg +B + 94. ,l+6}tr. +t!5e
    ^Jt t+l7l A+sola eti4qq^l ^JtEg.Jc t€le +d"lrl 9*
    oE *+ telTl qzi 9+71 oleol4. El4^i, aulzloliil +t5c +F
    ^l7lzl fl6t^1ts dE4?l +<I frE
    7l+71 9.s-ti4.

    e (2) +rlE +.E 7l+E g+


    .*=0biDotg, €
    *, t+q, Fzt Eg +tE +F 71+.1+E a4e Eal€s +d e4. Epll ttal, =4
    $t
    oll^l
    ?l4t +r{
    ^tol
    oll!
    r et e4s q+qdEl.
    ^Hrl.gE
    qtscqot4. +d e4= +tEg +?6lq *F ,14 eelE B^J6lrll 6leql. ol
    el+5 zlaZ i4 7l+elr tEl. +Tl€ +tlEg iulz.l9 fl4q
    aoil ^lt t?lql4l *'ti6l7l sl6lq 4il= t4lE:inl Elal?+ 6i3. "l

    :19 lt -86 +{Ee-l


    F€ AE

    e'
    .4Xe{ *5ot*. s I
    tl
    ^l

    s4e+ +€ f
    ^!trt7t
    c5=ilc"Ja€ I
    4It gr. .tE 14 i
    4
    T-T-'::':, J
    d

    4
    aI

    ^
    Hl

    ^[

    186 N. ;il?l .t:.1


    ealg +5- 7l7g EEtl zl7etrt tEl. +t+c a+ aElr+"tlvll dg
    3ll +ts EZI= Bt Elalr+;-la, ol EJ/lel ^1""1
    7l?ts tIJl 7l+r+!
    6JEI.

    +tE +E 7l7E +t5el 8Eq 4r+ +llel itolTl 914. zt*oo


    +tcg Eli4 +Ed !ld.l El+gq 91s4, iEl+ +t*e Enll ^l
    ^J9 4ilE qel El4el rld.l gs6f,il ri|lq. rEl+ +tsel +5 +
    4:- aJH]49s. ^Jtzl-tzl ;ddl4-*iEl7l lEtrl ^lt}(+5rniloJ) -
    tEtlgzl-iElr+el "Jzl€ 4il:- 4q "J),rl4.J rlc.lq. qelt !+d
    "I:- 44 +d 7l+. Enl 7l+. rela tni 711'71 9lr+.
    (3) +$g iE ze
    +tsrol ^dt^te.HEl tui,(loli4l d"JEli: tlCg +t-l+ +-F As
    +a 6J4 0ll-i1 3zl L|+8. ^J+1471 +iig ll5 a6Jq 9lq *l"l
    61,= 4E €ele+ +t9 BE a{} olels.l zl+oil 'JEIa']": 'rlal€.
    =61
    €;1 €rills +EtlEi.
    ci4rl. zlfr $'I4;iqlrl qgzl= {tl€el t+. ^l* +la, a}#
    :.4. 'lalB ^l€_, ,144 qd 5g rd6lq 21€| 'rlal€. e6l
    /l8Ll .?46J 4.+€ CEIC J- glul. =.lel

    8d4 - trl Eoll ^18 +ttg E5.as fl88 - tlrl =solloJ + +tslrl
    +Cg EE 4E EE8(="J Eo[ - +Hlxl * iHlxl Eoild
    ^1e}) =EoiloJ
    - tllld - 4Hlrl
    "lel +g .,1s'o d.d.t- q"J dt/l/i +t"J SE eB'otl +t-gel
    *l"tl=- 9lq6l!, B€| adJg ^Jt^l-3 rltl6lq a'i.=q 5!6il
    +tg
    #E"tl"Jqlal +ttsg +!io-l.,: €ul"l4. "l .s_E, aE-.i_ g+el "l"J
    d{!r}el q4g-9 .lE {}"i61ts 63ENe. $"ll aJ5ol +tE EJF a
    Et"l 9l"Jqrl Ell-3.I +4q ql+ sF: a'l"Jg +cE fl-F 4i+"I^l
    "JB*EI :1al E -e. tzl= s'il.t] r|]t ge€ol 4;i uiTl€ Dl+ol
    ^J
    zl9 Ezl *-s-q, !E
    'J"l rliig d+6141 zlB,J=cl= *dq ilEl.
    rzJ+.$trl/l /14 4.4 Fql 4.li +olb+71 *C"l 9.lE}.
    ^!r{!+E
    ct4 - +dd + iBlxl +ttg B€ Es aEe(=g Eoti + aHl
    ^lg)
    xl + 4Hlrl EoflAl + 4![4| - :rHlrl
    =50fl8
    q +5 a-a= +dtel Egol i1 eErl.lEl. +t}E- +d+ ^Jt/l
    elrq 411 qg.g-,? +?6|q iEl:l e-* goN rl {41 +6}6}r., ::t
    r i 1t?l 187
    t
    oJ'Enll
    ^l
    zJ.el #Er1o.]"11el6l /f.4 B€.1 oli"lll 4€-, r:ulxl g
    ulltl. iull*, iElzlqTll +EqE a5lolEl.
    .gtirt + 74+ * +^f Elll - tHl^l Eoil€ + 4Elrl
    ^18 ^!|1Al+
    "l +E j"ts T1*rlzl cB 4gzl(,,q+)-=q.l*al *"I €qlq4.
    a
    \ +til-el €-r'l7i aloJ(rtl?).tl4l 9lqrlH, t<,Jg rlTlel zlgo-Iql i
    ,l+el. ag 4rl
    .
    I d* Etl4o^i tgg +l,ll6la. j1 L-tl7lg-^l ++sE- E=q. :elul rlEE .J_dd
    s*€ gol g a?] s-+ +t!+l-€ +.J-6tq "J"l olqg +l;+zlE aJ4. "l
    'tl. 99zt
    9lEt
    ol+1+ oflofi€ +C
    4q. ro ++q= ts +?l_o_e+El qgel ^Jtl zI#.3 'rlel "J4 .4= zd(d'l 7t+)e
    s?9. rlE +4-9, .i; ^8t€,el +"ll{c {.J"l7l .J_E'6J4. ol eqlE dt n'_j
    ^1.;l.9
    e8g 5 ol4 2l^l ol qde E^l ,(l*el rjld qg^liiel ++l.i+ S"tl"il^l zl# +ElLt
    od
    1tE9 2!A! 4)l
    s.JolEt.
    il 91s4. il"J+.il ql,al tg ol4-q =g tJ"li +i,R. *e'l'l zt
    49-q q g zt'ri-"- +o15 ltTl iltt
    dt!^l '+ttg EE =B aitt8 - lclrt
    "l dro_a 9tzl.rs: ol$r| pdlz]' t-.,-^l.il zl+t(+ts
    B5- a
    ;J.zls8)+ /ti€;lol 47lel ^8tl!r,-e- iHl,(lql41 4d +.fl;1:- +5,
    tl.1rol4. "l €El"I^its +I_ olg^l= qlCalq +$$ igFd a-Jol
    4l"tl $.:",- 4€ala. E ++r+ ui+ 5el zltsE €^]"il +6Jdtl +,J4

    +5 a r.el Lil+-o--+- +l5: +7171. +ol6l.i1. +A +€, Hl+el € rJe-


    E -rHl/lq4l lr4 1+16J il40s +t€-9 *#g + 9.lrl 4lt"l
    ^Jtzlel irrl7.l5F-+ul *-3- i€-,=q gn 914.
    ddxt -' (^l7lel] . drl d71afi) , aElrl

    "l Z +L= q "J {}/l


    d;ttzl q ll. 4 {J AHI r}"ll /l ,J ll5-g
    :l zl ellrt
    +lul6l= gEilolEl . ol €Ellb €?lel itrIl- qzlql^l qH a"oqLl
    qilel .it+,'- tJ"il4^l f.i.9ls'i. "JrJ,qg !91_a;13 rJollE rll
    +e.ol ol sJqlql +elEI.

    (4) +tE ^18


    O trrl Eo|]
    ^18
    : tl^l _..ull
    ^]119 "lt dtrl.rl "ldq d"J+ + 9l=
    q6J
    ^lrdol ++-q4 9,l,'/. oJj++l .itgel 11l4oJ /14 €€ol .li
    q 7l * *,:i g- tc}. rl grl p dlel_ Aol , tzl LnlJ :1
    ^l ?*ql ^l d.g-
    rtl+ti-q i't]'i '€5- aq101 Tllg6lq e.d6l= tlal g+l*o-s slol
    9.1':tll. €dl ? rl +4nl^li--- 'J 2oozfl;.zl 9lcl

    188 N. .rl:l ll l:
    lt -87 +||Ee.l
    30ll
    li An
    ll/l
    An
    l\ft
    ^Tl
    ss\ N{ NY/
    \( \/\(
    23
    r1+\
    /f{1 |d:t.\fl
    ./sL t\
    \-'- )
    lt
    |
    56
    ;
    [\E\ Ad\
    sv/ I t\v,f l
    t'cr''
    \( \(\(
    /itzl !:rrll q*J ^J tzl,, i'c.fl dJ 5r iqi(^l 1l Enllil^l), 7 89
    ^l cql^l
    .6.:;.-,111. ollnfl ;rzfol5 ztJd$lU,\l d.el 7l_:.r+ E
    ^lololl^.1 4lzl
    71
    ^l
    '?-iol
    +'6Jtla 914. lE, tlzl _--'l ^l*J"il: ftlgl 6JE 36Jol +oj;l
    : .dt q^l d"l 9lsq. 5-t +.F q^l1lol ':lljtll9t qloltrl.
    €) +u|x; -Eol{ ^lS iHlzl EEi ^l "*g t,.lt-+tl ++tlq -,4, +*-3
    .q rll5--^l ;.el itsl rt-:-ol4l eJ FJal ir;:6l.r-r_ +5^i7l7l gl.liil /I€
    -r",-.J rlL E'll r,l _r.'rll *oll
    ^i *,:,' "J'J4. riHl ^l ^]E '] 'll 6%I Loll
    zlr!-EEll q7l"l_: *+ilr'. -s6Jgrl.
    ^l lLrl ^l,alol 9.1s4,
    . *%l 5--u1l tr' : tI:'rN 4 4lE o-l-u I 9l ;1ol L'-^l zl s] ol /l .g al= c-
    ^l ^l
    ,o-.il. +'J.^l , +q^l ;lql iil;'l: E'tl
    ^l*g !l'61."i. Z.* ^l tR
    cl _ql-61.q 5"J ++l z.l* "r c+tgl alll:i ylol al%l ++ EiITl 7I
    dg i.9E+ 6lq FT€!= 4.?,do j,'_;l.jr 9.lrl . "lartl. ^l€-
    zloleJ tr,r]ll f ilg Enll dll ifelS- e- ,i'tlc r,.,1 * 5ol
    ^l ^l
    q 1.,1+-"1= Eoll ^l Solrl
    .f* r.,i .,,1 { olrlollE .aJt/}el 11"-l !-3Lel 7ll.a, jzdq 6}*,3
    916ll i'te B+ ii} !L= q"JoJ Elnl/l ,tld--;l,ol toJ6I= J:dlzl

    *'J1i. "ld i'llzlel 43|l6t= 4'l c 5"1 *ul


    -Jt . '3 o=- rll!.rl 4li zl zl EJel ,.rl :ie} ,rr-!lJ /* r;l :luN $gol
    ^l
    .uo,l 9rll 41,+rl 4 ?,ll;1 e*LJ +^l lLnll *L: glrl'.
    ^l
    1l tsJ. .E,,ll al * : -=a?i Eotl t olel el lLnll | € rj;lq , rr7.l^1.
    ^l ^l
    el dl 7lt= "J+ ,l€ql + "JEl.

    ^l iull ^l t : ++lgel
    . j:Hl ulrl "+ +.,j- rl. d o j,.-^J .:. iul zlTl
    ?.1

    ol 8'dli *olrl . r €Ell= rlli,fl 4l l.ol{ utlnf t' "i iiq'}41_"]


    ^l ^l
    Jit+'i .au1 , zl"ll*, v-d*, .C /.1 5ol 9,ltrt.
    r : trrt 189
    HE dT.A
    : +I!E ff= +T
    'lld
    : ++fl u ^lol
    E=, a4lalq c+-3-
    ^l6Jql 4;lq golH4.

    1.+t! egqel cg q4, 71ts, Eqoil q{4q =^161


    s4.
    =Eoti?l
    2, +C€ +E +4 rllC$oll 46+q Eela|| s4.

    2) +^r= +5 dH
    fl+;+r ++lg +F"l qFq^lal'J {4 d+6}n +€fl
    =E4oJ ;4l'ELqqol
    AH/l 4€+ ^lTloll +q. j.t€-C ^8t6la 9.1= ^l+olr.l
    q rl= ^leJsy! .lLl4. +.tlg *5ai ,J.zila1t- ]r5- ^lzJE,3- r-r+
    .+t! eFDlEe ? ^ljr
    dE aoflo #7116l
    + el^14"15-,Erel^l4ol= r7l +6J.1i ]"r-E- gts.rl rJiltl= a.H,=
    q. Eol dE
    ^|eo0|l+16l
    i-d;}n B44q g+6ln elq.
    fl +dEe
    .a, rofl A?]EoilTll
    (1) +tlE +E SE'el THLI
    E0t1 z4E 40i
    7figggq+9,1ts= 9€ *4=. zlil *F;ql +d4j E.:- 4l d4o,l E€-9 zlLJ ^l Ng C
    ^l?lolc+. H-d+-a sl4. +5 drrL 4tzl. +Egzl. Aulzi-E- iJ8oll +71
    ^l1l
    -o1-.---
    ^leJ5ol
    rrq +?l't] t)z\ a,zlg quafz1 91t1 q4 714 e]^l A
    Cq gs.J zi* ,al4lg 'saJEt. zff; z|_eel {4lol +, ri.E- !1"
    ^lsel
    d'lt ts-rl ggzlol:L .fxl*l.oa +6J6i7l +l5lq -p.+51= qel /fzl C
    -{, dt 56}. +'d' 7l-4. +EeJ. iul E-q, Fg /tr]AE+
    .rr

    iti-r ..9-t: dtr= qtolAl= +t}€g rrr:l +q6J 4d-o-E, rrJull';l'


    71 9,s+] 4-6 11,{"1_.r. *"J"il.4]L= D-E} +qfi 4asri d' j:er
    9.1611

    +"J6ln S"il* .r ll_y ^l d--:r -a-i- rtl _r'Sol El: 4+ trJr"lq.


    AHI/t"l/l:- rrq *-3- zl4e,E. #4 +e t+€- if"Jcl + 91ts ^lil
    € !]a6l= ril r;-o1 sl: dHolr+
    -rzlpg -^a1" +€ dgol:j ^l -*el q?l Hslql rl4 +^l rl 'cElbt
    zl+ ^lllel Eqg a.]-r*.44, /14. +s 9
    = ^l"JdJaq HEl.,ll
    ael H EP.+.{l o}ul r}. zl.{ d"J. ell'+t,Eei ..J r}. 7|4 Fir5J, -E- Tlrll
    "rl +€EJ
    rl*e'l 4€-9 g"f,EJr+.

    (2)+tlE 3E EEel 715 g


    =ed
    itg frEa du-: Elil +t!g +Folrlil;}e 5-qEl+l7l ul+,rI +
    ultl zl* 4-3- tEtlq^l 34olE€, ;+;- tg+el eg 7ltsg aJ4./
    E + "J4.
    190 l\: "llg:lo
    +t€- +5 iElzl, d+q d4 "J"Jzl-="I
    C-B= Ctlzl. +Egzl.
    4l i+el4?l el^l ade 6lE+ Eel +. qg.Irll= +qc, t
    =El.
    41. qqql €;l6lH s4 "*€ "lsg e* j'9],=,lE g4 +n, +E
    tzlqzll: Fr99. t4l, qq^l +"J;1q -rzlg "Jrl. qq^j +"l6lt
    lrrl ge ol&g E-3- i.9l=zl=- gzl -r4n iHlzlol4l= {
    =El
    41. qqql tlfl zltlzl S5l= +t€.9 Br+ At4l4l +";g + 9.li.^l-3'

    "J4 +q, d+g c4l .J*/l.l?l= iil3el +#+?=. zl4 ".id. fr


    € +3el TliC -F +tC +'F dilE +gi+ ^l-8.1 clial z|e$.41 $all
    irt Lt.

    "14 ee +t8]?F drr: dlr !I+el -ridql


    7l!o.Z 7l7ljL 9l=
    I[fal FZI dlr. +='dB. zl.zle ui!r9 * + 114. e
    ^l"J dsq 4l .EAI 8E.
    elr= ^lel. 444 Tl'Jei rl€-ir aolal ,$zlal q4 e^I+
    -EZl 7.1 ^l.\He
    +LI +e E7{le+ uN
    Ei.i"lq. ++ dHts qHlel q!-l , +"ll €el 7Jlel i-B'+ d4 "Jql E .t tMFel +r{ Bljt
    +tE_q i."l Eg el6tl gzle| flrlsl qg +d d!_= 1.d6lq dul 5al dsa+e5
    g
    zt EEE +e-s
    6l:l ol-=' !lEl4os €4 .rl+d C.H-=- "Jz'Jq. tr, ^ld dH_= €,all H+lEt DBE, +rrlel
    4 )14 +i "l 714 €dql oJ6J9 /4zl: q.l eqlql rJl+ dtr+ "J el q! *oll^lalE
    E4oJoe a4{, #
    flrl. gH}4_qe. +F dtr+ +''; EJAE 714 "l +5aJql rjildJ ^l+ 4iE++q ot8
    d!_€ e.lEltEi. ^1,
    g + flxl +{t!
    ^l
    ^Bolq.
    (3) +tlg +E EHel eA
    +tlr +F C-H-71 r zl5;",: -i-E6l +6J6t7l 9l6l^l:- 49el 718,4
    oJ saol +ulrlqol d4. ,,t+rl *"J .EeJdFL CU= d U,+_Al
    "le-
    E ,l;'g Elo-|zl *g 9t "l,r-.14. zJ +"il nte+^l=.]+rtel 9lE+ +
    gg * +E il71 sl+olq
    =zl1
    o dEtd : ialS -,'r5 clr= €tg 9l= rqlq s!"dt d4t ,l.l"l
    "l oJEl.
    @ c+a : 3l f el 7ld ill.E c Hs}olql ol€- 7li.l 7l rul.
    @ '_{aJd : d ts_el a^}u} enl g- ,]+d q 9lq o} nlJE}.

    @ +Ad4 ZtSd : Z,rBY ol+4zf 'Jp.e ;'lE C a F,^l *4141 .l**


    + 9]"l.l ilE+.
    C5) zl+drf Bltr 7l:d : 4rlE g*4Jf_. zlzla zlf{-s-_€ 6}q r}e ^l
    TlLl q= *ie+g *-a dlrzl zlii6ilot afEt +t€ ."rE lrEE d
    +{^l ElolqTt +dsln, +d+1 El.lElL- 7lt*, zl4qq aln_+^l
    t:il+l'-}. #t€ dHts g.eoJ *ql^J +1l6lq 3.1 'd7l;Iq el^l
    4del zlezl :;,111.
    1 -i !e lsl
    (4) +rlE ff5 8eq g1i
    zl 7)aJZ Fdlq +d€l its-' iE dH= iFg +t 4l*-+el zlel
    rl4 ^l+zl.Irl Btgq. +dg +alE +€ dH=-+t61ts EJH
    = zlzlTl
    "I= ol /.19q.
    O zl. +t! : 4F Pt€ 6Jd zl* q
    -dts ai] szlg r":6ll
    frE dH
    E Btial4'+ dB +4lel 9i:-o-:" B.ii;tE BEqq. .lE dB 4
    +E dqCt+ al+d-.? +4+ + xl= "JC.l 9lsLl. +Hq+ q+
    zlel +]+ql=g.g4.l,{ *+"JCq 9.lE+.
    EB +t.li,{ol^li. +t}c +5l egsa- a}itl affEl _gz}oJ'irg,g
    +6iq ]FAl €'al +t4_E- Fdli d+ql Bt6lq, +i!
    ^l+ne+ ^l =
    +.Jsl"tl^l= .5."J +t.l*5-ql d+9 z|_tses 84oJ dt.il9 F;alq
    .J
    ^l ^l+"il d'J8JEl.
    +fl. ^l # zl+t, ziiil 4el dC.tj *t- dH€ ,il++6tol 6t+
    Llel 4l^ls.I iil^l6}= E^lol, Elgg -F6I dtrl. qHl.l7il d jrlEl
    E+ 4l4le+9q "Jq. +tgel +F d!-= i€ t4 =q €611 4lE +
    tqq, ^l f ait.il^J *g +t 4*-+ F4l 56li ";+51.
    ,l d 4l^l rf,"ll 7l +t!21 €l 6t+ 44
    =ti=
    g Fd6ll +lEJgq .
    ".1 ^l "17l'-l.
    @ EJe oflill= Ec: .*+'ilitl=- "l+e1 cuE ete "J^l 4.F d
    €-d
    'Jd!+ +]+de- *sq, "J4^..|r} $+ /'lrJ:l 4+9 *lE ql5"[ ,*
    3J4 d9-el d.J"l +zl-t.+.J4l"l 914.
    st,i F+ +tC ++ CBel +t.l= e4Bl{r} +q
    %l+ "inl-=
    I5lel llc gs-reol ota
    ^laEol *9
    ol.8-rlzlq}.
    ^l,Jqlq cl
    Crl"l Cla, }rJ+ 4+E 4"1 uJ+ "lilel 415^d=o t4zl *
    =-^CSl
    ;lil 91tr1.

    @ "J4 ol|i{€ EEt Ct} : ?lrl Einl= FEI ctrel gte- {+€g ?t-o,
    + d!-"j drl'6] dgg + 91.o,r4. 7l+{r+ _B=^orol 9l7l qls.il +
    *+n +€'de-el +4 14 ,,37l ztE-" nJSq + "J= A'dq {4. r
    elq €4 +t} +4 d+4 (alB. *r(l)= gal ++/} "ll+ 4n. j=t
    g .?Fo sc 7l+ol^l gdJ6li-- +t5- +€. c!_E "JuJglql/l= H#
    qzl *lol "J-n! i-p.zl,:iel ol+cl* qii,$ol grl
    @36 3s 5t!"Jc ol8El €t : *6 dH s"lil*g q++ ++l€-+5
    lluel E-t€- ri'F +* {n} t4= ol€-o]'= '1.ts4 AiiEl= ol+6}
    E ,*r zlzl *Bol ol+5lrr. oJEl.
    7l=ql ol€-6tn llql +B d+ *"1:- +1+^J4 +^l d+^Js
    ^15-
    r,24^l?J c}-E ol€_ol /l_b?l *dg gg-Ll. g"Jol zl,*€
    ^lt.l
    192 N. "'f
    gr .lg
    i*9 €*3, tLll.lr,-a d!r-",l Lll-Sql ?nl€.] a"l!l-:-.3!.1 9l9l t_

    ^lult:(ARs)= z.#El i..+FJ c!r+ {ls+


    El. _LelLl, €,1J cu orl nl .94Joe 5l Zr4

    E9 .2.,,1 .1"1 "J-l= +C .r:sl d]r= d'];.] + .^1"1 . ?l+ql \-,3' 8.H€ 7lq Siloll
    8^ldlel,
    E{ olr4l,o-F, 4l ,:.rlrJ z}:: *t} ds} i}"lel E-l-d g rrr.9};1rr ilE}
    ^l8rfTf
    S6t= 8s=
    ol rl d ARS ;.lull:oJ f +f!-3 -:r€ ! ts, alnl :-:, b +tts- + ge x.J.=fE ^tE
    E]tg aL-E
    ^1. gct ,r.t^
    F; 700,1122 d o-,q d1- 'J".1 Frl.-+l q i,t /l -Araf,it oJ,o,q. d EJ(ARS, automatic
    ^171.
    .H_ql !1|l.&o ir e. E'l] /f 4. itslzl /1.1 . 1rlL. 4c+ 7l?). )J/.1 7l
    ^lt response system)
    E= gd EE
    4. olB Xtr t'9 {r. i+ +Ll] Ell^laloJl el6il
    ol+a}7} ln} r']5:i cEll ^lHl
    ?fLi.
    6l.l dfl d + 9]tl =dt

    ;Jil. ,J..rfrEl el. Ef! :, ?-l'JaJ PC *+ €-c ^lBl


    /--1 , d{.]+qi^l}--
    olrll Flllol 9lrl. +rl Llafi, r,lLJ 1985'J+rl Pc';-+ c.H_ -F
    rr"J
    C"Jg 5i6il def. Zdl + ,.1 .. 'rlY.E rll+ql ?ll ^lHl.,,:;1.71 ^l 4;191
    :-r'll. +j.1tg.i5 f .{i.i_ ts?iC'g +t +^l', :- +.-?ie, r/l-n
    +tl drr illElql/.1 4,1 ^J,;!5J iJrr3 rjl'*"1_r:lrl .

    'cJ
    rg ll 88 1+ql
    .-1 tllxi gl"J c;

    -ffi
    (-

    sf 6l+ 5 +U= 714 E-E


    * +t€, +.:: T.^f g dlol zlol _E,ol7l-.{l rl-1, ^}6J g_ 4^iatl {at.
    l. +t]=sl gE, g"J nofl )124 ! EEN 7121
    2. +tlEel C q/tlrll'J+lE ..lz 4L|] 3+ 714

    :!.r t93
    w"
    v-
    :3r> e
    .b,

    +'- Y#r
    u[3 ol
    ^l H
    6HEel slelel 7l=€ grn, 6il3
    ^larsl
    E 6llE gi4= 4"lp +
    =lJ
    .lla 33el TltrJrt -id "! c"fel g+rel 7u!13 ot6tl+ + rolcl.
    =+e+
    dl1el T|1Llrl aJEi EFg 7 5= rfofg + t]trt

    fl qeg

    ': rflEel e.lsle] 7l=


    -ll,g tt=.'ld T+"lc!. al!ql^l ltr+ol r+_.---s+ +E!g ^f+6lol
    i]$ol L.[ olt-t]$.S,troJ9F,al :1 rll,,foJ +!lg el=n]= ,JiJ+l= E-.E!
    rl' ;ll*,"r /il6J ?lel 6iLlrlr, Tl?lliji tl'rlolzl: +ql i.El-.".- tlll."_
    'ql
    ir- 1l oJsl /jol;t, rj<,lu| .oi 5-€- i:5:, -+ .1.!- ?golLl i:.g-,o_, .]lno rl
    +'gslqoi ..1 7rlolLl.
    "_+_r.J
    6tl g eJE3,4'J ":i flarl"l g.n! ++.
    =rfl iiri '.tl4l
    r,r-
    =llr,ii 9l.o_r4. L:l+i+ le /l_b:] zlul_ir "jr-.|.

    1l+fl +qq 'Ja


    .(,,-='J +rl /l "J9lol= dzlli- +H.,+ jl+t"l !.Er. SYI<,I +F azl
    "l L] .'l ,J .,?,,t-?, 7d 4l.il .il
    sr.l d il,j
    9,1"1 g i.l j+,il I ,i.'J
    -.,1 ".1-Y el
    oJr']. 5.^lql cztJel +5 rldql! +E c,lel H3g
    +1]sLr+. E.Je
    ^l Cel "Jg+ +l+ i,J,"_j]- .fr 9.1_0-11.. ^l Cel Eg,g .rrl !:el
    prjoll
    eialj ol+ol dL:}. +-dl -r.llzl tr-.3- -?-t *+ r.E e,l r}]i+d. zlJi!
    ^l
    ",1 g4cl d-"1 il"J"l "ls"l
    ,ilse4l plg6Jri. rqclrl . -J.4l4l iB"l
    91laFl +yl Azll tl-e,el jt+ €tqe^.l '+El"li qrll +9e delg
    4 * ++r+ ^l +4 o s tl 7l q s+ F4I +u-..J o .';,}'l zf+-l.r}. +^l
    yioil 6|lee.-, -i"i4 ,rl d€r e€;1,1 +q^l7l-:- E€'g B'}a+r'l . E4l
    ,"rqel g€El"l ;sA "d6J4€ ul;l r *4.

    2) EU 4=
    =rtj
    6ll* 3+3- eg +"Je +TL i+€'€{d4
    ^ltsl
    .L +lg<)er.l al

    e 1!gql 49 4 r.5ol +,Jl i=el +qlql 7lq*r:t.


    3) +41 +xlgl r|18

    4il e+eqs+ g".l +";38'll .lq4. +="J :o-tH F'."r E"J {}il4
    91 qE+ q5, E ?eI nj+F- +,]l +zl 7n.iro{ r/ll 7lq.'J4
    ^}4 d'+
    g "l+6Iq *€g -9+61.41 sltr elEl=- Est-.1 + 9.lEl.
    4) Eta &gq q8
    6ll S+q *de 4d *8, seB -5- +ql t$'l'rld+ €+CC
    I
    /l^l rq , ol 5 tg el *de :.r€. ?rll "l +"J 4 4lql + "J 6"19 "l d4.

    5) e+
    =EJ4q
    dl* g+el +€: cE +'Je a,I4oJ yt4^l$".l "lulel. s
    ,&"J
    elel= zl\lE+. d^lql q4d 4 gU *CC
    ^l^l +*q +Hql*lr- t
    d4el f++q ++q .l s;+4 d^J +6J9 ?+;1111 'Je g=, 5J-C
    9-E_ /l _a6lcE f,Eroll €:^Idf/ll nJse4l d4!i' -:r4l +rll^la + 914.

    6) +4 Ag4q ,J+ q
    +41 +E.l^l ad'9,:i ^tla^l1l7l gdi^lE '3jiElel B,J"l d
    +41 . g,J4ee 14el
    d-61.'1. +nl +slel ,:il+t'ol "j* g+.I Eo-ll ol-?qzla tl+-:r A"J qE E{ 4
    ^IE4
    +] 'lj, allll ++ts]=- ?,J^171tr "13 4 +Eel -4^ll 444"1 dld94. Eol
    =.JEl ^l8e
    aE d4.
    nl4^1. dl+e +41 a4'4 +!'l.oll ol+ 6e+ +lgol4 6J + gq ^Elol4

    f) q=
    ^t*et+€
    1) 6fi8
    ^l8el
    elel
    dl+ ^lt3- ilg !L= q'-4 ++-.9t 9l+ c+"1 r}]q! fsc| f;f,oe- .
    t
    CE 4?$4:-o{^l g
    4rl€ 44 SEIC
    ^Jsl5J4 ;tl3 ^l^J-3- 1]* ^l *. ^l 6|. 'lla} ^l d tsoE ++q4
    =="I d3 444 4r, d
    n. il+.I 44^l 471 ^l t.
    ?lFI:l ^l * 5_oE "liqd+. E 2lal2l ol+ol4i
    5.,-{!. 4r)l aJqlol rqd}^l f,]+ tr+ dg ^l d.€oe ++qq. ul ^lElt
    dE
    ^l8ola+
    ^l
    Ect,
    zlel.i IIl4c ?,9 ^l +. "iF ^l* Fss +'irlzlTlL dE+. rq.+
    2 drlS .]'I 1!15
    qElal 4
    ^l*e gd6l +eq= ae "lqq tEt"I .J6J9,444.
    4l€- Etr. +aI
    ^l*.{ c+"1 ++4e g"J ^l*el drllTt +.JqI.
    r.I6J €.oJol t€r6-lB +oJqTlE tlEl.
    ^ltel =dldol
    2) 6|lE 94
    ^lgel
    6il8 2il4 Czld, +4zlC. z;!rl"lr-Jd. €-Bd.
    ^ldlr'-E ?|.+,+E
    Fq d+ol+. r3la.'ie ^lBl/-el +ezlE g'l! sl"C. ++S Fel
    tl+o14. "l= d+el il-+ql elzl4q 6fle
    ^lc-g -sla ^ltsjl ++
    6J + ilqq. 7+ sta
    ^ld-e 6119 ^lul4= *frd'l= CB.IE +iie+ 6.1

    s ^lEl^= i.so=lt- El€,E e4ql El?+ +e'J4.


    /1\ lHtol -4-e

    O lllali dTlC:d'F4oJ Czldql ;Jlul ?lrlloluJ C (scmi-containcr) ol


    s 61.:,1 l Hl

    € dEloll'lC (full-conl,ainer)
    t
    .e+89 r14lg +
    @ dEllolLjC :
    @
    ^ll?l|
    +d7tc :5d{L E}5 itee- 19;14 4-ss}71 slzl 9*g- A
    1{: delel rl€ a :ic
    zrc d=olal44. @ cEd (butk carrier) : +c +rlsq ++se d+Elg a+c "l +
    d 4lE|-3(+al4-e-e +4. ++q. ri$ F)el i*ql olgr15 23.+11
    €) H3(burk)el e9(oit) os a+44 4+ a+c. 4F+
    z8c : :F;|l4

    ^l+ a+d. a+4 "t +€r+ 4+ a+d


    r+
    @ Bl(tanker) : 4+ d+d"l zt* B.a ilqd ts sqil Flgel €eJ,i!
    ol _E+g dE+
    (2) EtEg g+
    O tfE : €l4l+ 4 Hl4l+
    "JEJ
    @ aslE : r"5. 4 kl. a,*4 i+ a.l 4 zl 3ol -ts€- nati +_1_E

    @?F: ft?, d^l+ "t ++ ^ll+ F

    €| aea+
    1) 6llE d4E elE
    6lt d4e +,t;1/l 'afl+.di'lel +47f el+-= +/f/l EE+= 6llt
    ,ll4/l qL- zl+ sl s'J ql qlo19 aJ."lt,
    ^l.rl'ol;lj1 B i- i]4. :ral
    Li
    die d4e 6J Elq_E Cel= LI:.I/l"lL-'X+ +St 4a E r-ll+g ,{
    q.r 9lEl. nl4C, dle C"'19 +Ba1a
    ^l-J8Jql ilq4 +.96i4l n4
    6l"l g 5l+el 9oJe +rllel qzl 2l^l 44 _s6.qlol o|\l {:llzq oJ
    l$ l!. ilg' !g
    *+A g"JEE aq6l"l +El= d"lrl. olE
    tl$e, St,az1 r19g-
    6llC
    n +tC.'tEits tl!l 4e3J ++El"]l el"J +lZelel 4a} ++.le}= *
    d+ dJ,/ll +rldolE+= a{Sol z}rll tl= 5^Jql^l El*g a.lq.
    2t *u9 IliHOl .E.x{':rL 44
    /'1 r *U-q .^l ill ol -9.,^{

    6lS C 4e EIS'I +e dg +6J61= ql r +4=? +a 914


    o +El 4ilz.l9l +B.il^l ait s+ ^jdl4 tsl-"eel 43El
    @ al+ +q rlCg zl+E ++ ++-:r ol+.*o jz4l +ll +4 7llC
    @ ail^] c-+c +6J6l7l 96J 4e{! d+q ;t;!} "ig E6J r+ *=
    @ dle tg'| zc +lB9 sl/t gd
    o4l{q"i^lel 7]4 a^19 efB'}4+4 c^}9 +4lzl zl91 "Jt
    @ 4A tlgE 7l€ Bdg s-EL€ f *E rlzq9 'l{
    (2) trll.E4?l 6llE d^l
    +E
    o +71 ^lr4+el : qzl zl€+E E= zl+.d zl+c++e.14?5c ;Iq B€
    olr-| a!{ e]+ E4el dE}"I ql"=H E
    =oJ:| A.g +Al4?l =zltr
    el+ r.Ii-:- 6l= 4"14. "*+9 d+ +gzlel eC"ll el6lrl+ lE=
    + L+;lel a+41 94q g,*4ee ol+qzlTlE ttrl.
    al^tE *+ lEE 3+ ol"Jq 5"} edg €6ll +41 *^l+=ol ail
    CEe* !Irl= "Jtrr dl€.!r s+sg + 9]EE-;lE riqq, +zl= 1d
    4?1 *Tl 4zl* el*+ 4l+ 4 +="J 61714l -E--"-e cE+.rl 9+
    ^l+
    ++?-g + 9lrl "-lZ.+ IE= CEq "J.,36J^lql E4l, tl3
    3]H5J
    +"Jql Ellfl t5^i. "J%lE, _Eds, -F4s 5g +tl6i= ale-E 9*
    4.J €-.lEg ++ dz4olq.
    @ 6|]e E4 rllE: 6ll-s _s= 4lE= lrzepl zld4.J +e
    'qtlol4E
    I €a1q zl+el al$gg +€614= Colq. titol ",tzl g*+qE
    -g6}9 allol 6l: d7l c^l Fql qld g6J u-4.*!l zl+ol^lE d+
    a4E zl+l6t7l +l* .da !.aa €lol qTlql +tEl. <Idzl"J s= t
    '!c 4{e] Tlil
    4Ee^i= +/l 4dq^lel 44 +rt4 olz| H-a, !E= 6119;"+ 7l +^l #C4q r
    +9 €:l€ €t zlgq +9 *+ e_a "i C4.i rll8'J ,J7l ^Jzlr+ q+t i!€ 4ttE
    eq0{4, a4g!+
    414ltq 4q9 +E *B Fq 9lEl. 5,^1q1 uF-eE Ald
    @ 6l=el 6[e E^4!l OECD : OtrCD ql^.l= zl\} 1997U d]e gEsl 6tE {li|* a7l a
    ^l
    ++"1 ?41"1 94 dzlC dll$el aC a4-g ^|]E4l dldat4ts !lel 40laf fl4.
    € zll4d ul 9lEl. .l= zl* 1992€+El zl44-se. F."J6lal dtr6l
    3 4gz, qzl4l^lel aa rl4l zi+E 6tl+ dzq4 r4 "JdJ
    ^lalg
    2.6113 &E 19?
    ,,"r
    "l:ll f
    "J*g q+lq tiael Lt+il:iE 3,dd.
    gl_o-q. 7l--q
    zd"J 414i= elslsln ac +dc]?r.a}: q] ,*.

    @:.J+el dllE 3r{:31-l]zl9l dle"lel'E dql^] = ull. ^l *el dtl+:;


    q tsl;'tl *e,- E^l-=, Tlxlr "J= +4 L+4: 19508'tl"rll, dtle !r_e_
    d4-9r. l960Crll.ll= C+ 44 4 a,J d4+. 19708'fi"ily-- dEEl
    "f ql€!+ d4-9. 1980'JrIq= +rlel zld E= zl+4"J d"l r|tl
    ql iJd"f "l +4ldq d"rl9 €zl *q.
    _1 + oECDql 7lE6lq r
    il3.l+_o,r-^j OECDTI gu3';-1; a1l$
    zls fl4 3= dle +s_e] zlg+. ,tltsJ,el.== 4+4es i_l
    =+6lB^l !l1q^l oFtalD 5lflqrl rr3E
    6l e;rl. E,*. wl.o
    ^ltsln Bil *
    ol6lH^l .-l +
    ^l* 7tl*rrl zl+s+=- +Tlstl zla 9.1ul.
    O.J+-"J 6IlA -J.l
    .'J+el a4l ,+4 ts+gl EFts d"l d+"1 el olq 4-?q9t9
    n1F :
    q. ?E +zl eJEl.
    '-14 d+el "Jae] -qlzlql 4e+ +-ii5l +/16il
    +. 1988c 6+l 'J+ gz|;nF4) +6J /l€- xl I'ol el;-foJ {-l9l,
    'J 'Jq A4l .n+b 19891J r872"J Balql ^l 1999Eql-= 3q
    3343"J'JrlE ?71.914. ol<il rrl3l. I989LJ"l^.1 1999\l/ilzl 10'J
    'J ts+ i1E €rd*-;7lgg *",1"1 20.6%. tl\+ol 12,1.2%.1e1
    ciI4_o-EE 33.4%,iI ol=El.
    '' qsl^J, Bq.! 4 4l i+: qe'Je] 4"1 TNEJ llil /l rrlg-.J 7lS
    rll nl: 45.-:,:_ e/lql-3,€ 9,j= ?14 +d-s,, illxtl +i4lg H,el t+
    ale.l +ql ql +"JolLl LJdJ glrl9l.e4. c|]
    ^l*rl. il+g /l:.rl. "J
    e.l jlsl 5',f! +4El zlg 9l d.,j-g s;"+: .i-iql^l ++'.i+ol

    _dd
    x N_2 ?I-EUJ ,Jq_d isl LJ9l : 1000.J?l 2,

    +E a4
    105.722 5547 111,269 92,264 59,802 152.066

    162,863 10,563 173,426 19998 121,644 2t1,832

    178,167 8425 186,592 too o{ rrss,aoer


    176,298 8,244 194,546

    222,455 64.436 287,291 88,101 207,638 295.739

    182,400 69,639 252,039 1,554,279 842,534 2,396,813

    193,069 115,270 308,339 gE E?Ei' 20.6 124.2

    . Ei SrtE :1 9891J - 1
    ggglJztxl l0LJ7r 91-8i
    =7fEg
    198 I 611: l ll?l
    +li6tl *t:l falLl 3= +dJ"l /[,JE]g E=?149tr *tlo-]trd
    21.'Jlzl.lL-B+aJ ad i+7t Elq €CElg 4!,*o14.
    . .J+-J 6l{4| eAq E€J4 d"J : B+dg 19918 12Er+ 19928 99
    .I '++ ,lg ilE,{l '++ Bel^J'B Fall *s aNg aleE zl€
    e+
    6l7ljz ilel6l9sLl, ol4zlzl 9+ "J+ Aq +ele 4l€EJ 6Jg=
    914. Elr+^J. ^l+vl^l= Be C^F="1 7ilBzl_o_E_ B+ *++ +"J
    'J,4el +"Jg *ol- Hi+al4 d'll1l ++ 8.]'.+,= s:€61-! 114.
    _'zei4 9loil^.l gqg Hl.4 +"1. "J+ E4 E+71 :l+4 oe
    r:tlgos4l =
    B+EJ ;l2J- 6}e1l dE etJ_E +='6,1 +7latn 9lq.
    B+ ?l ++ tHi +6J +.J dlETl ^laJg t994rJ Zg"tl^l 2000'J
    9?zlxl .Js a ++ *El gEJe,48333lqE+. .l -F +,*ql^l Bd
    -o_sel .giJol 2868F1,e- B+ql^l +d.srael €-6J 1965ElHEt qr
    1.5'rll7l y*r+. LJ6J :lEoll^l= "J{+rl +t6}, ++ zlqql^l:-
    H'_{.6J"} 41lo}s_+ C+ +6J.1 d+9 j1 9ls+. ;1.} +i!-F 59
    f*,"r r'la{ 6li+. ad. Ce.l+. +8. gt! F^lL,-g] d'+ S8JE +
    7l6la ilEf .
    r994\-l 7g+E.l 2000€ 9€zlzl "J+ rJel ts5-%le 3827d E
    -o_E;..1 ol ? ++"ll^.i .JaJ-"_sel g5a}e,-, l37l d E.lq. ts6J"rl
    r{al
    ^l +dg."el E-€.e*g 2456+l EolEl. 1997rj {z}zl!
    ol
    +B'.6:lr .lt*.aJol .Jaf SFeJcE} g-F.-l *9}_"1}. €+
    -9{!r '3+(€*)E *4
    r_ *^l *zl. *rJt +*
    ^lg Ezt. +tI ^ls Erzl
    ,E-9
    =".zlE oJ rllel ts44e
    EI rr-Je!++d'r +E+E +7171 F_--4zlrl +EI+n 914. 6J.tH ^lt4
    - =qg flxfE€
    -+-= B,i] xlqe "Ja6.L +t6J. +tldJ. ts6116.i.i^l +?-i zlE_3_
    a+e4eF+. i
    .-. ..,...,,-,.- -.".".... -.J

    ii E6 qr+
    "-llE
    544 6l{E Ed qq 7l+
    I OECDE 61]-3- 9l+lEloil^] 4Egq *EJ ;]lt d4el 'il€.rl'{}+
    6il9 d4el Hql "}d"il r.il6lq g"l.Il4.

    E 4+ fll ^lol Eql^l 6il€:rl rJdlJ EtlEzl?l +4 zl+59 €B


    e "t +4. +e qgrl'lb€ *alH..'l.

    l. +4.| dl^l zl+(lMo) : nww.tmo.ors


    2. +41 r.F 7|+(ILO) : www.ilo.org
    3.414.l +E 7|+(WTO) : www.wto.o.g

    :rli ltil
    Ll.i.l6J, Bjr+. l1!6Jqlil 55; u.lE-.] rtl*E9 tJal o=lr 9l.rl.

    +ltB+-6ll t ++3- 1995\l {.t. L,tTl .,J,+_/l /I€!l7l .rlz


    '/.1
    +trrll 3 os ,il!]-:, +ilolq ol-l+oJ {1,t, rl'] r,.+,1 .;'+9 ef,nl
    q u._,f,',1 " ri{l n.rl 4l+el :.1?j, ! + goJ o e 4}s6}jr oJrl . d
    ,(il
    'J'i t ?Lllolll 6Je:5+ -ll-."e,]
    2283E# ^llul dE{olLJd
    ol olj,,.olrl. _r.rl Ll gl-o-_E 5, ql_q
    +]"Ja+-.r 9lL- oJrL ...B_E 2 ?ll
    =
    rllel arj ?llriJ rl(4ol Zl+ i?].!lir. B"J zl"Jliel +41 +l=ol -J
    "l\l-.,1 4el !]+il
    6llil a;ezl rl !- elrll5l a-qg 4l /ilrJrl. +iI
    rl o, !,.: 5-t 1t! i'Js. +d-t]j. 6Ie. +4 u.l 1l aJi -"- d
    'Ji.-q d+ .'*:Ltl .'iTl rll€€ ,l o-r,r, ,J"J+LL+.

    oltt g+

    6[8 EAel ,||E


    ,,i41 ,tr;_ql /lP,.l ,l-;.-:,- lfn+el /.1 (l-q *a4l"J ol.E* ta6lq t+:
    zll.l-"1 n+€g ---"l l-' rll 9lrl. .i1ll .ror-t +"ll/iE'irll l,iFS :ilal
    E ,lg cl^l 6l ^J ,.i+olr+. .-ll1l
    ".:*9 1ic4 ^J
    6ll+(shipping. rnarino.
    sca. 3,!- occ:in tr irnspoltation ) ol Jlilh +L+

    .'ll 'J .?,+"1 ff i!"rl '-;'llll "l 1l ,.1 Lil.J';+: 11,.9 ^l gil {.1 ,19
    .d zll

    /.1j,:..rol- olr.lrl'. ,,N !l j-E].,. -.-. ol Ii,I anl *3el ++?l 5ly.'.
    ^l-dol
    rg l\ -89 5000 TEU i.'Jol rl-_,r.jll':}. !Li,l . 1= olr' +7l,el +.= i4;-lzl +l r,1 ?l+-ql u
    dl E{o Ll ll

    \:rLr
    az| ofl-$ole1a4a1 g dE.s :1 +s^39 *Z6|n q4. "lel Ae LI
    -$g 1776E t*+Erql 4qdil'il, zlSE bf,eol+
    ^ltsl4zt flElB
    dlal
    '<tgel 4eg €rI4 Aol ol+qA- + fleq. oJa=rel +,'l +de
    7lrilg + Sg A.lEl.

    6 -ils
    =sq
    +g
    1) 4eJ+3
    4$q a,J +9lz.l 5de rllrJ ++ol 7l:.6lqe 4q1 91 or{, BE
    +€ +B +oll^l .CEleJ€l. +el ++ bqol + Ae- Bttrt. +i+ 1E- +
    g 0 sEg alge a1g-9 r]i*ol €4. ?.E ++"rl^]5 ll-ilel += ?
    7f^l7l! €+-o-fq git^la oF-441 .J+l f**-:r €zl.'.1t2 19J^1"J.
    =
    ,*al7l g7l Eti?* ++q see dleq4 g + 9q.
    "IEql
    *-q.e: 20 'lE4l4 a4.lLJ=- "J ,llq dg + 3l= 10.000TEU'
    # 44€ A4.lqC"l * 5t€ 4 o E- d'+€4.
    2) fl44 +t
    alte ql+ ++.il
    g"J
    "tq4 rtl4lF- ?144 ++"1 ol*B
    4il*
    El. EE.?l44 ++g }]}e^l .ilgql q4^l!J q+olxl= 4+
    "lrl'<l
    "J. F*4_"-s +98 C+
    dlS F"l 7lHa17l ul-Eoil 944 ++ql 7l
    * "*"1 q+ga 9q.
    3) rlga +aHl
    EIC +91'* all* ++ts]= tlg ++ zl+ltt El.'Tll 9ul ?*9 trrtr -1

    zlg.'l+. 6J* g+ul= dlt e+ule) ulrTl q4 ?*9 '4C A€e q*


    =, "J+ +j1. €*4 944 etol
    aE ++E 4qel ?.t9 ulge !-E sll^J ++cl El6ll €t 3"J"1 + 71.=i41.. 3€i817[
    q. g{}4e,a 448"]l^J all* eglr+ aE +"Jg ul.'a;tB allt ,8"J rrlq +4c!+ 4+d
    E ^t-14 rt{.
    e-AE S"Jg BHI dF-41 9'161tr}.
    4) faeel 435
    '4gE ++sE Et40l E-a zl.?€4 q+g + 91tr1. ril"lElsel 6llB
    $z| :eq+..'= 1609d '*all zt+e-'g ?+4gsq, 18.ql7lql

    '0119 'olA(Adam Smith. 1723-1790) : 4gq 34q4. 18^llTlel Zlt


    +.el^lolq. rdnl Sllletel
    ^aEa-!q
    &^lxfe^j ++e'g I1€
    . TEU(Twenty-Foot Equivalent Ljnits) r6llA|E flelolLl= iE 20rlc.404E€ol ll
    eolTl 20tlE"J AqolLl€ Al=.J+1
    =Ell.
    " fEEl?.\(Grofus. H. 1583-1545) : LjlcJaJs rlldgE rti 6llE grJ

    2. ;llE l1g
    "l g4"l *4lBge,tl *"Jqg+. 6li* 4+9 ?14(freedom of sea)
    ql r}3l *61l.il^l z|ff_e€- +atlzt s.*€ + ilfleq, qae afleE g
    -E_ql 7l* zlqE t d +E 6fLl"l4.
    =
    sl 44ld
    -llsg H!5^l +41 'J"I .l+qxl= d9 "lr,l4, E4el €t 4eE
    9lq. ir-q+ 4+eq 4^. 3+e 412l==- FQle a1z1 qE"il +zlrd"j
    7tt +g tgq4. +^Idol Eg 6ll^J ++ge t]zl4 ?f"I 4i+"-t
    E+ r{e c47} ^}+El= 4"1 "JoJ4"l4. 6[tel Er]j€"le+ts 7[Hg
    +"J6J9 +4q q*alq= dE + 9l^1"J, +4.| ;N-$ ,rl{4l.rl el=-
    =
    *d4 4C6ln 9l4E il"l4.
    6l +eet t+d
    a 611t9 $4-e zlF;lul €-q{ dl6l
    . eE(knot)el, dB-l "JtsJ4-o,F- =.sl+. 4l4l +.c d
    ol $ F.loll 1 7ld +qe-- ^ltE* 18-33JL-F-qq, +dzlde 12-18 trtjE 6J6ll6t
    ^R!
    44(1.852m) g+ a 9l4 -2e14 +4 C+ eJaq Bslq +*61/1 9lall ttl+q,{jE +l
    q€+qetaflo|4.
    4q ^l+ 50:rsE al4C€ Tilgaljl 9lr+.

    f) ll+e =Fel a7l


    1) !E+el Eelcl
    =F
    Eli= ILE gAg +l-jt g"l^1 ;.}alla}i-. r+Y-e} 4 tsoe "JE F
    ^l*
    =g"l+ a9€-+ gq. Ele+^1. El]:- €-ql g + 9l+ !r*Cr+ 6lE'9
    dc + "J= 44d q qF^J F 4l /l.Rl 549 Tfzla 9,lEl. :1. du]'ll
    clc= '+.J49 7lzli1 9lE +rg_+, ^l* 4 rfFr€i 4ztl8la. dl*=q
    ^^_e &6Jg + 9l= ;49 ';3 4' + cE!-g, del6lJ. 914.
    tlu.lg 7"-+=:..<l* €-zl. +Tl oJ41. c€ 5q q4 ql+ 4*614
    ++94. ;,]-$ $zl4l ElBl^l= 8c. qc. nld"t "t ++ s++l F_"_s
    e+6J + 91,"-q. *t g-zlos 6il€: ^l*"ll^l e+ ^l ts14-3' rJEJ6}=
    ^JCg *-+=- g-Falt:rB rv-90r1 Aq.
    "+ 30-40€ c"I rlE -sf"l astlolHzl E"JElq ol€iHt aEiolq
    3+71 ol+ole=.Ell. ol:- +61 ++ q€.leln 5-eEl. .JEJ 4€-d_o,_e

    nlEg ++g A+ slgg dzl.+r 4 "+"lts Eil q,? *e- ^ltr+ El+
    q qrl {t ul+4 rlzJg d*otzl g;fol s},!ifr "Jd+ +4E
    =94.
    7.l4+ dSl.iLl* 8zl 4"li 91. q AElolLl€:1r.1." ++ +t(zt€l
    il. {lE. ?-5-,)oil zlzlr? 31"11;+q ++9 C+i}n t"la}5.+ €-?16}n
    2@ l\" 6"iPJ il l:
    {Ore carrier)

    (Oilbulk carrier)

    41ff
    (Product oil)

    +q+
    (Chemical oil)

    LPG
    (Liquefied petroleum gas)

    (Liquefied natural gas)

    ( Litt-on/ lilt- of f carrier)

    ( Roll-on/roll-otf carrier)

    rg ll -90 E€
    ^1814
    dEiel €+

    2 -].lE Ug 20il
    +4s+^la aol ?qlolLls].olq. "lal* d4"lqsg dq+=ts dE
    g AElolqtolel'. d4. aqolL.l CEg .itlrtl folg {g!-E S IV-
    34 EEl.

    2) d E+sl 371

    dEg 37le d'+r+ 4"rl slEq +e*4 +4sji q4t4. cEq


    $49 Eg-e s.^j61ts *Be +E+, +E+zl 9lsq, 6e}-q-e- s.^l
    6lE %lBg tsl+ E+. ,ll3+ 6r* E+zt 9lEl.
    (1 ) (G/T, gross tonnage)
    =E+
    d+9941€ d q+ *ac s6Jal= E.is 4Eq B+ c+*E
    *^1. +^1. F+^1. Ec.e Fq +rl 7l="1 9E+.

    E l\ -3 zE{olLl 4lEie +ol

    tl l fti v vl

    4g{ gAEq
    !*!t 4qrf Llstag arfigq
    r9508{ 1970Eq Sl- t990Ertl 1990Er[
    197084
    +t! 19808!4 i dU +E
    41rfl 5e 700- 1800- 2000- 2500- 4300- 6000-
    (TEU) 1500 2300 1 2500 MOO i SaOO 6670

    aHolqd +s rlfl
    TEU 752 1887 2464 MOl 4340 6000

    dBi-'t't f raz'o 263.3 258.5 281.6 260.8 318.0

    --E=-,,- ,6! 32.2 32.2 32.2s 39.4


    _!,:
    e ol (mJ 15.5 19.6 3,6

    GT 16,240 37,799 53,050 53,800 6't,900 81,488

    il i (m) lo.s 11.5 13.2 13_5 124 14.0

    d4otLl E4 + |

    tte,til l (uf (7-9) (8) (8) (8) (9)

    (2Jr$A) (6)

    dEilolLi ge +
    (daLil) 7 4
    (,JEJd) I 17

    +7lS of ai 27,800 74,640


    g|o'll +q(re) 22.6 22.5

    (68E) (9611)

    N lI..llg $g
    rg [ -91 ts.q ctl
    e .!sls €+

    ,{lrt .14 ff=d LNGA]


    565.000 DWT 70,000 DWT

    6l^1 rd +€!
    1600 Gr

    A"Jd
    ^1EJ
    80.000 DWT

    n4 ol,i^l
    612 CT

    208.000 DW-l
    (2) +E+(N/T, net ton nage)
    Cul utl"t1,t1 4ld t'J9l"l ^l+51* ti€-ii+ E-+e^l ErL dJ'il
    .'.1! .r|$-E-, +€l 'F4-E-el !r4 zlf.l €cl.
    (3) ul|t Ef (displacement tonnage)
    dEq f,ale C4q +Hal Fr*el $4ol d"J8'le gq +iJr+ ?El
    L- gqql^i L++ ++(5}+el 4?l *qql Eiel'J4a)qEl.
    (4) E+(DWT, dead weight tonnage)
    ^lIEt =aJ
    cE+ol 4rilg ? Sli. stilel ijE}] .eBJse^l t.lulsl "llol, *de9
    4+ 7l=.1 !!.{folr}.

    fl eea 4s!+ E+
    t)Edq ,llLl
    .*colcl. cizl t!4,3r 0l+61= q6lq c"+el 1l+ !E= g
    I
    dt*otet, ult€
    .
    ^taJg
    5-E Elq +q _14,3 ol+6J + "JE+ 6l= 49 "J-fEl . "J+zl_o_+,
    3gg q u[ "Jo{^l Cizl C':I-3r dtsl6l:l .l'l*.111 {1+ +E€lC l*at4. d+5-g +'J
    *8
    gq.=Hl4q.
    Es + q€.il ,-1 .llqt,:, ol+6lE+ 6l= 4ol $c"lul. tt+ cEl r zl
    E3Eol4.
    4lel o; rllilel='l's6}a 9lEl.

    2) Edo|| $eJE +e gol


    (1 ) tCxl(charterer)
    C+-i-+L:l Culg 94 Elqlg 9lBlq Elgtrl q,lg ++'"1:- ^leJg
    B{!E}. qol= +cz}e} r +ca}rl-+El 4^l g?]L- llscxlT} 91tr}.
    (2) tC 5zl|9 (chartering broke,
    gc ?zl"J.l0, dzlg slg+ +-"-l:.r ?lE c+el c+9 +;-ln 9l
    : +Czl ^lolql ?7lqlo;,r^l 'J-E61F'
    u,Ezl€ ,.1,il4.
    (3) EdE(charterage)
    €-C_"1 rllzl.:;:- €-cxl:,:-*r,l d+"I41 495-]L ,iolq. .!+:?Cl^J rJ
    ql "J-6el dsl oJEIiiolLl,
    (4) Ed cl|alE (chartering agent)
    sI€ ++q "J,rrr'J Clg 4-5i;'l-71 tl;-l-ol if Y-q 3l^l/l +E6l zl
    Zl,e'J 6zll.J€'tt'J4.
    (5) Ed^l cl|EIE (charterer s agent)
    +c alelc €-c4-el .rloJ e-.r d^l 4 zl;1 Hl+g 5'EJ6tlol g €+.
    scel r.ilil d g+g +6J;}EE ;-lll tl5l rf ul c-3 zld6lill El=rl ,

    .1,3 *Czl qrl dolr+ 6J';1..

    2{16 l\ . .il:f C}
    (6) tdE Hil (chanerage insurance)
    4+71^14 ASE CHlg 4C ^l*o{4 +d4 +SC q. +d
    7l*g sB 7l7Jez elol z zlAl "6ll
    Ed 9= +dtr€ +qse
    "'ll€
    * !-'f, :|$g +E61ts B€g E*4.
    il ad dletel €R
    (1) $dl 8d(voyqge charte,
    g,a *+.t^t 4e q+ql 4€ +*c 9galr:l rlE *dzl(4t)
    + 6f-sg3l dql rl49= ++ dlelg tse4.
    (A A7l EC (tiine charter)
    dF+el a+ s= g+€ oJ€ zti r+6its dol4. d?zf *ns€rl
    qil1i :14 A+dla glE dB+q +/d l+g A+g gd ?e 4ol .!tF
    "l
    ri.
    (3) ultd $ere boat cha.ter)
    t+71dtslg +44q se gg{€ 8di}qlzil 'J4e €4q +t
    ole.E, *d adql q4 54 4<Iq Ar+t +ql a.Saol +dal44l
    ol*98 4$:l *4. 4411, d+zl dE S*ql 4d *{alal e*r
    dE "i'["ll +d"l qe 7d+ql ol+q7iE +d 4EqE+. +d",]e d
    EIE g ++"il gs* "d;tlg tsl€.g +++4.
    ^l€.

    f) 4g ?s,q+
    Flc s+ +g ^tn, ae 84, xlg Eel ^la4 g{61ts 4
    +7! 914. ql;l+
    "qlE4+"il 4+471 ejldX..qts 4tC .s+ql +e€
    q fle 7le4g 44ol Slolol eq. *\t olq4. +q t+ +lJoll^J+ 9I
    q^l +se dl+ d+g dlExsPI flix^Je 4^61 g+ oJ 93.4
    ^J+-e
    3lcl.
    3Al g+ 4+e+ ++
    4,& ++
    ^l+ts ^l+E +E4n 914.
    g+
    ^1+slE d4 #4
    *E +.J"1 tleq. +q 4aol srF(89
    H.de s* 4{) adg d+.ilE 4* s€ +dol sg€4. ++ ^l
    ftqlb.{l+ 4 s^} +*4 Qt}4 +q^l 9 a^} ?€^t F +oJg^Pl
    s.+6te 4+ +g^l Fal s*€4.

    0dr+ea
    d+ +ae e+ +4, q€E f€ 4 +cel d4E sAl6]-ts
    4e+el
    iil€€ C+ 4lEel +zloJ d4 Ae +
    ^l+"]q. 4+e+ C+el 4"il
    2. 6lE tlg fil
    +"J"1 rlg€ +8, d46lq olB d+ *+C 4d C4 ?Aq d"Jt
    i-zl"J.lril "JEg ag Edldlts .?zl ?d"14.
    c+ +a +ql^l 7l+,-J4 "l+E= a-e-e d4 d4 fl.I flq.
    olE cE} q^l7l +€e 4Cc d4* +"ll c46l9El,b
    ^ldol
    'shipped' Ets 'shipped on board' .s
    S.^lqE d4- +€olq. :14-a
    rlcq d4 fl.rlz| zlz${ +i"il^l ++q1ql4 {Eqtr 3}+qiil *{
    q= +a d3l +aE *q,
    2)Sg **
    ,,. -t tg +Ae qlE{q 4+ql g-q e trLllts d4 4}Cq E4l^loJ F^l
    ;S(lnrrir&)*4
    4aF+44e,4ry 4 q? a+^J"14.
    sF{
    EIE s8 5^ll^i
    3)
    r$rl +.Erl{+gtg d4 ElBel S.l} H e+lE B^i. +*.il r.llt E4ltl 6t"J.:14a d
    g €rol zl4lqE
    ^l+"lE+.
    -E*4 g+E ge 5+el €9= el6lq +
    69xlzl4€eq.
    fl$rl
    4)
    =g^l
    +cel +7lq^l 4a 4 ++EJ +€. *++t5r+ "Jtc "l +tg.
    r4!. zlEel S^14 Fg "l+6lq 4a EE 7l*619+9 +B4E ^l
    +"14.
    51 61S H-d
    611+
    =d
    H€ql zlolap lrfl-H€- BF* 4u-€zlg+ lre l+,S^l
    ^lnel
    ol€" 9.*6l ?ts s-llzlzt +41 Bt^lxlzt €El. +q Al"+9l 4*ql !.€
    q.4.gq] r{EJ s*3 e€ q .H.gtrel t}dql zl+g B€ *+ Fq €8f
    Lll* -F"l 44qq *4.

    ii 5a qf+ 4lll 6llE Etg

    +E dl"*+t+ *q 6I"* +t /llgtl + qlolal€ ol€-6ldl +rllel 6lS


    e++ tqB!. F- zlE+ 6ll+ +d zleSE 4^ldl lrzl

    2O ['. Eligr $g
    6')
    ({
    cl '9dtf Es

    $ +uetrle
    HlEte+ q.zl ,,.l.olol glzla-fg EIH-rl- 6111} +
    S+ +uJ_o-s,+El
    ^ld--:r
    * +trJ_o-F-. !s: olel tsJrN el ulaJ,o s "Ja^l714q olsn^l7l: +}'?l
    6J,$g dl*itl q^]9 +jr6J €ac"l 5l3.JEl. El€-ol allll o":*"1 5
    4 +7lE A^I ^d*.il r'l il+ oJ6J:4ol ':l+ 7l"l 7ltsAl tJ'llol qlqt 7l|
    ol
    "JolLl sgzlgl ro,oJ es6l4l
    qflq.
    slte '{ilir.6rq"l +d 4 .1d6}7lL} i'l€"1 +14 I zl6}Elts *
    _o_s^1. 6;'ilg z|gz]e.,i +* "J94lrs Cqlq +l6Jg f 9lt-.4
    =
    dg ta-:= ts;J4. q?.lt 6JE!* Fli:61 .tl'+ol F+Eg C^l +e 4;+
    617l glall /++ * dhE-rl gl.iqq e]"-Ll. rl+"tli,- +
    "Js+ ^ldg
    A.J -.1€9 {4! zlzlol;<} +,.+ TlzlE^l -?z}slB ^.1 :. i;ral ol zloJ:i
    sljl 9lEl.
    olrl6J 6]qls ji "Jfl a"l4 e4= 1l4lzl a4l nr|el t-d4 zdxll

    g-4F,34 rr
    'lE Sl':1. alRlel 4?4 a4l arl= al,3- tgel +€
    9l +"1 +dqal g.+ gleq. 6}q]el td^l a4 84ts €T] t]'J(4
    c. del +Dl, t+s.J. 4+ "; ,Jdg 5-)el B.l +11.1?+ g + 91trt.

    fi su"r +zl4
    =.F
    4ErN

    se
    1l -delet
    i=e rl^ii_- e+{el t!9 i.a. ?^tl *g}, +q +r1. iile €L
    6}lrJel
    . eF
    t
    7lxlts EE
    E F'8J"|l elal il?+l4.9Pr *}49 EEIE^I= *".1"1 zld4oe +l Tlgg 7l*
    ^l€e
    q4= +s +4l"J el6J c^lel €-zl"Jol .J4. c^l= ol-g rl]?el fl"i ^1,
    dulg rl4;{ B
    ?le.e dl€al, goJ.
    6loil^l ilg+ 4dql uilaJ4zl +lt q{lC ,,]l6}ir ilE}. -Ii6'l aEIolLl
    Eq ElEl'l # "J
    sl-:- 91,\la-|4 rtl€E|.
    dSrlzl il6Jslq *El. Ec+.

    aql"lq S+q tr;.oil el6-[ 6]qq 4dEJzlql z]-Ftl/l s-iLElJ. oJ


    ot'l. 6000TEU+ oldrel irl]{ drlolul{e] €Qg-+ aEil€ cE}el
    tlt}"l zlSt AqlolLl6+el zNttlol r.l{-cl 9.+q-a 9lc}. +61. 6}"Jql
    zlA+ €.+ zl+"1 d-',ti94 9r_4 g-+.I ul4 /l5}o-tts dE+el
    +7]. "Jrlzl4. +ol7l^lE 6JtE d4€- 31+6141 8}L+.

    2) g'Jel }|EEt
    =F
    6JRi* alq 71-o-- gl+el 4l l4lrl d"ltJ.ll^l *"J g€!+ tg +15.1
    ..E.'J+l zil 2.qlrll iJ"J. rrlr ?+71 7l"l 3+
    +l+al 4+ trrH 4l*rr} 6lq_ol ,,l5il_e.l_ r|]e
    !'fzl dd+l ill 3.qlql 6.Iiil.o_F- Eillla 9.lrl,
    561 , 41 3 j,i r.,t 6.I"Je bl g lil + ,l o-l j+ ElElEl
    -oral 9fr;}jl oJ-o-trj , 6J 'J'oll ^l el sl F .J g
    lJ
    t- lrrri 9€l!l +oj eJrdel 41l.l r;l= +€_g
    LlElql,r oJ4.
    ql-g 6J'il ?l AiJtL +gElq
    ^ll4l +!r rlE
    o| tl .qlrllel 6J+ol ulrzl SIA sJ e
    d +l rJ +
    q1 r1 _r. zl:.9 ?-6J
    s] rl 'rl 6lq . 41 3 4lrli 6Jy!
    ii-3_- .i,J+el 6JEJ=rl 6J'il, .B.ri ,+41
    'ril+zl
    ^l €
    i1f r.l Hl
    ^ .-,f,_",] +E ql ^.1 zl c .dl a 'J :r
    zl .r lt q ll-l
    tal t\ -92 il:l 7
    .lal+: zrt 0lr.1 = r+4^l , 4l <,]=Hl itl 3 ^lri +EJ_ol 7.,J91 _esJ l?,F zleof,
    6J,J-_Q_ ol

    +Hl;J ZloJ o_r_ pl- c 8la 9]r+. ol?,ld /l+g +ul El rtl.irllgt 6J.ill:r9
    - i e,:l-q i_rj,e,1 . .+l+g,.r e;-f rr z, dEgl-E_. rtlt- ol^lololl^l=
    C zl_=_==. :' ll 6ol "Jgq. -?_r_l Llel.ol ^lL: ^llj;- d€rl= 7lq
    €,;1.
    c6J. "*.J"J 5-.1 7,=i] E+ ?l:: ,:+ .*"Jsir- 'J1l!lr, {c}.
    + I\r 4: 20t)01J,'f 2001\lEel rlEIoiLl Tlrl +]rl -3 LlEhtl Cq
    LJ. 3r} 1l7l.r?-7]l El 4 ;l +g ;l e.l d rl €: -{"1 i.Ir_
    -o-q . r r}
    .rF
    91

    +ee +t, /J_sii, i,rr'll_r,'iJel trse L+EI+ 9lul.


    3) +al Lfafel gu
    .* IV-5 -.-, -!.rl ul.rl.-o.1 +,c "J'il's TrElolLJ ilrl d rlg Ll.tl \rl aol
    rt. el +-e,, +qloll^l .,llel +_ Ll71= n+-,?el ilel |laig ',f.-1.r4. e"Jg
    +Lll El-:;,sl ol F9 Ll.rlL,q 'rlolr. +'l4g,.Jilel"ll! iil-llj,:_ Elo,lElglrlTI
    Ll^l 6llele L+/li slgg uJ+-!rt.

    2003'Lel il,l€,.u'11, +l+4 ",tr !,]t!1, el d]el Tlrl tlllol llzl;


    Tfdf? 9]+-3- I ,i= 1lrl..

    E6 6l+ :Bt'J
    E+ 8H
    a!+ ?lEll"lLl j-i,
    *lLl( K(l'l'A). 9llldJ !r t, i,l:rl ?r^l.0l,l,l(.). +"J
    rl Fl Ll (+) (Lr1{.)el + rllol + 4 rrl;lol 4 6J-ol aJ,l! lili duql ,]]
    ^l
    ;1q tollrzl .

    210 \ .r ' Ir:j


    I' lY-4 ri4l'+e g6J!l d{olLJ E4 cq X 4E : CONIAINERISATION INTERNATIONAL 2OO?, 3Ag

    17.090,009

    7,540,$87

    7,425,832

    5;618-;000i

    6;274,0p0
    tt 879;429

    3tSq000

    f) e*
    =a
    rlgc! €F 7l= Elq
    d€4.'tr *sl*: sl* Pzlq r{6}q +d4"J x19E id *4,
    q*e r d{+ 4qql4 +git4l-} rfl+ 4q6il -E4d}E lig*ql el{
    :r 44 fg.zl €49*4. rq+ 1980€E$ ol+, ;|.+61 dd€ Eg.
    s+sl gg'+ €ir{ *c}e dr} +E xlq "i elr +7}el +cE fl*Et
    at qgq.
    ** ++ Tlbol B4* +e. +lsle *"Jg EEt4t SAel {4.{4
    2. 4e $g
    x rv-s ?4 L+et g.Jg dE{otLi ilal dr{ (4 .tsE) + 4e : tF EE 6{"J+ (cJ+l : TtU. %)

    11,889;798 9,767,607 2,122,191 13,185,867 10,630,64t| 2,555,219


    dtl
    (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100)

    ES 11,560,15s 9,496,649 2,063,506 12,780,620 10,275,068 2,505,552

    7,355,610 5,456,924 1,898,080 8,182,253 5,853,386 2,328,887


    +tg (61.9) tca.Y, (89.5) (02.0) (55.1) (91.r)

    4,204,545 4,039,725 164,820 4,598,367 4,421,682 176,885


    t4l (35.4) ul.41 (7.8) (34.9) (41.6) (6.9)

    329,643 270,958 58,685 405,2{l 355,580 49,667


    ?! el
    (2.71 (2.7') (2.7) (3.r) (3.3) (2.0)

    ++t 9,453,356 7,88.4,m6 1,588,670 10,/t02809 8,504615 1,905,19,t

    ela 9,409,188 7,821,432 1,587,756 10,286,079 8,384,740 1,901,339

    +=g 5,521,731 4,092,703 1,429,022 6,035,003 4.305,320 r,729,683

    e4 3,887,457 3,728,723 158,734 4,251,076 4,079,420 1n,656


    EI zl4,'168 43,254 714 1?1,730 1t7,875 3,855
    Efl 769,791 616,301 153,490 821,O71 668,698 154373

    +=g 650,505 519,194 131,311 709,932 573,188 't36,744

    E"J 117,328 95,203 2.,125 '108,'t35 92.506 15,629

    t{ 274,537 183,038 93,/199 318,279 201,3{i9 110,930

    +€g u6,537 183,038 93,499 318,131 201,2Q1 116,930

    9.1 148 1zl8

    dt {t 49,0m 40.895 8,125 47,352 33,403 r3,949

    +Eg 1t8,690 40,565 8,125 46,447 32,894 13,513

    cg 1,080,333 858,641 221,692 1,184.842 924684 260,158

    +a.J 718,071 516,801 201,2jt0 802,672 553,748 244,924

    a4 314,355 308,323 6,032 343,888 338,863 5,025

    E9l 47,907 33,517 14,390 38,282 32,073 6,209


    + l 24,28 15,642 8,585 6r,817 34,5S8 27,219

    +*"J 24,227 15,642 61,817 34,598 27.219

    Eel
    54 4,782 4,104 678 5,48.| 4,94t1 0\to
    +*g 4,782 4,104 678 5,441 4,948 s33

    r "-rrr rc
    rr,
    *"lB t 9lEi. g+ zltrol ${a};1 99sxiE9 E+Hl €a }tqol
    zl+glslH^.] €:s-dol Elq azl! ilr+.
    '6JEJel

    elc c+E aEiqLJsl. +EJ s+el 'J41. ++ +eq rrlBe+. s+


    a}e s€9 eeB-51. e+ ac gd 5oe
    ^l+el E:i31. ^l^EJlel
    6t-g 6}tt qalel qd"il 4*6t4E d^l-Eel
    ^ltel i+zdol HEl6l*q.
    716}^l cF4 zl=ol 341 g44ee'4 6}rlsl Egql-E yle Enl/t "Jq
    +t]9fl4.
    (1) +q4 3+ galdel *Fl
    €-+ ^Jdll=E *el6l= g zl5g 7l* 7l e 6lJ. ior+ ^l+ol 4 oq.
    dt€"| *g 6J"J-:, cq6ldJr ?14. EFBzl. +qE,+. s+.J *
    cii +cg+ie El+ €+. al++ e+. =e ^Jt€ 'i "Jdel ^JEl/-
    stol 715-t B"Jg.a d+all 914. +. +"il4se- g4lg + ..le
    6d +*(hub po|t)rl ag "Jtq +€6la ?lEl.
    (2) goJel 7l= s+
    €+ +lael H+"il tr+zl elul€ zl;9 +rl "l €|El 7ltsel +48 9_

    6l= c+.+5 4ilElF.i}Elol B46la 9l':1. +. +i+ €-+--+EJ


    -ce-
    E+ zl:l -trrJl4 +C9l r+= dq4q +i+ +q d{ Tlzle d+L
    Eln gEl.
    (3) ol8 CEfg 4-d+
    {tElolqdg '4€E}Ela glerll +18}61E 6}?el +€ 5";1., ?ldJ *
    "JE "ll*it? czl 9 ts++.] Eilr+slrlr. ?lq. olql r+4 +1^}ts
    z16]
    EC (mother ship) ,tlul:4 zld.(feeder ship)9 €4atd +"-i ,'lgql

    ^l ^ldl.6lr. 914.
    (4) e"J Sal "J^lel flnt
    dA %lslEq +el €EtlE C+ +_Ecl^l t?l ?Ee A€lga glq.
    .$lol t6llzl!|.
    c{+g++ ^}9 'Jd ^liJe^19 }|a{
    6}EJ 7lE-ol

    +7lel zltsloil^l ol$!| zllujol E.J+l t34 7.lt.9E. d+El'' tlEl.


    2l aoJ $E Alg
    qI"J +€ tge +qt 4314 +qg +"J€l arl. olTl€ €F
    6JRl

    F4 +dqts tgc "Jtq. +. cEel Ee6J. 489 C4 "l zlE+ F


    alsl €+el 4d +Alqe tg"lrl+. olel +Ell 3J61ts tg
    ^lul^5
    s_a^l iJDJol fls€ +^l :1 7l;.ol AB-€ CBr-g "J"f,4. +44e
    e dEg q86lq q,q "t Elcc ++61= dlegg tsl*ilq +"J S
    + ^lB I s+ +!9. +t e+B Fol elEl.
    2 6[L!r l.lg 213
    /11xU f 94ol
    qul a.Itl t9 _.t.J6l= ?q +el +T!r] el+ bJ!} t
    L]].J a-il+oJrl
    €. S.J;'li el6<I 6l-e9l.o_r_ *i-ir;14, *f
    '|']ilql 4el nl+g i-+61
    I
    i,- n|+5 -.Lc{-fl r} zri ;t* lr C';}6}: .l'rl 34=<,3 o.s 7$-rlr}
    /rl ;u^l 9^ rl xol
    +EJ qlol^l-o,l .ll11, r,.11. -11'rl.€iL 5.tEel ++!1.+rJg 4-F S
    E€ *l+"1.= ali fltol olql +oJrl.
    /?l 6lEl- 9^.ol

    d Elrl, *r'- !r-._!-il,rl,+ i]'rl {}"ll 4l 'il !1.i.'€- et!;+oJ ol .-: d 1l q


    4;1;+i.fqiol qrl.tl +?tcl. 4+. ,;^f. 4116t F +^l +rj ,\']il]:..
    1l+'dfi qrloll
    = ^l.flh "-ll.]rlrl.
    (4) s$ 8n?l
    rr$ tl,'ttg ..1'lg. €'.li+.71,r'. dl'l 5+. tlil +5-. -,tl..d
    .].r. y;'ll -"=- zl-t; sli.?.H-{} I.,= !t-?l-+4lt+ lril€ H+ 9
    +jr.
    ^l €€,.g"Jal.-.-, C,9 il5'"lr,l .
    olql= trt: X!"J.L8X ti,rg.91:;
    ':+ *.r'J. ;C'S ?:rt. T]EI i}ag +oi +.J11.

    fg t\ 93 -J"J E+
    ol rJeJ:l 38l

    .l dErlrrll?.1 l, tre-!1rl .14 E

    rc lrloJ rd, 01541 ili


    ^lE^l
    214 \.''r'
    3l eoJ gzlel
    =5
    6}i} jib
    ,{ll7ll4-oE- +4el d4 E 5}g i.lel *E +rlls}.
    17171.
    =-
    -J"J -g"J
    "l"lE +r]lsl. ilEJ ^.iEla !l+el +7| E= zlsl a3lJ:3+.
    41.il ql6.l ,lqEE 4P-"J + gEl. +rJ. dJt rJelei ?;l=
    =rl5+tr
    7l=-o_g- g ull 6J'll--q +7td}. zlr& zlil E]4ldJ. ;LoJ ,(lilzlld}. .rzln
    ql z16l o e -+q El rl

    (1) +7f-*
    ;?I 4ltl4sE +qq:- 6Jsles. q/I .1"-lg elal e%l d+7l- +
    qd4 Frl 4 7lE+ +ql^ioll qld AAe SoJol^l 6J6l.j1 4l1lz]oJ
    eoJg gEJzle_,+ ztzl Eldzl 4"J1lEl..
    (2) trJill:Br
    ^lil
    4l* zlTlzl e_F, +4alq +7\zl zl el 99t _o_.'-+El z|gg3 a; r3q .Hol+. +=
    I,'
    :E
    El. ,l"l +41=;;ri1 -$zle] ++ ol l
    ^l€,3 4l+6l-r, ^l€-lr,ilil 4q F +"J6F{E+E€
    sl.\|z| $$alEg ";rll.'ll += 4ol .J'll4.l4. ge-'J *aoil
    'Jge 't
    cl€. r{C Eq d^t
    (3) B"J I
    ^lile(PA) c 44 +€ot -.lrt ;
    -J F7l 6la 9= EJ="ll zl q LI ei ol 6ll ':<l^lrl5;oll elsll oJ EJ g
    9l ,l E r15€ qcdotq t
    ^l I
    uJ:;€' ::611. r d.rl tsJeg tl8Jqi */li-liA +g 7l+.{ 96li +t|c Atr7lofl 44 !
    'Jil 6t4+, Ets +got
    q: 6}110lrl. olald dlElql^lel 6JDJ '3ts]el f-s,1,"i9 +g "cEg 6PtE rtEC +{ofl
    t
    t

    9l+g dlzlrlel g t
    ?
    ;'l+el 5ar "J+ql 4laJslq 9ji e%l d*:,:-$rl 5-gslol 9lq-= aol ^l'- - - I
    4. drl +t "l oJd.I L"J id ?"I 9l= 6J'il zlzl +^l 4lE= olrl _ ._
    elej 4itE' __
    ._ "16-kt ,
    :
    .'
    ...'.. *.''.-...-...,.' -- -'!
    z1;1a;-E EI_,fzl"J .le+? g + 9lEI.
    "J *"3
    (4) "JrJ-er

    "Jt e€gzl7l dlt ^l€=1


    zlll F4 7llg6l<xl +oJilts 6}0lrl.
    (5) +q xlcll(free trade zone)
    ^l?
    4lal +,c.J"J=g_ -J"J Ltl -F1l'+ ul+ql .^l+ y_q zlql (.+t/il 4+i
    zl9)_er€il5ln 9lqq..lg 4+4ee {l-6li}"rt4l ++g a,,Jqg
    ^lla^l7lzl n
    5ln XJ.q.
    .J{l4ss zt+ +E /lrlltr. €."J e-z}e} +^17} R4lllol +€
    "8t
    .l'+ +lFg R!31 _E-q zl+r-€_ +elol+.r. q + 9.lEl. eE'-J rl+ +
    I ^lrtl= "JHl "lTl zl${ $alrlol 9lE 6} t.el "J.d :lsl_o-E. dqt=
    .l F+ ++9 .rl;lzl 9*a "Jd]61.q !+E-:r tlzl E'i: 46lal + "Js
    q, .l ,'lE .ll"I^j E+ i4 gt"l !l-F+ tlil. 4S,* * /l*9;+q
    4l+=EJ + 9E Ll4el d:] "Jq qoll glalyl {}41 6J
    ^lqolq. +. :1
    crl .t:lle5,El alel+l TlEolela -J + *t:t.
    ' "'r:.lI 215
    6il9 Eqel alelq BJeJ^lE g+ 91tr1.
    goJel olgll goJ
    zdel 7lE T|lLlg 016|19 + ?]Et
    ?al L[a[ +9' 6Hgf E+ arJg rfe]g + 9lrl.
    =i^l

    1l qloJ E+ 'r goJ T€

    l';'.i' ;tlg e+
    1) 6119 tr=el 7ll9'
    6tl"J r;_+"ltl. ,8llo}el ol 8- *
    ztll€r 9l6J +q+4 rl€ zl 3-."r ytel'
    El. 6ll.)J .l;_.-Qie,:- alloJel ^d +,.. e{1. ,]J+,. rl.tj u; otlll?.1 ts€; /ll*5|-?
    qlE iiH. dJsl 4+-:t
    "l 8-;-l7l 916J 7l'tt ^l€+ ir+dl-: TltolEl.
    91 p1 u;rlrtl. y -r 4 ti"J,rlS. a.!9. ",1 6JSl dls Ezl ts aJRlel
    =€.
    7lP ^ld3l 7l-;-^|.$el +i+4 Alel .d4l ?L€ql rtd t"J. oJ.8-ol
    6 5 qd -rd ^l€. *11 ^l€. q6J ^l€. q+ 4St* ^il4l4lee 9l
    4l+ + 9l- 7l,lr ^lColl r[oJ. ./-+ i!"J .Fr] g-3-- d.l 6ll"J E+ +!g
    el rli $-4 "J
    ^ldlolL+.
    !Ltl-. 1l+ 6lloJilel xll6ilii'rl-,1 +l7d-:t.Lrd6lE rlH! ^l€-:i -F+3f
    '= iL 6llg',E+el rFg +ololl:f.

    2) +al Lfalol +e 6lls EE t^t


    +?l Ll4el i."";1o<} E+-;'^l='Jrl,jl. 9tq d€. +€ 5.Jr{l.zl
    +!q.1 ,;'^I. "J6-ll tlH E E^l +{1, +tl E qa} a.zl
    "+ '-,}zl ^lrj. ^}
    216 [ tf.] Irll
    E l\ -6 ?el rrclel +!l F ? eirlel 6+g +e

    4,J g€! dol 3^l I +s


    +tJ dg(gq 7.8 km, gnlrll 1.49 km),
    9tr14. srq(Eg8)
    =d 8gg{Sfe 7.9 km). BHB (PJH 4.8 km)
    0t19.
    g6ll tg 3rl =d, +tl BE4e(7.4 km),
    ^l6lirli
    96ll E^l Bz] +€.0t1e
    ol-J, q=. q:E.
    +|t, ola qc 5d, +tl oJAS
    ^lE

    "=llgt
    Br . ge EoJ. HJIfrll, olgfrll,
    sd E4l, 5+ril, afrll
    ^t€

    i. allgt'll.ll q ilz !_d ^l€ e-^l F€ -=.i. "Jq,. +,"" tr+ *^lel
    ++E i1.!.= ;r t\'-eir+ +r+.

    3) 6119 +4.=el "! 7l=


    =F
    ,*ol
    !l=;ll?F.fz,irel +ii-el +s ,1.d. 4.f, ?ll"J 9l
    6loJ r':g--o,l rll

    "l€.B"l4l ',++ +ii.6lq Xitl"'ti V.y1 E I\,-?,-l eol Ll':lB:i:9lri,.


    4) 6l{g3€ 8Hl
    6ti* i'.ri:jel ?1.r..3-+. t-1l 9
    ^l+ir."tl +ls_{}
    q*$ "l 6tl d.g.
    d.Bloll,L- o.l4 zf.<l z| glul.. E!7tlE.+_ g.e_q] ttslel +d_3_Ei*rl e+.
    I1 | 6lFl^l

    6JElc _3,_ ql alr+ rtl el !l .,J11 7l s_


    df -<l 9l
    ,6ltsl6lj1 --rr4],iel /l.i jrlilolLl ,J 4l "J.r,l
    t}oJ ,:i El€ 6lrc 4 "J C "l r+. rJ iloJ -o,l L1
    ^l
    €.tl {1el6}E''+ rilql:ei 4^} lti dil g i'
    1lE+ 5J 4L "Jl1. 6}Elzloll!-- rl4.l . Tl
    5J,.1 . +E-rl u'ol 9iEl. 6}ql
    ^ltlolLl 6lloJ
    :13:+el rll+gE-|, -6'^l i.^llel +*"rl ulsl
    +16-l el r|91sl zl -Fol 4 al
    '1. $tel { olr,._
    eol 4 € b'-r+ szJol *^lolj a.|! rl_ir "Jr-.,
    9.lcl.
    "rrllol
    .tr9 l\ -94 *Et.tr
    ^l lt-*q]
    elEia'l,rd r,1,9_

    5-g 3!6}: 4ql.il.lEl.


    s N-7 0lg "l Tllg Eofoll EIE 6ll"J +!Eq e+

    '+S^l :E64], 7l+q, q+ l g^{


    .oi* 4t+ ifl+l rH . ol8 4c .sal 21ts

    'q+,4l+g l^ld ' iflfl 715 ^la


    'rE4 : 43 ollt
    . qa q8' 6il9 gg .fl+.E+ 71ts
    ^t€ -^ldel +e "i ullilel 5l4rl
    .
    ++ l : EJS+ 1. egrf4l iti+{
    . 419 EE 7lA Xl+t ^1+
    ^l€
    ,
    "J?i 84, s4, xlg itifl .a1+irl rlg 3* 7lb ^ld
    .n€q
    .+l+.u[+ 7tb
    : 4".^l ?AE
    ^l€ g++ .+col 4qE+e ++^{ +^Eol
    .dt+
    ^td exE . 7l+Elee R4g
    .Eq gd
    . gd ol o{Llrl E* 713 . +9^l : +e.^l 0{L1rl Es
    .4el ,J{ ^ld ^l
    E
    . gE qlLlrl oEi T|eel .48^l : qlqll 0l8A ,J441 .i"J.
    .€ oJ eEil^ld
    gE
    ^la qefst 38^l ofiqrl ss Tlil
    . 6ilF 96
    ^td
    'gt!, 89. Ae Erl .5d o|lg 7{C 7t+
    ^lA .+? l:+Ei4+I!n
    i5 .€* .6ilr1 EILJ. EqE . goJ 7la
    .3€al : H$t{|, o-14, !9, {li. €+!
    . rEl +E 715

    AN
    '6118
    'llol5 . 6llll tllolE ol|A .+e oEt
    .0pEe4 34lg
    .
    4R Bl= 'aqB+97 *
    ^l€
    .
    4TlE f lrll rl8 Ei! . rls 7lb ' 4lrlB Bl+ ?r€

    ' 61lrl rllolB olld . 6Fl q'J^l Bt+ +48


    .c.J ds 5z! .dg
    ^ld .a€ . 4a .,6ll.J
    iAE
    tls -ryJ
    'EilEgd € . 7lu
    .eoJ
    ^Fl ^l€ "f +l+.r+
    .4l7lE F7l8 'Fd.0A dd ,H ^ld
    ' iil+t{t, H^tt {!!
    ' +€al :EE T:!E, ol*
    4134ollo ld . llelq, 1j8 ?q ' 6iloJc +g 715
    .a€{ : {lI, 4tl fAE
    ' doJcl, 4|^ed

    . ggj 0Bxl
    ds a,J . 68 E^l '4+ 7lE .++^l : 48 E^FS:tAl "i +E^l
    '45 Z+
    . 718 . 6|td p4"J
    .
    +9 1 rg+ +ol
    . r.qqB 7tE ^AH
    ' a€4{ ; ll'l T4=
    eg grl .Eel
    .BNoJ ' 6119 +1+ !ll+ 758(4018 aloJ)
    .a"J 6119l lrE g{1^l€ 'fl+. tsfi+ 7tts
    4g ge cd . grll 215
    'Sd 9] SA llol 7lE€ nelal 4E
    ^l
    .sd +g +4E 4141 lllil
    7tb
    .d4r{ 4q 5l41rl
    ^l^tse]

    218 Il. "=tlg {lg


    ?il. Ll+ "l ^l'Ill:€ Er. EJt.
    oll?l .elil(toNing \\'rnch), .J/.1 +l-"'
    9!E+ sl i.l 5el +'* j,J,l.-el t3- 5+ €Hlii+ ,li,rr 9lrl.. rrl:a
    ]4ols €:el zl ,rf!l$ u,|{l4l zl .ilg} + 9.1L. .-.{L-3i *{;}ul 91a1q ,,'1

    tl-= tl+,Y-4 lll;l6l_u ,i:+oll +rj<'l ,.],'J y1/rlfi /lr.l-Iii-.:. slol 9lEl.
    (3) rlll 8l^l
    rll:1 H|?.1+ +{lri_sl ll-+j -o,g fii? -lJ.."ll 5-3. ++oli i.!+il"l
    El..,J,g- iirlj u,l^j-3j iJU.l,jL. elg EJ,llE Urll dl"/l glall Cj/.3 t!+
    ,?oil rrll Sl,/, .i.,ll"l 9jg 6J *"illi l;q A .i ?l e-:1 it.a,--, 1
    I o=|_a

    +-"1 1!6J-o-g !1.'l 9.lL'1. lE. rll €-q ++z'l illi(noating cargo)9 EJ
    .161= ?+qlrj o;lrlllj rlq 9l<,1 iL_tiie.r El.rtlal.d ol
    o j,1- +l.l_o_j,-,
    lir .e"ll= ?Ll+!ol ri'tl 9l"ll 9.lul.. ::rlrl. rr.?: i!* rrlzi gloll Fl rl .<jl.rlLl.
    -l-rl zl"I ]---'J- i|lrll:E r?,aloll i.ig +il."l.
    al<,l dl?l5il,El ql'J,qlqlts.
    q ,,lil:, fl6l^l-lrl9s4q ?.r+ig ++^l7l* ''J'll*
    ^lg.;1,11 +14.

    lg [-96 ++]^l rlll ut^l

    (4) C+3 Blxl


    rg l\ 97 I]+3 ulrl
    6ll.J 4l,fi- tt+-"1 ,tl",l r;3i 3q] ?,C
    el oJplotl^l Kl ril-"lq +rl114zl <{lic 6fol

    tl+^l-71 i: uf,<lol rl..


    fll^l el /rlrJol r: .^_71 I . H_ (skid bcarn )

    -,-=i t;l otoj rllZl€ j',1l 4 ol56l-_11. !,-


    ^l
    z]zloll^l.i-- _r -{..j rr} r} nlrzrlzl 41 6l-()l
    Tl+^l71 4l +lrjl. i.li. ul9],3- Billru rd
    -rel uJl4 -/:-f: -f,*€ _.,,11;lol Hl?.I+ z
    ^l
    ^l?l
    ,F. !E-,-.-1'l.,i.,lg ol*;lq
    tlil i'3
    li.3i Hl"{1.,.{ El l,l , ' il.(l 'tl .J}E}

    .: 219
    Itr\ 471,\l xlo{rU
    ('J .lli: 7t:'f] Fi.i.el Llq oll .-ll.(l g'el
    ^t7l ++ol
    1 el
    ^l
    ii.€, +yl ilse il+^l/.] lq.eloll+ 4'li.el g 6.!_:] *zl gE
    +i o+_r. ol:'^lqlc.*4.S=s -61-,J
    ^14 ++^1il *Eije
    4l?l
    C.tl e1a1^1 cqlo,lll= zlBColr-}. ol-i-4+el dll* E+ +
    ;'fu| alloj r^l=-j +8J6l7l +l fl 6ld ^loJ Tlzl.e^l 7.q
    ^l
    + '34l.ql ol $qq e"lrl'.1, al+ql}- ul Bclth)sl
    ^l ^(sca
    ?ltl. ri_zlel 7li */'l rr.j4 ?lg dJ-ql +^lollh 4 j-zl!-_q
    g'8-!ln'JEl.
    (6) 6llat 341"J

    rg l\ -98 *,J4 .t -a"r,lloJ ol *6lq* r3:9€ 1lj.^la +l c9lzlql glal^l


    gEll a 4.$. ?'6i'iel EI?l el il:t 6}ts + (les)el Lll ur= zlLl= I oJ-
    ^I
    (pile)€ rloil El€'"J-El. rl.g. €.1 -6i- +45'ol ,1d ElYl iTll?l o-s,
    ail

    u'irN6|ol /-?:E dil+ eJs^l zrl. 471 ++


    '1,"1^l !,+- r,4.1+-i
    (sell'fb:,rting) {-''-'lel FZr*g €;l dllsi ql/'l =lgl?9.e ad^lZl +
    slli.:.= g4l dg,lol olil^l-lrl. +4iiol L[ aJ n]!l"l ?ol'1.
    ,i_oll fl o

    +11 -Fg,.r oJ6I. 6|LI5l- ?l*61?l olfl .<',- a ?--:- "l= 2 ill oli]-"-s, E-
    9.ll .taJ.F.','lL-e ++6lq €il 6llolel dil*qlr.l ?,6+6I4Ll -lrJ+
    r:l *ol gel.'l-* HJ:/..] :t L'.o!l6l.4h aJ4.

    :re [ 99 .-ilA aillEo]l sl6ll A^lEl.:6[2] ?dF l3 \-100 :.allEolL !l-J 4lol+ lJil 4l?l

    *U 4E
    1) agJ a€sl 7l= 7|'|E

    6J'Ie- .i191 -
    l el ,il -o-l Ell /.-] lEi j .J -t 4 !,e el d-u el q r}g "+q- d F+€'
    qrtl6l/tl d r+^l7ljL. j'"i L,l* :i ]'.ljiel fla, ,l;g +6J;l.r-.' 1l:i:ol

    220 l\ :;' ..
    rl .:;. {Lltol ct} 11.6}?ti
    d'116,| + 9]i iril sl {f-:,. /.lLl'r 9li-. ,tsrlql
    +/'lrl FIEI tl+dl_n 9L1l;l/ll ill Ll]:l .i 1J.,r, .ltiel +,]rl .nlir.
    rL 6u a o:l o-r, +++ + 9J.= i5- o.t ,j,il fl. ? 91.i. 1..1.
    ^l1li,l. ^l
    "trl i] r=-_9 ^l€3 7l ,;1 ,;1 ."r '3-.jlr:}. rrl cl^l , l.trrlol d\'l ;1i-- *rl. ul
    rl eI sals €a-l= /,lgol 6.r 'tlel 7ll{ -.o.:j: /l- !lul . ol?l'oJ .r:?l"ll "J.

    "tg .J+ d9 i.,.,.a]1. ,J€61: li :,:. dJ 'tr {laJ olrl-./ +L}.


    ^l

    2l a"Jel ,l=
    +Yl+.,r-EC r.l1|rl iliig +"lql^l Hlrlj,,.. HlEl"ll ,.1 -izlr. ++;l
    : cr+^1 3.1 oJ !_ql il {l ilolL,l f rtlrl .or,Ji3- t i'Fel 5,t 4lql o_,,

    rl-.114. ,ilrrlol t'rl-dl-11 S.J'"1 jl l'.,16lol r+i+el rl jlal . 9Ld.


    ^l?l
    ,;14. c 4;l'tl Yl ,? elErj. .li 101 ,3, 'i-71<,lrl .

    +s! Ll]el c'l?l .{tol lJHl5lol ?lolrr 1 HI-ii _ql ,Jf.r,l. :;,l ro. i.,;
    .,.1

    it: ^l €el :dlcrl +7S-;l.r,rl. .\r7.l"il d!lg ?J.,Jl.-q ?l;r,. +i:.1 yl


    .-l9f + ?Ll,l. 6]ylql! +l;;l_.-, il$*e ftl {}.1 r,_,,i. dJ'i}_ol e.l "l rr,:
    1r tsl telql el dll tll:+el +,.1 -"-l ,,1-E 7ll:;,ol 4l.I€ 1J.: C +,rl '.2'El
    ^l
    1rlEs +/.tel r1''t 4ltJ"1l 9lol ,.J '..j .,,rjj' i- fr-el dil-3- ?J,il'oll ',.'] !.-
    A }igl iJ-19ll- .;lL|.

    2l ol o lol 4e
    -J'.ll-: sl"lr+ ?lrt. rrlJ+ zl.rlel afoJolLf !ztl 'lt ,.]-nl
    '.i f:e E,
    _o,l qr,lzl9l ,e,,i .qlql,.l t{r.lq. "l $ :r,l.ll r+el tsii..}l urtt u}.or!l

    rg l\ 101 +al

    n:..,r:1il
    (1) SE(commercial harbor) lEts
    +q"*
    +E q}"Jol4! 6lq "J',J 4E 9 q'4C rll^]ge al= a}.lEl. qq
    +q EE E.ll 4144€ +E.l+ 4e-a, 4z16a311iner harbor)4 P
    dzlcaJ(tramper harbor)9E LIE + 9lq. +4 "l4E ql{4.J *
    dJg +t!+ oJdol4.
    (2) O8(fisherv harbor)
    qc.l
    €.J. dE6lq q5l€.c *+alr ol49 ++61=.+
    +e^i qqlBE 4+9'JE4. ^Elxls
    (3) E9-*(industrial harbor) lEts tlg--J

    "J6ti
    .JzlE 8*9 9t gtltrLl 4l*el +4"J9 6ll^J ++!t ^dc
    gFg oJ6il+otl^l Fi+t ase arJ, sl€t *Bel F+ tBE .J4 e
    rqojr|. 9oJ ElEltJ, i.iA_6J. ,!et}, +riltJq ilsq ole+ Ag -Jql=
    d+ El€ -?+71 914.
    (4) rl'J-d(ref uge harbor)
    4**zl glfr 4 iB
    CElq q+"1-e Aul6lTl 9l6J 6}"lq. elgg
    !! -?4= g"l'-l q'4E +rJg 6lzl e*=q.
    (5) 49"*(quarantine harbor)
    dlqe+El dgBol Eqs= ag"+71 96lq c"-lg "J^l +t4"J
    { 4q ^l,Jol 9l= 6}_o-s 5ql|qlts d.lcl. el+ *99 44at= 4aJ
    ' Tllgol+, E+!+el
    €cot qaEts s oil^.l= _a n'lS]el "J+E AqnJse 6l= a"l "*El.
    ol4. zl4 E+"J .,Je g^] 7.J(military harbor), 9E6}(yacht harbor).
    SE B#n}(bunkering harbor), *6J(air port), +g-6J. alloJ 4lg 7l
    zl. +^l+ Tlrl Erol *q.

    4) goJ acel rld


    6]"JE €41 4Ag serElq F_.l4sF- 4el4E :g iv_1024 A
    q. rgql^l !-E El4 4dla zig =d.il^j
    rJol , "Je,r€4 71ts39
    +ql5+6171 glql tltel Ell^lel
    "Jd ad "l SldC 4E7t 7l+ a+
    'Jrd
    A"l?+ €-+ ilEt

    ,i: E6 qt+ o{el Llalq 6H$ Eq g^t


    g
    ^lolE€ a4l4q dl* E+ +qlel
    /l'i"l rl6lq ofolB{.

    N.lorre
    gq 695,4C 4d
    aql 4+ na, ds+ 96g

    rls(azlFel rl! "l +el


    +71), 89, .fl4 aal, rj€

    rlg, Ei^|, 84*, +e!+

    7tn+E 4? BS,
    rlel 498 Eol

    rg [--102 BEq €11 +^1

    +c E+e -fl* E+ s.l zl+ril +.tlgr+ +dg E+ 7l+ B"t=


    "JA=q. ol Bolol^l= q+. "ld}, q+g €416l= :-rgsl g..91n|g
    ,,,1

    ^l€9l Zlq. €4, a€g *r+6l= B+4 i tlq.


    916J TlHJ 6J

    Q u*+ gErxr=€
    q"]4 4qal=
    =d6l= sl= el*491 ?ac€ dl+ql FoJilq
    61

    eB€ a46ln qql+= +d6lq. qq Ej'+E:"=9 f XIE ElHg 7l


    e4ei-;ll44q *4.
    "J* q:-= 4l*gE al= +t 5€9 +d, Ea. +dg +4eE.
    6l.b
    ^l€s,(l Alq4es uN;lal-{
    ol} 4E{zl.el 4€. qqg +4. +
    al€ qgg ngsl= 5:-sg i golol EJq. rEfl, {* qi 44E €
    EIL+ r7l= a^J ilqE dl"J +4. +_g rtl*
    ^JE F.l 4+ =Csil")
    3. "|1oJ
    tr+ t1g ZA
    ol8 7llC
    6llq ga

    ol8 . 84alel 4c(zlrl)el _qd

    fg it-103 old dEtlxl 7le sE9


    ^89

    + 6la. +iJ4 uN:l zr9lotlf 6[qe] +?l +reel 4\q 7l\-6vl7l nq + €


    .39 qot(sqot)
    Ell4l€r a^d dJ oI itEl.
    + Bil"J qolel e0l,
    qolE ol€iE: dol ol + ^lJ:41el s. ir.3r s-ol zl ;fl ^1= -f eJ lV 103qlil el pol allel
    rl
    "o-l
    ?l: €^l€t qol 6ll"J +*!+-3 alelElq, ol= qal "i q+ ,11,J zlqj+ 9141+
    dEolalelcl.
    'F_ ^1.
    rflel zli- lLll!.}€: E!.;'llo| all, o15 z'1 E $el rll!]-si r4 6J + -ru
    ^rg
    9E+ Fdqqot Q-lEl.
    ffi +*t E+ +=Eet dg
    ail"J taE<al rllql z+* d€ Tleg d_d_4-o-.e 1950Eqlql ol-=-rl
    ;ll4 4i+ rl€lel ,il"*r+ ?l4l g+6l "Jdllflrl. ol*l+ TlAg €-+61
    24 I!'. .f .-' trg
    ol .l] oJ 2,1 {lel <,1,<1<ll rlr.j + <,ll i,r,l . 1l ;'
    il | ^l ll li * .ll r'! i: ill . ul. rl . ^l .fl,el.
    J

    +l'i +el ".-?.1 ! ll ^l il, 'oll I n.tll,


    .l+ tl,llril iiel irll {l 11, 11 fi.}l tf,,l.
    /.1

    'i'' j'r'-'l 'rzl t-,'f il ," ,'rl-f,- '!l l' i' ''l ',1.

    --,^l + /l 1l il :.1 1lrl.. rl_tl . rll .,J rr,.

    illel l;1 3r ol-*r-! rrl fi r.l fll dtJ .il.J iloll


    el.J .l] il .t,.il 'll .'ll 'il f-^l-ql lf illi 9l
    irr tl.ll !lr,_ lj.rl
    jrdr.l rrJ.i+: q-tel \'-.lll .f il'oll lg l\ -104 oi=Jrf (}l

    \1 t, j'.t.t; lr i:tlal.ol , il al ll :1,,r- (,1191.]c1


    .11 .'il 4l 'Jql "l zf rl'71 i . r'l r., -f €r
    rl .l
    i -.++r1 i r:ii €. /l i,11,.r, 'J|
    il 4r I .,ll 1l ,,ll .il.cl-o.
    'rr
    r. fr, /l l.J

    ri+iol 9l tl .

    +?l/.r ,i jr"J .r._Li,i-oll .l Fll+ i! ;/l r.l ,llzlr+


    r!?:.i+oll:-j ul ,,1 11

    ilol 'l ;ll ;ql ill l-..1 _r gloll r._i-,li3i:l ,l.l+ rril /l rl. tl"/lql
    '+ rjl:r..11 -ll.i.:l- i..,,1 +:',,rllii.lcl illl il !r.l* 'ril.tl:' 1i
    ,jtlyl .r+4
    .ii4r^1.,1
    9ll'l.. rl,l r.l i' /,:r.l- l'_- rr'-ji/ilel Lll .rl ?L ,* rroll (i fl <r :r'l;';
    4l'J,-J ?o,r,:_. r,tr6.cl ,tl ti rlt r.l orr.: r'lal 7l ollrli', ri 4lel ol.E,i+ -c
    9:; {zl ?-l j. lll-:1. rr},.1 i1l rr-1,:el -Lr.rl .ri,o(l r;- ''ll li z1l?lql ,'f 'n a,l

    :l ;,- 1-;i.ir,. 1l ,1.,-.1:. .;l.l.r !.lrl


    /.1
    ^l'1i.
    tr€ r.l -ir:l-,o oll.,J ,lll,i +!'rrl /.1 .l 71,,,. *i1 .1.,1 ';l <l .l't} iilll
    irlllql :l-: !1. 'lJtN ,tr ,J rl tl4 cllol crl .1t1. ,li i,:- 1l ]+'rr !. llrJ. i;ll
    "J..rlil,,rl +l"l9l ^l
    _.,1
    4ylol.ir..'l,tt ?l ,7Iil.,!;tl"i.tl rl qii,:.1 1.f{f ,.1

    +rl ^}+. .i.Er.,l. /.1 I EJ+,.i1 +ril li rtl .1;l:L +'l Jl ol..,l /llll 1l_o r,r_ q
    .i:!rti:J.9 yll.l.-l+:
    '.1 F,!a+ {l rl dl / ?11 ,:r,loli,l,./ ,il'.i. ,o.lll ,.1

    .la l\ 105 9= oli

    ai{F

    -. -'-:t'"^ -'

    225
    6HoJ 4la.t
    t?
    dHg 3flrl 611g 3E|l +*oil rllEl 7lE^l91 7l]L:= 0 6l]g + ?ltrf.
    6|1g a-EE o! ellrlel Bgdrl oJ 4lr6ln. ?al=el dEloll 4
    =9d3

    I qts $rJ ttg

    ffi 6[g Ea
    t) 6fls elo I

    dll* =flq
    +tle ^J
    ule+ .Jd "Jts. Ht
    rJ 7lt.o_s^l HlElTl 9l:_ s.,,lol
    Elzl ddf/l +lS. Bl.rl.el- s.€-61=.3.A,*+.1+ g i 9.14. .'tl*:, e
    ?,lcl6l= L,Iqli'. Ll sJel dJt ^l€, a'loJ.tl"l ^l€. *rl4l -F4 e--el- -J-
    t el+ ^ldg di= *t3l6ln, q€ d+g ._qzl o ,z -J olaJel il1'}d
    4 4* SnlE tLti'l6l 4Ll, E^lel 6N++d ": +H atloJg dBl6lq
    ++.J.i'l ul+ 9l dJ +^1, atl.,l dErl .*9. ile q* €._"1 .=^Jol 9-3.61
    El. olr,i+ i+rl +7]7} 4-3- # .l szl+ql^l _llEJ .E-F 6tloJ +€.lel 7l
    !c-,"i zlT) *tolrl,(f "J lV 10tj).
    2)6ll$ EAq rd
    (1) 7lE41"J .r.ai
    ^lBt
    ;]l* J-g* r .y,-1lrl zl-t'ol oll* rlo};fs e _l +€ *B.l'l rid
    E El*6141 fl € f! .i 9lEl. ilrlLl 71 3-4 " s: 4+el 4 ^lilql qldl
    dE9l +erl "Jtl.
    Zfi l\ ;'l;i li
    rg l!-106 5e 6l|€
    dg *fl

    O "JxlE CE : ol+zlel "Jel€. -I-gel +715- ^l€r+ +E Algr+e] €


    4l € I n"l5l"l Zl!l 'dJ'trf .

    @ Elrlelol nJZl : Hl+el * ++61 l.? f .JE ntlul E 6l *!l


    "ll"J ^l€
    el
    d+ *4€-44.Jc+.
    €) sa raoll 4E! uHal :6llo}el 4"1 z'.4..1^Jel d'& ,ad. +
    =/J.'l- . AlColaJ,IIXE
    HleJ 5 7l+ gz3 arl-:r "a4 6lq ,+]El ga flts 4lEr{ g
    ^l€':t alel
    (2) gxlel 7lE rld c *54 r!48 g
    6tl* +Eel €4lE ral I\r-107olr.li] rl oJzl 3^1. ?l P- +t. ,lE-
    414. 7l+ €41. €^l €al 5 Eld zlzl zl!.rlaEq- 4?l 3^Ji!Ei.
    0) "J^l r^f : "J zl 3^l: 214o1u| $dlal "J^l 6ll'J zle:lel ^l.il aa.
    ilE "J 6ll"J -a<1. oJ+ 4/J E-? zi^l6lc4 oJ4-ol ++^Jg ,J eal+
    *zl"l+
    c2) 7l+ +3: *ilel 7l9-491 7l'colLl- HlEl.e}el d* 9l 'l]
    71ts r'*-3-
    * *4!=: d6l= 4ee ,]lH €al "J2l4a5-- slEl. €21 ,ll'Jg A6l
    71 9l6tl^l -z Erl9 5^l +]".1c 2lq 6l-ir- 9j.= 4elel ^]-el .,3Elzl
    glil =
    tsr9 F,9.4l;,61 X?6I LltEl

    €) 7lE Zl-: : 7lP Ale.r-3- 2l'l !ll+9 +4l1l.o-i- 'li.o--i:- -g fli. i' as
    E, "J=q. EZ'l "l 6lsl .l+ zl'Jg rJ{r._.il ji€8Jr} -E-^lql, €s{
    ule| f -a-99 trJE Esi rq 4 q. 7l elg . 71 1l -il lra 6JEI.

    @ 7lE €zl : 7lg- €zl= 'l-3-


    4lq9 7l1r-. E^l t-*9 e;.liL 5'-1lel
    e€olr-l Ee, *61+E. d7l -E- TlHlol !l= aq 4E"l'+ €-dJ €g
    d6|= 4.1q.
    o !^l €zt : -4 4l *^ls; r++5l-71 9l al ^l: d- ^l d zl,* €r-J d 7ll^J /t
    +dtlq.l drl. g^l €Al= +^l al 4lql ad dzllr.r4 dB^l Fel
    € 2l Eil == '*"rE alB .l rl.
    1 .t/l cr^l rlg u
    F

    l
    l

    4+ A^lBle] tE I

    _-T-
    de|Esc
    ------r-- I

    €xt4 rtd I

    f,g lr-t07 6il.9 *a E q zleq€

    U lv..ils tlg
    6 qs s4 Ets
    4.J 4Ell +*e +I+r+ 9gol fl.ts ..g44qs 7|il7l 9l:i €oJ
    +
    zloil^i ol+q4= ++olq. ++xlel zt€ *4 "i 4q srl.il rtl6J +
    C4 €dlg 44El4l. 4€ Ha 4qg +xl, gd^l4zl 96J +"Jg
    4qa1q "15 7]q ^IFl"il +g*ge441 xl€ !-€oil 7lq6le {*"14.
    ..dEx *+ +l€!-e=
    "14 aF ++, n4 +9,
    ol^8 F4E ++, A
    g g+ 4 4lg. 6l+ +il ++, iI€ qE €.ol 9lEl.
    "le+ ae ^JF{ +
    *e +*,-l.l zld 4€.il d+g + ilE+ 6lr, Frlql zlt *23*
    +.I+alzl Y+_e_q zlgg.i*6l.E *Hc 4l^ldl i.q. a.la,
    ^19 ^iE,
    F.Je 5 Ee-z1g z,1g s-E 4+s zl{t}{ z}$ S+, el€ gE, +
    + 4€q ru*g_s 9+6l7lE t4.
    +5.i+ ,olFlE F g+ s^l {q.l +q*zig +Ag llA o e EfloJ:
    ^JEll
    *+ *{}o e g+qa 9q. q€rJ 6l7qE a4 gaE +l,t I
    ^dElel **
    gEl. 6F +il ritsl. 9 Bd Lqq ,JElq! fl4.

    l. +el +ss|| ?IE 4g Bgg dq€l!, dg eset qEoil 44q gots4.


    Z ntg Sq g2l4ollE olB AEol sgsltsxl E^14 84.

    O qg Ertrt $Eet Ee.€4


    =eg
    ul4et d6lE^] +4i'}I "Jg tgsl6lts Ae q"J+ +^lr+
    =7iE
    ^:e= 849 qt}, +B.l al"J xla}4 E+ +gC slt zl<l tgqr+
    g + flEl. dlqc +rls Elq + 9C q HlElql ql+ ^lEl4 Fzl
    I zttl= "Jd+ + gltr., ul4ql=ArltJ Fzlzl ilg ql ^irl4 s+€ "J
    +^la i g= zl+ 7n"J"l r+sal 94. qel*.Jg "J+c Fall itl"*
    4 orls 4rr
    ^]s
    rg t\ 108 rg \ 109 i!E.{1.'-l

    lal t\ 110 ai rg \ 111 lzl 1i$l

    ?11
    Jl rl a11""r' t,rl-ol .1:
    ii-.ol r?ol /.1 1l !l ri , ol z;l ol ul.r,r- ;lloJ, /l€ te
    E.J,sl ,l.l+ ^l ,:Lilol rli-- lolrl..
    "-ll?l ill
    rl
    1.191+ !l ril.l- ,$1!,r1 11-59 9l q] E-6J -ql '.iof rJ njr] 9l
    ^l
    e-l ',i: Pr.l :, 1l ,i ii.i+-ql ,il o_ j,1_ 9l .l ,i1..- 41 ,l 3 += jL, ol ;= f,.aN al

    ".1 /ll ?lel {llj:,.ro.. ilol al+1]


    o_i!. ,tl ?l 1l i. ?l ril.--. tlqlrl ?.s-J "ili
    _qlrl r.' 71. ll L:1.

    6[oJ rllri +!gel


    =F
    LrlLl.i l, /l.,rl ?l .tl'll il! -r:.,1 zl 9lall ul zloll ;llt +?lrl 4+
    ,11+',il

    Ltl ll ?t 1til9l?l Ll iilll -;ql $. L:i.


    ^l llol
    ol g 6f7l
    "ll?, ? {}_3. 4l1lql
    .''l ..1
    ^l il 'tl:
    .rr' iir.l
    ir.,ri,l- dJrtel i,ll t Fg. tlcrl {l rn} 1"1.1}!g- zll
    /;-J 6ll iJ ,O.,,1, all-; ?l r-rr. oll t 'Jtl. illl'l hl^l +?1. 4+ 4lzl 1l
    ^l
    € i,8,aJ 9lrl il /.1 aII Dl_rl r+[il: ,j)
    ^l iJ F"] 9.lL+.
    aN.,J . ,.j ,,11

    all.J 9l ',1 il 4l i. ;ll l.!i.-3 91fl . 'Jlfl. sij t1.1 5]9 9ld .i.l€
    ,J
    r-edgts +d ,sr-d a1jr. i* lzlr+ ^lrjJ, hi^l E-E 6ll?I +lqg
    +l c]
    ^l€, 4gtl, *fl, n'J. .l?71, +zl4-Fq +d ^l€?i _Etl6l
    : .zor6J4oJ 4lzl Tlzls^jg d49 zlzll. ilt. zl+ -E-el ,Jd ^l€s.
    +E-;'l 4ee- ;1; +*.14. ol i.dlg tltlzl lp,s *r+ El
    4"I "*iq"t+ts+4l3lEl7l rll5-4.l : iP=* !]E^l gtrr6lzl= *:-4, _r
    7l;419] H|alql El4 t gl'Jel ".lH ?ol7l sztl gas3 4
    ^l€.21. ^l.g_
    9lr. a1q]e] q-S s€E *tg Erql + 9l+.

    S) qs^g*
    .il* }ga= r+ }.s_=B qlzl tirl E4l6J +
    1\i-11241 _H-olts
    Al?a' zl4l.4.;1* z=:tz= +al *"J 7l+ ++ql ?]ts _ge- A7l. El zl
    gtslg. BEJ EtolHJ. .Jeq.4q4
    ^l€. +^1. +g +.1 4=
    =€"il :g+€
    )-A?.71 CF4oJ ags+El a-Eql ol z7l./4,! El.J6lrll
    ^ljr,+
    +Ela 914.

    .'. E* 6-l+ : oll3f 33 ,/ll -J


    ^l
    Il 6il$ Sg ${ ,llg Eg

    dll"J *+
    Flzl-- 6l"i+. _H__E-Eol. +,t !=71. L+^l Er E}oJ,+ 6110} ql
    salollol^l+ 6'J + ?1ts Al 41 €el +Brl"J +* F-= 4qpJ "J
    ^l€
    .',lEl.

    zilg aJEllS +t'J..{el d4g *dd}4 Elt,Lll dll++z}.C. u}zl+e.


    +El":eE, i'++lul. E"J"il 9lE EB glei zl+E rl}4LI6Joil +6t-2.
    4)+r_.q^1 1l6d +oJ dtl"J +'J EJ?l= +i+eg
    ^ld}6lj1 94. e4l
    6I

    * +* 'JrlsE ts"J glal 4+7t 7I*qgr.. 4l+ +8,, 4+ 7Js. dtl


    'J 5l€1. 4l? ^dt-s EJ47I ,llg +q "^lq.
    E 6il$ $C E5= ela d+el HldE eqsu, EIE EtEqt rfl6tq g
    ^lget
    0lgrl.

    1,5LJ elaf rl+ 4d


    ^lg
    2. 6||"J €d Ag E+€S
    ^fg
    3. 9'Hl5' dEl 4C
    ^l€ ^l+ ^tg
    4. 5t! 6[S a{.c.5 $rl 4d
    ^fg

    / .t.J 4t {l Lg
    6116 F*($zid, qzqd, sE)
    6l|= ffa(84^ llE ,6ll= dss)
    qg a+ 40J, E40ls, +4+, 8JES

    ad dg SE Es+ T|EJ =il4E 5q


    4d 4g Hlil galE, ^lolEB I

    4xl +fg, 6fi9 Bil aq,


    f4+, E€-+
    0lulE a-{
    + 41 tl4, g6t8, EJEI, +71(471) |

    +lEl, e+ +d 46 EE.s€ dJE7l, qq, Ad I

    fl4 .ig, g? . i.q


    s+ ' Elel I

    6l+q, El547l, eeil 8"J, 4g


    Eol, 9Etsol, 6il8 'Js

    i{E qg fl ,J4rlofl^1el 52ll il{c, SilEJ .

    d4 ct+ xl?!g 5 i{a olg

    g
    ^19
    E?B eEl EE, +d .\71, rllal ^llgaJ
    r+g ^19,
    sE 4ge,
    ^1"
    rl+
    40lg ,.2 rl0lg, ^?q trlolg
    EeEaJ, -,J^l, r,tHt9.l

    ci
    6tu H^1,=.j] +f^l

    flB(iftt*), ++

    fg ll-112 6lloJ 4l^l tgel EF

    ll. ;H?i llg


    *"u 0{94 7lt ...
    S4g +4ss +t} F.IEC :l+l Eb .{q6}E ^}g
    'l g
    "ls.1e+
    ilq. qgel *!+ts ril+cel ++, e4:1. += "JE. 4g %L
    E, .I4 +4 iils 5ql E}4 qH4. qeel '+ce- "lt *4, d.l. qEel
    r}alE zltl4(pp.116- 120).
    0{84 0{+ ... qe 68elE 6}e +e'+ "}Hc qBq4 4a ^}+6lE
    E+= q+4 *El. qBr+ "l+.lts szl+, af.5+. +{f,g+, g9r
    99. ${:EF. C:18F, qd ol++7} 9.14, q+el r||Eolts !i^14 r
    gol +s
    "l*94(pp.121 - 132).
    +4 qalel +e olg ... +4 Ll?+el +s olB oE q€lEee s4q
    "lg, +il q9, BE{
    qg. Eil 49 5.1 9r. €33n qgqE *iR d"}
    qg. €!"J qg €|..1 9.1s4. {.} qEqE s€ qg, 4
    "lg, zld IloJ"J
    +ol olg Fol 9Jcl(pp.133_ 138).
    o{Eel {lEg drll $g '.. ol99 zl44"l.a oJd6}iil gd^14 L}7}71
    qB Clr
    916ll^l E
    "lg zl€g HE6lts zlS +4€ olgol ol+qdot 6lr,
    €- E g+61q. dl.* +AC sdslE^i €9rll "1z1o} t1s11pp.138-141).
    +A! gqe.l 7Ie .'. +t ^Jcg +E.g s]€r ol3 Ael^l 4+ol4 7l
    El +4"I
    "l+g + 915+ 5le'Jg +t'*^lq4 +4. "JAc 471 +l6x
    .=!s t!+ atlol *rl(pp.141- 142).
    ^le ^J "Jdg
    +C! g^lel BJH ... +^} FEC tI ilE 8i.6lzl goi^lE 4e+ ^l€
    "J.I^l g^149_a E+61ts +.Jg nflot 6la. Eg4"J +"Jg 94^.1ts +
    oJ qldalil €rldilo| d4(pp.142-158).
    ^l€g
    $^la Ea .,. 7lE]4 "J4+ +A _c"J.{b ce-14. 5}a}4, dE6+zl +
    a soJol 9,lr 444 .J4+e +e4 g+9 4+ tse.I. g'Jg+. *+ t
    4 €el +a =,9 ol 3lr](pp.158- 160).
    gg4qol ,". "*4"1^l€.J'+E.l=Sa sSl'+qgq 4+?st-s
    "J +el 614.14. .ll++el "}4 E€e 4gtE Es q$ql"JEE +q "}
    44ts A+7t *ges oJ* E[i] ^]E+ ^J,tlEE g.Jr](pp.161-163).
    c5!+ 4{ .'. "}4 q+7} dBq 444 qE qel 4^l 544"J {+
    € lrolTll qs.e dBg ++. dll4 ^J€ F"il ri4 +e+ zl'4ol flqol 6l
    J.. dB9 4ry4 {tral rll+ Ell4.1 "'l+"14"} d4(pp.163"169).
    +$Eq rC ... +tlEeHa. +4qzl dn, ^J.tl6iE++.+^l7l7l4l
    +gq. f ++71F*a ^Jte*el H5"l dd€4€ zlQa ilil(pp.170-172).
    +$Eel r{d4 7E "' +{! 4+el d+B{e 7}g SH. 4e 4z}
    H. dats. 95.f, adB, pH adB 5.'| "Jcl. itBg zl-8t|= rtl=
    4 6l|oJ srrl alg aB
    arl#. sdl#, 9+# FE zl*H.l 9]4(pp.172-185).
    +clEisl fi€ ' ^lg
    EJ .Jql^l
    +n s€9 zlula +TlzloJ g5Elts
    -eEl 449 d*:I5- +li 7l+4 6ln, +-ilgg +F ,l+L- ElAlHe +d
    B2l. EEI EXl. +t Eialj:- L+r.rq 41E1. ++Eg ^J tz}. +5-gzl. 4814.
    F ^l+ *5L"il +716}ts ^l+-Eol sq +?]+ 44 4d+ +rr47l +l* qel
    Tlzl el^l adql +lsd 4+ +F dE4 iJ4(pp.185- 193).
    ^ttrel44l€-

    6ll=9 6il+9e +71 a4 'Jd"il g+4oJ .$'J_o-e^1. z\+e dl+


    d4g- E.61 6ll* ,*B€ +€€'ln 9Iq. 4= B++ A,i e4ol +7l6ljr
    2"=*u 9=r{. "1ts Ei+ E{^l7l7l ?l6tl^lb -tl-g eqol fl84!lqo};Ju}.
    (pp.l94-200)
    6fi4 Eg ^l+e dE+rl slgq
    6IS ++ql El?+ olal _e-4
    ^l'+-o,s
    +EF]E}. E*, d4l d]le 'J+q^l ^l+Eln 9.1ts 6I^J -s+ *l; A]sl ="
    ^l
    d€ tsl*Elq olrl 7lzl7l il4(pp.200 - 208).
    EDJ E+ gEt 6Jt}e, q'i +Eq +dr+ q+4 r ?,e-rjol El.q,El
    zl4 zl:L ?lEl. +al E+ +aq E+"1 trlBi q)"Jel /liiE ul{l? 9.lsq.
    6}+el +!l *4E El.J€'l4l ul4 -,-r "Jr*(on.209 - 215 ).

    *llol EP ./\lol 6llg E= g gSl dS d* tr+g ;ll*sl {es. €!<}. '}Fi z}?l ef
    .lLJ ,^l Eg,7ilr+ Ef ol.s6l7l 9id 7lp!
    qljr
    ^l€g ++61= zleolul. 6I"Jd el
    4+ rl6li5 +A+ lrdalts 7lF! ^l€E ++r" 6jloJ.la+el +-s +]
    B ts"r"14. dls]"19. rls 4€ql Edll4 E= ?l*zl o,+- sld|]+_F.El 5-
    q 9,= rl%+g 'rlol^l .!E.9, q]Tl-olll dE^l7l:u. ++ ji1€ E C+e.l oJ€
    7l :.9 da€,'J*ul(pp.216 - 223).
    +8J 51.+:
    +tt EE +tl E+e- 61"* E+ e+ ? ++19i'rl +ElFl F-+ 7l€
    e"t= "fdq.. olts qtol ^llEtldl 4Cg E]]E;+L- ola q*q rl d]]q
    =^J
    Sa "l {'dl. al-S SAql el=61+i.fl* ""r4lr} 9144 *H9l +t .j=4 .J
    .l €rel ^l4l 117il q !tlil=. €.3t1 +d q+rl ^Jtld 51 *"Id€ +1116l,-l
    "JF]4(pp .223 - 225).
    =,t3
    *s dlg sg $g 6ll* -3-99
    =^J6l7l
    9l6ti^.1= oJ
    ^l=: tdslolot
    5l
    :7.
    ^l€
    ulil H dll.Jrlel d+ "J419 ad6lq"I 6lq. +a 4dql Lll6-l
    l+".2rrrr E n4 6lq oF +El. 6-tl"J ^d Ell +:o}g- +A "lq e} *-tl7} glr. ? d t d
    ^l
    Etl

    4" E- 7lr'l7l tlts €.J #7lq^l q+q"l: *olol4(pp.226-. 229).


    dfig eflrlgl i!r} iEq '}ql^l
    6ll"J e{4e+ 7.31;1;. n}r}z}
    ^Et ^J
    dg+r+ 9lc+ 9 +41+ +l{! E9}9 +_o-e- 5lir'o1= 4l7lE EJr;.4. alloJ /tl
    4S.: +l9g ^lyljrl- Bl49 jr+€'+"J6lol :1 4nlel +!99 E
    zle+ 6IoJ
    €, 6lq *.tel r+.Jt q€. eqlg 7]]"J9 TJEJol :gqlio1.229-232t.
    & N..,|oJ.foj
    1. goiet "JHoq ?dol olEq= qge? @ il]EEq tl^4 +Elg g^d+4.
    O e4q ;iHzl qE @ "l.lel EE "J"l ;.461 +A6J+.
    @ zlc 4?l"J qB Ele "Jilet HJHo'e A=610l ilelEl 7f
    7. ee
    @ +%lq ?g qg aEe?
    @ tr.l.& qg ri\ l. , -9. g. <d 71 E
    \y +Ll' \!-/ -9,
    ,ar ouE /al
    \Y-l Euo
    @ d^]"* qg zlds-
    @ @ tsIa+
    2, t+^l Gl+el rl]E i+}l€el li.oJ€ rgrl6lTl
    fl--J ae?
    =. 8. +tlE E{lE 4=0il^.1 filE:el *€oil 7tg e
    .Jeg ,,lilE a8e?
    O Hll4 @ Eql @ ults
    l/?\ rl)-E /er q @,[+ @d€ OTtg
    @ "d4 @:az1go1
    3. +x{4se rlg gqso||^l 718 ",riol r ol=
    rE'Jel +4 .*.^l "Jg8? 9. ffE 7l+el THdEoE olSq= a=?
    O "J ,Iel *9 4"le E^161ts dJB o +d el+*
    @ :1Fa-el oJzl$9g s.^16l= ilB @4+ dui dq
    @ 9d 'J"l "J9 gE +jl, S^16I= dlB @ 6* s* dEl
    @"JC+ + "Jq 4l=el +g E^l6tE @ zlEEl qq 7l+
    r]lul @ 4l* g+ ol+ dEl

    @ "Jd zJ"l "Jg 'l5.g +s s.^latts


    10.43eq +e 7l:oE E + fi= ae?
    *B
    O +*q9 tgl
    4. +g EEel "Jd gg 2El arll o +B tgel +4
    =, ^l€Eo|I^l
    ^l^l
    lLP 2191
    @ +"J i59l +rl
    e4+.1 *d @++^l +zlel 4C
    @ +41
    @ 7l+rl *^d @ fdl.l ot,\.l
    @+41+E9 B+sl
    O ++ qr+41 'Jd
    11. dl]A A*et 7jat7t u 7i=?
    olrl d4tel 4dg 7fC €€e?
    =+drf
    5. O EI'* -g+ €)n+++
    O ^Jal @ d+ @ zl4El @ E"J ZIB @ +irl e+
    @ q.ril @ Er]^ll+ @*zq s+
    6. aa"J otFg dF{ts? 12. C"Jel €+ dg*el E^1, *^ll, E=,rllel
    = ,le?
    o I +c "J"J E4. +![ Tleol q=
    @ Eg ulqql dlqtq. o +-E+ @ tE+ @ Dll+ E+
    @ olTFrlTl de +4.1q. @ e6l ff @ ,l+ +z* E+
    4 ;Ng arlr.1 arE zl5
    13. ilAotl,q tj'Jee ElEol4 q,-qg e l8.4txJ€ 6|ig 4tr] dgo{ +4ts a=?
    tE|: ttee? ^f86lol
    o cs @ iq+ @ 6rr+ ++
    O Ct S+ e+ @ 6J+ @ "-qHI g+ G) ate qE @ i^J:zl
    @ Ee s+ o 6u^J g+
    14. t?azl a nlrlE+ €ilE! rEo 4!E0l 19. fE',J 1rJ"l 3olts gElETf?
    +6lz1 610l A: qg=?
    OdrcqB srEqB
    @'r:1-.B
    @ +91:rc qE
    qB @o s*.* r* ' ii 5"'"ffil;ill;;A:i"li''''' "
    15. 6il"J rfg 7l]goil ol35l= +5Ee? 21. +tlE€ ga-il + ga 3r1lE3 +lolal 6l

    O Tdr @ 7l+al ='l:

    @'J"rl ^l€ @ ++ +s.


    @ i'* ,rl.lB 22. U EllolLl.l 7|j+= llE'J9: -?.,i?.17|.?

    16. ge!Eel -EE +e +=E Eili E€ +e6t:


    dtde? 23. c"-.letg+ !r= d+E gE 711 gei^1 r
    g6t= 3d= +Eolel 6t:7f?
    O 6JEl+l @ ts-+11 @ "191C
    @ rll3 Elal @ lli* rt;.1

    24. +ti E+ +rEe^l +tl rla =do{l


    7f3
    17. 6H.J dnl6E 7lE r+*el g+ E^l +EEl +EEe +q?.171?
    =gC
    +^l7f HIE ae?
    O oJxl a^l 719- .F* 7lE- Zlg d,^l
    , zle €4 25 gut| tl'J -J^l= id6l: cll nJe-d +e +
    ^lll 434 +qoJ7l?
    @ 7lB - "Jzl a^l 7Jts- ale,l - .g^l
    i.* =5e
    €21 7lg €ai
    @ 7ls 4rl - 7lg +tl - oJ 7,1 - 7lg 26. "Jd-"J bJe dfleloll^l o1+= tleJoll^l+E1
    ^t
    =^l q. +Efzf^l r BE€ rilol I tteldlE zl4
    €41 - €-^l €21
    -4al d! ^laEJe?
    ol3
    (O ",l r.l - 7lg +^J - zl+ itlrf, - /l+ ^1
    =^l
    €41 - d^l €41
    @ ?lg- i* 4^l oJ zl zl-B 214 7l.g 27. ut]g' gEt] aJg' €f=et €:F 3ztx1g gE -q
    dll - d^l €41 "pt?
    a4
    I'r{ l. Or L V 3. O €) 6. (3) 7. (4) 8. ab) (a
    4, €) 5. (5) ll. €) S. 10.

    12.o t3.€ 14.tr ls.@ (4) 17.\o rs.G) r9. r00*q]fibr.bm) 20.
    16.
    ^l
    .d B= +e ^.1;1, gzt ot+l 21.42lE 2z TEU 23. E7l cd 24. "JA qn
    ='J.
    25. e€. ollg. 6llA .tral 26. 611g +8 illE qg, nel Bs. ,,tH rJe
    27.

    At6 [ ol:r "g


    2

    4. ++1 +t 'fl.ll oJ+ q+ EA,. ql5:^l(*t), 1989 pp 112- i43.


    t1-€'-9.
    ligi:el 2oJ. +t 7l* q+q,. q,.il +tJ^I. 1995. pp 73-79 27i -279.
    r$-.lati 49 zllEr. 4El
    6. "lBii, E+9. 4tl<]. =+^l
    1989 pp.18-50
    ol187l. olqlztl. r3;| r.191"2, Ej* 49r. 4rf 3u3a1 1993 pp 150,-165.

    a *E +t!31. :+.ti €'ZJ-r ++ +'t19. 2000 pp.10.'200


    9. !+841. .+,,i 5l+*r. B+^1. 1997.
    10. +Bil. '3+ g+€-.r. BE^t. 1998.
    ' .
    'rlB'flel.
    t+q Ale+r 5€^1. 2000.
    12. +ECal. Edl ts* €qr. +71. 1999.
    t3. +B'H. r+t 4+ +q6l-?+ *"Jr. !.* ** 4elt. 1995.
    | 4. r*514. '+41 e+er. E€^1. 1999.
    15. flq 6I"J +t
    4i"Jg. 12l4l7l -3$-E 6tle E-+_. +8. 2001.
    t6. il+ 6I"J +,t] /ll"Jtl. EC 6x"J +t. zlgi,. 1998-2001.
    17. rtl.J +t+.'dtc tg itlll +d 414 +g e+ .2001
    18. zJBg, ,J€+ q. rall"J +4+r+ 7li!. s/],3. 1998.
    | 9. atse, E+41d. .ail* . 6Jt +r.g / pc raa5-.r. .E.^J es ,+ol 7l+. 1999.
    20. a*71. r5l*+4+9 €4L. dS4, 1996.
    21 . E^] +{t 46+ 7l+ Sd+. r.Ell"J E+ 7l€.J. 5'^.1 €+ rlq 7l+. 1996.
    22. qli! a,:l d+31. fdil"J +"f 7ler. EB^}, 1996.
    23. 4il a+!1. .dEi dl"J +oJ zlE-r. +B^1, 1999.
    =+1
    24. .J++. |6J-DJ;LsL. €:''B^1. 1999.
    'J+tl.
    25. {Be. +il8. Ee+ -+sf *+.,. g€ E+4, leee
    d+"t otc}
    26. 4"dE+. eEll+. ^tia
    *+-,. ss"J. 2000.
    rdl*
    77. +++. ,Jdd. 2l.dlzl. Llt +*. 1998.
    28. 4B€, "ld.l
    "tl.J€
    elzelql.lt ^f g-. e^t €+ 46+ 1+, 1999.
    2e. h?##'t#. r&*Cr. Riii*41Hffifd, 1991. pp. 11-43.

    4. 6[!J e1]8 ]]g Ell


    30. H'h'f rrE ftliiA*ft'1,r 4t btLItH#8. 1985. pp.t0-20.
    31 . 4d ++ ag€,\l8tl ++i g+i. r21
    ^l7l ^l;ti it
    gT1€, +l+ 4Rtj.']. Znl. pp. 1L- 12.

    32. kr.cncycl.yahoo.com/category.html ? id:0303070401&page = I I


    33. kr.encycl.yahoo.com/final.hlml ? id = 62107
    34. uscr.chollian.net/'marinewb,/
    35. home.hanmir.com/-shoon4/ww2.htm
    36. posyko.com/menu/nutrition/select-main.htm
    37. www.gulbibada.co.kr/oligin.htm
    JO. kr. dir yahoo. com/busingss,_and_ economy/shopping and service...
    .

    39. fsrn.nfrda. re.kr/mainframe.htm

    .'$
    N N. ;HOJ }IE
    ..\ +e c]].,.-+: ti; rE;'lrr ]-,rrli,l il,r, -:,lr: ,lJ.,t :,i--tr i.t,,l-'
    ti;l! !1 ,;! i): nilP It^l ,-.;;i -. J , ,rt- ! il-: lll1r r llrl : iir,l ,lLL i)l.r.l

    ;l,ll rlilr! tr:-iI:]'.:l 0 111


    rj', !i., 1l!! ,i]i,l:, ..ler',Fl nn..l-]]
    =!.
    Ir+r.-e 0 !a.l .i,;.1: .,.,,1'll il ll I i.Jl ,r!:15r. l_i ri: \ 1.1,.'r o !:1Li
    rlialr.l iti i-i,:!,,.1: .ilt-.! l::l,r i,lrr llri li.,l-i r ,l ',f ij,l:.1 ,.,"[r-] ltr
    .,i- :jPto Ll,:'[,)i ,rr.]?E': ::1|

    .i,*]i :

    Sqltl 6ll
    "J+eel H-c

    6|]gf EJZrf g.oJ


    6l{gt EJzel Ec

    ,i
    | \ 'X+'
    iir;
    oiloJ Se+ eE
    -4e ' 4gi etael g^tg + ?lEt.
    =E - E"J =g'dg
    egel rJgdB 0l6|lEl + .Jtr}.
    4"J e}A egq goJC !l+g + "JEt.
    =Fe+

    /1
    1 qS ET

    f| as saer
    =s.s
    4oJrq ,(l?el al€ SA+ zluil6li: ?9d.olzlE,tl, IE zl.l9 4rll
    fl Ez.l t tl^s.^l zlirel 7I+e vlJ+a.JEl. H,J +q.rl 4u. q4l
    ji.€el +t,+fl€-El*6lq 4^l "f 4eJ Eel qlLizl 4$,.
    ^l++ "J
    t. d€ /14 €iel 4-+.:i,<1fl. o|:rLllf4 +4i+ E "'i+ += ali'l 5lg
    lr+6-1J. .Je ;+flel Br.ol7l5 6lEl.
    IEfl.. 6ll.J-,1- 6l* ++ "t -nge1 +LJsE^l 5-s+ #&lq d]l* *
    fl, dl++t I 6[t irz't+ Eel -E (!zl ol+ 7]ilE "J1+ + tt.l 3E].
    oJ+i: ol4+ dloJel Tlil€. oJzl-?El ztlgot r.ql E€9 F-+ 3,Jol
    r+ 6lloJ +ijqlrl El'Jal$n. g.F€'qi "Jq^lE Bg E^171. tsl'';izl-oil
    oJd6ll^l ?l€qq 6]loJ-:r ol+6lll oJtr}.
    !L* *';llil *el ;i+S ',ta clzl ull5-q 4'J
    6'il'Je- +.1'=i +rilatr
    ei g+. +e. +i ol* tsE(pH) -6=el E7l . El+4 dtt.il +d'q "J
    Cd"l *tr}. :leles 4*g- ge- d4+zl qijl s9lql +6tq ul"lzl
    .sU 7l ?Lql ,J_d oJdETl k-3- *EI-E +rl^14 g zl.* 440 zt€ S
    A ol elr oi Z e;El.
    "j
    2N l. ;l!4 rr4o,l nai
    6 a* szts Ea
    o.l
    += ElEl-=- 94E;."J ?lrJ rlF.il ilq 'os ol+;-l
    ElLz +tEel
    q *q. olE ElElTl q+E *116l^.1 6il.J ,.*.+- sl4. *t, t;1. u;
    ^JE esl 5-o-s eg C?-9 dElg + fl= ;4, ?
    zld ts4(self- t
    ,olgee goJel 7t
    *ElB 4.1ell d4*zl 4E"lcl.
    purilication)ol €41+ H old
    ^l
    ?l+71 4r tsq ggslrl *.4"1 ^lr.il"IE. ati"J.il +.Jqts sg 0.1mm ol4E
    =71
    g olrfrS 8e014.
    Edel *E 4"1 ai"Jel zlA 54 Bq r.l"il llooji t E4l/t elzl
    9+914. rrlLl ?l+el rJ5-"1 iL+61 EllfrsElqE^l dtelql +"Jelt- _e-
    g c4_9l *.1 rl*rl4l, .q4ql^j 7ll4s €t 6flq"1 d'617il c99
    4l Elel 6I"Jel zla ;4ql_E +417t 9lsg TliBrl qfl4. q+. sg
    H9l7I dil +r19"il 4r+ "J+i.I2l ts-4rl El7l,+ El/ll4zle^l 4oJ.q
    ?ecg alg4 qir. Elolg gg-e-e.+El .u.-6.6l.azt alE }-q"l g
    +d^lF- rr.i9s4l 99r1.
    6J'J. sllole SlFel *E ztt"let E--q_ dEs Fqu+ z3-g *0,,
    g trlr ilzl rl#.i1. 6|l"& g-oJg Erl4se Bl4 alTl 916ll^l* +41 il
    fle-l €4r| E-F b4"l s+elflEl. "l"l r+4.^izl zl+g- +s! 6I*H
    g ?css 6ll"J sg Elzl9 9e zl+ +41 flE 59- 4la;,lr. 6ll"*
    zlgel tE TlEl ol+rl *zl F4l ,*E eqi+e-E4 Al+ *
    6tl.J _s9
    €:el zlt"J 6loJ€ 9-g-e__e-i,El !-d6tJ.zl Lq6ln 9lq. 5.'1. 6ll"J
    g eg^l7lL- "lE€ -e-g{"J cp}9."Frelg ++ 9gg }gzl6tzl g
    ^l4l 4+e *€l i4l €sE. aq4 4il6t3 *q.
    a1q

    O qs ese EF
    oJr'+7lt+ tgslol el6lq +4q 4€ Sae BE vlq9ol zla
    914. "JtsJ4es E* "J rllzl sge +4q14 zld qdl=- +71 4E-ql
    + "Je,l4 9lsq. qq Tlzl 7[c ql4E.l +gElr 9.14. :a]4 6il*
    sge- dl"Jg Eil.!-eq ^J+6t= ^l* q"il= 4d4sF, all"J sg €t
    I
    + e "J^l *6171 qe4l d4^J.il rl6lq q+F- -zl^l -R8ljl il
    4. rTl4^.l, +el st"I^] 4? "J^J6l= +F eg .,.)as-| z,la €*€
    El*dlq. qel BEI4 6+el 6ll"* sg €tql ql+ gd tl?lg 4q6l
    a 6I* sgq c4€c a^l6lzl ?*-e-E 9! g el il4.
    ^ldq
    r. 6il?J gzllf 9g 241
    1)ff+ es
    (1) +F 90Jel "J8 g"J
    g.:-.Jel i,,lg dt E ^]+iilt qlLi/ltl E tig
    ^.1+
    {.rodolc} y-F.i
    7la +l-+_+- z]9'€'*:r 9lEl.4+ +L+l t!"Jel ++€ slt! *d"rl Et
    4 9l+E ,{i}d 4+iiel 6llC-++ n,il +zla'],
    .! 9lEl. l+'ii olLl El. o-lloJotl ^l el ,.f ;llil /l ?
    ^l
    7l tln .Jq
    e+"1+ a; lldol^l -l
    ^l+i?el
    *ql *.-trir-= *iiel *"1 '11\r *./|6-f-1 9lrl. +
    ol . +4i] gq+r...]i
    ^I?LI +del ]?€ 5sg
    * +.- 99.3- oJ^lql qzJ:el .l?,ii-.+
    "rltlsJ
    all9
    ql ill +^lzl E].

    S.F frii rl6ll/f oJa+'4. *e t4


    reJ I -1 alq ^lni_= -1
    etfl fr+ eg ^lnol
    il t4l
    tsl+,:r li<,]_!..
    slril-q'l -r- 414 ,l.J"ll .*!l!- rlrlg i.3lrl 'il
    +otl eqq 7l{l :-oJ 6il9. rJzJ€ ijl+^l7l4l EJq. 4+-"-l t}t E"Jql

    Ee q'+ TlEel
    =F
    7l *ol eI 6J-:: 4 -fi ^loJ B ql ^.1 trr -6t-lL-. sJ-,i 9l + 4l { ( + 7l a-.?j
    ^)l
    ^l
    el qlEl)!l oi$=<'- t]$6|i +^d E-8J-ji "l rll+* ,tti!';}.
    ^.1

    ll fff(crude oil) : rl#E ?lqtzlg-a il.:iirli .4;11 LJil+4.el E;J


    E-ii^l 5-4l€.i-el +g--"Iq ++4:a .7_e-ulE d.q. q+= doJ4e-e
    t€EJ arl "lE 1l4lql 4r_r. 1,9a13 A+. dal= g+el;1-n a;r.l
    ;: ^1.ff- 7l.E-olrl jr +.1-E1.. il +-"1 +el zl ^J tl"tl el,6J +ji- fq Hl+
    ol 9l_,.:ril. d?_.'3-. f A+. 5-e4+ ii!-E- ,,.9aj.r1.
    ^l€-5l,rr

    B Afi r{E: tl#'$ tl4l *dg rl al z+zi ol€- +zlq r44 qcJ Tlzl
    lllii=? tlii4 !lli'1 ol .lr9 .ql-S-ol ,rlr. +]J.E]. !.1+ 4l+.3- A+ql
    =.
    Ll.Y-EJ
    ^lLtle LPri.
    /l+.{1.-F+. .c-i.. ?+ 5..o--+. 11.5.+ "Jr+.

    B ff5 FS=: ,il+ ^foJBoll^l cal--. tl.r3 9l ^l+ 4lg(^l+ ,1.-=.


    {ll el 6,IE} I :i li f}ff-al'; i.l- il "l Ll .

    0 4|fi(waste oil) : ^JrJri[ ?l4lq] "l .8-{l + illrl ^l:-,-- ?)+ /l+9,l-.
    riTlE rJal,gql rrle.ql 7l+ 4aol tt% "l € e}+rJ ?t€'J;l.q $9]+
    ?1. i.r rJ* ole.l_"1 tJ*i-i(flE+. -tsrl€-ill.l,. ',1 El;l E rl:l
    ^1ld,"r).
    (pitch)* 5- Tlzl." ++YlL1
    ^ll
    242 I - i: . j-l! !al
    g]? EoJol €zlqa 9lsq. olE- oJ6lq
    r4e+
    'J€4sF- dl++g a]]
    q !l= ?7lel l?fr fr€ glq. ai"tql +'Jq
    ^lnll EIC6}4 "J"l'la
    zlEe g+. 4+ ^Is, q+ E ol'=4 Eel €6JE 5ol ileq. +
    =
    Hs Ll-?ol }rrd dEsrr+qq .fi.€, +^Jlrsvrrlel ++. 6ll.4l
    =g
    +d"I^lel ++ €l.1 9lEl.
    (2) i+ egg g--J
    ++g 'rlil= g6*9 ++ ^Iil a71sl zltl4"J ^Jc tlslel
    7l€".I
    ^l'' -? +7ilg sts +d c"il a+l *714.J q4F- 3al ++q E +
    llEt. 4d4"J d+ rl6ilE TlEr+ 11+614+ +dol te ++c ce
    + ++6lq "d5J:g Hlvll qts d.lq. g+Ll Hrl+e+ ae 4l-Ezt =e I
    .s19ts 6F 7H?
    7lE4 4d 1l+s17il qE 4e td"lr+ e^l € +!ilq 4ailzl ztzt.tl sl €+cot +p 7l
    4614. 5-di. 6lloJol ^l ^j4l6ir-e ..J E_=olLl Hl*^lEg TlEtt d +6trd teE, qg 4+ q
    rll++g'36141 94. c 7l*E gEe s
    ol
    TIBE += +"I= 4E g-+3Eel ^Jtq.l Eqzlq. *e b
    ^ta
    ^lEEl4.

    Eql^lE €lg +*rE-olL) qd q+E.I4lE "l^l E4= r+4'-lE 4


    oE- "J?]4 .J4. "JoJ4ss q+= F-qg + qb ts49 /Vla-9)71
    EIE"il q6ilzl 4^l*. TlFel *.1*t+ ee A+= U qdg "J7il Elq.

    2l +gg4 "J 44
    (1) +g*v-} AS
    d€ 8l+e+ ql+E +zl€4 dJ4l 4+ g"+gf?E rllT* ?l+6ta
    tig
    9i4. q7l^l €*BF(nurrients)4 iJ€ olsllolaa(NHr--N). ole
    ts(NO.N). dtg(NO3--N) I .ftzlda(orc.-N) Fel da o1;]-g
    r+ +71 oJalg (por3'-p). +71 ?lt9 (org.-p) Fq .JElilS'+ +4 El
    d**(sio2-si) 5g "J6lq. 'JzllE €(Fe)4 "Jd(Mn) €q
    "leJ;+
    +e+ tsl4sl Br, tslelEI B,z F9 alts C* +1l4E c*€4.
    ol5 S*€+71 al"J"I r+* €4al€ :1E- €eJaEol 4*"e B^J
    6lE B*g +€"Jr+?+a eEl. ql4g +qql^l +g"Jsl.il el+ ^JCq
    ol r +qoil^]el 4E qA zlil4 allE ol+zl *g aE5- +7lnJ 4
    +.1= 9,4il7]- €4. 4€ El€ 4Eq 446|rll ^d"J6lE
    =B"3Eol+
    5ol Sq6izl! +4l8lil ElLl slAg +714 +lq.
    c -s.Bg E-e]3Eol cq 4Bq i+ElqH 4a+e+ ee f^8 4lB.l
    +ril €Ei. +"c"Jrl trrE7l d+ +qe tr *Eel EF H97l z7l
    EI+q 4+ fel t4' *-Ell;461 aag q +Eq 54E5"l rlit
    se tr{+€-g "}g + 9lr}.
    l. ailoJ
    -+aaf
    99 213
    rg l2 4a |-|^! 6l|

    l) (2)
    ^14
    dtj
    'ti(d.d:il.:,il ,i=":ql^l :j_rl , ilclzl?! +!:?d e,?!"1 ..1 il6J ,i:,i. o i,1- ,. /;l
    r;luJ. -Frli,'; +cJ.r. L:-ol ol ,J pl .l-o-ji Hlrlr,iel ,.rl ,/1.o1 'Jl6l.i €!ol
    r.lFlrii jrll ol :i 'rl i:rl jl <;lrl z'l_?,:el
    . E'1.+ ilrl!rlgr,r-
    arl (r.ed l
    rrarcr.)9_,1, rlr:lLlal'tr. 3l.rij. ri,,ll^l /l= 4 j. ,J:,iel +ii"il r+l-,1- '.1 ,.1
    4(r'cdtlislr l)r1)\u.l \\'r.rtel ). 1l'lt]tbrrrun \\"11r'l ). !i1r]lst(\'rt lirtcr'). 4
    ''i!l(r't'llorvish {lr{'r't \\'ltot ) i,'9-j,r L}E}1.}7lli qlt-.l-. "9611(tir,tl Soa)rl.
    ..: Hlllfel iil'',l.aii'('liicr,r|('snrirrnrroll el?il 1.lj o.,.r al zl./.rlel
    "l 'rl'11
    .' +ql ,,.1 .firtl+l ?,lc,l rl
    rl.r': i I l|lJlli. rl ile _r.J \' ;1,+ ilol lnol i:, Lr oJ ilol *.o_r'l .

    i'ilelql ocl(i+9li;./l z=.]i,€l i-ii. plilltlEl . 4j:el 1l9l 1li,i,,tl::i.i:,


    'rl]
    ii:r ti. 1l+el { u,_cii , | 'rf; ii i;-ol11 .

    1l ri: o .i 11 .J t ull 4l-.] .J .d .3 rl -,i ,,1 ilL.I.


    'i+ 1l

    ir &|l . rtl i-J el * i:jr:l.1+ol 'l]{;i.ol


    i!'bl 'l ?!"j zlLl\ rll iil_o,ri rill^la
    t,l. olql tq.rl .'ll+ -iql .ii /l r,l- el ,,r1

    c,J.ol r /ll .:,; ?l 31.? 4l I Fel .b.tl el


    ?l

    E! .li.;'l rl+ol il6ll!:!Ll. ol rrll i:,-3:


    ".].rl fL.iii .i.1,'61 /ll r;lol .'il i. i-E!
    ol tl'!l;l ?.1
    ?-.!.,".- r.l.rl I, i rl-L:l-
    "ll ',,1el

    tL'i:il /lel jlll 'ilt'ilql ol:i-lll -,1


    rl.. t1/.'i.t: 91,.J 3- .i ri. '.tl ?.i 1l lJl,i
    ql tl'il 1l?l "t)i,J?t ?a1 ull-1,!oll zl !
    C r.l 7ll 71. !4.,i1 r+.1 l'li'tl olLlel.
    (*.1
    C

    ol ',,1 ll 5J 1l.l ql oJlil g r,t-ol Ltl


    ^li
    * 'il^l'"171E
    tq,
    i':a{. 43 tl91 ^8€oJ e}€E4+iE E}+el dqag rig E+eE e
    dl6l= +fr71 t+r+. 4^l + Ele}_o-e. t-Hlg d.qde qq+
    =*aE
    EC rl+ql Y-+qq qq+=- a4^l{E}.
    I
    ^I4ll. 4a ^Jgq 4^l + "*g ^I*"1 Cd6lE
    4li: 4419} ^l*.il
    E6il etslEl= 5c Ea"lq.4l+el il^l-E "J,ea4.
    q.JEl +=- cec
    'j14, rl+e..el elrJlJ++= ^Jtg + 9ln "l +
    + cde il?4 -=99 Dldl^l7lt. E+ *'l €€'J97l7lE 6lq -F

    +"I qi+^l= +^la "lql q.4l+€ il^l^la + ?lEl. q f.--E B^Jol


    'jol ^13+ €;6l] "JrJql4l +EC A+ plHl.! !ll+i ?--€.1 Aelzl iS
    olsi: +.'\i= !roJE+.
    rll +F-.
    ^lq *d. a€. c6lB ^l"B"ll
    3l 49.61= R7l E3 eg
    ^l^E
    (1) ttaE aE6lts +71 E=
    tlA= is6l= +71 Cag E^i a-|+el *61 4l+ 'J+. '?71^d 4rl
    j+el 6ll".I ull+, zJ+ += 5l9 .E.6ll^l dlEloll EgslE+. tstEl_re +"JqE
    rl+t-el +ilc 47lgg pl^Jg"il el4q €-oil71 7lb+ frTl gd"lq. t
    E IEts tE 40[
    .
    nl^J€-ol +zl gd-,? SdldJ 4 +€ tnC i'Js_g e4. oX+ -f"tl=
    tot 91ts E4 g4
    +Cg "J9 83 tizi €41.'lqs. *e- "JE +71 g4-ol dl"J"il +"J 9 tt*s gg 5a
    qtr +€ ti-tsE9 *i^lzq. olqEl atg +elq flL-,6]ls cg 4 E!q.

    4l7ll "ll+ dllt+ ar+= a46|/l €El.


    (2) C^= t-?6f= ff71 EE egel g**
    dl*ql^l ti=,r:s"l= +7] €+l sgg .J_il^l oJdlg -&= t4
    +4 €tse +d+El +d"l +€-6lzl {-e als +rl ,lqqL} 6t+
    ;lqt oJ+.f += 6llE. rrla 4+ tr.iol ?lql6t{ *sl .l'Jt} Ag
    -dllq"l^l=4+ t}a jlaq +g- .ddlq ,JdElEl. 4^l ^dgel dl^lE
    tll+6lq ^Jg+q da 9 dolzl g^J6lq Ell"J ^JEl14"ll d4+ "JiJ+
    ZdEl. ol/l+ $6Je Fld "Jd;lE Srllel ^Jqe sl+El= r.il "*e ^l
    {}4 r.q"l i.cqsjl, t:r€ aE-a]-E +71 Ed- 9g +rl.l HEI +
    Cg zl4.t +q.
    4l sg
    ==+
    t l./ oi-r 5=l 5E=
    +++= dil+el 3d d+"J gr] .lqe+ *^lel *El 4l+. silal 6lC
    +S €Lql E;t zl$4_e-s dl+ *"I +oJEl/lE 4q. ^JgE C*.1'l
    +^l €:ql 9+4"J g4"ltl.
    L ;|l9] 3r3nf :JoJ 28
    ol5 .'+ji:. rt+!|, lLol 3 71.^l jr. l'4 z! + 9lr--.l-. oJ:ol€.-o-l i:+<rrl
    dell.,;:- d3rll c.t++-+_rl Ll_ri_+(\a). -tJfr(,a). il+
    Ll.lotl s_risl-,-._

    (K)ol 9l.o-q. {liql .Jso+7lL} .,rf,-L"J. ?* *!="i L+E}Lll: 4lol


    #++r= ?(1.'c). iL"-l(('u). rigF-(('o).,i|{l(\tn) 5"1 .J_1. ?dJ
    z.l9-_ir_ ,J
    ^J.3el +11 rll.,.l"tl aa].z1 *.1- Fr.ql^l-r Fi.!g Ll.ElLll
    .e3o_

    -.-. Ir.= tsl*+iil,.


    f i.e(ltg). 'J.(Pb). ?4(Sn). gqll(se), ul
    l.(As)"+
    :-ol 'JEl.
    ;"'+3 9l{L Blrl^lll -i:nrtlal ?}r-r, gAlL.+ +!rJ oll !:ol. "ir-n!al=
    'l +-^J 9S &fl(pclsistent pollutnnt)"ll +tlEl. ++Jiol 6ll"J' e:!2
    "ll frilel{ t9irl 4ql +4 jl 7lL+ sl"l ^}€.9
    ulr.l- r .t,rr7l. 11 1l Y;ol?,]?ltE ;Jrl. i.tg +
    olli. ulc/1g,.i] E"l 9l= r-d]L] lLl .i. il tsIql .4.]

    -i'nryl H,l.,1l Z.rl gl +L 9l L--t. olel.J €t-g


    { i.i a.i,.j irl.;i ,r'}rl .

    (2) egq oJe


    ==+
    ++Ji"l ?lt glr;ql eldll 9!oJo r,: rtl + .ff.orl
    rl'rl .o- 'il €q! rlzl:+ol .o-(il:;1 11. +olol ol l-
    ql^l qal-,-:6ll"J, dj+ol _o-g r,-lllt. ri;l . 1r2l
    ^l
    iJ .l;l ii .o--el {l ^.1 {.i+j+ olqJ . L+^l El. ,o--el +
    1l .li,:-ol -99J"ll rri-.1<'l rldil',lj .il ril llrr1. 1-'
    -,i+"ll e.",1?l ..i.'rl'+-9 2l,l (L 1l+l .?f d ?- ?-rl
    ?l {lL ?'l+-,".-f,,i{.ql t'-...i-+l-o.-q.41 ;-+ +!
    '3i ',19-rl 4l +!ul-.

    oll el:'r iir7l"-l 4l^l 5)Lt+3 ?71 nfEr E: ?oJ


    11r l|+d +7t atel EE"t 7t3
    =Fef
    .l,r',;loli.l, i.tj+ it+el .{tlL+ ,fill il aJ *,1 tj,Eol ,ll ,r!. 8-r,l ,1
    "l
    1l-o.4. ^l-t_+! ?:6tl-,-. qJl ?i;,: 'j_6fol €f c"ti .ff..,]v]j, glrl ..,1 -i
    ql rl +ail /[ il 5l /.] .e+jr n,l.? tilcl 9. +3lrl= +'l nl?rl
    .ll .b"J, ri]ol.
    ^l
    lillli:",' 1!:ii.1l .ff-,1 rlil i'L/.loiaf-d i'i:rl'. tL.ii,iJ -9,?l rl,il l,ii.t-i
    i-,j+?l.il urol i.l.::g €-6lq 4lLllql r,i:-9..
    t,,-- i,:_ ii,:+rJ:/i_ 9l -o.!,,ji
    rir. 1,l i} "il ?_ 9l fl "l.rl..
    i!ri-ij ,"r/l nl .J +?3 {tr,l. zl.r;!ol :.rul . C+nl LIql +,,.1.tl ,.1
    +'rxrJL llll alal .a;i':l .i- glEl Lllur+el ilii! fi-,1 4il
    +gi;g- 91""1
    1l-o_E_ 'Jliiolt! nl uJ +Hj;..,.1 U,rl ztl j-,.1 ,.1.€., r,.,:rtl?l rll?1. i-.
    "-.tr,
    + ^la, €tr 9 lalzlg €a 5.I 94 +aq +"JgEl.
    +rl Slal t+xie 1939€ DDT9I €+ 5q"l El6ltl "l+ +Hel
    o-l4l 7l 4114. 4l 2 il .4 al 4 d ol+ DDT el
    ^t€-el ^l ^l+*e i"=4 o-l
    6zlqfltsrl. Et*+ ++q 6fl+C,+g6lq Fg ^Jt]€ ulE4 oe +
    rl^l7l: ql 71qfl4. rslLl DDT "il qlC"l drJ 6le-5-ol ^d4+71 ^l
    . DDTts FTl g44l
    z+-oJtrJ^l 1942'CqlE {-1E}. I945H"IE *ese.
    1948€"ilE {E}E
    {*40t4.
    s.. ge{. ElgszJ. +^}{l Fol ,I,Jgql 4e} E}E frTl gi4l tsE
    +iE "Jzl ^l+qzl ^14*4. cusarl t_E€*e l950Erl4l. rrlal-.
    el qlE-^l=_eE 19698 dolTl
    LJ_
    "l+ql "l ^l^t914.
    t. 6lls cEtE ,rtl.JE 4lzt4ls .Aol= +71 +L1 E+*Ee.l "J+?l
    TBT= LtlSEl4l +.I C4(+a E.se)"- EidlrlB^l 43 DlElel ^ls e
    .ta seeB c*
    f,: g9flg-r;- +4q,1 {E}. d+ Aa^l Cil 6}-'r EH"il E"J6}= El ,&fi €A4ee'g
    .tJsqlirl zJ+ 9d€: slE g+417| gilElol 9lcl. q
    "JE ql+B"ilts c .grlstts Eflol
    olq4, E?lE dg
    4t s+€ EE.= -11+e+el +df,^l H!€-.il el8il d4l Etro,e
    g+417t
    **a4^l{c.
    +El ^l^J;l +€qq dil.il +4€ ^884€ {$a}zl s,lr}. olal{ $*e !+E *de,
    TBT= del olelollE /l+el .J4l*9 _-1i+el 9+ ,,J-rl€- 9l6tl ^l+El a*{oil *+Eel 4
    .E|iRtet cc4g 7l
    3. +t.ll^lE Bfl+el +A ++zi qE g4ol=- +4j6l7l 91311 ^l+ * sff.l>t4, g
    ElTlE 6l9El. et44 4E 4gt *
    (2)alFd ff71 alEt €d egel gg co14.

    DDTE Hl*+ +71 gi4l FE€-q zl€ *E{ql^l g-6lz},ll+ eal


    q. dC4 +"I g:+qB E"l
    ^l€g 4r € +Htrl +dsi
    DI,4^l +
    I ]6r..1,:= 5+eJ + glcl= aol *q44. qgeeJf' tsl*t qel +71
    gizl *E5-g s4 r+qlrlel zl4c4.$€alql EEI rl617l +elslq
    dtl+q1,r19 70H4 ol+ rI+B ^l.sol #zlsl9El. _r.alLl 7.1€+ /l
    44 ++6J t+ d4 EIF€..I +71 ga4l ++;l5g olzlztTls. 94
    "l TllEl Etr+ql^l "J44"1 q4el t.g+se 414 ^l+51! tl
    zltsJ
    q. +q !+4oil^lli 10-20qH dql olEl +71 ga4 bEe-l dtr+
    qdq dl+, Fl4c, 6t"J dE-al 4q149
    ^t€-ol ;!^l5lflzlE!
    6114 u1

    *"1 aAqa *q.


    TBTq +€e + ^J4lel ^dA--e +i.^lA S'J .l'.lal 449 zl€9

    B.4lzl:l Ei4rl TBTe-l 5c.l Ei6l^Jts +96lzl fl-.:i cEq 9-lt71


    q+q4 9l':t. d€d"l^lel €? a!+.il ElgH. TBT= 4ltql^l c
    ++.il ol eTlul^l 4E sE +dg 44LllE de-+- g4z1a
    ^Jcq1
    "JE}.
    1 ;il9'j rlAll :2?l 247
    6) geg
    (1)E8H+el 71fl
    grl4 gCA !E= prlq gdA ts"tl^l gjrq g?e'rl gdq
    ^l+9
    d/l olLl.al4g g*ilq I'J6l= +d g+9 ril+E"l 44+.il dJ+
    qq el+e H[+€E]. ole] Aol +e"l *+e]'32]+= 441 +]U cl dl
    +g 4 "149 e-ufl+4r t':1. olr.i* gdll+= 9d+ q.i1s 4r3' 11
    gg Bl*{! 4t tl*"il^l uNft!zlE'oc}. "le} ae gEl+9 l*3.1
    E+4 sloJ dJg nl e EI ggg(thermal pottution)q4n tq.
    "I
    (2) eHil+el "J'*
    6i* dc4lts qt ds4lel+ "Jel 4+ +4 ,sflej Hslzl 91.14
    4e +a.I^J ul-3 9 +lslsl9t_o-q. 5;l +e,:el HElTl zel fle_- +a
    ^Js4lel 4* d4 d*e €t +_-eq olu d.al
    ol^1 rl3}q9El. 6tl"J

    +g Hle otrlol^l gFl6lTl 'il+c] Hfl++ql 9+ ie +71= E€Eql


    tl aqzl.J + ilEl.
    +lqol *otzlrJ^l "Jd6J ulgr, oiil zl-zl Fl+ tsJ* +riE olgq
    +7t6JEl. El4^1. zt+ ^JF,-*]lel ^8e.1 €*.il--- Eslzt i4€rl. +_gol
    e Ll+ 5g a+ ^8516+4oJ dJ** .r;d;la. +"tl 4€-gol= saLl E
    .+qo^l olE $3
    orj .Jdd Eeg a e-qel zl+"1 €!^l5lzl_E 6J4.
    71.11^1 4€t E!3E

    +5€ Hcl^lrl=.t 7l BlTlE eg


    Eg +uil +8olat
    tltrl.
    (1) 3S nilTlEoil q-d eg
    €,li.tlr1 g^3s,1 "llzly; f,"lrl Blji,z.l +dl6lj1 +*ol^l 47161?l *
    *61,4 zl al dl+ol *ol 5-E .lii-3- z16.1 5:l dlqol dl=Elj1 9]4. Ell:3
    al€-"il7lgg t-,\e 4 dglz. sq(itiE). ii!,3 zloa {rN:;. g I,e
    + 4lr ^lc 4 s.I'ild.ll^l *^3F1ts 'tl+. dE"+4 ^]el *del 6f+
    gLl Folq. HlElql 4ald r4lTlile sll+el +,F"rl r44.156.l.q sl^l
    5lll ui- "ll zldal iq44lElE ati*.el {Elzlql ""i5}9 +il 9+g i.9l
    ege, El7l5,- :lElq E]]t 8l-+E rll"Jq g +E 914.
    (2) ;t1* EjlTl.Eo{ el-d eg
    qc. Flcd. qz_qd. J."]. +3c F 45 tlcl"il^l Hl"l= jlill7l rt
    Hl4E _9_oJ^l7l_il- 914. 5ul:q.
    "J '*F. +48 5 4zl g*rlLl 5.1
    rl= L:ll +erl 'c ol-!'zJrl-: r^il7l=ol tsl4ql Hl4zlB^l g'-3- +41=
    olzl,rlzl-L 9J ul.
    g B-rq .:a q ol F- zl46ln d 7 d 6ll* ^J -3,:i"l gEi
    ol L+ tsl
    =El,-El
    e "I-3"il oJ* d=r- +411. +4 *.il1} ++ d"I= gsTl/lE +
    28 I. o|,':J r.fZlel eI
    r1. Clr5"1u1, qi' q^l ul"ulol r! ElLlrd dl* ^J,3ql 116ll* +r4,
    ^.1
    C'+ +Elql C 1lfl. ^l *+ 2,.21,r, Elrl.. ol E+ql dlfl "tl ^l .pr"J sl tsr r4"tl
    7l . aJ ?+'j €:.ol trl 4 -,-: i9l ?l . oJ.l X.ql^l ja-r=
    ^ ^El.gi+ gol e1 u]1--3
    *al . +zir.El -f4, L+"JE t-_lJ.. Sir :!rl. €.elZ.E4 o-ir'8 f-ol 71.+
    g.ol tilr]4 9.1: ag.?- .Jr+.
    "J44
    9g
    8) 2tEt
    (1) ++ Edoll el-d 9"J
    +l'el .6.t.l'l a€ rJtq el6fal xl€ Crlzt ,r-!zilg- A+'J+ql
    el;1q +7la-el +qe+ +lEe) 5a"l
    ull?].tl +",l5lEl. !E+.
    *-,"'- 5,,Pr
    t?.lol4 utltlr+ e-3- 6il* r:+ *^lel 3i?l -3,_'€.,+ a_3- ^loJql elb+4
    +.13, Ed-ol EC"J + "^lrt. "li-; +]i. €ag i*_o-g li<,i.o-i.: H€
    ilEJd.q 4l]iel ^d?.otl .J6"i,g,rq. rr.i,!, ul4lg oJrl;re l'l
    €*d ^J
    gol +al. r.lrl6j + ";i *'Jg 4l*617lE 6lq 9lc*el y-lll.:, +E
    d.q. 3-E+rJ dl*i/re dlllz.l o-,+, Brii,J:_, +Flal/llt 6Jrl.
    rt\ tlt.r t: ool

    Bl^lF +,j.ae 4,ga.lgl arl ,1.€ 'J^l:- .3cel


    ?! l-.l"J ,!"1 9.lu+.
    7aer.
    ^la 4+"rl3 5t"=
    _?+llolLl B
    ^lro.€
    TItl ag3_ E"J6l=
    ,E"J lti
    9]41 5 4l^] +ell6!q _r. br.i:- .tlLl
    ^l+olLl H5
    gt"l il
    *ut.:.rlu1 9l* B^1.--'3tl+ 6ltl6Jrl. llzlal pit.i 7lt dr''oll rrt
    4,r 5-,--71.:r7ll uJalllEl. .J+ €-a.g -i.t}"[
    "J^lt ^]el
    6'ltl{l ?l rl.
    ji- rllTl?.il +.JsJ %!^l-5- i:idel 9'd9 5sl^]. g.+ +f,6rit16Jg
    E6ll il alloJ._o.g +",.1+!'j+. $.. +

    *"I ^l xl U e.l t! ,(lel lllliel rll


    zl€',"r dl*ql llTl dJo ji-4,i +"J
    Strl.
    re\ ,\lnl^t ooi
    il 11 4 oJ e_oJ o I,r.-.-, ++Ll dJ

    "J ^l ! Hl*d €"J 6llo'loi Lr


    =",
    +t ja.rl /l /l -il 1l5lol .J= {l 1}
    ,:i Hl{ 6-}q +%t^le_l sl c<tl E}_e_

    el 6€ 5-g E i. .JEl
    Ld<'lel

    rLr!. FrtE8J nllgolLl t.l ^l


    g_o_s alltdel 'Jlele} -,:sl
    oJ
    el
    8"1 *?l {l 4ir €'e rl {zl.o_.r. f,g \ -5 uicfe *elE= .at1 ill7tE
    €-'I.J3 A4lqlEl.
    +z+4"J sg_o-i,.ts a6 t5-"1 tl"J6lzl *{1 cE} Al+zlL} .1+ F
    ql^l +zlEq d4qq e/lC B6ll= ge-Ae-E-41 oJtrqot. DlEl, tJ
    dl+4 5E H^l]7l gSqE €^JolEl. E+. b'l++zlol^l +F s"J'il
    el,* ++l=. r:zl4l 614'+. ^8del"ll^l 7lE .il^I7l B"I ul+ +-3 /lil
    6l+^17lE nlt -E-.1E}.
    =

    crl q€ I gE Eq 4+et fir{ 4q rd gat

    [ 8E ts= Xlf (bioconcentration tactor)


    dE *.+- zl:;{, aNo} ^Jlt il.lls+ dl+ .6el 9"; €-del +liEl= "J+q. dl.J
    cgg t+"1 trlzl illLl]q €-;*',"r 5'4618 ar'-71 4eq. r dE= +=J+e-l +
    +. ^JEg +F "l +rJ"l E+4 Ele/ll €El. .lg SeJ3Eel 7.]+ TleE t+ 2l+=
    900-'5500. +r] 4000- 18.000. * 40.000- 7.300.000 6rLoltl.

    E F6ll EtotE4+el

    1992.J 6gd 4+ ilelql^l :lE_'lF! elxtl 21 41 19 t '+6rl sl+ Eael +44s,4_


    <ld+ +4 el i,.il49!.16J alqg.irJ;171 9lo-il +9i1 +a zl4(rrNEP)e +*
    -",€flq 9g "-llgt gg Plzl'3 9l {} Hzli'4 dal alq(c}lobal Programme of
    Aclion)-,? El{6}9E}. .l dil zlls.l g 1995\r- llg ElEel elcEJ DC ql^] gql d
    er (! 49ql^l ;I.4El9:nl, qel +1l7loJ .6.1* sgil .aql^.l +,d4 oe zl+^J +
    7l _sg g?ql qld 20051Jr1..! lldl 414se.l€.fidJ6l= il*-rl- rla *Ceg dq1
    rll ill6lE+ 6ljl ?lEl.
    .l 4=il 419_al +7I ^ldol 2005"tlie A+ 44"J a+ i4.+. zt€lzl. -3-+ illl
    71 71.= g':-. Zl+c 13,71 LoJ }l-ilel tr,:- y+^Jcl."l ql +l llilTt €^lqq zzll g'

    *. d+"rl elrl.6! r]lol j/ltl'il. ,fft *]rd 4lelol a+d4l.qi +41 .+qr.o=fr.= zl
    +€ +zl sg CAe DDT 5 +?l giZl 5'"-I+4 g-4=-{rllllolEJ E Hl'llB
    (PCBs). q"l+crl Elqllrji* 5olrl.

    250 \ .;li:i EJE' nil


    a|1oJ egel +8 flzlet HJgS ot6ltg + ?.lEt
    6t13r goJ EEJg 4Eg + 9,lFl
    6t1g eoJ EJ^l ggE ol6ilg + ?.lct.
    6l?l e"J B^l 8^l= 0l6119 + ?.lcl

    1 qloJ eg +t
    dil ".1 +lrJ* Ui.ldl/l +l6ll^lF al oJ -o,g el d_r.;r ard;li',1.1 +,11
    llcio} a!El.. rrlal,*1. 6tloJ -?,oilg +1]617l +l-(! +rl !.lef eJ4 + oil <,J

    'J ^l6J %I+lql 14+.?.11 rlit dji.-"l ii.rl r".lel . ^1.!iel t}]i "i,{+,
    lal \ -6 i[
    arljl +4 %!B 53J ol6ll6tlol: ElEl .
    +121
    oll+
    ^l.e

    i[+l
    ^lE
    :n^l 6-tlE el i 1:l-3i rls€. .j' ?lr.+ it ql 6l]
    ^l
    ,i'_"'I n+. zl f:^l a*+el .,.1 ll rl , .il2.|z] rje] g
    g r.,9 6lq sir4gs
    4145lqol f]rl
    ?lt 6J+ +.1f,.91"J all,i. ^l ji_ts I:4:_r1,,1
    jt+ rll €e] !Ii: ;llizl (\'an Dor.r.r -santltler.). ?
    z 1ll+rl 5':= *?lg rl.Hlyl. (l)\'(, ) {l ?,_ol LIJ:
    ?.1ii+'l (\isliin s rnpler') -"--9 ^l-€'qlrl . 7,.-,,'-

    +g .'+ g'1151!.uleI .o-"J:"i'.:l-ll +l;lq Ll-",1 E


    a: €rl utl.tl i.l-.=. ol soJ 4ri/l-= ^}€,;l= aol 1a) l]E rN+/

    ,.1,-
    +4.i| qal i"illl:El +^lrlLl €5- 'J r. (perisL:rltic purrp)S ^l
    .FL+.

    +g + 9.lEl
    Eg
    ^IE
    ,,.1e9 ;N?;14 u0l.J-
    ^l a'ql"rl ,3'^l ddJ"l qq€'a+.ll* +a *
    d ^l e BlHel r^l .s+,{.Bql qe} rr+,*r+. 'g* ts-+e
    6J+,J_
    0 - -,111. LJt !.+!,:- 20t olololl^l rr+eq. +E.J €.'d"l flg
    e ? ^1tr; +l*oll^l .H_ + q,.lEl..

    gq"J E4 EJEI

    1l pH *5
    ^1tr-ql 5}rt! fril ll-irl-dln1 d-- ^lolcl= T1+lxl/l ll
    + pu t.l--9
    c7l3 "Jel -d E
    . ,J6lq. -1:rzl|,j.,; ol$;Loll Hl ,1lal=:.lel= q+q!q.
    o^1. qE E=Eq
    e+El trJ9] dTla;€
    B7l= Ell
    'J-e-d +
    e ^FlE 80J9 il
    =dtrt.
    dfliF+
    =

    lg \ 7 pHoF,l \8 g= tll:PJ

    2) g=
    =8
    F+ ^I^aJ(DO)
    +li,r.I_q +-1 tiJle- ^l+ql eJt. rd-{lr+ +1!3}LlF.€. €sl€
    +"J61tr +1.18]4ll1l'l?lel "rl 1l.l ^J^Jtli. ol edg f-9'Jte i+
    el €-e 1!,a:e+ l!3'.1 €-3.i tlA 'Jt*t;1el +1lt+4lolElt.o-i,r-
    ^l ttl.
    s.. tlrJ.

    \Tn + 20H ', NIn(Oll)3 (,-l4l ? 1l)


    l\ln(()H), + .1,0 , 'Nlno(on), 1dlrl a?'l)

    "l 11 lij,,._,",, g ()_-E-!l ol+_.Jl


    e'tl6l.,ll^l ++9 /l'l ttse ;-lyl.
    €= ti .:irJ,llf,Lel 9, o--r,-,=t $el;l 4l EJrl-. +Ll+l g<,--= el s+1.!
    r'l,r= i :r,ri 8-e! s-.:a 4 6r all ''l +€ 'ili= ? c.];l- +lB "lL-|.
    I\lno(oll). r2l r -1H *Nln' + I,, + 3HrC)

    I. + 2S,O,' , ,21 ,'21 + S,O,,'


    252
    s+q* :r:t I EErla!ddg
    Il ^lE
    iil+l

    ill+71 Hll=,loll l**-.'r zlfi ^l+-a; tli€,il


    + :15. +3'] +!E} 1.1-'r€ +,J-q
    +.,jElE '8€. g="1 ,llqg 3nl xr,,4g rl.-3.. r.++ +lg 'd EBl.El4.?.] €r 7l
    E7l iJTl,'l .c*l--_+ alF_E il i" r'1..

    B aE tla r8 +g
    ^to+

    t,rH€e.Iel ;l /le*+';.1 ',fl + i:. r€61 ,iri1j'L€'nlLll.Lr tlt"Jtl $E 0.5


    ml-el ?l'Jel ,J l|,?_-tl-ti; ol,.rl r-rlllr:ii- €.erJ 0.5n)[,.-1 +/.1rl] + rl 'l.l€. ^]€.
    ;+q ti:g orlel ol.'tlel ilq.tl rlr! i,i--1.rlJ,.r _4'8-d1 .?,,rl 5JL+.

    I 56ldEg 8il
    'r17il= :E+-ci 'Jol
    7lg7l. ^J?lzl ga!91€::- 3'l9l<+ -P +7lcJ.o_-E :-r-=,:r,. C6l-E- 51
    ilol +tril 30il er'' g=ol .g i+ e'!El . zl /.llltrol 'il al?.] 9*= "Ji.il^] .{$q}rl
    *i_ 1l + +
    ^l
    t
    lll oll 1l d o-l ol: .o+El

    ! DOBoI /le ,[+ 2 E= l€ [,igSO,0.5] mL, 3 d6l cE


    ^!4
    Kl-NaN, 0 5mL

    5- ( r +i2, H.SO, 1 mL /t6J

    ral | -o .Q^. 4.^l nLxl


    ^l ^

    s! ; ::il
    i ;[+l 2 20 0,6
    NaoH l nrt ,l6J -l 0.025N lilvln0- I0rnL 7l-J
    ^lR

    ,1 +q 5 60= llE : I0o/o K ll nrl

    ri l0o/o H S0, 5 mL 7 0025N NaSO l€

    3) if-"14 t14 g+aJ(cOD)


    =5
    2lLelal ,:- 11.:.,l.oj ?l 11 91 nd o-i,:, ilJl ;dl ull . l:Lrlvl| {!r}
    ^li:.:t
    rll-ql "J,-ir +;l.oj ol.,ll rll.:.-"1.-,:- 1.1 iL:l o-;;: r-l.r]\t a 3 e:}+31 9n I

    +'llol rl.jr +'lril . ol lr-o- ^l-i. ll'el !'l l.Le"l /il ++.d -ql ?I3 LIL+\rlr,l . rl il
    Fl'il +i11, r,'-!- tl'i; ,"tt)it. "l il1.!"il , :l_ i:l , nJ ilsr i;ol l.l o,r-l 5H,q-l
    d i-:i 4lel.l.'tl .r<l ?l#ol rllr+-li,olLl.. rll Jl ,.] , r}41z.l 11h,9.++l ;tg
    ,.i.ie.l .,i /l+i, .J"Jl rll,Jl r,_r,r. i.d, s"J,"l xr.--= !l;rzj tE}.6l 7ll
    'jr-l_;l
    n^l El ,i. 1lul.. -j,ar 'l'ile i;rjjt?lij'}l t},j rI,'Jtt],'JE'x r- "j
    t) llal/1.91 o,rl. e,ll-j.-,i' .J?lrl ,rJ 'lrl 'il ?l-l.l7llJ ril o,j;': +11 ElEl
    254
    rg I 11

    4) +ff E3 +3
    ++ : del +d r
    grJ aJel ,,"ral c l?_
    ^l+E, 4l'1 "lrl "J-,1 9li-
    _S,

    olll^le "J 4;-lq 1t)5^ 110coli.l 2 ^lt eh^lA -6r. Y"4l+ llol o.l
    !l d 6'rel €4zl "r.41 ilil 'f+El.
    5) oJsLlolEn( N H.1- -N )
    =E
    \H. \'l ,llrLr'l ilolg.tilel g4lalol{l LIL:g'zii^l.t-.el iuq +
    +_o,s tl=rl H!B6lol ?^'lel ql-=,!ll-.."1 g!!l.Ertl. olel g,g-r,--=, +
    6loJ 9]rr-q olAi= 1j.J:6JE+.
    ?dr

    6) otE^I€r(NO, -N) +8
    ol,:lt! oleol td +s4{pll 2.0 Lll 2.5)"l al €.6}+ ztl l.lHl
    "l
    (s ulfanil:rrlidc ).1 tsJ*dl
    ^l t ^J ll : rlol,r.(diazo) ilaJ -:,,iql HJ-.J+
    oltl t(N-( 1-naphthyl ) cthylene diamine dihydrrchlolide )E ?l;l]

    €€+l 449e] oll(:rzo) .}6Jgel 'La+hg +?Sltl.

    \,-12 ql4l
    =

    - :r i::: :1 255
    7l gatga(No3--N)el +d
    ++q dtalE +d+?-l +Eee a4+ 4sE gxlz|;N+ld *
    g+ +q+9 €.!+^l7lB 4e*4sE
    "la,t!aag- +g€El. +g€ ol
    dtd4€ "ldilda +dH.g-s +C4q, ^li 6"il 4:ae Eq iiEJ
    .ladaa*g d tl-e--+-,gtdi tsEE +tq.
    3.5rnm lD
    '0 E+!e!(Po1--P) +8
    cu-cD 94
    celB{t*sE-n} E}e4etoJqlrBesg tc +E"{^i {r} q
    e+ t}+4q s+4qel ?154s{t} 44lE B^d4q. o}Aa-e.Hlt!-qE
    +g^lzlE gqs'i! 'd"i ^J^dgEl. .l a44E zlr.b oJt olgel bE
    fg Y-13 €g+ q dl46t're €:* *sg o s ?lt?lg 4 ele4.
    s) E0[ += ffE
    4+ +el 'l eJ ++C €sl4l€su.E.e,rl€clEl.i:z +a6J El€. il
    d4 +*zls frTl +"tlE_ +:.-eg el&l 4l+ail^1a4. €
    =uJ^l{l
    + B+ +EAl= ol$;-|ol {zl s}d 310nm4 €+ 4t BZ4nm4l^l
    B*.{il71€ +d4q +eC d+E}ts *HqE}.

    (l 4"J eE $rt qq
    6110; sg *zlgrl o|!r{. !.€ {!4 9-
    g DJzlg 916] rlz!es 4qElr 9lE EJ..J
    e 3iil 4d zizlF- s+g + 9q.
    1l egfl 4lolE^l eg EdE sg sxlE+El
    -tEt6E se!
    ^JtS 4l+ 4^il/l egg +gg + rle
    E 4tC +E^lZ"l alEl. *ls4 ^Jtl :L
    dol E^lzl q"J 4E gea rl^il614+ ^J
    +t *cc +c6l^145 eg €a g^Jg :l
    +6lE *Bqq.

    2) Il^lg Ets rl*s sE


    fg I-14 6iloJ Lg g^l 44 +lA4oJ ii*ol €u|.tsg a+q g^J€
    ffi v. dg, elae] Eral
    *d.q "ll^l+6171+ ^l€eE 4lf+l^171ts dlH"l4. gkel 6li
    -o-S
    +eJzlel a+ slolol Eil=^17] dlqel d1!elg- +71^l7l+ uJoJ. rEL-
    5l+ el+E llol+ -Fol "lel+ 4l"ll dll"+'ilEl.
    "l
    3) eg Eaq E3J g {q EJPI
    €,tlel rlql Tleei- d}la.B f 9t= eg tsdol;(l?} gd *6Jql E}

    e]';}$o_g-.,.1 q*'J +
    918 El7lE.-..] a+, +4!I 4el^la q+ol+
    aflr]4l !-T};lE ElH4 4BEJ iJTl +H-o-ji- goJE+ zl#^l7l= HJUJ
    ol ol Tlql all?d+.

    4) rlq gEJrllE^l +Eel olE EJ9l01l Elat sa 7le= gel6|= gPl


    ^lEg
    4Eg +zJ 7l=9 €|.6l<4 sg Ca ?]el tl+ ae +il^lt
    4l+r+
    EoJ6j€' ,l*+ + 9l3, de4'J €zd 7l++ C€F+ + 9Jr.5' ;'13-
    tsJt"lq. €rrl +q Llelel €S! Ei] ,}el B-oJE olqj dl36lzl"J. zl
    tsJ 4il El,l el zlq fr": TIdJ,s+,r: oJ o-lq .l 4lEel €_s.^J ol eidPl

    ir"Aq. zl alq9 t'€491 tlgElll':ll= tfi's, te 4gg 8.61q +


    49 zl€ +!A.',+ zlsl .r|{al "J** t.J+ "Jd^14. tS A iie A
    zlut E€rlE4 6tE zi"l +elel €"Jg Elq-t zlg rf4g r{+4 e-s.
    "l+.J + "J= *oJol € ?"14.
    51 4^tl 4lE
    6ll"J sgg r*^J^la soJ47t
    eg qsIE- _Hd6}F ae Fr$. eE
    €^J9 rl+^l7l gt ++ql e= tsl+g +86}.-_- 4lE"lEl. Brl=J.l
    *lAq qdlql ts1o'lq Elflol 4q^l +lA t+'l4l Eil+ e3.1+4s tsl+E
    :lzl'$. zl€ +49 Eg"I r|]t Tlil aJ zlz| =cu|,;3 olr.:-q a a+ ol/-l
    + olE= "Jc ql /lzl EJ-oJss ^lt!4 o F- fr_E€ + *ElE +E"il^l
    4lE4sE Hld-J^l e %LoJolq.

    (J u+ rlEEl tfiE
    1) 6il9 99 EJrIH

    afl.* sg 9 6lloJ: ^l€rr+Elel dtl* gg *zl 4 qzl


    %lzlHc dE+
    Eel atloJ F7l BzlE +40F- 19778 129 13"J. EIE 41 3079ns
    44qHi-t. ol+ 1991E 3E- 8'JqlE B€ 7l 4365eE CB ,ldqq
    s-=-ql ol ea *q. .l Re c,+ c dl* ^lrde+ElE 7lE, +a]l q!:i
    94. glzlir9 ql= fr41, qCel t17l +41. eg %Izl €'rl9 -g'C ";
    _sg E^J^l *41 dil 59 ila4jr flEl. !.i-si.lq4. all'J +49 4
    2 6llg rrAsl !1E El
    d6.l H-d=? galq 4qq zl€ q
    ^lB. +E +^lE+Elg 4el 5"il
    El4 4qg 4+q +d zl=9 €d. r,(l;lEe,-9q gEl.
    IEF].q.{d .1q ool eBqq -llqH +4 7l+g +ald}zl7} s*
    8lr, 6ll* {ia lrdol o[+ o]dE]r +Aqq FE ED4"l 9s6]4js
    "JCg 4l= 5H +rl '6lqg,ldg! + flq. "l A+ qB +4 diCe
    99.l €6Jg vlrle &^lrl^lq€ L*+4.
    2) e!g!q Ee $al
    St -sge 4+e q-tsgf-El +"J9= eg C4"il 96lol "l+q
    dEl. 144^1. ct +4 li-.$.g qJdil^lE +tlo-e+El +.JqE eg ii
    d€ €4l5ll+ +El. :rBl+ €.J 4qq1 6l+ i];l 6l!l +e rJa zli
    ol+?l * '*+q4 g':lr+E Q"Jee_ Eq]LE 9-g BrdE-g E
    ^l€ol
    Y ql-,? i-L flr:}. tg 4l+e+ gc- c_e-g$€- sIA zla ^l€=g iri-"-l
    .
    I
    Hlcegfle *c
    q s44e-e +4i+ i 9l-o-L+, 5,a4e]- 4elql^l +"JEl= Hld(rF.f.)
    al, oFl?l tsarl ql -e-gflg F4l6i7l7l "l+ qB':l.. olrl ?! tsl4sgtl+,trxlel "l+ 5^J
    +.-E{.rg cil+E oll E+el 3 g 6Jg uJ:El.
    3+ ?tol Elgfla ![
    i6 ael 7lxlts e €;il 6lttqe+el 60km ol.llel gt zlqqE Tt^tl41 g!?el dp!
    gag "JdE+. "lt"l ta glzl qi+q tt 4qq TIEg- gEle dlo} sg,e_F, olq
    d +Yl.tl srl. "lE- Eq. 91d.il gB "J^1,"= d€6tB oJ-3ql oJ+/l d
    .eqq 5^l7l !!eJi}4l EJ_o-e4l ?-+ ?d stlEg 99 +6lzJ,3- +zl.o-l
    4l pldol4. q4^1. €t al.Jq ef,a Bd€,+l6ti^lts.ilqgt +Ll4
    {oJql oJ6J:9 zlilE qt 7lq/4,(l,E 5J4l +"1;.}zl g}sH t qE4.
    ol4-3, g"Jq E*
    "J4rla t4.
    3) g9! eg grlt
    =44 $4
    (1) +al Llelg EoJ 9g t$41 i{lRl
    +4 qel:4q9 sg gd ul+r 6Jelzl{41 *eg Eagl *zI 4
    il 9+=- +dali- 'fl"Jzl 4"J ?lzl',:i ileq;-l_rr. 9lEl. "J"J- *41 3il
    elY,ztll eli{ ;lzlE- =.t4 gTlL+ f. iiltilo-s .ji* -sg *zllt +t
    8J a+. -?d iztqld qi4 a;lE 6-l_u isg !l+e
    *41 el,"r.^l"lll
    +B6lE+ oIoJ -e-<,J uJ,(lli_o-s td6l! tiEl. Eil+i-el rilB 99 ^l
    a^l 6Jelzl: oJ.rl 5-e4"1 flq Rlt *4l$rilql *,il 6:19 flEt6l!
    ile4. tltgl *41 .--Eol ElEolq dt +7l.zl+oJ "'l.t 4da"il^l
    dJ4 a1g ++;-tjr 9]4.
    (2) Srll
    =4
    ?el +elq pl4l 449 :rg v-154i^l cFol , 6ls 4*a.l dl*
    U \'. ;ri!l :l/;.1 H{]
    '*zl a* * rl?I
    ilrl.:rll
    ,sg E+= +E6lr EJri grilE
    ',J41
    ;ll* a+ag -u=61+ +=,,i- t^brqq 9lsq. Y]{}el *41 !c4ol €
    qd +zlel "Jt ++q qtJ +Yi"l 41451 ol+qzlzl ?+i1 il4,

    lg \ -15 +al Lial

    Q) *+ e.s sdr 44
    ++ -o-g *41 'JHe- 7lal4 ?14, e+ofzl ,l rl. dts-6i4 ilel. rel
    a rzl il"l Fss 3zl +€g + 9]El.
    :19 \ -16 n€^l 9"J
    1) 7lxl4 i{al $4el lllg'g ?€.4]rll
    71414 ilelE 6l]*"il +e€ ,lE-g
    flzlzl {a}41 99- $la(oil fence)-il
    F17l
    'l++ +, +q+zle+ +S+"ll+.
    {l+o1q E?l 4_o.s +46}ts '*Bg
    "J6Jq.
    r1.) Q9l Eit,\

    sg fljE +=+ qalel ^lEl.l +


    9. E elol e--+, +€ ^liLTl *^J b1Tl. /l
    t rlZ.l Sgrlq €?q gd/l,tl +l

    : 6l!J riSe eal 259


    rl. {:,E 7lJu4 7l4a olFol €.ol;-lrt]. €*ql^l afl
    ul4^1 . 9oJ.
    -;l-_r c+614
    'la + .Jqot *tr}. {lRt o}qel. -e-il ,illa* +€' ^}fi
    €l]el .lld =a4j 7t* nj+4-ge €*;'i tlgl I 1i .;.: ++-:: cq
    alq zl ol :r,;_,o"51e1.
    ^}+at=

    +5li=?l= dltql *ir5J zj$,ir slfa-].:; dHi.Jr{. Fli. r.!.41q u}4


    ++.1.91"1 (weir.).1. 1!.;".1. flc +el €lo-q,JEJ6] .i-+ g + 91El-,
    ^l
    (3) ?e+I]|
    ,lE.g fi:+ 5]+6ti: i+ce^1 . ,Pr,=rti"l zl TlLl gJol ! +
    ."r+z+41=
    ri+7lr-= e)+z;l7l7l e{lal '4 ^l€-t]u+. +€:i}4lE rlBal zlg:3_ g
    .'l= -ii+ E +61"i: 4 5 LAl r-- f,fij,'- +t-gE}. f..ra ul4l€; rll eJs_E-
    €ra1r1';1 i:l-.., :'5a1"1 glr.l_ir 3E^lql y+€. 4 7lg.l "J ^d +tr}.
    r+4^1. +#al-l|l-i- u-.?l ztg-o,l
    'l*al t4lut. .tlq 413"1 e{it El
    9el Sf-, /l,iirrl zlTlql ^l+€8}. t,= tlqld'"lLl +4 Ae +A "J
    ,J' 6ilq4^l Ll3 BB.o_i:_E $/{6}zlz} ec!?} L4 ,6J'j+.
    ^l8.El7lE
    2) El=i4 il al
    nl6J.i ;lrlr-- f.ilrl4le+ 4,3- i.l+4 +11,il= ,l-=.
    ^l€-;lq ]i-=g
    e- ,'l.il'.(l-ji
    "JEol 8ll+ .3."l $,11r1219s4! uld:i g6l /l- €,olal-'-,--+
    6ll +r:. UJB ol El-.

    +^lrl4lts ,l4lel +€rl tl:' ir *d5J .,.'16I Eg ollt6l.7l glalq


    ^lr. dilqel 6il3 4a!l illtq ^l €11 5€ Flr nd
    .tl'$ i.4l R!,.-^l

    rA \ 17 +g g r.ll

    dst fritetrit -gg alg


    5lq qrrr= addlol '+q. +ilal4l ;J 7lE- ++ a
    ^l+ ^l+g 7l;6J
    Tlql "-l= 4"1 +q. ff* ez1q1 7lE9 ^lrJql 4€ Es|71 zl
    ^l+6lB
    jr e+t H9l7f Hul ?*"1 ei} crlTl +71 EI*olEl.
    3) gE+4
    ^ial
    "l* +la.l +";+l ++* El*"J asE 44 4+ EldE..{ E6}q
    +slrlzl !'ldqq. l]l^Jg 6qli- 561 +ii +4€ A 6lE =c5ol .Jts
    ql. q=g q+4q +=,"rE B,5l +E€ Eg i'JEl. ole+ Aol .
    ^dg
    "+4 44= ++ 86ll "lcgg ++i _e_"J alq.il gy_6lq +€+= .l
    +!51+ie+ ge Silo-'l t-6ll^l7lL uJts.lrl.

    4) 4'+ il al

    .il*"I^l +=+ql €c €q ql9.l^l {l7lo1E %}Eol


    +. -1llLl sE +3+.li qld'q i4"l 7l;.I ag ol
    ']4. +r1"1 E+4es olgol.xlzl +ldll^l= .?E Frl
    tl 2mm ol 'd| 'lq ol 6l:u. +e+71 t rlsl 4 L+ rl +el
    4lq^J +t+El^l l** trl"l"loi *4.
    fr??rE L4 ilel6lTl qldl^l= dE *ts]71 oJolol 6l
    ?. a4^l rllzl 9€-ir gc^l7l.ts +4171-d'J + *EI.
    qel^i. i+4 9 "Jd. FEql Eli,lts oC6Jg !cj6l"l
    ^ld
    "I d5-el *"J="i *olot "J4.

    2 if a rJ.-le 261
    "l
    fl$q6 lqdsflr!^l€e!o{EEol
    ll 6[+ +^]4 4+51,_: e_eel 9,\1; drif:(celcius)'9.il u+4 o]4dlol i/l
    E c€+ql t= B"Jq. E6 gE= 0e. t-ee 15-25e. de€- l-35te 6lq.
    + *g Ele +C"l Sts e 0-15tel :.29 *{!4. g-+E 60-70t. g+ts E
    100r. 4+ts 151 0l;-|,+ +4. +++ 5.-: iq +4 zl€*q.Je- 4e frd"l
    flts t +g 100t"il^l 7lg6Jg *61j1. el 100cE +71+-,"' + +E 94.

    A 6JeJ9-s sJ.u\t+^l ,J=+Et, rE= nJ-eJ:_o-F, g ql4zl ,.lg+4 6J-?: +-? LTt
    ql^l I q 7.:!6;1zj+ rEts 4€€, r4 T]+ +4li}7} g'} 0.3me .i6}"J ,ClE y}
    ^l{l
    {l-4. "-qel tr.E (l-- 10). (.1 -']00)
    rs= (1 '1000) 5r._o_e s:^16}= ag- n4l
    €+"il 9lol^.li:1g. qlill dgql flq^l= lmt,-E-*ut4l +q Ci[ *-li l0url.
    100rnl, EE 1000mLs bt-- trlgg.S^l6J 4..14. o-lil 9q^1. ql
    ^lel'-o.l b-Eoil
    e i;q gt(l+2)"lEl! qq flg "i.Ib 9t r mr,gI -e++ E= 9ol-9--f 2mL
    eBaloi 34el zig'llt':l..
    =

    g dEJ6l'e.l el'rl= itc{!.$el 441 !r. ^lE€ + r-lrl_o_j,'-_ rtr--Erz}zl +16}41}.


    ql. +4145-ol+alq ,*Czlzl ;l'?i:-ag'*drl. 'llEl 61 EJEIi cl 6J.-Lq rl-dsJ
    oJ,el 4iIE ?-l6lcq +41 $ 4ge 0.1me/4rl +d51.: ag gflEl .

    O 55-- il^loil^1 '4$'ir(Ruts Pcl Hundred)*.&"4 100m1,?e-l ^JU Fzll(g), !r--ts


    ztn- 100rnl 3'e] d.+; *zli(g)F-r .;t^lEf w/v%!L1J'4. €-q'i l00mt, ?-ql dg +r.r
    '41-
    (mL). !|:E 7la 100 mL e.el d+ &aJ(mL)9 s_^lg 4ls- v/v%l n^laJg. *4
    l00g # 1lS *zll(g)'9i -*.^ltl qi: w/w%el )lp-'.,- +cl-.
    . d t-9( l-'art Pcr''['housand) *-x1 : %. g,/ke
    . 4'ilt_g(par.t per. lvlillion) 9rl : ppm. mglkg lEi mgll,
    . d9t-3(Part Pel Uillion) g,tl : ppb. pt/ks E;: pe/\,

    N2 \.5[! trr rJ!


    E]
    dfls iJarl 6119EtZ . . . 5)l?le- zl +el 7+91 ixe I al Bll6l +: +lI6J c'J /1,+ ^l !r_iJ .!
    +e,l Tlql+ 91,.1 d h-+.^l ^lr,el 71,+= 4da1_z flEl. !l;J. dlloJ--e r,:
    :+ 514J. q$. $r+, !l^J,i-. edl Fes sg Ed9 1l4g +,.1- ^ld
    64.1 .J"l 9-41Et.Je {L*.tl u+E l1}5rel ilill}o a ol+6lq eJE}.
    (pp.2,10 -. 2,11 )

    6llgrl 99 ".' ,5lli} -e,S e dl%!.g- rN il-"--+, ^d+;lt' ^l++


    el6rl:- 4lil4l
    _o,e 6lloJ,e.91 e^Jg .g g?.1 *6111 4l#ql, r dzl^J"l rl.1q !l+-c
    -
    zlrl .Rbljr 9.1E+. 6ll"J' .9.S1.11+: ++ 9"J, "."J *Fl 9 4 ji, tli= is
    ;l+: +/l .3a _e."J. +#ii e_91. c+d +71 i+al ga 9"J. g_sg rzl
    -n 4rlS 5lg F"l ?lLl(pp.2.11 '250).

    6llgr szel 6fl9 9S 4E ... ;ll"J rJ 2.3. r'_ 1la17l 916l,lL 6lloJ .e,919 dt;=, +dr
    -H,E 6l:. xol f.tlsl<)lol iJrl. +el +al"i t- 6tl"J +e *d BJ UJ ql q
    ^J ^le
    99 it {iriel -i.l E?1. ^lne.l "ll+l E I'.+. grl ',}H"rl +
    = .ll* ^l =4==
    l s-g+ +d+rl. +d aJ*4li- pH +{. S* t!i*(Do) +{.
    5lq4 rli Jr+%I(coD) +11. ++ gg(ss) +d. ol?,te.i:(N0,-\)
    +d. gltl?l(l'o" -l') .;1J i-ol 9.lr1(pp.25t -'256).
    6ll$ 99 HJxl .,. 6il"J p_g *11 rllirle:r4l 9gg 4l<'l. rl^lds !s:- ,ti
    ru:!.] oJS_t. _sg i.eel r,r_+ El ijrl
    'J1!. alq
    g.J4l. rl,4l rl -r,_/l ,lE4El
    .n 9lE}. lil rl 4lr_il r]] 4 -o--+,:- d]]* sg ',J^l'J. €tq t.dJ $sl. .,1?i
    e :J d tg 9lil * o--+, .-l: ilzll ;1lotl el.ll t*ri 3il +16l a ?lEl. +
    e.__

    + sg '*41 *Hlg rl4lrl ;lel. 6l"J4 ilel. ^J5r"l4 7lLl. rrl -7 i4


    ilil 5-ol 9lE+( pp.25ij - 262).

    !t+E 6f.!o EEL E[

    -l r +- q Hir 2dl
    1. 6il9 9'g El$ol olH 1e? 5. PCBorl g€t €getr EFa ae?

    o++sg O Eq4, rl€l4ss "Jd6lq tgCol4.


    @+7lB sg @dzl A€Cq €ooe eEi!^l €fol ^l
    @ e++ e€ sFl4.
    @il;l+ cg o +71 +"l.il a +aigsl.;{B a4ql
    @ rB qlzc ag +4€4.
    @++dol.s ?lal q9 ^lE* =4"il +
    4q^l e*Eq.
    €)48 ts+ !+441 96ll .Jt"il2l t 6il
    2. dl+
    =
    t€ c+ E!+ E.E= E-E7t 44+0ll E- € + el4.
    tr+4 olsxl 84ts71?
    o zJ4*4. 6. d8o{^,1 +^l +d6fiol g g.Eoe Llg5]o1
    @?zltq. flts 4e?
    @ +41 flEl.
    oa. +4. +*
    @,JAt + 4^l +71+4. @ a. "J44E. AE
    @ +71617l|s 6lJ' a48lzlE +4.
    @ 9s, pu. ++ t4
    @++ CA-. pH, €5
    @ 4E, ga4E, ++ +d
    3. Ehoil ele! +E 9g gdol olH ae?
    o BoD +71 7.4€ pHel +d fl4€ €EiJ 4tee 4
    =.
    Efl AE?
    @q+el e.l
    @+"Jd asH O+e d+"I rJ^JElts d+lil
    @ +€"J+ Bt @.?el d+3t Hli d+ <l.l g45l=
    @+€ta+a d+lil
    @E+ d+tl +il d+"il g^J6l-ts zldq
    @E+ AE'+ Elil d+q ^J.Stl= Tldq
    o "4+ d+r+ +4 a+q g^J6lE delil
    4. cl-E 6 6ll$ 9'g g^l 44ol olt ,fE?
    o egg 414 8.coD +dql ?lol loot g*ald !+'Jzttg
    @ {4+ EHe qE ^lEofl 4a€l7l?
    ^}+
    @ z1|,t|9.:Nf,$ 04" @E+
    @4q *"+41 @6ld+ @+*+
    O rlitl gerl 4i
    ^ilE
    N V. 6ioJ FlzJsl EE
    I

    I
    9.4€ 5 +F eg "Jxl
    gEoE !+Et4 il alo{l 13. ?4 4ate{ g"J eg gr{ 44 E+Ae?
    dlgq= 1a? o+z+ t+
    o 4'4ilel @+il?llrl @ ax"* a+ ^l+
    @+$l+71 @+g+ai @ d.J a* 4+
    @s"J {. @ EE 4"++ +S
    @dl"J eg +4 ++
    10. 4eoll 4f, €Eo,e 8rl ?Je Ae?
    o #lgc €*aEel ol+ €+l o e 4+
    4S4q=€+q4.
    @ ++c +E+E 4a g,^89 ?st s
    oJolq. 14. 6[90ilggg+7t rll+ilrtl Er[4q E
    ^{E
    *=Eol 4aJoe gs4ts da= +1014
    @ d4 -iqql^l- a "Jq+4 ?*ts €^J.lEl. 4!-71?
    @ +e taTl a€4q q4+71 ql^ltq.
    @ €*BFzl ++g q +.e gd6Jq.
    ll. gegol "Jcc qts?
    O +ftga.l aI"J.I ''?E9- 41
    @ *^lts cdq qd.l e-qA ql
    15, E^lE Egfeel old d^{eB 6{+el 4{ol
    @ +++"1 €tql r-tl+se +E€ ql Bxl H6'tE ea€ +{olal 4E7t?
    @ 4a€ gdllfTl +ao{ 4e €a}9 zl
    ad
    @+zl5"l €7lC edlE 9erl {.{z}
    g^Jg 4
    16. esil+e.l g€ol 4g saoil g?}e Ele 4el
    le aat cs q!+xte q44q +xl* 4t: +d egg +40lal +ts7f?
    HJHE?

    o++ €a +a
    @ete4+c
    @+e tAEJ +4
    @.lat €A +C 17, ?+ eS gl{ 4t{ 5. 7l?l^l xlal "Jgee
    @ 4El4 *4 e+* +C oltqts gB 321x1 .9q4.
    f.@ 2.@ 3.@ +@ 5.@ E @ 7.@ &O S.@ t[O fl.@
    It O O lL +g$!+ 4E
    13. scE e"J {!^. 34+71. FgEix{
    ,|5.
    10. 17.

    2.6iloJ Elae,l Fir 265


    | . +5, +q ..i'1, :-11 7ll .fL 7l sl yl dtl .J j't!+ .
    .19991JE dtl.J nJZ g+ S*,. tOSS. pp.
    r-239.
    2. 9'? ril 41. rElE-}el ol.l .

    5. +A ql6i;i1. 'ali* . zlilr.


    4. d "ll4 . tall.J 9g rl ^J EI Tll r.

    ri41 {+a _sg ,l+


    5. "l*$. .

    6. ol+€. f.fi':lilzL dq a1l.J,

    pp.9^ 14.
    7. "l+61. i,il* sg . .{l'} 3a) +. 199S. pp.15 l0 l.
    8. 4A"J q. r.ll"J-"g'lq*,.,8-41 7lii. 1991, pp..ll-.?6.
    9. -,!+ 610} fl?-,?:-. r+€ ulE+;i 9l=.rlci,. .11".i Ait.
    199ti. pp.l0-.:J5.
    10. -Jq.d* 9!?'i. rdllil ?1.8, ff-+ ql 3- (+^tl .r9-3d e,g ";21 €"Jrti . o|]* €JC,
    1997.

    1. el4o*9?.r..-a1".1 -9.?1,'l zl+ {-l?,. i}+l 914. t99U. pp. 13-b5.


    '|

    t2. il* aa{il.'611?} 9"J uJxtl,. 1987. pp.ll -7?.


    13. ;tl* 4?-"J. r+;lrl4l ^lB, 4lil(9i)_9!ai 4 q 1i- zlq . dJ+.ll"J g+i. 2000.
    -6ll"J
    14. all""l A de. -e.g {.,{tl 7li:'^lr. atl".} ??}?. 1997.
    t5. ;ll* iilPr. .61* sg ulrl 5zll€ 4lel ( 9? 7 q ) . -l"J ,i, $+. 1997.
    ^l.J
    16. 99 .;3"J'*"J *lfl ,. Etl* liti+,. 199?
    ;ll"J itlFr. 'atl?]
    17. ;I?I itFr. '5tlii +4 /l+ ?ll1t 91+ 3.9ttt-a]]"J. s4 zl7i") E'13r 017 .11r
    ";
    .J 5J+ dl.J El.lil , j 998.
    r8. .ll"J +tl+. '6N?I Ql4 !L1l q.7l 7l+ 1l* lieJ Sl+-ri+ sa! ++ dl* €+i
    ++ 6rl?I +il /rlg1l, r99e.
    19. +A Er. pJzJ ull^l_r. 1999, pp.l25 - 157.
    24. EJA tl . +,lel4l oltst}
    ^lti-,q."J.,. +l.d'il, 1994.
    21. 's.l=. HlLlel .rl-.ot 4ol.^l . ral.jll}, 1995. pp.1i- 12

    22. .+-!a ;ll?]-?. rvrvrv. rnllrn.go. kr


    23. $zJ _8.. r,1,11.,,1.1111,.go. kr.

    ?4. ;ll?i zJ +11. rvu'rv.nrrpa.go kr'

    \ ;ll-: E :J: !1al


    s
    ^lofHa!
    ..\

    #i ^nBJ zls
    llliit+l ?jl
    r}+al 49 ai-i It
    rlot 4l_]]rl n? ilhl q5
    tirlz affi,6x5 iE 14+ 'att loT,lo8
    al _rd 19
    r ll_e! ryl +31 dlioJH 23
    lHHf7'l dl^lzl rRQ
    i1
    i].
    75
    rF!1 75 tq.q

    1.FJ Zl2. _ize 7r ot


    llxlt+. I78 rE* tr1,12A
    rE€ t2s,rz
    rlLe. 55
    Lt+t 2ol rla da
    cje tr
    -7Q ro
    rutr/ +r# dPJ
    M
    LFII C+11 trl rlAa tcQ l%
    iDll ilEJ
    L#t o+ 125 :ltHe lo rIT+ 79,80
    g^rE 7/,8r -nj-rl' rtil 85 rry tgl
    t ^El] tf
    ;rzt otf -]t^|lz_^l zlui lAA
    H4+ 13
    -uo' 'cco ao ""
    Lp.l rtrJ l3l t1E 1tl
    28 rlt zloJT tz4
    Liqt+ loo,lcz rlJ il?T opJ 136
    .€ r6aj
    Hil
    67
    152
    'l rss
    64

    +i+ 8l ]r:l opJ ]34


    ++rirLEi-E, t4 -P-F tL''
    + 13)

    3 cp;o1 o,pJ 137 LRdEll Tl lR


    ^EH
    Ll€l ol-i ,t6f !r laf)
    tl'.!1fl Bs 'o Lc r !l ^1 '"'
    tJ4.ql l()2, lO3 Wru I99 Dln 2/n
    'J#J n5
    El.:irn 4],42 'I3
    DNA
    tl]E€-41,42
    rq_ rql 41,42
    qtE-,g B, n

    i: l, 261
    k\
    * ot:'ttA lot,rca
    rq,l3.]
    EFI oH 125
    EBrrel lA
    trH €{I r57
    tLB UF 67
    TF 63,66
    TIJ EJrl 97,e8,ee
    1!+ oH r2s
    o.!5 to
    _r' ^!!P -7A
    l1{Ol ,"
    Eor 143 144,163
    lJ 128
    Etl^l= EE On

    E:l opJ 135


    EEi
    dH 135
    a A--e t9a
    -EOl-r-E- ''"
    +c 66
    +E* s8
    +zfri€.q t52
    Etrll 66
    E+ 11^l X]9
    ' eFFrl 46 El^lt E]-1€_ 43
    alFl
    etr
    €t
    1ta
    to7,lo8

    alHa^ 14

    q^loJ 45
    Eil AA
    i\ EH:|dl -rl Al
    B.J^l e6
    .147
    4-=ldal M
    HtcJt ?t
    Hfolo uH/'
    +oJoJoj 2A'3
    a-7 H O .EZ] Dtr,4

    tlL i)+rl 25:l 5{l5d 67


    Elolx
    LJ
    x ET'
    Aq
    (p
    EE']'A
    eery
    irF.
    5'{] rel,r%
    l5l
    ^lL+.^.1
    Hl^l!- 5-rlol 9
    ooi t,4O dtrttf gH t6B
    I|x1t :il
    ElE4
    258 HldsgsJ 258
    Bxil
    llA €+
    259
    205
    "J- 124

    rtiEil JZJI +E 25
    EIFJ 16I
    ^H
    s€el s8
    Ht {t tT7
    _"
    -du
    He tm
    t6t,162
    ^E ah €. roo,tot +E+ 206
    b2 aullgoMR) 56 +.flpil$] tso
    ^E AnlE ,ilA
    65 tr+li 252
    ^El -o-
    AdMl O,
    ^Er
    ilFl
    ^lus% -oai ^la 251
    7
    t4s so 6t 208
    ^lg€"Ji+
    t+oJ ns
    j] ^.lEFt
    Ailt Fl
    44 ^+8 DI
    AlaHt 7l
    ^pl ^t^l
    153
    ^lg !-a- ,u EtE_
    -^.1 to rA
    * u6lpJ d^l 22
    oe oJr
    ^Bg
    al^
    ., 96n
    4v +t+ s8 gEEl eg ^F}|
    ze
    t^J g ug -Eil to6,1o8 4J 1B nO iE /8
    tBJtt
    AITtsIE A7
    to6,t08 +uE^ry E8 c€+ re, er, roo, r04
    +{E *€ €B reo cFi €3t 9|-/
    e6 A
    TuI Ol\t t,41
    dl Hl {6Be 46
    ^FJ 96 +dg n6
    4EIt ta|Fl oe
    t+iJ 2e +tE+ 223 IALFI 69
    tel€fl m +4rIH 48 ctF 207
    AlE} Q
    +o+
    49-
    4s,ab,41,a8,62
    ir l
    ccD 254
    t+'l 44 cd-ts_ s) crD 5453
    ^l-q
    Q ++ €+ 48
    ^rE{ 1g 166 +54 g"'i ]46

    lMo 199 ADCp ss .s? rlla 259 €+ 60


    llo t99 qLaT +6. 60,61 sxq oH B4 +6+ 60
    tq"J oq B5 gLD" 46 oK2l 30 3t €*,ilt so,zs
    olE aotltl ll glstrt 67 9rE
    fl^J€,E 7,78,e2 rca
    oJEi^J 50 o,(t llxl t?-r tF-4 ^lEL 14
    gB€ot rs4
    RM 13 oLn-
    LE
    de
    n rr-4,,
    -'o
    -g++ lo4 ?^E 9
    "a
    ?tqfl rqn toJ ^F 4243 g.1t
    E€
    glJrl 44
    245 tr.J sl 56
    "JeJ xEq fl++
    s8 toJcl 41 78
    oltiit- i{c -1}A oE
    -l- uu ,v oqol -Q_4- Al ++ e1 2AZ2L3 w2l2
    oJt rd6 - toj+J rc,n e{ egE %2 9"1 +ry %
    o#l l4t t4lE 183 OA RE 9.'1411 26s
    c4+ t2t t+ ^Fl 12 es €€ r48 *isr"J4l 260
    olJ?.| t4€€ 83 gooi
    ttg ^JE 7,78 €"J+ 38
    oi:- Elril ra gElt 4€EI sO e{^t 44t 86 qe$J ggH+ 40
    ot+ EJXF | 56, l29 g?l +nJ 6a63 +{ ne q+ u5
    610d o/a s€ tes €;rH 9
    qtu g€:lHt 87,92 €E't+ us €4i €.e 49
    q-9fl r2o g4rFil us -sEl t%' trH{ ttc
    geH -
    €.E^l Ht e,el oLI- _AF
    "lt 130
    qg n6, r33
    v5, r8o uoo-ou*^lAl t,4e
    oq -lnl l29
    mrcz
    odoloi e or,!.1
    Ell+
    oHIitr x
    248
    a -rt
    ?€4tolt 8,to
    E+6 65
    otlt zlH rao _qgE %l EPJ 43 ol't l(]
    q,Je.tl n9 oq Eal qAt eFrpJ 4]
    gottfE 12.l ^qg? 2s6 €+ l3o
    olqalolt 148 oEcD r98 €41 206

    aotg/l 69
    F_R\
    zFl ++ +N]il s2, s4
    zFf dH ]25
    ^H {erc., ,tn *,
    zp. +dj 2t5
    ^Ftl
    6E 22
    ^g
    rF ^vl F: 2a1
    zf{€€ 82
    TlH-' 91
    :lFr #i -E+ 2.06
    ^1^1 ^JE_
    7, 84
    ztQ z.lTlrcl T??
    irll _6rll to7, lo8
    .lk lH 62
    1F l_iT 2/4
    .ijE 8sr{ 51
    ,^lrl zlq u R,l
    rl'rl_-w
    ;i ,<E! Otr lon 11F{ 154

    ^\.n_+
    122 il] s2
    Zlo| /,1
    6t5 t25
    ^r*]
    4l1l^1 .n_ 20, 2t llclrrt tc, l
    J r1
    zl).]s
    -r -10
    ja
    "."
    1A {ij
    ZIAEI
    r3r
    6Q
    4n++ r8
    iri,_ Fiet(Au) t2 €^1&3- 83
    {oJ rl Nc) 9s,97
    a3 n9
    rPt AJ /J.
    el 2rl4
    iu *ii sl 1,12
    ,^e1
    4+ Elej
    B1l 8e, e\)

    ill lcs
    i-q_ it9
    &5

    a6r,t 21
    X.E |
    o-i-
    ti\n
    4w .44i 5/, 63, 65, i$
    t6
    e.6+ {) ^{+
    xdillcl tR.)

    +Jr gtl t4z t44, t4s


    a_q
    rFJ 20
    +J6li 39. 40
    rlLllclLl 2 r) +;i+ aoj zas
    'rllc-Hl Qr\ €{I a)ul
    so
    _1-A ?ti
    ,r.I-Q_.II et qA qo l-0I i-,ttl (t
    iir'lHl ^ ta to tt ^JJEF
    \A
    +]ol,\l ll xlJ 10. 1l

    -]E-9lt t,' Gr-t, 55


    -r,^t l q,4 xlrrci+ l€

    ^)t1l4\
    lt1
    E,\l o/- zlt,L-tt ]]/l
    -]lE
    1 tV. ili4
    .Nc
    xB 166
    :lzzi l to il9
    srpJ
    EfloFl d4 €u 3l
    6'lpJ.al^Fl] 20
    EtpJil 9
    6lpJ s4 216
    E r3r, r32 slpJ s+ tloJ 216
    _Eill ?]q
    6rpJ qtlrE 248
    €g dH r% tlPJ 49F 78,79
    EEiEA!,44
    E€ oH 136
    6lPJ
    tIB zo,zl
    Eal tQl
    ;ltg+ 79,80
    6elH p4
    rzu 201
    6lE
    ^FJ ]95
    6ltsg 194
    6ltg zJiB tQA
    aEl :6- oA
    68
    EFJ
    6tt 122
    "lPJ
    .arl
    a)ol q1a ^JE t6s, t67
    64 tO
    iJ o%l 66,67,70
    IIEI EIE FI'
    *J E+ 2n 8HBlila tr9
    "1 v, aHl A u4 rql n
    rq ?t - 87,e8,93 "J"lt 2n
    qdE4 ;Jortf t6 tEqE Br
    15 ary9
    irFl /o
    .a -, ;}IE! E-'
    4ptrlol n 6lF gff 87,8&89 EEI+ 45,at
    t.z. e ulal
    69f
    aiE-ll 96 6lFtFel) 21 6EL 'IOA

    t^j+ 58 aFt(ffm) 50 iJt E=+ %7


    €E_ r:r 90 "ru €E 82
    {q:+ 83
    4hlE o#lt 160
    "FJt azas grol 156
    w 2A2 rql$ aZa.3 gqt 157
    4l75 E|FJ 39
    %El$ 4s
    -s.t ts04j ot 6tt3..n;'J no -lE
    aal loc
    Iel:l nl e
    -d- E 'u-r| v
    6ti.3+J 27,3t 601 ,4e
    _o 1 qt
    8tl^}El
    -4-alf
    a o--_E , ,
    El.l gs
    "- et :Fl r/6
    pBu 49
    120,125 6113
    €+ le42m tiil* 180
    6ry Era
    JE l@, nl 6.\ rar
    r]4rfl ]53 q+ed n4 E-r
    qlE+;4
    rwl
    ee
    pHq€ 252 xQl loo
    ili+_
    6r+ B?l 106
    6lPJ.i 4e 43
    .6rpJ
    fl] zH 106,]07, 1o8
    slpJ .j4J 226
    6lPJ
    1g ^FJ 94
    6lpJ E l to8
    qpJ eri
    {lt n6,w,2rc
    ,|]g ns
    "lPJ
    ipJ zH u,T,as
    ^da
    6pJ 23t
    ^sa
    4FJ
    "lPJ ^PJ e5
    opJ qt'-tzl zRl s/, 93
    6lpJ .eoJ EJZI 256

    +oltr) 271
    6ils rl-4

    @ d*gr rnq'r

    aed (98 ca Eqjl) :!i4 +e 4qi)


    (x
    q8q (rE dt.J 4q r5 qi) d=q (+A r]l""tr)
    ol=9 (EE iflg r{s}a) g4E @E!+etl6+)
    olrtg (.?ti 6$.rlrE -{r)

    dgE (+A r{EE) | I E.El Ef{g (Ll_! : flEfl


    FdE (+A qlEiE) : I Efl EJfJ (+Z =-eli)
    qqi) : ['Eg
    4tia) : [Ea
    ElrlE (rJE 0lq9 (+a Etlqi) | tr g€
    qgc (da+ 4qa) : I EJEI 5Ag (7]]tr-:rg rE-etD : It Elg

    e#(?J4qr) €ts8 (3€ r.{qE)


    goE (eB 6ilg r+.1!E q!) 0H€ (+t! iill^t i5 qf,)
    ag= (+H dlg !+!t nE €fi) Ezlcl ("Jd dllg itsl aE +i)
    b el (E+ 4g r{qa) a*{l (d €6|l Eqi)
    E{q (LE 6["J rll^+r) -ot g (Et 6-+i)
    E-tgfl (d .J4 +t st^)
    ,,*xr ,orn do, nLq jlE qa)
    (-fl8-EE flfl- iiu,o.oniu'=u',
    8dE (d 6!J 6il9 4q n€ Ei)

    oEE:olg+. gAq rXIl: g+E .EE:g=ts

    2002E 3S 1g iE! 8Jg

    200911 3a 1"J 84Cg


    4qal{ !E f^ei7l€+
    EEXI +rJ 4-+it+3 E J 8& $jgal
    ti€!oJ (+)+t 4-e+ t^15 270srl
    e!4e! (+)+t! ^1t59^l
    aTlE .Jd^l Efl:r +q5 475-1
    4H?g elJ rEL/(02)3670-5109
    eiqq * qot{ http :,//textbook.doosandonga.com

    rol E^1011 llrllEJ rl4lEql tH:d !r$;e 3S0l 5dlts 7lioll


    E!++^EASCil(u-2608-2036)011^1
    =qlAlAA"J+ rl;dqq.
    11^flltS4qnl

    You might also like