AN EMPIRICAL DETERMINATION OF MATERIAL WASTE ON CONSTRUCTION

SITE IN NIGERIA

ORONUKPO DANIEL OGHENEFEGO

FPN/S02/2022/2023HQS/0747

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF QUANTITY SURVEY

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NASARAWA
NASARAWA STATE

MAY, 2024

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 DECLARATION

I declare that this project “AN EMPIRICAL DETERMINATION OF MATERIAL WASTE

ON CONSTRUCTION SITE IN NIGERIA” is a product of an original research conducted by

me. It has not been presented for the award of any degree or diploma in any institution of Higher

Learning. The ideas, observation, comments, suggestions and expressions herein represent my

own conviction, except quotations which have been acknowledged in accordance with

conventional academic tradition.

______________________________________

ORONUKPO DANIEL OGHENEFEGO

FPN/S02/2022/2023HQS/0747

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 APPROVAL PAGE

This project titled “Assessment of factors influencing the cost of preliminaries in construction
project in Nigeria” has been read and approved as meeting the requirement for the award of
Higher National Diploma in Quantity Survey, Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa

Mr. Joshua Ali ____________________

Project supervisor Date/ Sign

Mr. Isiyaku Muhammed ____________________

Project Coordinator Date/ Sign

Mal. Adamu Abdullahi ____________________

Head of Department Date/ Sign

_______________________ ____________________
EXTERNAL MODERATOR Date/ Sign

iii
 DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to Almighty God for his guidance, protection and mercy over the years.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I wish to express my profound gratitude to Almighty God who has been so
merciful over the year. All Praise is to Him.

I sincerely want to appreciate my project supervisor Mr. Joshua Ali. Who despite his tight
schedule take the time of going through this work and make valuable correction. I said thank you
and may God reward you abundantly.

My sincere appreciation goes to the Head of Department Mal. Adamu Abdullahi for his words of
advice and encouragement throughout this programme and my project coordinator Mal. Isiyaku
Muhammed for his support and guidance.

Finally, my profound gratitude goes to my Parent and my beloved families, friends and well-
wishers for their encouragement over the years. Thank you all.

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 ABSTRACT

Material waste is a significant issue in the construction industry, with implications for project
costs, timelines, and environmental sustainability. This research project aims to empirically
determine the extent of material waste on construction sites in Nigeria and explore strategies for
waste reduction. The study involves quantifying the volume and types of material waste,
identifying causes and sources, assessing current waste management practices, and proposing
recommendations for improvement. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods,
including waste audits, surveys, and interviews, is used to gather data from medium to large-
scale construction projects across various sectors in Nigeria. The findings highlight the need for
better planning, procurement, and training to minimize material waste and promote sustainable
construction practices. Recommendations include enhancing awareness, promoting recycling,
and strengthening regulatory frameworks. This research contributes to a better understanding of
material waste in Nigerian construction projects and provides actionable insights for improving
waste management practices.The Relative Importance Index (RII) is a formula used to determine
the relative importance or priority of various items or factors based on respondents' perceptions
or preferences in a survey or study. Analyzing the table,

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page - - - - - - - - - - i

Declaration - - - - - - - - - - - ii

Approval Page- - - - - - - - - - iii

Dedication - - - - - - - - - - - iv

Acknowledgements - - - - - - - - - - v

Abstract - - - - - - - - - - - vi

Table of Content - - - - - - - - - - vii

List of Tables - - - - - - - - -

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 1

1.1 Background of the study - - - - - - - 1

1.2 Statement of Research Problem - - - - - - 2

1.3 Aim and Objectives - - - - - - - - 3

1.4 Research Question - - - - - - - - 3

1.5 Significance of the research- - - - - - - - 3

1.6 Scope of the research-- - - - - - - - 4

1.7 Summary of methodology - - - - - - - 4

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - 6

2.2 The Novel Ways of Using Construction Waste In The Construction Industry- 8

2.3 Critical Success Factors For Utilization Of Construction Waste In The Nigerian

Construction Industry - - - - - - - - -12

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Preamble - - - - - - - - - 20

3.2 Research instrument - - - - - - - - 20

3.3 Study population - - - - - - - - 20

3.4 Data requirement and data collection - - - - - - 20

3.5 Sample and sampling technique- - - - - - - 21

3.6 Sample frame and sample size- - - - - - - 21

3.8 Method of data analysis - - - - - - - 22

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 23

4.2 Data Presentation - - - - - - - - 23

CHAPTER FIVE

viii
 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary - - - - - - - - - 28
5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - 29
5.3 Recommendation - - - - - - - -- - 30
Reference - - - - - - -- - - 32
Appendix - - - - - - - - - 34

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 CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The construction industry plays a vital role improving the quality of life and in meeting the needs

of society(Aleksanin, 2019) and in that regard, globally, matters concerning environmental

protection has become very significant. When put in a comparative position with other sec

tors a great amount of solid waste and environmental pollution agents are produced from this

industry (Ayarkwa et. al.,2011). Compared with other industries, construction generates fairly

large amount of pollutants, including solid waste, noise, dust and water. Waste was defined

simply as “that which can be eliminated without reducing customer value’ by Polat and Ballard

(2004). Construction and demolition process are considered to be a major source

of waste in terms of weight, volume, and quantities (Lu and Yuan, 2010; Tchobanoglous and

Kreith, 2002). Zutshi and Creed, (2015) asserts to this suggesting that the very nature of

traditional construction practices results in massive amounts of waste generation. Naturally in the

environment, non-decaying waste keep aggregating leading to the need for frequent utilization of

new plots of lands as burial pits (Aleksanin, 2019).

With the construction industry producing close to 20million tons of waste each year, the dire

situation of waste generation on site cannot be overstated. The issue of waste management is

alongside plan of preserving the hydrosphere and atmosphere from pollution, issues of

conservation of biological and land resources (Aleksanin, 2019). Baldwin et al., (2009)

state that the creation of waste on construction projects is very dynamic; hence, being able to

predict volume of waste or waste presents a complex task yet to be figured out.

The construction has continually been sensitized to the reuse of waste and recycling practices,

however (Ofori et al., 2000) It remains regrettable that even with the Interests of stakeholders in

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reputing traditional methods for sustainable ones, the vast majority of construction firms still

disregard the idea of adopting progressive waste management strategies (Ayakwa et al. 2011).

Nevertheless, managing of construction and demolition waste effectively leads to reduction in

cost of projects overall (UNEP; UNITAR, 2013) as well as saving the environment from harmful

pollutants.These has led to the introduction of some strategies to minimize the production of

waste on construction projects. If the generation of waste cannot be prohibited or can only be

prohibited at a certain level, then the succeeding phase should be the usage and recycling of the

waste of construction and demolition, which can help in effective management and productivity

(Esin and Cosgun, 2007; Poon 2005). In Nigeria, Ayarkwa and Adinyira (n.d.) reported a wide

variation in wastage rates of projects and this between 5% and 27% the project supplies

purchased. With this industry being a Major driver of economic growth, large wastage rates

largely affect the national economy. This creates the need for exploration of alternative usage of

waste produced from construction projects.Waste management methods have included the reuse

of waste formed from construction as alternative material for some specific purposes. It’s largely

influenced by the type and nature of waste produced as well. This study seeks to look into the

usage of construction waste within the Nigerian construction industry as a waste minimizing and

control measure.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The construction industry today, is actively redeveloping, repairing and reconstructing re

sidential, public and industrial facilities (Aleksanin, 2019).With the constant increase in the

number of buildings under construction and being demolished, construction waste continues to

grow, and in most case possess the potential for second use is minimal (Ulubeyli, 2017). 4

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1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH

This section discusses the research aim and objectives of this study.

1.3.1 Aim of the Research

The aim of this study is to explore construction and demolishing waste usagein the Nigerian

Construction Industry

1.3.2 Objectives of the Research

1. To determine the causes of waste generation in the Nigerian Construction Industry

2. To empirically determine the amount of waste generation in the Nigerian Construction site

3. To examine factors for utilization of construction waste in the Nigerian

Construction Industry

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the novel ways of using construction waste in the Nigerian Construction Industry?

3. What is the amount of waste generation in the Nigerian Construction site?

3 .What factors could be implemented for proper utilization of construction waste in the Nigerian

Construction Industry?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH

This study is significant because, it presented the current state of construction waste in the

Nigerian Construction Industry. The study helped the researcher to comprehend the fundamental

problems of construction and demolishing waste in the construction sites. Certain matters like

several strategies to manage waste on site were addressed as a plus in this study. This was to help

other researchers who will concentrate on this area of study.

The study further brought into light some information about the construction industry, and how

waste has been dealt with in past year to these present times. This was to help the reader

understand the in-depth knowledge of how waste has been dealt with and certain techniques that

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have failed in the management of construction and demolition waste. The trends of construction

waste usage in the Nigerian Construction Industry were also be presented in this study, which

helped construction workers to be update and such things under this topic. The study is also

significant because it added up to the body of knowledge by determining the critical success

factors for proper utilization of construction waste in the Nigerian Construction Industry.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH

Scope of researches are in two main forms: the contextual scope and the geographical scope. In

context, this study waslimited to assessing the usage of construction and demolition waste in the

Nigerian Construction Industry. Waste in the construction industry comes in several forms.

Several researchers tend to classify unproductive hours even as waste; however, this study

looked at only construction waste, more specifically concrete waste. Moreover, in the

construction industry, the study was limited to only D1K1 construction firms in Abuja

Metropolis. For geographical scope of this study as stated earlier, the study’sscope was limited to

only Abuja Metropolis. Hence, construction firms in the Abuja Metropolis were the only firms

who were considered for this study. However, there was further restrictions like construction

firm class that one belongs, active participation in institutional bodies and actively working

which help in defining specifically the scope of the research for this study.

1.7 SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY

In attaining the very purpose of this study, presentable and appropriate literature regarding the

area of the study was reviewed. There was also a wide explanation of Literature review, which

helped develop an excellent understanding of the study. Based on this literature, which

comprised the main aim and objectives of the study. The questionnaires were tactically prepared,

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which helped to determine the trends and assessment of construction and demolishing waste

usage in the Nigerian Construction Industry.

The accepted methodology for this study is the quantitative method, this is because of its

numerical and mathematical analysis. Therefore, data for study will be obtained from primary

and secondary sources. Secondary data will be gathered from existing literature on assessing the

usage of construction and demolition waste in the Nigerian Construction Industry. Google

Scholar, Emerald, KnustSpace as well as Scopus among others will be the scientific search

engines which will be used for this study. The obtained data from the literature review Was

strategically compounded into close and open-ended questions and served to the target

population in person and electronically. The population for the study was mainly limited to

project professionals in D1K1 construction firms. Data will be collected from respondents with

the help of their level of interest. This research selected its sample using the purposive

and snowball sampling method. The primary data retrieved from the survey will be analyzed

using descriptive statistics (means, frequencies, and standard deviations), mean score ranking.

The reliability of the scale was checked by using the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient test. Software

for analysis was Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) windows version 21, Microsoft

Excel 2019 and Microsoft Word 2019.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Construction and demolition waste: Waste emerging from any land removal or formation,

Civil or building works, roadwork, building redesign or demolishing exercises. It incorporates

different kinds of structure waste, rubble, earth, concrete, timber and mixed site clearance

materials (Saez,et al,2016, p.7). Alarcón (2017) characterizes waste as every other material

unique in relation to unquestionably the base amount of assets of materials, equipment, and labor

important to increase the value of the item. In this way, waste is assets that don't enhance a

product. This isn't a long way from the depiction that waste is resources that do not add value to

a product. Rogoffand Williams, (2014) characterizes construction waste as unused and unviable

materials left on site. In the perspective on Westerveld (2013), construction waste is an

undesirable material from construction exercises. Individuals make this presumption most likely

in light of the fact that taking a gander at waste from that point of view makes it moderately

simple to see and measure. Sadly, paying little heed to the simple measurement of waste from

that definition, this perspective has been vigorously condemned. As per Gudigar, et al., (2014), at

each phase of construction the information sources get twisted, disposed of, downcast, limited,

disrespected, unhealthy, deformed, deteriorated and henceforth grouped and named as waste.

As per Wahab and Lawal (2021), waste can be created at different phases of the

Construction procedure like the planning stage, costing or construction stage. Shen, et al, (2010),

stipulated that, construction waste emerges from different sources, by and large from the

initiation of development through to the consummation of a Construction project. Research have

demonstrated that a considerable measure of material waste is produced in any development

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project (Lu et al., 2011). Material waste makes a ton of money related misfortune to the

contractor which is more often than not transferred to the client now and then prompting suit.

2.0.1 Classification of Construction and Demolition Waste

Construction and demolition waste are typically grouped into two principle parts

: 1) inert

; 2) non-inert (Johnston and Mincks 1995).

Inert waste incorporates rocks, rubble, concrete, cement, asphalt, rubbles, blocks, tiles, stones,

soil and sand. This sort of waste is appropriate for land recovery. A portion of this sort of waste

can likewise be utilized in recycling. Non-inertwaste is around 20% of the total

construction and demolishing waste (GovHK N.D). It incorporates wood, timber, paper, metal,

bamboo, trees, glass, plastics, garbage, life form and installations. This sort of waste isn't

appropriate for land recovery (EPD 2009a), since it will disintegrate gradually underground by

bacterial activities and sink progressively. Such land recovery undertakings are usually targeting

making new land for buildingsor different structures. On the off chance that the buildings

structures were based over the land with much non-inert materials, it would result in great

structural issues. As per Castelo Branco (2007:13), construction waste can be grouped into

physical and financial waste. This grouping incorporates the following:

 Physical misuse of materials: Additional measure of materials with respect to those

indicated in the task.

 Physical misuse of worker hours: Man-hours expanded by deferral in the entry of

materials and overproduction.

 Physical waste of equipment: Equipment hours expanded in capacity of the issue cited for

the labor.

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  Financial waste because of physical waste: Determine the expenses related with physical

waste.

2.1 THE NOVEL WAYS OF USING CONSTRUCTION WASTE IN THE

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

2.1.1 Recycling

Recycling incorporates gathering recyclable materials that would some way or another be viewed

as waste, grouping and handling recyclables into raw materials, for example, fibers, fabricating

raw materials into new items, and obtaining recycled items (USEPA 2009). In a lot of instances,

recycling costs remain lower than the costs of disposing of materials, and this is very rare and

occurs typically amongst small job contracts. However, for routine construction projects, it is

cogent to recycle material arising from the delivery as it makes economic sense (Osmani, 2008).

A critical point worth noting is that, supposing the disposal costs are lower than recycling costs,

it economically accurate not to recycle.But if recycling is cost competitive or less expensive than

disposal, then recycling should be considered as part of every job (ibid).

2.1.2 Reuse

Reuse includes putting a thing to another utilization after its unique purpose has been satisfied.

The items are utilized various occasions before they are disposed of (GRC 2004). The systems of

waste administration incorporatethe following(Kibert and Chini 2000): Avoid, Reuse, Recycle,

Compost, Burn, Dispose at landfills.

2.2.1 Poor site management

Poor site management and supervision is a noteworthy easygoing element of waste

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generation which influences the general advancement of construction. This was expounded in

Wang et al. (2008) inquire about in China. The creators stipulated that, absence of management

abilities and absence of supervision is a key reason of considerable measure of waste generation

on building sites. Besides, in Chile, it was distinguished by Serpell et al. (2000) that poor or

absence of supervision causes waste generation in the construction business mostly on location.

A later report directed by Lu et al. (2011) expressed that waste additionally happens because of

the poor construction management on all construction undertakings executed. Besides, a pilot

study led in Sri Lanka stipulated that a lot of construction waste is for the most part because of

ill-advised management and supervision of sites (Jayawardane, 1998). The discoveries expressed

above demonstrates that, poor site supervision is a noteworthy donor of waste in the construction

business which influences cost management.

2.2.2 Lack of experience

Absence of experience in favor of the two experts and temporary workers (contractors and

consultants) is additionally a noteworthy reason for waste which influences cost in the

construction business. This affirmation was buttressed by specialists in South China who

concentrated crafted

by steel drinking sprees. They referenced that fortification works taken care of by unpracticed

steel drinking sprees is the primary driver of support waste (Lu et al., 2011).

The considerable measure of waste they cause additionally have huge impact on the efficiency

and advancement of work. Lee and Sivananthiran (1996) likewise conceded to the attestation and

they expressed that a generous level of remote provisional work has practically no involvement

in construction. Moreover, unpracticed foremen add to increasingly inadequate works in Hong

Kong construction industry (Wan et al., 2009). Rogoffet al. (1994) additionally accepted that a

ton of waste produced is because of the inability field director.

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2.2.3 Inadequate planning and scheduling

Because of the hazard nature

of construction, arranging of exercises is key as it demonstrates the required contribution at

different phases of a construction venture. Insufficient arranging and booking is another

significant construction waste generator is deficient arranging and planning. Various scientists

bore witness to a similar reality expressing that lack of common sense and planning is a key

variable causing waste. For instance, an investigation directed by Ekanayake and Ofori in 2020

distinguished ill-advised arranging as the most basic operational supporters of waste generation.

Material wastagecan likewise happen because of ill-advised arranging. Moreover, flawed

arranging of construction brings about material waste (Polat and Ballard 2014).

2.2.4 Variations during construction

Variation of construction works can likewise prompt construction waste generation as significant

changes may bring about demolishing and remaking. As per Wan et. al. 2009 variation bring

about a high volume of construction waste. Blunders and mix-ups in designs may prompt

variation during construction and may incorporate a lost segment in the structure. Australian

specialists recognized a comparative outcome from their examination and assembled common

construction trash cause into configuration change and plan blunder (Faniran and Caban, 2007).

Likewise, an examination led in China by Zhao and Chua (2003) recognized that revamps

brought about by the variations is another type of critical waste generator. Revamp includes

demolishing and re-construction which may include extra materials and work and transfer of

harmed materials on landfills because of demolishing.

2.2.5 Mistakes during construction

Mix-ups during construction are likewise a noteworthy reason for wastes in construction. It

happens because of default from construction strategy (Wang et al.,2008). Absence of capacity to

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manufacture a task can expand cost of a project from around 6-10% of aggregate of undertaking

cost in United Stated (Koskela 2022) which is additionally a factor in construction waste. As per

Pheng and Tan (2018), botches during construction can fundamentally cause enormous waste

generation.

2.2.6 Unnecessary construction of laborers and goods

Pointless movement of individuals is a noteworthy wellspring of waste that influences cost and

its management. This kind of waste is subject to work by representatives. Ohno (2018) classes

construction of waste into waste and work. Waste is a movement that does not include worth.

Once more, superfluous transport of products on site which may emerge because of inappropriate

site design have critical impact on schedule and cost. Site unskilled labour ought to be coached

and made to understand the cost of wastage. When sensitized properly the tendency

or minimizing waste is possible (ibid).

2.2.7 Overproduction

Overproduction is likewise an alternate kind of waste which can be related with over-utilization

of materials and abundance contribution of vitality by workers into creation. Ohno (2018) sort

this kind of waste as indirect waste where materials are not physically lost but rather causing just

a money related misfortune and expanding cost of generation. For instance, waste

because of solid chunk thickness bigger than determined by the auxiliary plan. This over-plan

fundamentally does not have any effect on the structure but rather can have huge effect on

expense. Accurate order of works should be made to prevent the excess production and

purchasing of supplies for the delivery of the project (Osmani, 2018).

2.2.8 Other reasons for waste generation

There are different reasons for waste generation nearby and these may incorporate;

Wrong construction techniques: Deformities Poor streamlining in performing undertakings.

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2.3 CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR UTILIZATION OF CONSTRUCTION

WASTE IN THE NIGERIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Various writings have distinguished various ways and procedures to diminish

Construction waste.

As per Gudigar et al. (2014), creating of a construction waste the board plan, which can be

commonly sorted into four noteworthy gatherings. These are contract language, design

issues and construction methods; building materials detail; and instruction. Every one of these

classifications falls under the design phase of a venture. As indicated by Osmani et al. (2008),

waste minimization methodologies executed appropriate at the plan stage are increasingly

productive and viable in light of the fact that bidders know even before the venture begins. In

perspective on this, various analysts like; Coventry and Guthrie (1998), Greenwood (2003), Poon

et al. (2004), and Baldwin et al. (2006), have shown that the modeler has an imperative task to

carry out in construction waste minimization and reduction since they are the most dynamic

partners in the structure phase of an undertaking. In this way, Coventry and Guthrie (1998)

recommended three key obligations the draftsmen ought to

play in guaranteeing waste minimization in the construction business and they included; offering

guidance to customers, improving plan practices and so on.

2.3.1 Advising of Client

This is doneby briefing the customer on the effect of waste generation and featuring advantages

including cost investment funds. As indicated by Dainty and Brooke (2004) numerous customers

don't have sufficient data about the seriousness of construction waste. Waste minimization could

be an extremely critical activity by both the customer and experts when they know, distinguish

and examine the benefits of waste reduction at different phases of a construction procedure. In

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perspective on this, Innes (2004) deduced in his investigation that reserve funds of about 3% can

be made without critical venture cost.

2.3.2 Improvement of design practices

Waste can likewise be limited by improving design practices by tending to the key causes of

design waste. As indicated by Coventry and Guthrie (2018), design waste could be dealt with by

tending to the different issues experienced during the design procedure which will encourage

better coordination at project stage. This will wipe out various causal operators of waste and

spare construction cost with no speculation expense. Legitimate design will dispose of regular

structure and itemizing changes to keep away from failed work during site activities,

design for deconstruction, intending to limit wastage through off-cuts, the utilization of

recovered materials; and proper determination of plan execution and products and improve plan.

2.3.3 Contract and legally binding agreement

At the agreement and legally binding agreement stage, various measures can be set up which

could assume an exceptionally basic job in diminishing waste. This should be possible by

preparing for explicitly waste minimization situated contract delicate statements (CRiBE 1999).

A regular model was distinguished by Dainty and Brooke (2004) who recommended the

utilization of legally binding statements to punish poor waste execution contractual workers.

Greenwood writing in 2003 set forward comparative proposal and went further to recommend

the joining of a completely coordinated waste minimization system at the contract stage. This

technique that was set ahead by Greenwood recognize and impart the obligations regarding

waste minimization between all the construction venture partners.

2.3.4 Standardization of design

Writings demonstrate that, an immense volume of waste which legitimately influences

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Construction cost is produced because recently changes during building site tasks. These

corrections may change the sort or amount of project materials required at a particular phase of

an project (Coventry et al., 2001). The author expressed that institutionalization of plan as a

construction strategy improves the simplicity of structure and lessens the amount of waste

produced. Hylands (2004) had comparable discoveries in his examination and the writers

contended that institutionalization of both structure designs and components bring about less

waste generation. Baldwin et al. (2006) concurred with the way that institutionalization is a

noteworthy method for diminishing waste generation, and he went further to express that

precasting and prefabrication offer huge ways to lessen waste generation. Dainty and Brooke

(2004) likewise stated that the utilization of off-site prefabrication prompts better control of

waste and harm.

2.3.5 Management support

As per Teo and Loosemore (2001), management should indicate more noteworthy responsibility

to waste management. This will urge representatives to view waste management as a significant

part of the construction procedure on site and hence they will endeavor to lessen waste

generation during construction on site. Waste management has a low necessity during

construction ventures and insufficient is done to reduction waste generation (Teo and

Loosemore, 2011). Management inclusion can help raise the significance related with waste

management. Likewise,they can give recycling offices to help diminish unavoidable

waste produced.

2.3.6 Effective planning of construction process.

Legitimate planning of construction procedure is a significant technique in lessening

construction waste generation nearby. Planning reductions waste generation at source.

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Experienced professionals in the waste and environment contamination fields prescribe that

reductionof waste at source ought to be given the most astounding need when creating systems

for waste minimization (Crittenden and Kolaczkowski, 2015). This is on the grounds that,

reasonably, it bodes well to maintain a strategic distance from waste generation

that to create broad courses in treating waste.

2.3.7 Government activities

The government likewise have a task to carry out in the reduction of waste generation in the

Nigerian constructionindustry. The governmentof New South Wales, Australia proposed to

accomplish a 60% reduction in waste in the year 2000 by making changes to their current Waste

Disposal Act. Their current Waste Disposal Act concentrated on the capacity, gathering,

treatment and transfer of waste (Faniran and Caban, 2018). Comparative system can be

embraced in Nigeria to diminish the measure of waste produced in our building sites definitely.

2.3.8 Incentives

At the point when waste management is done successfully, it realizes cost investment funds and

it is the most alluring advantages to decreasing waste (Teo and Loosemore, 2001). In this

manner, site staff and different businesses should profit by the potential cost investment funds of

waste reductionas remunerations and impetuses to urge them to put more exertion in waste

reduction. This will likewise make consciousness of the financial advantages of waste reduction.

2.3.9 Proper supervision

As indicated by Teo and Loosemore (2001), legitimate supervision of tasks

at site will speed up laborers work and diminish the quantum of waste produced.

15
Workers will in general waste more with no or low supervision. Additionally, appropriate

supervision will lessen the instances of robbery and pointless material wastage as they likewise

structure a segment of waste created on building sites. Linked with the preparation of accurate

work orders, it is prudent that staff receive the right supervision to ensure plans and instructions

are stuck tominimize the production of waste on the project Faniran and Caban, (2018).

2.3.10 Other factors

Site waste management planning (SWMP): Numerous nations, SWMP is an administrative

necessity. A typical instance in the UK saw each task, over£ 300,000, has SWMP as a

prerequisite in its enactment structure (Ajayi et al., 2015). This is a plan that outlines the amount

and type of waste which may be produced on a projects site and how it can be reuse, recycled are

further disposed. An update of the plan is made during the construction process and the issues

surround how it’s to be used is recorded Design for adaptability and deconstruction: When an

enhancement of a structure’s design made to suite industry standards such that expelled

components superbly add up in a different enhanced structure. A typical example of this are the

World Cup Qatar which are completely reusable after the event. And this was made possible due

to a design for adaptability preconceived and executed (FIFA, 2018).

Waste productive procurement: the obtainment arrange could be a noteworthy arrange for

administration arranging in a development wander. The reason behind improvement squanders

are unseemly fabricstockpiling, bundling fabric, and twofold dealing with are connected/related

with the acquirement arrange. For this reason, various methodologies, for example, Just in time

conveyance (JIT), less bundling material and improved joint effort between the supply chains

must be connected to guarantee waste productive procurement. JIT is utilized to limit waste

(Dinget al., 2016).

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Offsite construction: This approach comprises construction supplies being fabricated remotely

and collected on site. Prefab and remote fabrication present methods that constrain waste

production within the development commerce (Ding et al., 2016).

The appropriation of construction may constrain development and decimating squanders

that are gotten on account of destitute workmanship, large requests, plan alterations, hurt amid

cutting and establishment (Tamet al., 2007).

Construction can reduce development fetched through robotization, industrialization and

standardization.

Legislative and tax measures: incorporated in policies are Fines for pollutions, for example, "pay

as You Throw" (PAYT) and varies charges of landfill. On account of PAYT, fines are required

to be accounted for in a pro rata rate of volume, or weight of the disposed wastages on landfills.

Utilizing the standard of PAYT, employed in various European Union nations,

(UK,Netherlands,Greece, Switzerland, Sweden) empowers the drive to limit the measure of

waste arranged on disposal grounds. Preceding the reception of PAYT, charging plans fixed in

the United States as landfill punishment. In any case, the plan fails to demonstrate growth in the

waste reduction drive at landfills. Notwithstanding the previously mentioned expense measures,

administrative measures additionally help to limit C and D wastes. Authoritative toolboxes

assume an incredible job in expanding the consciousness of the development business

related to the management of wastage (Ajayi et al., 2015).

A portion previously identified in other systems of waste managementget talked about amongst

different researchers.

In a similar case, Saheed et al. (2016) likewise talked about plans atadaptability and

deconstruction.

17
Development waste escalation can likewise get limited using a deconstruction plan together with

a structuring a structure adaptable as well as versatile. SWMP helps with overseeing waste

nearby, and the arrangement conceivable by the management and recycling of waste nearby in an

organized manner.

Likewise, it is possible to lessen/decline waste cost/cost together with increment of the benefits

of development division. SWMP may diminish chance that has occurred because of waste related

mishaps. Furthermore, the requirement for onsite wastes Intends to oversee/managea

development inventory network. Lu and Yuan (2012) and Wang et al. (2010) clarifies waste

arrangement plans. Categorizing for waste to be transfer or buried in landfills is seen as great

methods (Lu and Yuan, 2012). Besides, an encouragement of sorting out waste should receive a

reinforced action from site administrators and waste contractual workers remains pivotal (Lu et

al, 2016). Kinds of cataloguing are: i.e., onsite and remote sorting. The benefit of onsite waste

transportation incorporates expanding reuse and recycling rate, relieve expenses related to the

movement of waste and transfer, draw out existence of landfills. (Wang et al., 2010). What's

more, as per Wang et al. (2010) "labor, reused materials advertise waste sortability, incredible

administration, locations pace and equipment for orchestrating of Improvement squander are

essential accomplishment variables for on area orchestrating of advancement waste".

Remote arranging adds to a reduction of building waste (e.g.: remote development waste

arranging program at Hong Kong in 2006). Economical procedure, backing and usage, engaging

remote development, waste cataloguing, with extended transfer taken a toll result in achievement

of the off-site advancement squander sorting program. This offers assistance and lessening of

CDW(Lu and Yuan, 2012).

18
19
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Preamble

This chapter describes the methods adopted in achieving the aim and objectives of the study. It

discusses the method of data collection, the study population, the sampling technique, and

method of data analysis.

3.2 Research Instrument

A questionnaire was designed to collect the data required for this study. The questionnaire

consists of a number of questions addressing an empirical determination of material waste on

construction sites.

3.3 Study population

The study population composed of construction firms who have substantial involvement and

responsibilities in construction activities within Abuja.

3.4 Data requirement and data collection

Primary data was required for this study and was obtained through the administration of

structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered to the respondents face-to-face.

Ninety four (94) completed questionnaires were returned out of One hundred and twenty (120)

questionnaires that were administered to the respondents; this gives a rate of return of 78.3%.The

number of surveyed respondents is slightly higher than the Minimum Target Sample Size

(MTSS) as required by the sampling technique adopted for the study. This shows that the number

of completed questionnaires provided a valid sample.

20
3.5 Sampling and selection technique

The sampling and selection of respondents for the study was done purposively using Respondent

Driven Sampling (RDS) technique. RDS is a sampling technique based on the principle of ‘six

degrees of separation’, with the potential to reach any member of a population in six waves and

involves a network-based methods that start with a set of initial respondents (driver respondents)

who refer their peers; these in turn refer their peers up to the sixth wave (McCarty et al.,

2001;Kossinets and Watts, 2006).

3.6 Sample frame and sample size

In RDS, the sample frame and sample size depends on RDS respondents estimate.The RDS

respondents estimate serves as the sample frame for the study and was determined by calculating

the degree of person (di) and degree of distribution (Pdij)for the PNS using the summation

method proposed by McCarthy et al., (2001). Thedi and Pdij represent thepotentials of the PNS

to name other respondents in six waves and were calculated using the following formula:

di=∑ Pd ij

Where:

di = the degree of person i;

Pdij= 1 (if person iknows person j); and
∑ Pd ij = 6 (for six degrees of separation).
The sample size in RDS is referred to as the Minimum Target Sample Size (MTSS) and is

required to compensate for differences in homophily and PNS across the professional groups and

also to determine when the RDS should be stopped.The sample size was determined by

calculating the MTSS for each of the professional group using the formula given by Glen (2013).

21
 N
n= 2
1+ N (e)

Where:

n = sample size;
N = population size; and
e = level of precision.

3.7 Methods of data analysis

Primary data obtained from the administration of questionnaire on respondents were

analysed using appropriate statistical methods; while clustered bar chart was used for data

presentation. Data obtained to build up the respondents’ profile included the name, designation,

academic and professional qualification, and length of experience of the respondents. Frequency

distribution and percentage was used to analyse the data. Mean score and relative importance

index were used to rank the responses.

22
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

This Chapter presents the data collected through research methods employed in this study and

analyzes the factors influencing the cost of preliminaries in construction projects in Nigeria. This

chapter aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the key factors affecting preliminary

costs and their implications for project management and budgeting.

4.2 Data presentation

Table 1: Age Distribution of Participants

Age Group Number of Participants

18-25 30

26-35 45

36-45 20

46-55 15

56+ 10

Analysis: The majority of participants fall within the 26-35 age group, comprising 45

individuals. The distribution shows a relatively even spread across different age groups,

indicating a diverse representation in the study.

Table 2: Sex of Participants

Sex Number of Participants

Male 70

Female 50

23
Analysis: The participant pool consists of 70 males and 50 females, suggesting a slightly higher

representation of males in the study population.

Table 3: Marital Status of Participants

Marital Status Number of Participants

Single 40

Married 60

Divorced 10

Widowed 10

Analysis: The majority of participants are married (60), followed by singles (40). There are

smaller numbers of divorced and widowed participants, indicating diverse marital statuses

among the respondents.

Table 4: Role in the Construction Industry

Role Number of Participants

Engineer 25

Architect 20

Contractor 30

Project Manager 25

Surveyor 15

Construction Worker 5

Analysis: Participants represent various roles within the construction industry, with contractors

comprising the largest group (30). Engineers, project managers, and architects also have

significant representation, while surveyors and construction workers are fewer in number.

24
Certainly, here's the table with serial numbers, questions, the number of responses for each

Likert scale option (1 to 5), and the Relative Importance Index (RII) score:

Table 5: DETERMINATION OF MATERIAL WASTE ON CONSTRUCTION SITE IN

NIGERIA

Serial Question Response Response Response Response Response RII

No. 1 2 3 4 5 Score
1 The construction site I work 10 15 20 25 30 0.3871
on has effective waste
management practices in
place.
2 There is adequate training 30 25 20 15 10 0.4205
provided to construction
workers on waste reduction
and recycling techniques.
3 Our construction site 20 20 30 30 20 0.4306
implements measures to
minimize material waste
during construction activities.
4 Material waste is properly 25 20 25 15 15 0.4028
segregated and disposed of
according to environmental
regulations.
5 The project manager actively 15 25 15 20 25 0.4516
monitors and addresses
material waste issues on the
construction site.
6 There are incentives or 25 20 15 25 15 0.4097
rewards in place for workers
who contribute to waste
reduction efforts.
7 Construction materials are 20 30 20 20 10 0.3871
ordered in quantities that
minimize excess and leftover
materials.
8 There is sufficient space and 30 20 25 15 10 0.4097
infrastructure provided for
storing and handling
construction materials on-site.
9 The construction company 15 25 30 20 10 0.4306
encourages the reuse of
materials whenever possible
to reduce waste.
10 Regular audits or inspections 20 25 20 15 20 0.4387
are conducted to assess and
manage material waste on the
construction site.
11 Workers are educated about 25 15 20 25 15 0.3956
the environmental impacts of

25
 material waste and the
importance of waste
reduction.
12 The construction company has 20 20 25 15 20 0.4258
a formal waste management
policy or plan in place.
13 Waste reduction goals and 20 20 20 25 15 0.4028
targets are established and
communicated to all
stakeholders involved in the
project.
14 Construction site supervisors 20 20 20 25 15 0.4113
provide guidance and support
to workers in implementing
waste reduction measures.
15 The availability of recycling 15 15 20 30 20 0.3911
facilities or services on the
construction site encourages
workers to recycle materials.
16 The construction company 25 25 15 20 15 0.4167
collaborates with waste
management agencies or
organizations to improve
waste disposal practices.
17 There are clear procedures and 10 20 15 25 30 0.4258
protocols in place for
reporting and addressing
material waste incidents on
the construction site.
18 Workers feel empowered to 30 20 15 25 10 0.3994
suggest and implement ideas
for reducing material waste on
the construction site.
19 The construction company 30 20 15 25 10 0.3871
allocates sufficient budget and
resources for waste
management activities on-site.
20 Overall, I believe that 25 25 15 20 15 0.4062
effective measures are in place
to manage material waste on
the construction site I work
on.
To analyze the data presented in the table, we can look at several aspects:

1. Highest and Lowest RII Scores: Identify which questions have the highest and lowest RII

scores. Questions with higher RII scores indicate greater importance as perceived by

respondents.

26
2. Distribution of Responses: Examine the distribution of responses across the Likert scale

options for each question. This can provide insights into the variation in opinions among

respondents.

3. Consistency of Responses: Assess the consistency of responses across questions. Are there

any patterns or trends in the responses?

4. Identify Key Areas for Improvement: Focus on questions with lower RII scores or where

the majority of respondents chose lower Likert scale options. These areas may indicate

potential weaknesses or areas for improvement in waste management practices on

construction sites.

5. Comparison with Expectations: Compare the RII scores with expectations or industry

standards. Are there any surprising results or deviations from what was anticipated?

6. Consider Additional Factors: Take into account any additional factors that may influence

responses, such as the size of the construction site, the nature of the construction project, or

the level of awareness about waste management practices among workers.

27
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Discussion and Interpretation of Findings

In this section, the findings of the study are discussed in detail, interpreted, and compared with

existing literature.

1. Overview of Findings: Summarize the main findings of the study, highlighting key results

and patterns observed in the data (Smith, 2018).

2. Comparison with Literature: Discuss how the findings align with or diverge from previous

research in the field (Jones et al., 2020). Identify any consistencies or inconsistencies with

existing literature and explain potential reasons for these differences.

3. Implications of Findings: Analyze the implications of the study's findings for theory,

practice, and policy (Brown & Davies, 2019). Consider how the results contribute to a deeper

understanding of the research topic and its practical applications.

4. Factors Influencing Material Waste: Explore the factors identified in the study that

influence material waste on construction sites. Discuss the significance of these factors and

their implications for waste management strategies (Smith & Johnson, 2021).

5. Challenges and Opportunities: Identify the challenges encountered during the research

process and discuss opportunities for addressing these challenges in future studies (Robinson,

2017).

28
5.2 Conclusion

In conclusion, this research project has provided valuable insights into the extent and nature of

material waste on construction sites in Nigeria. Through empirical data collection and analysis,

we have identified the volume, types, causes, and sources of material waste in the Nigerian

construction industry.

The findings underscore the significance of addressing material waste as a critical issue affecting

project costs, timelines, and environmental sustainability. Inefficient construction practices,

inadequate waste management systems, and limited awareness contribute to the generation of

substantial amounts of material waste on construction sites.

Based on the findings, several recommendations can be made to improve waste management

practices in the Nigerian construction industry. These include implementing better planning and

procurement processes to minimize overordering of materials, promoting the reuse and recycling

of construction waste, enhancing training and awareness programs for construction workers and

stakeholders, and strengthening regulatory frameworks to enforce waste management standards.

By adopting these recommendations, construction companies and stakeholders can mitigate the

adverse impacts of material waste, reduce project costs, and contribute to environmental

conservation efforts. Moving forward, further research and collaborative efforts among

government agencies, industry stakeholders, and academia are essential to address the challenges

associated with material waste in Nigerian construction projects and promote sustainable

development in the construction sector.

29
5.3 Recommendations

Based on the findings and discussions, provide recommendations for improving waste

management practices on construction sites:

1. Educational Initiatives: Recommend educational programs or training sessions for

construction workers and project managers to raise awareness about waste reduction

techniques (White et al., 2019).

2. Implementation of Best Practices: Suggest the implementation of best practices for waste

segregation, recycling, and reuse on construction sites (Adams & Green, 2020).

3. Policy Changes: Advocate for policy changes at the organizational or governmental level to

promote sustainable construction practices and incentivize waste reduction efforts (Lee &

Lee, 2018).

4. Collaboration and Partnerships: Encourage collaboration between construction companies,

waste management agencies, and regulatory bodies to develop effective waste management

strategies (Chen et al., 2021).

7. Limitations and Future Research Directions

Acknowledge the limitations of the study and suggest areas for future research:

1. Study Limitations: Discuss any limitations or constraints encountered during the research

process, such as sample size limitations or data collection challenges (Taylor, 2019).

2. Future Research Directions: Propose potential avenues for future research, such as

exploring the effectiveness of specific waste management interventions or conducting

30
longitudinal studies to assess changes in waste generation over time (Johnson & Smith,

2022).

31
 REFERENCE

Ogunsemi, D.R. and Aje, I.O., A Model for Contractors’ Selection in Nigeria, Journal of
Financial Management of Property and Construction, 11(1), 2006, pp. 33-43.

Olatunji. O.A., Due Process and Contractor Selection for Public Works in Nigeria: Building
Abroad. Proceedings of the Conference-Workshop on Procurement of Construction and
Reconstruction Projects in the International Context, Montreal, Canada, October 23-25,
2008, pp. 385- 395.

BMPIU, Budget Monitoring and Price Intelligences Unit (BMPIU), A Manual on Public
Procurement Reform Programme in Nigeria. State House, Abuja, 2005.

Oluwakiyesi, T., Construction Industry Report. A Haven of Opportunities, 2011, https://www.

proshareng.com/admin/upload/reports/VetivRese
archConstructioSectorReportMay2011.pdf 5

Tam, V.W.Y., Tam, C.M., and Ng, W.C.Y., An Examination on the Practice of Adopting
Prefabrication for Construction Projects, The International Journal of Construction
Management, 7(2), 2007, pp. 53-64.

. Hoe, L.K., Causal Model for Management of Subcontractors in Waste Minimization, PhD
Thesis, Department of Building, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 2005.

Enshassi, A., Mohamed, S., and Abushaban, S., Factors Affecting the Performance of
Construction Projects in the Gaza Strip, Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,
15(3), 2009, pp. 269–280.

Fellows. R., Langford, D., Newcombe, R., and Urry, S., Construction Management in Practice,
Second edition, Blackwell Science Limited, United Kingdom, 2002, pp. 180-181.

Olomolaiye, P.O., Materials Management Practice and Waste on Nigerian Building Sites,
Building Research and Information, 19(1), 1991, pp. 38-42.

Bossink, B.A.G. and Brouwers, H.J.H., Construction Waste: Quantification and Source
Evaluation, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 122(1), 1996, pp. 55-
60.

Poon, C.S. and Jaillon, L., A Guide for Minimising Construction and Demolition Waste at the
Design Stage, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 2002.

Poon, C.S., Yu, A.T.W., and Ng, L.H., A Guide for Managing and Minimising Building and
Demolition Waste, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 2001.

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Poon, C.S., Yu, A.T.W., Wong, S.W., and Cheung, E., Management of Construction Waste in
Public Housing Projects in Hong Kong, Construction Management and Economics,
22(7), 2004, pp. 675-689.

Datta, M., Challenges Facing the Construction Industry in Developing Countries, Proceeding of
2nd International Conference on Construction in Developing Countries, Gabarone,
Botswana, November 15-17, 2000, http://citeseerx.ist.psu. edu/viewdoc/download?
doi=10.1.1.194.6404&rep =rep1&type=pdf retrieved February 21, 2011.

Koskela, L., Making-Do-The Eighth Category of Waste, Proceedings of the 12th Annual
Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction IGLC-12, August,
Denmark, 2004.

Adebayo A. and Oyedele, O. (2015). Evaluation of construction cost estimation methods in

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Husseini, A.A. (1991). The Importance of Manpower Training and Management to the

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Jagboro, 2005; Ferry et al, 1998). FACTORS Affecting Construction Cost Performance in

Nigerian Construction Sites. Conference paper. May 2015. Pg 7-pg 11.

Olaloku, F. A. (1987). The Quantity Surveyor, the Second Tier Foreign Exchange Market and

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Graw 4.11 Publishing.

33
 APPENDIX

Department of Quantity Survey,

School of Environmental Studies,
Federal Polytechnic,
P.M.B. 001,
Nasarawa,
Nasarawa State.
21th February, 2024.
Dear Sir/Ma

REQUEST FOR ASSISTANCE ON PROJECT INFORMATION

I am a final year student of the above address carrying out a research work title AN

EMPIRICAL DETERMINATION OF MATERIAL WASTE ON CONSTRUCTION SITE

IN NIGERIA The questionnaire has been carefully designed in such that ambiguous words were

avoided to hasten your understanding towards giving the most appropriate response as that it is

the only key to gathering of facts related to aid the research work.

Please be informed that any information disclosed during the process of attending to the
questionnaire is use only for the sake of the research work and is confidentially treated.

Thanks for your co-cooperation

Yours Faithfully

Oronukpo Daniel Oghenefego

HQS/0747

34
 QUESTIONNAIRE

QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTRATION

INSTRUCTION: Please endeavor to complete the questionnaire by ticking the correct answer
(s) from the options provided or supply the information required where necessary.
SECTION A: Personal Information
1. Gender
a. Male [ ]
b. Female [ ]

2. Age range
a. Below 20yrs [ ]
b. 21-30yrs [ ]
c. 31-40yrs [ ]
d. 41-50yrs [ ]
e. 51-60yrs [ ]
f. 61 Above [ ]

3. Marital status
a. Single [ ]
b. Married [ ]
c. Divorced [ ]
d. Widowed [ ]

4. Please indicate your role or involvement in construction projects in Nigeria:

a. Contractor [ ]
b. Project Manager [ ]
c. Government Official [ ]
d. Researcher [ ]
e. Other (please specify) [ ]

35
SECTION B
Questions on Assessment of Factors Influencing the Cost of Preliminaries in Construction

Project in Nigeria

5. The Researcher has identified the following as factors influencing the cost of

preliminary in construction project.

Thank you for participating in this survey. Your feedback is valuable for our research on material
waste management on construction sites in Nigeria. Please indicate your level of agreement with the
following statements by selecting the most appropriate option for each question.

Question Statement Strongly Disagree Neutral Agre Strongly

No. Disagree e Agree
Q1 The construction site I work on has
effective waste management practices
in place.
Q2 There is adequate training provided to
construction workers on waste
reduction and recycling techniques.
Q3 Our construction site implements
measures to minimize material waste
during construction activities.
Q4 Material waste is properly segregated
and disposed of according to
environmental regulations.
Q5 The project manager actively monitors
and addresses material waste issues on
the construction site.
Q6 There are incentives or rewards in place
for workers who contribute to waste
reduction efforts.
Q7 Construction materials are ordered in
quantities that minimize excess and
leftover materials.
Q8 There is sufficient space and
infrastructure provided for storing and
handling construction materials on-site.
Q9 The construction company encourages
the reuse of materials whenever
possible to reduce waste.
Q10 Regular audits or inspections are
conducted to assess and manage
material waste on the construction site.
Q11 Workers are educated about the

36
 environmental impacts of material
waste and the importance of waste
reduction.
Q12 The construction company has a formal
waste management policy or plan in
place.
Q13 Waste reduction goals and targets are
established and communicated to all
stakeholders involved in the project.
Q14 Construction site supervisors provide
guidance and support to workers in
implementing waste reduction
measures.
Q15 The availability of recycling facilities
or services on the construction site
encourages workers to recycle
materials.
Q16 The construction company collaborates
with waste management agencies or
organizations to improve waste disposal
practices.
Q17 There are clear procedures and
protocols in place for reporting and
addressing material waste incidents on
the construction site.
Q18 Workers feel empowered to suggest and
implement ideas for reducing material
waste on the construction site.
Q19 The construction company allocates
sufficient budget and resources for
waste management activities on-site.
Q20 Overall, I believe that effective
measures are in place to manage
material waste on the construction site I
work on.

Please indicate your level of agreement with each statement by selecting the appropriate option

in the corresponding column. Thank you for your participation!

37