Diversity in Living Organisms

“Diversity is the variety of

living organisms which are

present in a particular area.”

INTRODUCTION
Biodiversity refers to all the diverse plants, animals and microorganisms on the earth, which differ from
one another in external appearance, size, colour pattern, internal structure, nutrition, behavior and
habitat.
They range in size from microscopic bacteria, hardly a few micrometers in size, to Blue Whale (about 30
m in length) and Redwood trees (Sequoia) of California (about 100 m in height). Similarly some pine
trees (e.g. Pinus) live for thousands of years while many insects like mosquitoes have a life span of a
few days. There are transparent jelly fishes and worms on one hand to brightly coloured birds and
flowers on the other hand.
We cannot look at them one by one. Instead, we look for similarities among the organisms, by which
we can put them into different group and then study. In order to make relevant groups to study the
variety of life forms, we need to decide those characteristics which decide more fundamental differences
among organisms. This would create the main broad groups of organisms. Within these groups, smaller
subgroups will be decided by less important characteristics.
➢ Term "Biodiversity" was coined by " Walter G. Rosen" in 1986. The warm and humid tropical
regions of the earth between the tropic of Capricorn and the tropic of Cancer, are rich in diversity
of plant and animal life. This is called the region of "megadiversity" (12 centres in the world).

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2. Classification
Classification is the arrangement of organisms into groups and subgroups on the basis of their
similarities and dissimilarities.
Such characteristics used for a hierarchical classification are
(i) Complexity of cell or nucleus (cells are either prokaryote or eukaryote).
(ii) Complexity of body organization (body of organisms are made up of either one cell or
many cells).
(iii) Mode of nutrition (organisms make their own food or depend on readymade food).
Hierarchy : Hierarchy is a system of classification into which taxonomic categories are arranged
in descending order.
Category : Taxonomic categories are ranks or grouping of organisms on the basis of their
fundamental similarities and dissimilarities Plants and animals are ranked in an arrangement of
known categories. Such as Kingdom, Phylum (for animals) or Division (for plants), Class, Order,
Family, Genus and Species.
Kingdom → Largest Group
Phylum (for animals) / Division (for plants)
Class
Order
Family dissimilarity
Genus
Species → Smallest group
➢ Taxon : Plant groups or animals groups included in categories are called taxon. e.g., pisces,
insecta Family – Brassicaceae Genus – Raphanus Species – Raphanus sativus Here FAMILY is a
category in which brassicaceae group is a taxon
Categories Features
A group of organisms capable of interbreeding to produce fertile
1 Species
offspring. It is the lowest category of living organisms.
It is a group of closely related species with common ancestory e.g. potato
2 Genus
and brinjal are placed in same genus Solanum but are different species.
A number of genera having several common characters form a family e.g.
3 Family
Solanum and Datura have been placed in same family Solanaceae.
4 Order A number of families having common characters are placed in Order.
5 Class Similar orders are placed together in a Class.
Many classes with some common characters are included in Phylum.
Phylum
6 Phylum Chordata includes classes like Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves
(or Division)
and Mammalia.
It is the highest category of taxonomic studies. All animals are included
7 Kingdom
in kingdom Animalia and all plants are included in kingdom Plantae.

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Importance of classification
The bewildering variety of life around us has evolved on earth. In order to make relevant groups to
study the variety of life forms, we classify organism.
(1) Classification makes the study of different type of organisms easy and systematic.
(2) It helps in identification of known and unknown organisms.
(3) Classification reveals the inter-relationship among organisms.
(4) It helps in understanding the other branches of life sciences.
(5) It is based on natural relationships, resemblances and differences and provide information about
phylogeny.
➢ The science dealing with identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms is called
taxonomy or systematics. Term "Taxonomy" was given by A.P. de Candolle. Father of Modern
Taxonomy is Carolus Linnaeus.
3. Classification and evolution
The process of gradual change from simple life forms to complex life forms with time is called
evolution. Classification of life forms will be closely related to their evolution.
Most life forms have arisen by an accumulation of changes in body design that allow the
organism possessing them to survive better. Charles Darwin first described this idea of evolution
in 1859 in his book, Origin of Species.
The concept of evolution shows that :
Some groups of organisms which have ancient body designs
Aristotle classified
that have not changed very much, are frequently referred to animals according to
their habitat. Aristotle
as 'primitive' or 'lower' or older' organisms and that which
is considered as father
have acquired their particular body designs relatively of zoology.
recently are called 'advanced' or 'higher' or 'younger'
organisms. Complexity in design will increase over
evolutionary time.

Give three examples of the range of variations that you see in life forms around you.
Explanation
Organisms differ from one another in external appearance, size, colour pattern, internal structure,
nutrition, behaviour, and habitat. Microorganisms are of few micro meter while blue whale and red
wood trees of California are of approximate sizes of 30 metres and 100 metres respectively. Life also
ranges from colourless or even transparent worms to brightly coloured birds and flowers. Some pine
trees live for thousands of years while insects like mosquitoes die within few days.

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4. Binomial nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature was proposed by Carolus Linnaeus.
Three kingdom
According to him the name of any organism consists of two classification was proposed
words. by Ernst Haeckel in 1886.
He suggested a third
The first word denoting the name of 'genus' and second word
Kingdom Protista for
denoting 'species'. unicellular organisms.
Certain conventions are followed while writing the scientific
names :
(1) First letter of generic name must be written in capital letter whereas species name is started
with small letter.
(2) Scientific name is generally derived from Greek or Latin words.
(3) The binomial names are printed in italics and underlined separately when written. e.g.
Potato - Solanum tuberosum, Tiger - Panthera tigris
5. Kingdom systems
Two kingdom classification : First suggested by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758. Living organisms
were divided into two kingdoms by him.
(i) Kingdom plantae : All the plants constitute kingdom plantae. The kingdom includes
bacteria, lichens, fungi, algae, bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
(ii) Kingdom animalia : All the animals constitute kingdom animalia. The kingdom animalia
includes protozoans, sponges, Hydra, Jelly Fish, worms, insects, spiders, octopus, star fish,
fishes, frogs, salamanders, lizards, snakes, birds and mammals.
Drawbacks of two kingdom classification
Certain organisms did not strictly fit either under plant or animal kingdom like : Euglena and viruses.

2. Five kingdom classification : This concept was propounded by Robert H. Whittaker in 1969.
On the basis of cell structure, complexity in organisms and type of nutrition, he divided living
organisms into 5 kingdoms.
(i) Monera (ii) Protista (iii) Fungi (iv) Plantae (v) Animalia
Organisms

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Kingdom 1. Monera

Unicellular Multicellular
Kingdom 2. Protista

With Cell Wall Without Cell Wall

Kingdom 5. Animalia

Do not perform Perform

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis
Kingdom 3. Fungi Kingdom 4. Plantae

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Carl Woese (1977-1994) has divided the kingdom Monera into Archaebacteria (archaea) and Eubacteria
(bacteria). All other kingdom are included in eukaryotes.
➢ Carolus Linnaeus (Karl Von Linne) published 14 papers and also brought out famous book
'Systema Naturae' from which all funadamental taxonomical researches have taken off.

1. What is the criterion for classification of organisms belonging

Four kingdom
to kingdom Monera and Protista? classification was given
2. In which kingdom will you place an organism which is single by Copeland.
He included Kingdom
celled, eukaryotic and photosynthetic? Monera (Mychota) for
3. What is the primary characteristic on which the first division prokaryotes.

of organisms is made?
4. On what basis are plants and animals put into different
categories?
6. Characteristic of five kingdoms
1. Kingdom - Monera : All the prokaryotic unicellular organisms are included in monera.
Prokaryotic nature : The genetic material is not organised into a nucleus. It lies directly inside
the cytoplasm and is called nucleoid. Membrane bound cell organelles like mitochondria,
Golgi apparatus, plastids, lysosomes, are absent.
Unicellular nature : Monerans are basically unicellular. In filaments and colonies, the cells are
similar and independent.
Mode of nutrition is either autotrophic (Blue-green algae) or heterotrophic (Mycoplasma and
most bacteria).
Some organisms have cell wall (in bacteria and blue-green algae) while other lacking (in Mycoplasma).
➢ Blue green algae performs nitrogen fixation due to the presence of heterocyst. Cell wall of
bacteria is made up of peptidoglycan (Murine).
➢ All nitrogen fixing organisms belong to monera (e.g., Rhizobium in root nodules of
legumes). Some monerans take part in ammonification, nitrification and denitrification.
Mucilage
Ribosomes sheath Vegetative Cells Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm Soluble Protein

Flagella Mucilage Sheath
Heterocyst

Soluble RNA
Pili
Ribosome
Cell wall Nucleoid DNA

Fig. Mycoplasma
Fig. (a) Bacteria (b) Anabaena (c) Mycoplasma
e.g. Blue Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) – Anabaena, Nostoc.
Bacteria – (Vibrio cholerae, Clostridium botulinum, Escherichia coli)
Mycoplasma – (Produces diseases in humans, animals and plants).
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2. Kingdom - Protista
Organisms are unicellular which have eukaryotic organization.
There is a true nucleus and membrane bound other cell organelles.
Some protists are covered with cell wall (most photosynthetic protists) while others do not
possess it (e.g., protozoan protists).
Mode of nutrition is either autotrophic (algae and diatoms) or heterotrophic (protozoans). Some
organisms have hair like cilia (e.g. Paramecium); whip like flagellum (e.g. Euglena) and
pseudopodia (e.g. Amoeba) for locomotion.

Contractile
Contractile
Food vacuole
vacuole Flagella
vacuole
Nucleus Eye spot

Chlorella
Nucleus
Pseudopodia
Dianoflagellate
Amoeba Euglena
Nucleus

Nucleus
Mouth

Cilia
Giardia
Chlamydomonas Diatoms
Paramecium
Different types of plant protists Different types of protozoans

Fig. Different types of plant protists and protozoans

e.g. Unicellular algae – Chlamydomonas, Chlorella
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Protozoa – Amoeba, Plasmodium, Euglena, Paramecium.
➢ Euglena and its relatives perform photosynthesis in light. In dark and in the presence of organic
matter, they switch over to saprophytic nutrition. Such a dual nutrition is called mixotrophic
nutrition. Organisms with mixotrophic nutrition are called plant-animals.
3. Kingdom - Fungi
These are non-green (lacking chlorophyll) eukaryotic, organisms. They may be unicelluar (e.g.
Yeast) or Multicellular (most fungi). Heterotrophic mode of nutrition is found. Food is gained
either saprophytically (from dead organic matter) or parasitically (from other living tissues). Cell
wall is made up of Chitin. Reserve food material is Glycogen.

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➢ The body of a multicellular and filamentous fungus is called mycelium. It is composed of several
thread like structures termed as hyphae.
e.g.Yeast, Rhizopus (Bread mould), Penicillium, Mucor, Mushroom (Agaricus), Smut (Ustilago).

Fungal Mycelium Agaricus Yeast

Rhizopus Penicillium Aspergillus

Fig. Some common fungi
Lichen : Symbiotic association between algae (mostly blue green
algae or cyanobacteria) and fungi is known as lichen. The alga
manufactures food not only for itself but also for the fungus. Fungus
Lichen are used
provides protection to alga, helps in fixation and absorption of as bio- indicators for
water as well as minerals. Lichens can be seen as the slow growing air pollution as they
large coloured patches on the bark of trees. They are a source of are sensitive towards
SO2 pollution.
essences, dhup, havan samagri and some medicines.
e.g. Rhizocarpon, Parmelia and Usnea

How fungi are similar and dissimilar to plants?

Explanation
Fungi are similar to plants because fungi and plants both have cell wall but cell wall of fungi is made
up of chitin and cell wall of plants is made up of cellulose. Fungi are dissimilar to plants because fungi
are heterotrophic whereas plants are autotrophic.
4. Kingdom - Plantae
Plants are multicellular, eukaryotes with cellulosic cell wall.
They are autotrophs i.e. prepare own food by photosynthesis by using chlorophyll.
5. Kingdom - Animalia
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotes without cell walls.
They are heterotrophic.
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1. Monera - organisms are unicellular and prokaryotic.

Protista - organisms are unicellular and eukaryotic.
2. Protista
3. The first division of organisms is made on the basis of complexity of cell or nucleus
4. plants and animals are put into different categories on the basis of their mode of nutrition and
cell wall.
7. Kingdom - Plantae
Characteristics of plants
(1) Plantae includes multicellular, eukaryotic organisms with cellulosic cell wall.
(2) A mature plant cell commonly possess a single large central vacuole.
(3) Plastids are found in all plants. Some plastids possess photosynthetic pigment, such
plastids are known as chloroplasts.
(4) Plants are autotrophic in nature because they are able to perform photosynthesis with
the help of chlorophyll present in chloroplasts.
(5) Reserve food is starch.
➢ In spermatophyta or phanerogams, fertilization occurs with the help of a pollen tube. An
external water is not required. After fertilization plants produce seeds which contains
embryo along with stored food. On germination each seed forms a new plant.

8. Classification of plants
The first level of classification among plants depends on whether the plant body has well
differentiated, distinct components or not. The next level of classification is based on whether
the differentiated plant body has special tissues for the transport of water and other substances
within it. Further classification looks at the ability to bear seeds and whether the seeds are
enclosed within fruits.
Eichler (1883) divided the kingdom plantae into two subkingdoms, cryptogamae and
phanerogamae.
Cryptogamae (Gk. cryptos – hidden, gamous – marriage) : The reproductive organs are
inconspicuous (not clearly visible). The embryo, if present is naked. They are also called lower
plants, flowerless and seedless plants. There are three divisions in this subkingdom –
Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta.

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Phanerogamae (Gk. phaneros – visible, gamous – marriage) : The plant which possess visible
and well differentiated reproductive organs are called phanerogams. They have well
differentiated and evident reproductive organs that ultimately make seeds. Therefore, they are
also called seed bearing plants. Phanerogamae has single division spermatophyta.
Following plant groups are included in kingdom plantae
1. Thallophyta 2. Bryophyta 3. Pteridophyta 4. Gymnosperms
5. Angiosperms
1. Thallophyta :
They are commonly called algae. Plant body is not differentiated into root, stem and leaves,
therefore called thallus. These are aquatic (found in marine, fresh water and moist land). They
do not have mechanical and conducting tissue.
e.g. Green algae - Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora, Chara, Ulva.

Cladophora Spirogyra Chara Ulva

Fig. Some Common thallophytes (algae)

Brown algae - Fucus ; Red Algae - Gelidium, Gracilaria, Polysiphonia.
Differences between Algae and Fungi
Algae Fungi
1 Photosynthetic pigments are present. Photosynthetic pigments are absent.

2 Algae are autotrophic. Fungi are heterotrophic.

3 Most of the algae are aquatic. Most of the fungi are terrestrial.
4 The cell wall is made of cellulose. The cell wall is made of chitin.
5 Algae contain starch as a stored food Fungi contain glycogen and oil as a stored
material. food material.

2. Bryophyta
Bryophytes are also known as amphibians of plant kingdom.
These are the simplest and the most primitive land plant.
They have flat plant body which differentiate into stem, leaf and root like
structure (Rhizoids). Main plant body of bryophytes is gametophyte which is attached to
substratum by means of rhizoids. Sporophyte lives as a parasite over it.
There is no specialized tissue for the conduction of water and other substances from one part
of the plant body to another.

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e.g. Liver wort - Riccia and Marchantia, Horn wort - Anthoceros, Moss - Funaria

Gametophyte :
It is haploid plant
structure which produce
gametes
Marchantia Riccia directly.

Fig. Bryophyta

Why are bryophytes known as amphibians of plant kingdom?

Explanation
Bryophytes live in water(aquatic) and land (terrestrial) but they require water for fertilization, so they
are known as amphibians of plant kingdom.
3. Pteridophyta
Main plant body is sporophyte which is differentiated into root, stem and leaves. Gametophyte
is a small but independent stage in life cycle. Pteridophytes are called vascular cryptogams as
they have vascular tissues. Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) appear for the first time in
pteridophyta and so they are also called vascular cryptogams.
They produce spores inside sporangia.
Male gametes need water for fertilization.
Fruits and seeds are absent.

Azolla Marsilea Dryopteris Equisetum

Fig. Pteridophytes

e.g. Selaginella (Club moss), Equisetum (Horse tails), Marsilea, Azolla (Water fern), Pteridium,
Dryopteris (Ferns).

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Differences between Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
Bryophytes Pteridophytes
1 True stem and true leaves are always absent. True stem and true leaves are present.

2 Fixation is carried out by rhizoids. Fixation is carried out by roots.

3 Bryophytes are nonvascular in nature. Pteridophytes are vascular plants.

➢ The thallophytes, bryophytes and pteridophytes have naked embryos that are called spores.
All of these have inconspicuous reproductive organs or hidden sex organ.

2
Sporophyte : It is
diploid (with two sets of
1. Which division among plants has the simplest organization chromosomes) plant
or organisms? structure which
produces haploid
2. What performs the function of anchorage and absorb water spores through the
process of meiosis.
in bryophytes and pteridophytes?
3. How are pteridophytes different from the phanerogams?
4. How do gymnosperms and angiosperms differ from each other?
5. Name any two angiosperms that are heterotrophic

Differences between Cryptogamae and Phanerogamae

Cryptogamae Phanerogamae

1 It contains seedless plants. It contain seed bearing plants.

2 It has both vascular and nonvascular plants. It possesses only vascular plants.

3 An external water is required for fertilization. An external water is not required.

Spermatophyta or phanerogams are classified into two groups (Gymnosperm and Angiosperm)
on the basis of naked or enclosed seeds.

Differences Between Pteridophytes and Phanerogams (Spermatophytes)

Pteridophytes Phanerogams Spermatophytes

1 They are seedless plants. Phanerogams are seed bearing plants.

2 Reproductive organs are inconspicuous. Reproductive organs are quite conspicuous.

3 An external water is required for fertilization. Fertilization does not require external water.

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4. Gymnosperm (Gymno - naked and sperma - seeds)

Plants are usually evergreen, woody and perennial. They are trees and shrubs.

Sporophylls are aggregated to form cones (male and female cones).

They bear naked seeds. The seeds are not enclosed inside fruits. Instead they lie exposed over
the megasporophylls. Xylem lack vessels and phloem
lack companion cells in gymnosperm. Embryophyta : Plants
having an embryo stage
in their life cycle. eg.
bryophytes, pteridophytes
and seed plants.
Tracheophyta : Plant group
Cycas having vascular tissues. eg.
pteridophyta and
spermatophyta.

Pinus Ginkgo

Fig. Gymnosperms

e.g.Cycadae - Cycas, Coniferae - Pinus (Pines), Cedrus (deodar), Ginkgo.

Why do the gymnosperms produce naked seeds?

Explanation

Gymnosperms produce naked seeds because they do not have flowers or ovary so fruit is not formed.
Hence, seeds are not covered by fruit so seeds are naked.

5. Angiosperm - (Angio - covered and sperma-seed).

Plants are deciduous or evergreen, annual, biennial or perennial and they may be herbs, shrubs
or trees. These are called flowering plant. Sporophylls are aggregated to form flowers. The plants
of this group produce seeds inside an organ called ovary, which is modified into fruit. Embryo
is present in the seed. Cotyledons are part of embryo, also called seed leaves, because in many
instances they emerge and become green, when the seed germinates.

➢ Flowers may be unisexual or bisexual. Pollination occurs by wind, water and animals.
Endosperm is a new food storing structure which is generally triploid and is formed by fusion
of three nuclei (triple fusion).

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Differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
1 Sporophylls are aggregated to form cones. Sporophylls are aggregated to form flowers.
2 The seeds are naked. The seeds are enclosed by fruit wall.
3 The microspores and megaspores are They are produced in the same or two
produced by male and female cones. different types of flowers.

4 Xylem lacks vessels and phloem lacks Xylem contains vessels and phloem
companion cells. contains companion cells.
5 The ovules are not contained in the ovary. The ovules are enclosed in the ovary.
In angiosperms, a seed may have one or two cotyledons. On the basis of number of cotyledons present
in the seed, angiosperms have been divided into two classes, dicotyledoneae (dicots) and
monocotyledoneae (monocots).
Class - Dicotyledoneae
Angiosperms in which seeds possess two cotyledons are commonly called dicots or dicotyledonous
plants. eg. Gram, Pea, Mustard, Ipomoea.
Class - Monocotyledoneae
Angiosperms, which have single cotyledon in their seeds. They are commonly called monocots or
monocotyledonous plants. eg. Lily, Coconut, Wheat, Maize, Grass, Bamboo, Paphiopedilum.
Differences between Dicotyledoneae and Monocotyledoneae
Dicotyledoneae Monocotyledoneae
1 In the seeds, the embryo bears two cotyledons. In the seeds, the embryo bears one cotyledon.
2 The leaves show reticulate venation. The leaves show parallel venation.
The plants have fibrous or adventitious root
3 The plants have tap root system.
system.
4 Secondary growth occurs. Secondary growth does not occur.
Flowers are pentamerous (have five of each Flowers are trimerous (have three of each
5
floral part) or tetramerous. floral part).

Leaf Flower Embryo

Dicot

Reticulate Flower Two

venation pentamerous cotyledons

Monocot

Parallel Flower One

venation trimerous cotyledon
Fig. Leaf, flower and embryo of dicot and monocot

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Plants

Do not have Have differentiated

differentiated plant body
plant body

Thallophyta
Without specialised With vascular
vascular tissue tissue

Bryophyta

Do not produce seeds Produce seeds – Phanerogams

Pteridophyta

Bear naked seeds Bear seeds

inside fruits

Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

Have seeds with Have seeds with

two cotyledons one cotyledon

Dicots Monocots

Classification of plants

1. Thallophyta
2. Rhizoids and roots are present for anchorage and absorbing water in bryophytes and
pteridophytes respectively.
3. Pteridophytes do not produce seeds while phanerogams produce seeds.
4. Gymnosperms produce naked seeds and angiosperms produce covered seeds.
5. Cuscuta and Venus fly trap.
6. Kingdom Animalia
Cellular nature : Cells of members of kingdom animalia are wall less, eukaryotic and
multicellular. It is heterotrophic. Most animals are mobile.

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Basic terms used

Body symmetry : It is symmetry in arrangement of body parts.

Radial symmetry : Body can be divided into similar halves by any plane passing through centre axis.

Bilateral symmetry : Body can be divided along a median longitudinal plane into two mirrored
portions right and left halves.

Germ layers : They are the primary layers that differentiate in the embryo. All tissues and organs of the
animal body develop from them. In animals either two or three germ layers are present.

Diploblastic animals : Having two germ layers i.e. ectoderm and endoderm.

Triploblastic animals : Having three germ layers i.e. ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.

Metameric segmentation : Body is divided into segments externally as well as internally (by septa).
Segments are called metamers.

Body cavity [Coelom] : A body cavity having a fluid-filled space between the gut and the outer body
wall of an animal.

Acoelomates : Animals without coelom e.g. Flatworms

Pseudocoelomates : In these animals, coelom is not lined by mesoderm. e.g. Nematodes.

True coelomates : In these animals, coelom is lined by mesoderm.

e.g. Chordata.

Body temperature

Ectotherm or Poikilotherm or cold blooded organisms can change their body temperature according
to enviornmental temperature. e.g. Pisces, Amphibians, Reptiles.

Endotherm or Homeotherm or warm blooded organisms cannot change their body temperature
according to environmental temperature. e.g. Aves and Mammals.

Digestive cavity
Pseudocoelom
Digestive cavity

Ectoderm Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Mesenchyme Mesoderm
(gelatin like
tissue) Endoderm
Endoderm

(a) Acoelomate (b) Pseudocoelomate

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Coelom

Endoderm

Digestive cavity

(c) Eucoelomate

1. Phylum porifera
Organisms have holes or 'pores' all over the body. These pores are called ostia and they open
into canal system. Canal system open to outside by single osculum.
Canal system helps in circulating water throughout the body to bring in food and oxygen.

Spongilla

These are non-motile animals attached to some solid support. These animals are covered with
a hard outside layer or skeleton. They have cellular organization. They are commonly called
sponges, and are mainly found in marine habitats. e.g. Sycon (Scypha) - Urn sponge, Euplectella
- Venus's flower basket Euspongia - bath sponge, Spongilla
2. Phylum Cnidaria or Coelenterata
They are aquatic animals mostly marine, some of them live in colonies (corals) while other live
solitary (hydra). Body is radially symmetrical and diploblastic.
These are the first multicellular animals having tissue level organization with distinct division of
labour. Body has a central gastrovascular cavity- coelentron which lacks anus but has mouth
which is surrounded by tentacles.

Aurelia Physalia

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➢ The body of coelenterates bears specialized cells-endoblasts, bearing stinging cell organelles
called 'nematocysts' which serve the function of paralysing the prey by injecting poison.

e.g. Hydra : fresh water coelenterate, Millepora-coral, Physalia -Portugese man of war, Aurelia -
jelly-fish, Metridium- sea-anemone.

Differences between Porifera and Coelenterata

Characteristics Poriferans Coelenterates

Organisation Cellular organisation Tissue organisation

Pores A number of inhalant pores There is a single opening.

(ostia) and a single exhalant
pore (osculum) are present.

Appendages They are absent. Appendages are represented by tentacles.

3. Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

They are mostly parasitic animals (e.g. liverflukes) but In Platyhelminthes,

alimentary canal has only
some are free-living (e.g. Planaria) and aquatic.
one opening (mouth)
They show bilateral symmetry. and anus is absent. They
have blind tubules called
They are triploblastic animals which allows outside and protonephridia; having
(flame cells) for excretion.
inside body linings as well as some organs to be made
and thus, tissue-organ grade of body organization is
present. The organisms are unsegmented and
dorsoventrally flattened.

Body cavity (coelom) is absent i.e. acoelomate.

Suckers and hooks are usually present.

Planaria

Fasciola Taenia solium

Fig. Flatworms

e.g. Planaria or Dugesia, Fasciola-Liver fluke, Taenia solium - Pork tape worm.

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NCERT Course: Class 9
4. Phylum-Nematoda or Aschelminthes (Thread worm or Round worm)
They are parasitic worms causing diseases.
Most are free living (in fresh or marine water or terrestrial).
They have narrow, elongated and cylindrical bodies. Body is covered by cuticle.
Triploblastic unsegmented animals with bilateral symmetry and organ system level of
organization, having tube within tube body plan.
Pseudocoelom is present.
e.g. Ascaris - round worm, Wuchereria - filarial worm causing elephantiasis
Most of the members of nematoda show sexual dimorphism i.e. there is distinct difference in
size or appearance between the sexes of animal in addition to the sexual organs themselves.
Male Ascaris is smaller than female Ascaris. The posterior end of male Ascaris is curved whereas
the posterior end of female Ascaris is straight. Two pineal setae are present in male Ascaris but
absent in female Ascaris.
Differences between Platyhelminthes and Aschelminthes
Characteristics Platyhelminthes Aschelminthes
Form They are flatworms. They are cylindrical in form and are
called roundworms.

Coelom Platyhelminthes are acoelomate They are pseudocoelomate.

Digestive tract It is incomplete. It is complete.
Sexuality Animals are hermaphrodite. Animals are unisexual.

5. Phylum- Annelida (Segmented worms)

They occur in fresh water, sea water or moist soil. Some are free living, some are burrowing and
few are parasites. They are the first animals with true body cavity i.e. coelom.
They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic animals. Body is covered by thin cuticle.
Alimentary canal is complete. Blood vascular system is closed. Blood is red due to the presence
of the pigment haemoglobin.
Tentacle Genital papillae
Parapodia

Anus

Leech Sea mouse Clamworm Earthworm

Fig. Common Annelids

e.g. Nereis - sand worm (clam worm), Aphrodite - sea mouse, Pheretima - Earthworm,
Hirudinaria - Indian cattle leech

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 Biology
6. Phylum Arthropoda (The animals with jointed feet)

The largest group of animals.

Blood in annelids is
They are found everywhere on earth - on land, in soil, in water
red due to presence
and as parasites on plants and other animals. of haemoglobin. It is
dissolved in plasma.
Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical and metamerically R.B.Cs are absent.
segmented animals.

The body is segmented into 2 regions- head and thorax

together and abdomen or 3 regions- head, thorax and abdomen. Anterior part of body forms a
distinct head, bearing sense organs.

Animals have jointed legs (3 or more pairs).

The body cavity is filled with blood i.e. haemocoel. Open circulatory system is present i.e., blood
do not flow in well defined blood vessels.

Mouth parts adapated for biting, chewing, piercing and sucking.

Respiration occurs through general body surface, gills, tracheae or book lungs. Reproductive
organs are present on the separate individuals. e.g. Palaemon - Prawn, Cancer - crab,
Scolopendra - Centipede, Julus - Millepede, Periplaneta - Cockroach, Musca - House fly, Apis -
honey bee, Anopheles - mosquito, Palamnaeus- scorpion, Aranea - spider, butterflies.

➢ Arthropods have compound eyes. Exoskeleton is made of chitin. Excretion occurs by 'Malpighian
tubules' or green glands or coxal glands.

Crab
Prawn

Cockroach Housefly
(periplaneta) (Musca) Beetle Centipede Scorpion
(Soolopendra) (palamnaeus)

Fig. Arthropods

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NCERT Course: Class 9
Differences Between Annelids and Arthropods
Characteristics Annelids Arthropods
Appendages They are unjointed. Appendages are jointed
Circulation Blood flows inside blood vessels Blood flows through large sinuses or
(closed circulatory system). spaces (open circulatory system)
Coelom True coelom is well-developed. True coelom is small. Instead, body cavity
filled with blood called haemocoel is
present.
Chitinous Exoskeleton Absent Present.
Excretory They are nephridia. Green glands and Malpighian tubules.
organs
Locomotary Organs They are parapodia and setae. They are legs and wings.

1. Name the cavity which is present in sponge. Blood may be

2. What type of body symmetry is present in platyhelminthes colourless -
haemolymph (e.g.
and nemathelminthes?
insects) or with copper
3. Name the phyla which has radial symmetry. contain pigment -
4. Name the group of animal which is haemocoelomate. haemocyanin (e.g.
5. Name the first group of animals with true coelom. prawn)

7. Phylum Mollusca (The soft bodied animals).

The second largest group of animals. They are mostly aquatic,
living in sea water and some are in fresh water. They are soft, unsegmented, triploblastic,
coelomate animals with bilateral symmetry. Locomotion is brought about by muscular foot.
Mantle edge Calcareous
spicules

Calcareous
Shell plates

Pila
Chiton
Head
Eye
Web

Suckers
Oral arms
Unio Octopus
Fig. Mollusc
e.g. Chiton- Coat of mail shell, Pila - apple snail, Unio - fresh water mussel, Sepia - cuttle fish,
Octopus- devil fish
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 Biology
➢ In phylum mollusca blood is usually blue due to a blue pigment called "haemocyanin". They
have open blood vascular system and excretion occurs by a pair of kidneys or metanephridia,
known as Kaber's organ or Organ of Bojanus.
➢ The body of mollusc is divided into an anterior head, a ventral muscular foot and a dorsal visceral
mass of hump. Over the hump, a fold of thin skin called mantle or pallium is present, which
secretes the shell. The soft body is usually supported by a hard shell of calcium carbonate.
8. Phylum - Echinodermata (The spiny skinned animals)
They have hard calcium carbonate structures that they use as a skeleton.
They are exclusively marine animals.
Body is triploblastic, coelomate and without segmentation with radial symmetry in adult and
bilateral in larvae.
Body cavity is modified into water vascular system. Tube like extensions called tube feet. Tube
feet help in locomotion and food collection.
Digestive system is complete, mouth is on the lower surface and the anus is on the upper
surface.
Respiration takes place by gills, genital bursae or respiratory trees.
eyes
Shell Head
mantle Upper tentacles

mouth

Lower tentacles

foot

Fig. Snail
Reproduction sexual, asexual or by regeneration and sexes are separate.

Starfish Brittle Star Sea urchin

Sea cucumber Feather star

Fig. 19 Echinodermates
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NCERT Course: Class 9
e.g. Asterias - star fish or sea star, Ophioderma - brittle star, Echinus - sea urchin, Holothuria -
sea cucumber, Antedon - feather star.

Probosis
Posthepatic Collarette
region
Collar
Anus Branchial region
Gill pores
Dorsally curved
genital wings
Middorsal ridge
Hepatic caeca

Hepatic region

Fig. Balanoglossus

9. Phylum – Hemichordata
Hemichordata was earlier considered as a sub-phylum under phylum Chordata. But now it is
placed as a separate phylum under non-chordata.
This phylum consists of a small group of worm-like marine animals with organ-system level of
organisation. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate animals. The body is
cylindrical and is composed of an anterior proboscis, a collar and a long trunk. Circulatory
system is of open type. Respiration takes place through gills. Excretory organ is proboscis gland.
Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is external. Development is indirect.
Examples: Balanoglossus.

You are given leech, neries, scolopendra, prawn, scorpion and all have segmented body organizations.
Will you classify them in one group? If no give the important characters based on which you will
separate these organisms into different groups.
Explanation
All organisms given in the question do not belong to same group. Leech and neries, belong to phylum
Annelida because they have metamerically segmented body. Scolopendra, prawn and scorpion belong
to phylum Arthropoda as they have jointed legs and open circulatory system.

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 Biology
10. Phylum-Chordata
Chordata is a phylum of triploblastic bilaterally symmetrical coelomate animals.
Notochord is a long rod-like structure that develops between dorsal nervous system and gut.
Notochord functions as a support structure that provides points for attachment to muscles.
Dorsal hollow nerve cord occurs above the notochord.
Pharyngeal gill slits (gill pouches) are paired respiratory structures which remain functional
throughout life in fishes and some amphibians. In others they occur only in embryo.
Post anal tail occurs in most chordates for balancing, protection of genital and anal regions.
Dorsal,
hollow
Muscle nerve cord Notochord is present
segment s Not ochord
only in the tail of free
living tadpole like larva in
urochordata.
Notochord, Nerve cord and
Pharyngeal Mout h pharyngeal gill clefts
Anus
Muscular, slit s or cleft s remain throughout the life
Post -anal t ail span in cephalochordata.

Fig. A hypothetical animal to show the four

basic characteristics of chordates.

Phylum chordata is divided into three subphylum

(i) Urochordata (e.g. Herdmania)
(ii) Cephalochordata (e.g. Amphioxus)
(iii) Vertebrata
Subphylum Urochordata and Cephalochordata are often referred to as protochordata.
1. Protochordata
These animals are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and have a coelom. Notochord is present
at least at some stages during their lives. It provides a place for muscles to attach for ease of
movement. Protochordates may not have a proper notochord present at all stages in their lives
or for the entire length of the animal.
Protochordates are marine animals.

1. Spongocoel
2. Bilateral symmetry
3. Coelenterata
4. Arthropoda
5. Annelida
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NCERT Course: Class 9

Differences between Vertebrates and Invertebrates

Vertebrates Invertebrates
(1) They have an internal skeleton. No internal skeleton.
(2) A backbone is present. Backbone is not present.
(3) Heart is on the ventral side of the body. Heart when present is on the dorsal side.
(4) Nerve cord is dorsal and hollow. Nerve cord is ventral and solid.
(5) Haemoglobin in red blood cells. Haemoglobin, if present, dissolved in plasma.

2. Vertebrata
Vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomic and segmented animals. In
vertebrates notochord is replaced by true vertebral column. Nerve cord remains enclosed within
vertebral column. Vertebrata are grouped into six classes :-
(i) Cyclostomata (ii) Pisces (iii) Amphibia (iv) Reptilia
(v) Aves (vi) Mammalia
(i) Cyclostomata
Cyclostomes are jawless vertebrates. They are characterised by having an elongated eel-like
body, circular mouth, slimy skin and are scaleless. They are ectoparasites or borers of other
vertebrates.
e.g. Petromyzon (Lamprey) and Myxine (Hagfish).

Fig. Petromyzon (Lamprey)

(ii) Pisces
True fishes are included in this class. They respire through gills. They are exclusively water living
animals. Their body is streamlined and covered by scales/plates. They have muscular tail and
paired fins for movement. Their endoskeleton is made up of either cartilage or bones or both.
They are unisexual and lay eggs. They are cold blooded. Heart is two chambered.
Fishes are of two types based on the nature of their endoskeleton.
1. Cartilaginous fishes
2. Bony fishes
Cartilaginous fishes
e.g. Scoliodon – Dog fish, Trygon – Sting ray, Torpedo – Electric ray, Rhineodon – Whale shark,
Chimaera – ghost shark.

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 Biology
Bony fishes
e.g. Labeo rohita – Rohu or Indian carp, Anabas – Climbing perch, Caulophyryne jordani - Angler
fish, Hippocampus – Sea horse, Pterois volitans - Lion fish, Exocoetus – Flying fish, Synchiropus
splendidus - Mandarin fish
➢ Fishes obtain oxygen dissolved in water by using gills. They are cold-blooded and their hearts
have only two chambers, unlike the four that humans have. Skeletons either made entirely of
cartilage, such as sharks, or made of both bone and cartilage, such as tuna or rohu.

Whale Shark (Rhineodon typicus) Exocoetus

Angler fish Mandarin fish

Sting ray (Trygon)

Labeo rohita

Hippocampus
Electric ray (Torpedo)
Lion fish

Scoliodon

Fig. Fishes
(iii) Amphibia
Their skin is smooth or rough, moist, slimy, glandular and without scales. To moist the skin
numerous mucus glands are found and skin contains pigment cells (chromatophores) for
colouration. Three chambered heart has two auricles and one ventricle. Respiration takes place
by gills, lungs, skin and buccal lining. They are cold-blooded animals. They lay eggs. Fertilization
is external.
e.g. Ichthyophis – Blindworm, Salamander, Bufo – Common toad, Hyla – Tree-frog, Rana tigrina
– Indian bull frog.
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NCERT Course: Class 9
➢ Amphibians are the first vertebrate which come out of water but these are not able to live
on land permanently. These depend on water for their reproduction. Two pairs of
pentadactyl (five digits) limbs are present. Digits without claws. Excrete either ammonia (by
tadpole) or urea (by adults).
Tail
Frog is active during
day whereas toad is
active at night, skin of
Salamandra Rana
Bufo frog is moist whereas skin
of toad is dry and rough.
Frog has webbed feet
whereas in toads the web
is absent.
Ichthyophis
Hyla (Tree-frog)

Fig. Amphibians
(iv) Reptilia
Skin is dry, cornified, rough and nonglandular. Exoskeleton is made up of horny epidermal scales
or dermal scute or bony plates. Heart is three chambered i. e. two auricles and an incompletely
divided ventricle. Only crocodiles have four chambered heart. Fertilization is internal. They
breathe through lungs. These are mostly oviparous, eggs are cleidoic i.e. eggs are covered by a
shell made up of calcium carbonate. These are cold blooded animals.
e.g. Chelone – marine turtles, Hemidactylus – Common lizard, wall lizard, Python – Azgar (largest
snake), Naja – Indian Cobra, Ophiophagus hannah – King cobra, Vipera – Viper snake, Crocodilus
– Crocodile (Muggar).
➢ Reptiles are first successful terrestrial animals but some are aquatic. Body is divided into
head, neck, trunk and tail. Two pairs of pentadactyl limbs with incurved nails or claws and
one pair of metanephric kidneys are present. They are uricotelic. (i.e. their main excretory
waste is uric acid)

Draco Giant tortoise

(Testudo)

Krait (Bungarus)

Indian fresh water crocodile

(Crocodilus) Indian Cobra (Naja naja)

Fig. Reptiles

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 Biology

Differences Between Amphibia and Reptilia

Characteristics Amphibia Reptilia
Skin It is glandular smooth and moist. Skin is nonglandular, dry and keratinised.
Scales They are absent Scales are present over the body.
Heart It is three chambered. Heart is incompletely four chambered.
Fertilization It is external. Fertilization is internal.
Eggs They have a soft covering They have a hard covering or shell.
Examples Frog, Toad. Lizards, Snakes, Tortoise.

Why do we keep both snake and turtle in the same class?

Explanation
Both snake and turtle are kept in the same class because both are :
(i) cold blooded (ii) have scales (iii) breathe through lungs
(iv) three chambered heart (v) lay eggs with hard covering.
(v) Aves
All types of birds are included in this class. Body is boat shaped and covered with soft feathers,
called "plumage". Fore limbs modified into wings for flight.
Hind-limbs bear four clawed digits and are adapted for walking and perching. Parental care is
present. Four chambered heart with two auricles and two ventricles is present. They excrete uric
acid. They breathe through lungs. Fertilization internal. They are oviparous and lay large eggs,
having hard shell. They are warm-blooded animals.
eg. Gallus – Chicken, Passer – House sparrow, Corvus – Crow, Columba – Pigeon, Psittacula –
Parrot, Pavo – Peacock

Ornithology : Study
Kiwi of birds. Salim Ali was a
Australian Emu (Apteryx) Ostrich famous ornithologist.
(Dromaeus) (Struthio camelus) He was known as "Bird
man of India".

House sparrow Peacock Parrot

Fig. Birds
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NCERT Course: Class 9
➢ In birds teeth are absent, jaws form a horny beak. Endoskeleton is made up of hollow, air-filled
bones, known as pneumatic bone. Sound producing organ in birds is called syrinx.
➢ Penguins, Emu, Ostrich and Kiwi are flightless birds.

1. Why do amphibians don't possess exoskeleton?

2. Why do birds possess hollow bones?
3. What are oviparous animals?
4. What is the name of class of flying warm blooded animals in which teeth are absent?
(vi) Mammalia
Members are cosmopolitan. Body is divided into head, neck, trunk and tail with movable eyelids.
Mammary glands are found in females for baby feeding. The body is covered by a coat of hairs
(made of keratin). Cutaneous glands such as sweat glands and oil glands are present.
Heart is four chambered. Non-nucleated red blood corpuscles are present in blood. Mammals
are warm-blooded animals. Sexes are separate, internal fertilization is present, mostly viviparous
but a few are oviparous and lay eggs (e.g. Platypus & Echidna), and some like Kangaroos give
birth to very poorly developed young ones.
e.g. Macropus – Kangaroo, Pteropus – Flying fox or Bat, Ratus ratus – Rat, Balaenoptera - Blue
whale, Canis – Dog, Felis – Cat, Homo sapiens – Man

Water Buffalo Wild boar Common Hippopotamus

Arabian Camel

Llama

Red deer Giraffe Bison

Fig. Mammals

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 Biology
➢ Mammals have two pairs of pentadactyl limbs. Fleshy external ear (pinnae) present. Respiration is
by one pair of lungs. A horizontal diaphragm is present in between thorax and abdomen. They
excrete urea i.e. ureotelic.

Differences Between Aves and Mammalia

Characteristics Aves Mammalia

Wings Forelimbs are modified Wings are absent except

into wings in bats.

Feathers The body is covered Feathers and scales are

and Scales with feathers and absent.
scales.
Skin Glands Skin is dry. Only a Skin bears a number of
single preen gland (oil sweat and oil glands.
gland).
Mammary They are absent Female possesses
Gland mammary glands for
feeding the young ones.
Beak A toothless beak is Jaws do not form a beak.
present Teeth are present.
Bones They are hollow or Bones do not possess air
pneumatic. cavities.

Larynx/ Syrinx Larynx is non- Larynx is functional.

functional. Syrinx is absent.
Instead syrinx is
present
Air Sacs Lungs possess external External air sacs do not
air sacs. occur over lungs.

1. Amphibians don't possess exoskeleton as their skin is thin, moist and act as a respiratory organ.
2. To make their body light in weight to make flying easier.
3. Egg laying animals are called oviparous.
4. Aves.

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NCERT Course: Class 9
Animals

Cellular level of Tissue level of

organisaton organisation

Porifera

No body cavity between Pseudocoelom Coelomate

epidermis and gastrodermis

Nematoda
Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes

Mesodermal cells from Coelom formed from

a single cell during pouches pinched off
growth of the embryo from the endoderm

Annelida, Mollusca,
Arthropoda

No notochord Notochord present

Echinodermata Chordata

Notochord present Notochord replaced by vertebral

in at least larval column in adults
forms, but very rudimentary

Vertebrata
Protochordata

Exoskeleton of Gills in larva, Exoskeleton Exoskeleton Exoskeleton

scales, endoskeleton lungs in most of scales, lay of feathers, lay of hair, external
of bone/cartilage, adults, slimy eggs outside eggs outside ears, mostly
breathing through gills skin water water, flight possible give birth
to live young ones

Pisces Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia

Classification of animals
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 Biology

Group (Nonchordates
Important Features Examples
or Invertebrates)

1. Phylum Porifera (a) Pore-bearing animals, all are aquatic. Sycon,

(b) Multicellular, no tissues. Euspongia,
(c) Sessile, attached to rocks. Euplectella,
(d) Canal system, large spongocoel. Spongilla
2. Phylum Cnidaria (a) Have gastrovascular cavity called Hydra,
(Coelenterata) coelenteron. jelly fish,
(b) Diploblastic, multicellular with tissue Sea Anemone
level of organisation.
(c) Special stinging cells-cnidoblasts.
3. Phylum Platyhelminthes (a) Dorso-ventrally flattened. Tape worm,
(Flatworms) (b) First triploblastic animals. Liver fluke,
(c) Unsegmented, Bilaterally symmetrical. Planaria
(d) Mostly parasitic.
(e) Excretion by flame cells.
4. Phylum Nematoda (a) Unsegmented, round, elongated body. Round worm,
(Roundworms) (b) Triploblastic, Bilaterally symmetrical. Pinworm,
(c) Pseudocoelom. Filaria worm
(d) Excretion by protonephridia.
5. Phylum Annelida (a) Segmented, elongated body. Nereis,
(Segmented worms) (b) Bilaterally symmetrical. Earthworm,
(c) First animals with true body cavity- Leech
coelom.
(d) Locomotion by setae or parapodia.
(e) Excretion by nephridia
6. Phylum Arthropoda (a) Jointed legs. Prawn, Crab,
(with jointed feet) (b) Bilaterally symmetrical, segmented body. Cockroach,
(c) Exoskeleton of chitin. housefly, Scorpion,
(d) Haemocoel. Spiders, Millipede,
Centipede
7. Phylum Mollusca (a) Soft-bodied, unsegmented. Chiton, Snail,
(Soft-bodied) (b) Body has 3 parts-head, visceral mass and Fresh water mussel,
foot. Octopus, Cuttlefish.
(c) Body covered by hard shell.
8. Phylum Echinodermata (a) Spiny-skinned, Calcareous spines. Starfish, Sea urchin,
(Spiny skinned) (b) Unsegmented, Radial symmetry. Sea cucumber,
(c) Water vascular system. Feather star,
(d) Locomotion by tube-feet. Brittle star.

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NCERT Course: Class 9
9. Phylum Hemichordata
(a) Organ system level of organisation Balanoglossus
(b) Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic
(c) Body consists of proboscis, collar and
long trunk
(d) Open circulatory system
(e) Respiration by gills

10. Phylum Chordata (a) Presence of notochord at some stage. Fishes, Amphibians,
(Chordates) (b) Dorsal hollow nerve cord. Reptiles,
(c) Gill slits. Birds,
(d) Tail behind anal opening. Mammals

Sub-phylum Vertebrata has following important classes:

1. Class Cyclostomata 2. Class Pisces 3. Class Amphibia

(a) Ectoparasites
(b) Skin is smooth and soft,
scaleless
(c) Elongated eel like body.
(d) Have fins for locomotion.
(e) Cold blooded
(f) 2-chambered heart
g) Respiration by gills
e.g. Lamprey, Hagfish
(a) Live in water
(b) Have exoskeleton of
scales and endoskeleton of
bones or cartilage
(c) Spindle shaped body
(d) Have fins for
locomotion
(e) Cold blooded
(f) 2-chambered heart
g) Respiration by gills
e.g. cartilage and bony
fishes
(a) Can live in water and on
land
(b) Slimy, moist skin
(c) Body with head and trunk
(d) 2 pairs of limbs
(e) Cold blooded
(f) 3-chambered heart
(g) Respiration by gills lungs
and buccal cavity.
e.g. Frog, Toad, Salamander

4. Class Reptilia 5. Class Aves 6. Class Mammalia

(a) Adapted to live on land
(b) Dry scaly skin
(c) Body with head, neck and
trunk
(d) 2 pairs of limbs with claws
(e) Cold blooded
(f) 3-chambered heart with
partial septum in ventricle
(g) Respiration by lungs only
e.g. Lizard, Chameleon,
Snake, Turtle
(a) Streamlined body, can
fly in air.
(b) Feather on body
(c) Horny beak
(d) Forelimbs modified into wings
(e) Warm blooded
(f) 4-chambered heart
(g) Respiration by lungs
e.g. Pigeon, Sparrow, Owl
(a) Live on land
(b) Milk-secreting
mammary glands
(c) Hair on the body
(d) 2-pairs of limbs
(e) Warm blooded
(f) 4-chambered heart
(g) Respiration by lungs
e.g. Rat, Bat, Monkey,
Man, Elephant

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