BS 1st Semester Pak Studies Notes by Awais Akram

LLB 302 Pakistan Studies
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Ideology of Pakistan | Factors Leading to Muslim Separatism
1 IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
The ideology of Pakistan is the name of a welfare state where the welfare of the people is considered. It is the name of steps that were taken for
the security of political, social, cultural and economic values as the progressive Islam.
The Ideology of Pakistan is based on the following major values:
1. Beliefs and Prayers
2. Justice and Equality
3. Promotion of Democracy
4. Fraternity and Brotherhood
5. Rights and Duties of Citizens
6. Two Nation Theory
7. Establishment of Balanced Economic System
Ideology Rationale with Special Reference to:- (1) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. (2) Allam Muhammad Iqbal. (3) Quaid-e-Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
1.1 SIR SYED AHMAD KHAN AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first person who used the term "Two-Nation Theory" due to Hindi-Urdu Controversy in Banaras in 1867. Sir Syed
Ahmad Khan declared the Muslims a separate nation. He convinced the government that there are at least two nations settled in the sub-continent,
one of them is Muslims and the other is Hindus. This theory infused a political spirit among the Muslims and provided them with such a leadership
which gave a new spirit and push to the freedom movement. India was partitioned because of Two-nation Theory. The independence war of 1857
was one of the turning points of Sir Syed Ahmed's life. So, he devoted himself to the welfare of the Indians irrespective of their race and religion.
But the communal attitude of the Hindus towards the Muslims compelled him to change his view about them. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a great
lover of Islam. He felt very sorry for the pitiful condition of the Muslim nation. His earnest desire was that the Muslims should regain their lost
glory and live in the sub-continent with great dignity.
1.1.1 Pioneer of Two Nation Theory: Sir Syed Ahmed was the pioneer of Two Nation Theory in the sub- continent. He used the word "Two Nation
theory" due to Hindi Urdu Controversy in Banaras in 1867. So, he declared the Muslims, a Separate Nation. He convinced the government that there
were at least two nations settled in the sub-continent, one of them was Muslims and the other was Hindus. According to him the Muslims were a
separate-nation in every respect because their civilization, culture, language. customs literature, religion and way of life are different from those
of the Hindus. This theory infused a political spirit and pushed them to the freedom movement. So, India was partitioned because of Two-Nation
Theory.
1.1.2 Concept of Muslims as a Nation: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first person who used the word "Nation" for the Muslims of the sub-continent.
In the sub-continent the concept of Muslims as a Nation developed before the creation of Pakistan. Pakistan was the product of this concept of
Nation hood.
1.1.3 Father of Pakistan Movement: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan never, struggled for a separate homeland for the Muslims and never used the word
"Pakistan" in any shape, because the word "Pakistan" was created after his death and Pakistan became an independent state after his death. But
his services for the Muslims of the sub-continent are considered as first brick laid in the foundation of Pakistan. So he can be regarded as the father
of Pakistan Movement. Maulvi Abdul Haque appreciated the role played by Sir Syed and said that the first stone of the foundation of Pakistan was
laid down by this old man.
1.1.4 Political Services: The political career of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan began after 1857 He wrote tarikh-i-Sarkashi Binjnore in 1858 and the same
year he wrote another book entitled Asbab-i-Baghawat Hind. He advised the Muslims not to join All India Congress because it was a communal
party of the Hindus and the Muslims were not in position, to involve into the anti-government activities. But he himself took important political
steps in this regard. He proved the Muslims a separate nation. On the basis of Two Nation Theory, he demanded for special seats for the Muslims
in the local councils. He started a movement against the open competitive examinations for superior services. In 1883 he also favoured "Separate
electorate" examinations for superior services. In 1883 he also favoured "Separate electorate" for the Muslims. In 1864, he founded the British
Indian Association. In 1888, he set up the "Patriotic Association to meet the propaganda of the Congress. Many Hindus and the Muslims joined
that Association. In December 1893 he founded Muhammadan Defense Association". All these Associations advocated the Muslim's emotions.
1.1.5 Educational Services: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was very anxious to help the Muslims become educated, especially in modern sciences. He
argued that modern education and non- political activities might be the key towards Muslim advancement. So he launched the Aligarh Movement
which produced educated leadership. 24th May 1875 is an important date in our struggle for a separate Homeland. It was the day when the first
brick of the foundation of Pakistan was laid by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, in the shape of M.A.O High School in Aligarh.
CONCLUSION: No doubt Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a great patron of the Muslims. His educational. literary, religious and social services created
political awakening among the Muslims. They were enabled to participate fully in the country's politics. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's fear of Hindus
domination sowed the seed of the "Two Nation Theory". On this basis the All-India Muslim League demanded a separate state for the Muslims of
India. Its main purpose was to protect the political, religious and social rights of the Muslims. Sir Syed was the great man. because he contributed
greatly to the Muslims struggle for their identity. He died on-27th March 1898 and was buried in Aligarh. He was the man who for nearly half a
century led the Muslims and took them out from the abyss of disintegration.
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1.2 ALLAMA MUHAMMAD IQBAL AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Allama Iqbal was one of the Muslim leaders who for the first time gave the concept of a separate state for the Muslims keeping in view the two-
nation theory. But he never used the word of Pakistan in his speeches. His demand for separate homeland for the Muslims of the sub-continent is
considered as the demand for Pakistan and all his sayings and addresses are considered as the ideology of Pakistan.
1.2.1 Ideology of Islam: In 1930, Allama Iqbal explained the Ideology of Islam and rejected the idea of one nation. He advocated that the Muslims
had a separate nationhood. He said: "The lesson which I learnt from history is that Islam always helped the Muslims at the time of difficulty but
Muslims did not save Islam. Even today, Ideology of Islam can save your being from destruction by uniting your divided powers."
1.2.2 Reality of Islamic Ideology: In 1937. Allama Iqbal clearly said: "To me capitalism, communism and other isms of this world have no
importance. Islam is the only reality which is the source of salvation. To have a contract with any other ism is just like to be out of Islam."
1.2.3 Islam is a lively power: Allama Iqbal said in his Allahabad address: "Islam is a lively power which frees human mind from thought of country
and race. If we understand this thing. we can be the leaders of prominent Indian civilization."
1.2.4 Islam is a complete code of life: Allama Iqbal declared in his presidential address: "Islam encompasses not only the life of an individual but
also the political state for the Muslims as it is complete code of life. The idea of Islam transcends one beyond the limits of race. colour or country.
He said that Islam guides the people with respect to every aspect of life and I am fully convinced that the Muslims of India will ultimately have to
establish a separate state as they cannot live with Hindus in the United India."
1.2.5 Muslims are one Nation: Allama Iqbal explained in his presidential address in 1930, "Islam is not the name of some beliefs & customs but it
is a complete code of life. In Europe, religion is every one's personal matter which divides human oneness into two opposite parts i.e. body & soul.
In contrast that in Islam, God, Universe, soul. matter, state & religious places are bound to each other or in other words Muslims are one nation".
1.2.6 Concept of Two Nation Theory: Allama Iqbal said in his address of Allahabad on 29th December 1930 that “the Hindus and the Muslims are
two separate nations. They have no common values. The Muslims have kept their separate status in India for the last one thousand years. There
is a prominent difference between the ideologies of two nations. Hindus want to have political and economic freedom while Muslims are fighting
for their religious freedom. So the only solution of the differences and problems of both the nations is the creation of new Islamic State by joining
of the north-western Muslims majority areas, Punjab, N.W.F.P. Sindh and Baluchistan."
1.2.7 Concept of a Separate Muslim State: In 1930, Allama Iqbal gave the concept of an independent state for the Muslims. He said that the
Hindus and the Muslims of the sub-continent could not live together in one state. Hence, sooner or later, the Muslims would succeed in winning
their separate state. He turned down the idea that only one nation exists in the sub-continent.
1.2.8 Demand of a Separate Muslim State: As a permanent solution to the Hindu Muslim problems, Allama Iqbal said: "I would like to see the
Punjab. NWFP, Sindh and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state self-government within or without the British Empire. Consolidated
formation of north-west Indian Muslims state appears to me the final destiny of Muslims, at least of north-west India."
1.2.9 Prime duty of all Civilized Nations: Allama Iqbal clearly said that “India is a continent of human groups belonging to different races, speaking
different languages and professing different religions. It was the prime duty of all civilized nations to show utmost regard and reverence for the
religions, principles, cultural and social values of other nations."
1.2.10 Unity of the Muslim Nation: Allama Iqbal considered that all the Muslims living in any part of the world from one Nation. Therefore, he
gave the message to the Muslims living from shore of Nile to the land of Kashghar to be for the protection of Haram. He further gave the message
to the Nation of unity, equality fraternity and discrimination on the base of colour caste and creed in Islam. The message of unity of the Muslim
world can be seen in his poetry.
1.3 QUAID-E-AZAM AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the founder of Pakistan and played a crucial role in the creation of the country. He had a clear vision of
the Ideology of Pakistan, which was based on the two-nation theory that stated that Hindus and Muslims were two separate nations with distinct
cultural and religious identities. Quaid-e-Azam's point of view on the Ideology of Pakistan can be summarized as follows:
1.3.1 Foundation of Muslim Nation in India: Quaid-e-Azam said that Pakistan came into being when the first Hindu became a Muslim. He used
the term "Nation" for the Muslims of India in February 1935 in Legislative Assembly. He said that the Muslims are a nation by every definition of
the nation. They can adopt any means to promote and protect their spiritual, moral, economic, social, political and cultural interests.
1.3.2 Pakistan existed for centuries: In his address in Ahmadabad on 29th December 1930, Quid-e-Azam said that Pakistan existed for centuries
& north-west remained a homeland of Muslims. Independent states of Muslims should be established in these areas, so that they might live
according to the teachings of Islam.
1.3.3 Base of democracy: On the February 1942 he declared, we should base our democracy on the principles and concepts of Islam. He also said,
"Islam teaches equality, justice and fairness to everyone." He further said: "In reality we had learnt democracy 1300 years ago. So, when you talk
about democracy, I doubt that you have not studied Islam."
1.3.4 Relation of Pakistan and Islam: Quaid-e-Azam considered the Islamic system fully applicable. He wanted to establish the system of the
country on the basis of Quran. In the annual meeting of Muslim league at Karachi in 1943, He said while clarifying the relation of Pakistan and
Islam, "What is that relation which has made Muslim a single body? What is that rock on which the structure of millat is restored? What is that
base which has secured the safety of the boat of this millat? That relation, rock and base is the Holy Quran".
1.3.5 Islam is a complete code of life: While addressing the students in March 1944, Quaid-e-Azam said: "Islam is our guide and is a complete
code of life." In his speech at Karachi in January 1948 he said: "Islam guides us in both the spheres, politics and economics. Basic principles of Islam
are founded on human dignity, liberty and justice. Those who are propagating that there would be no constitution based on Islamic Shariat. should
know that Shariat Law are still practicable today as they had been thirteen hundred years ago."
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1.3.6 Ideology of Pakistan: While explaining the Ideology of Pakistan in 1946 at Islamia College Peshawar, Quaid-e-Azam said: "we do not demand
Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we want a laboratory where we could make experiment on Islamic principles." While addressing at
Aligarh he clarified the ideology of Pakistan in these words: "What was the motive of demand for Pakistan and what was the reason of separate
state for the Muslims? Why was the need felt to divide India? Its reason is neither the narrow mindedness of the Hindus nor tactics of the British.
It is the fundamental demand of Islam?"
1.3.7 Minorities will be fully safeguarded: In a press conference in New Delhi on 14th July, 1947 the Quaid-e-Azam said, "Minorities which ever
community they may belong, will be fully safeguarded-their religion or faith or belief will be secure. There will be no interference of any kind with
their freedom of worship. They will have full protection with regard to their religion, their faith, their life and culture. They will be in all respects
the citizens of Pakistan without any distinction of the caste and creed."
1.3.8 Aim to the creation of Pakistan: The Quaid-e-Azam said while addressing to the Pakistani Officers in October, 1947. "Our objective was to
create such a state where we could live as free people, where our culture and civilization could flourish and where Islamic concept of social justice
can be implemented."
1.3.9 National Identity of the Muslims: In the light of the history of the sub-continent Quaid-e-Azam argued that The Muslims are a nation by
every definition of the word-nation. They have every right to establish their separate homeland. They can adopt any means to promote and protect
their economic, social, political and cultural interests.
1.3.10 Elimination of differences: On 21st March 1948 Quaid-e-Azam addressed the people in Dhaka and said. "I want not to see you to talk as a
Sindhi, Balochi, Punjabi and Bengali. What is the fun of saying that we are Punjabi, Sindhi or Pathan? We are only Muslims."
1.3.11 Criticism of the Western Economic system: On 1st July, 1948 Quaid Azam inaugurated the State Bank of Pakistan. On this occasion, he said:
"If we adopt western economic system, we shall face hurdles in bringing prosperity for the masses. We shall have to carve our own destiny in a
different and unique manner. We shall have to present such an ideal economic system before the world as is established on the true Islamic
Principles of human equality and social justice."
1.3.12 Muslim Unity: Quaid-e-Azam believed in the force of Islam as he said that Islam is a dynamic force that can unite the Muslims. On 15 June,
1948 Quaid Azam said to the people of Pakistan "So long as we are united, we will emerge victorious and strong. If we are not united, we shall
become weak and disgraced. We are all Pakistanis. None of us is Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi and Pathan or Bengali, every one of us should think feel
and act as a Pakistani and we' would feel proud of being Pakistani alone.”
IMPORTANCE OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN: The Muslims of the sub-continent had become a minority due to the western democracy. but ideology
of Pakistan saved the Muslims of the sub-continent and became the cause of independence. the Muslims of India got freedom and social
betterment. owing to ideology of Pakistan, the people of Pakistan are able, to establish the Islamic society in Pakistan. it created the courage,
honesty, tolerance, bravery equality, fraternity and character building among the people in Pakistan.
2 FACTORS LEADING TO MUSLIM SEPARATISM
There are a few factors which split the inhabitants of the sub-continent into two nations.
2.1 The Evolution of Two-Nation Theory: In the perspective of sub-continent, Two-Nation Theory means that two major nations, the Muslims and
the Hindus, were settled there. The two nations were different from each other in their religious ideas, the way of living and collective thinking.
Their basic principles and the way of living are different that despite living together for centuries, they could not interact with each other. The
Indian Muslims struggled for their separate state on the basis of Two-Nation Theory and after accepting this theory as a historical fact, two separate
states, Pakistan and India, came into existence. This theory is also the basis of ideology of Pakistan.
2.2 Religious Differences: Although, India was a highly diverse society, having variety of religions, but the Hinduism and Islam were the two major
religions in India. Muslims believe in one God, & the last prophet. Whereas, Hindus follow the religion which is based on concept of multiple Gods.
2.3 Cultural and Social Differences: The Hindus and Muslims belonged to different cultures based on their divergent outlook towards life. The
Hindus and Muslims followed different socio-cultural customs and traditions. The Hindus burnt their died bodies while Muslims buried them. their
language and communication reflected peculiar and different ways and styles. Hindus and Muslim families which lived in the same neighborhood
for generations could be distinguished at a glance from each other. The clothes, the foods, the household utensils, the layout of homes, the words
of salutation, the gestures and everything about them was different.
2.4 Economic Differences: After 1857, Muslims economy was crushed and all the trade policies were formed in such a way so as to destroy the
Muslims ambition. They were thrown out of Government services and their estate and properties were confiscated. However, the Hindus were
provided ample opportunities to make program. Muslims believes in circulation of wealth (Zakat) while Hindus believes in capitalist economy.
2.5 Educational Differences: The Hindus had advanced in educational field because they readily acquired English education. The Muslims were
not able to acquire modern knowledge so they lacked behind in education.
2.6 Political Difference: There were many political differences which gave both to the partition of sub-continent. The political differences between
the Hindus and Muslims have played an important role in the development and evolution of Two Nation Theory.
2.6.1 Urdu Hindu Controversy (1867): Hindus and Muslims have different languages. The Muslims and Hindus wrote and spoke two different
languages. The language of the Muslim majority was Urdu and it was written in Persian Script. On the other hand, the Hindi language was spoken
by Hindu majority and it was written in Devanagari Script. Urdu and Hindi language had the difference in writing, thoughts of poetry, arts, painting
and words of music. In 1867, Hindus demands that Urdu should be written in Hindi Script instead of Persian script. This created another gap
between Hindus and Muslims.
2.6.2 Congress Attitude: The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885. It claimed to represent all communities of India but oppressed all
Muslim ideas and supported the Hindus.
2.6.3 Partition of Bengal: In 1905, the partition of Bengal province was divided on administrative grounds, but Hindu community and Congress
itself, launched an agitation against the partition and partition was canceled in 1911.
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CONCLUSION: The Muslims apprehended that they would lose their identity if they remained a part of Hindu society. They also came to realize
the above-mentioned differences between them and the Hindus and hence demanded separate electorate on the ground that they were different
nation from Hindus. Hence it is right to say that this theory i.e. two nation theory is the basis of the creation of Pakistan because without this as a
base, Pakistan would not come into being on 14th August ,1947, and we would not be breathing freely in this open air of Pakistan.
PEOPLE AND LAND

INDUS CIVILIZATION | MUSLIM ADVENT | LOCATION & GEO-PHYSICAL FEATURES
3 INDUS CIVILIZATION
The Indus Civilization was an ancient civilization that existed in the Indus River Valley, which is now part of Pakistan and northwest India, from
about 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. It was known for its advanced urban planning, including well-organized cities with sophisticated sewage and drainage
systems, and its people were skilled in metallurgy, agriculture, and crafts such as pottery and weaving. The Indus Civilization had a writing system
that has yet to be fully deciphered and traded with other civilizations in the region. The decline of the civilization is still a subject of debate among
historians and archaeologists.
3.1 The Period of Indus Valley Civilizations:
The Indus Valley Civilization consisted of three periods:

Primary Period - 3800 BC to 2500 BC Middle Period - 2500 BC to 1700 BC Last Period - 1700 BC to 1300 BC
During the primary period, urban life made a great progress. The art of handicrafts flourished. In the middle period, this civilization progressed
well. Many new cities and villages were established. In the end of third period, the Indus Valley Civilization was inclined towards downfall.
3.2 Important Cities of Indus Valley Civilization:
3.2.1 Mohenjo Daro: It is an ancient city, situated in District Larkana (Sindh). This city was the most important center of Indus Valley. Indus River
flows on its Eastern part. The signs of Indus Valley Civilization were first discovered in 1922 in Mohenjo Daro during excavation of the land. The
things which have been found here are ornaments, clay, bronze, utensils, seals, carts, boats, toys, statues, spindles and skeletons of different
animals. Bangles and beads of red clay are discovered from here which had been worn by ladies and children. Along with that precious gems,
oyster shells made ornaments had also been used there.
3.2.2 Harappa: It is second most important city of Indus Valley Civilization. From here, a lot of assets have been discovered of this civilization. Solid
clay utensils, seals and system of measures and weights are included in it. Seals were made of solid clay, silver and copper. The pictures of elephant
and humped bull are more prominent. Tools were made with bronze. Resemblance has been found in objects, which have been found in both
cities, because both cities were the part of the Indus Valley Civilization.
3.3 Relations with Other Contemporary Civilizations
Four most ancient civilizations of the world have been discovered in the world. Egypt, Mesopotamia (Iraq), Sumeria and the Indus Valley are
included in it. The Indus Valley Civilization is considered contemporary of these ancient civilizations. The Indus Valley Civilization had trade relations
with Southern Iran, Iraq, Egypt and Persian Gulf. The Indus valley among the Tigris and Euphrates, and Nile valley, are also called "Cradle of
Civilizations". It had also commercial and religious relations with Sumerian and Babylon.
3.4 Characteristics of Indus Valley Civilization
3.4.1 Religious Beliefs: There have been found the portraits of gods and mother goddesses on stamps, which reflect that they used to worship the
statutes and gods. Clay statues were also made for worshiping purposes. People used to consider the trees of holy values. Here consider were also
worshipped as a custom. The portraits of the bull, rhinoceros, lion & elephant have been found. The Indus Valley people buried their dead bodies
as well as burnt them.
3.4.2 Social System: The social system was run under a regular administration. It was enforced to keep the system of weight and measurement
correct and according to the standards. Sweepers were bound to keep streets and paths neat and clean. The society was divided into different
sections. Town planning provides us information about it. Landlords and influential persons resided in upper parts in large and spacious houses.
Separate quarters had also been reserved for servants. Majority of people had been poor. They lived in lower areas in small houses. Farmers lived
in villages, while nomads wandered with herds of cattle in forests and plains. Artisans and merchants also lived in cities. Grand palaces, temples
and tombs were not seen in cities. Jobs had been allocated among men and women. Women used to grind wheat, weave cloth and look after the
cattle whereas cultivation, commerce and industrialization were specified for men. Cotton was commerce and industrialization were specified for
men. Cotton was cultivated in Indus Valley. Spindles also have been found in homes which indicate that weaving cloth was also a profession of
those people. Statues of clay and printed cloth gave impression of textile industry. Women used to wear necklace, strings of beads and bangles
for decoration. They were also used to wear "Lahanga" (long skirt). Men used to wear Shawl.
3.4.3 Script: The people of Indus Valley could read & write. Their mode of writing was very interesting & complicated. A supreme system of writing
was conducted in that period which had 400 symbols. Merchants, soldiers & political personalities used it. The experts of archaeology department
could not find their meanings till now. Certainly, some experts have formed an idea, that these scripts Script (Writing System) consisted of more
than one language. Many corners of this civilization will be hidden until an expert does not read the words & the mode of writing of this civilization.
3.4.4 Agriculture: The soil of Indus Valley was fertile. The dependence of its wealth was upon trade and agriculture. The majority of Indus Valley
Civilization consisted of farmers, who made the soil fit for cultivation purposes after cutting forests. The crops were damaged due to seasonal
rains. People retained the water to make banks on rivers for cultivation. The signs of crops which have been found from settlements, it is said on
this basis that the wheat, millets, barley, vetches, peas, Indian millet, rice, linseed, mustard-seed and cotton was produced. The signs of dates,
melon & grapes have been found among fruits.
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3.4.5 Peaceful Society: Few numbers of huge weapons have been found during excavation of cities. The rulers had not kept large army or police.
They maintained the relations with their neighbors and contemporary civilizations on the basis of peace. The common weapons which have been
found during excavation, can be used only for hunting. This indicates that those people led peaceful life. No proof was found about assassination
& plundering in that society.
3.4.6 The Presence of Bull: Cattle were the part of their lives. A large number of the skeletons of bulls have been found in Indus Valley. It shows
that it was a common practice to rear the bulls. The bull was the most important animal in their society. Countless seals with bull's picture and
clay toys have been found. The people also used the bull for transportation.
3.4.7 Commercial Activities: The trade of agricultural crops and minerals had been carried among cities and villages of Indus Valley. Internal trade
had been happened by bullock-carts. Weights and scales of measurements have been found which are made of stones in quadrilateral shape.
3.4.8 Town Planning: The people had excellent knowledge of art of architecture. Cities & towns had been constructed with great technique &
planning. Artisans had known the art of making & baking the bricks. They made the foundations of houses profound & deep, strong & also paid
attention to exterior beauty. Houses had been built on the edges of roads of city. Baked bricks were used in their construction. Every house had
bathrooms which had been made towards outer street. Houses had more than one storey. Ladders had been used to go to upper storey. There
was a reasonable arrangement of light and air in houses. Roads had been constructed with such a style in ancient Harappa that people could easily
move among different towns and streets. Narrow gates had also been made from which a bullock-cart could pass easily at one time. It has been
found by digging that a straight road was one kilometer long and nine meters wide.
3.5 Evacuation of Local Community: People of the Indus Valley were civilized, peaceful and developed, the Aryan assailants destroyed their
graceful civilization. Aryans were Worriers. They had war-horses and excellent weapons. When Aryans attacked Indus Valley inhabitants, they
could not face them. Aryans had pushed local community towards South-East & became occupants.
3.6 Decline of Indus Valley Civilization: Indus Valley Civilization gained a magnificent place by making a progress gradually. Its effects had been
implemented upon a vast region. But suddenly it had disappeared in 1500 B.C. It cites had been buried into earth. Its art, religion and culture were
invisible from eyesight. There is a great difference among archaeologists to find the reasons about decline of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is
estimated that both internal and external factors were involved in its decline. Some experts think that this civilization had come to an end due to
natural calamities like earthquakes and floods. Some experts think that epidemics, diseases played a significant role to undo the Indus Valley
Civilization. Drought was also major cause according to one opinion, because when rivers changed their course then supply of water had become
impossible and this region had become barren. Well populated cities on the banks of rivers had been utterly destroyed. Some experts think that
people intensively cultivated land. They had finished the fertility of land by cutting the forests. The pastures for animals had come to an end. Some
experts consider that the trade had been finished with Mesopotamia & other contemporary civilizations. A major portion of income could not
have retained due to this reason. When cities and colonies had been ruined. then people migrated to other places.
4 MUSLIM ADVENTS
4.1 Arrival-of Arabs in the Sub-Continent and the Conquest of Sindh: The Arabs were traders by profession. Basically, they visit different countries
for their trade. They carried their luggage by boats and ships for Egypt and Syria. The Arabs had established their friendly relations with the people
of these regions, due to trade. The Arabs had also delivered the message of Islam to the people of sub-continent. The Muslim traders had also
settled at the coast of Sri Lanka and western India.
4.2 Reasons of Invasion of Sindh: In 703 A.D, The Governor of Makran Saeed bin Aslam was murdered and his murderer took refuge with Raja
Dahir of Sindh. Hajjaj bin Yousuf demanded the hand over the murderer but Raja Dahir rejected it. A ship of Arab Muslims who had settled in Sri
Lanka carrying trade luggage and gifts for Hajjaj bin Yusuf. When it reached near the coast of Debal, it was plundered by pirates. They imprisoned
the children as well as women. Hajjaj bin Yusuf wrote a letter to Raja Dahir to recover the luggage from the pirates. In response to it, Raja Dahir
wrote that pirates were out of his control. Hajjaj bin Yousuf infuriated and his young son-in-law and nephew Muhammad bin Qasim was sent to
Sindh with troops to punish Raja Dahir.
4.3 Conquest of Debal: In 712 A.D. Muhammad bin Qasim reached Debal through Makran and besieged it. Debal was a famous sea-port of Sindh.
Hajjaj Bin Yusuf wrote a letter to Muhammad bin Qasim, "Let Raja Dahir not cross the River Mehran (Sindh), face the enemy in an open area,
keeping in view the organization of the troops, and win the favor of chiefs of Sindh". Muhammad bin Qasim acted upon these instructions and
succeeded in winning the battle. Forces of Raja came out of the fort and started fighting. The Arabs fought boldly entered over the fort captured
the city. Raja Dahir fled away from the battle field and was killed later on. The Muslims got. Freedom from the prison of the pirates who were
punished heavily. In 712 A. D, Sindh was conquered completely.
4.4 Conquest of Multan: The province of Multan was also included in the kingdom of Raja Dahir at that time. It was the center of trade and counted
among strong forts. The ruler of Multan was the son of Raja Dahir’s uncle. Having conquered Sindh, when Muhammad bin Qasim reached Multan,
the Raja faced the Islamic troops b Lit saved his life by his escape. Muhammad bin Qasim found much wealth and treasure there. The major portion
of the booty was divided among the soldiers and the rest was sent to Hajjaj bin Yusuf in Iraq. This conquest made Hajjaj bin Yusuf very happy.
4.5 Effects of invasion: People of Sindh welcomed Muhammad bin Qasim after the conquest of Sindh. Muhammad bin Qasim established the rule
of equality and justice, which effected the Indian society very much. The Hindus of low caste embraced Islam by the moral influence and fraternity
of Muhammad bin Qasim and his companions. The Muslims opened schools and Maddarasas to give education. Sanskrit books were translated
into Arabic. After the conquest of Sindh, many scholars, and traders settled in Sindh. The Arab trade increased along the coastal areas of
Baluchistan and Sindh.
A number of religious scholars, writers and poets were emerged and they spread their knowledge. The Muslims learned Indian sciences like
medicine, astronomy and mathematics. Sanskrit books on various subjects were translated into Arabic. During the reign of Haroon al Rasheed, a
number of Hindu scholars were even invited to Baghdad. The establishment of Muslim rule also paved way for future propagation of Islam in Sindh
and the adjoining regions. Later Sindh also attracted Ismaili missionaries who were so successful that Sindh passed under Ismaili rule. With the
conquest of Lahore by Mahmud of Ghazni, missionary activity began again under the aegis of Sufis who were the main agents in the Islamization
of the entire region.
P a g e 5 | 27
5 LOCATION AND GEO-PHYSICAL FEATURES OF PAKISTAN
The official name of Pakistan is Islamic Republic of Pakistan. It covers an area of 796,096 sq. km. Pakistan is located in the south of the continent
of Asia. It is a country having fertile land, lofty plains, rivers and beautiful valleys.
5.1 LOCATION OF PAKISTAN:
Pakistan is located between latitudes 23° to 37° North, and longitudes 61° to 77° East. India lies in the East, China in the North, Afghanistan in the
North-west, and Iran in the West. The Arabian Sea lies in the South.
5.2 GEO-PHYSICAL FEATURES OF PAKISTAN:
The land of Pakistan can be divided into five major parts with respect to physical features.
1) Mountain Ranges 2) Plateaus 3) Indus Plains 4) Deserts 5) Coastal Areas
1) Mountain Ranges: High piece of land that has rocky, uneven & steep surface is called mountain.
Pakistan has following mountain ranges: a) Northern Mountain Ranges b) Central Mountain Ranges c) Western Mountain Ranges
a) Northern Mountain Ranges: These mountains are located in the north of Pakistan. These mountain ranges make the Northern borders of
Pakistan secured to a great extent. They stop the winds coming from the Arabian Sea and Bengal Gulf causing snow-fall and rain. Their peaks
are covered with snow throughout the year. This snow is a source of supplying our rivers with water throughout the year. We also get precious
wood from these mountains. There are many healthy places in this region where people go for tourism. Among these places, Murree, Ayubia,
Nathiagali, Kaghan, Lipa, Skardu, Swat, Kalam, Neelam, Bagh, Hunza, Chitral, Yasin, and Gilgit are famous.
The northern mountain ranges include following ranges: i. Himalayas ii. Karakoram iii. Hindukush iv. Mountains of Swat & Chitral
1. Himalayas
• Sub-Himalayas or Siwalik: This mountain range is in the east of the River Indus. It is the southern branch of Himalayas which stretches
from east to west. It is also called Siwalik Mountain Range. Pabbi Hills are its famous hills which are situated in the south of Hazara
and Murree.
• Lesser Himalayas: The Lesser Himalayas lie north of the Sub-Himalayas. This range stretches from east to west. Pir Panjal is the highest
mountain range here. Murree, Ayubia, & Nathiagali are famous resort places.
• Greater Himalayas: It is one of the highest mountain ranges in the world. It is covered with snow throughout the year. The beautiful
valley of Kashmir is located between the Pir Panjal and Great Himalayas. The glaciers are found in this region which melt to form rivers.
Nanga Parbat is the highest peak of this range.
2. Karakoram: Karakoram Range stretches from west to east in Kashmir & Gilgit along with the borders of China. It is in north of Himalayas.
The second highest peak in the world is located in this range. It is called Mount Godwin Austin or K-2. It reaches to height of 8611 meters.
Karakoram Highway passes through this range & leads to China via Khunjerab Pass.
3. Hindukush: The Hindukush Mountain Range is located in the north-west of Pakistan. Most of the mountains of this range are in Afghanistan.
The highest peak of this range is Tirch Mir.
4. Mountains of Swat and Chitral: Small mountain ranges stretch to south of the Hindukush Range. Between these mountains, there is the
Lowari Pass which connects Chitral with Peshawar. It remains closed in winter due to snow-fall. A tunnel named Lowari Tunnel is constructed
here. Through this tunnel, traffic between Chitral and Peshawar runs throughout the year. The Swat River, the Panjkora River (Kunar River)
and the Chitral River flow between these mountain ranges.
b) Central Mountain Ranges
• Salt Range: This mountain range is located in the south of Pothwar Plateau, between River Jhelum & Indus River. Sakesar is the highest
and beautiful place in this range. Deposits of salt, gypsum & coal are found in this range. Salt Range is also known as Koh-e-Namak.
• Suleiman Range: The Suleiman Mountain Range stretches from north to south, it starts from south of River Gomal and reaches to the
center of Pakistan. Takht-e-Suleiman is the highest peak.
• Kirthar Range: This range is located in the south of Suleiman Range, and in the west of Indus River and west of Lower Indus Plains. It
consists of low and barren mountains. Hub river and lyari River flow from Kirthar towards Arabian Sea.
c) Western Mountain Ranges
•Koh-e-Sufaid Range: Koh-e-Sufaid stretches from east to west in the south of River Kabul. Khyber Pass, which is a historic passage
between Pakistan and Afghanistan, lies to the north of the Koh-e-Sufaid. River Kurram flows in the south of Koh-e-Sufaid.
• Waziristan Hills: This mountain range stretches in the south of River Kurram along the Pak-Afghan border from north to south. Tochi
Pass and Gomal Pass are situated in these hills.
• Toba Kakar Range: Toba Kakar Mountains is situated along the Afghan border to the south of Waziristan Hills. It extends from north-
east towards south-west till it ends in the north of Quetta.
• Chaghi Hills and Ras Koh Hills: To the west of Pakistan, along the Afghan border, there lie the Chaghi Hills. Ras Koh Hills are situated
in the south of Chaghi Hills along the border of Iran.
• Saihan Hills: To the south of Rash Koh, there are Saihan Hills.
• Central Makran Hills: These hills are situated in Baluchistan. In winter season here is extremely cold whereas in summers, mild.
• Hills of Makran Coast: These hills are situated in the west of Saihan Hills. These are low hills.
2) Plateaus: Following are the plateaus situated in Pakistan.
P a g e 6 | 27
1. Pothwar Plateau: Pothwar Plateau is situated in the north of Salt Range. It is in the middle of River Jhelum and Indus. Huge reserves of
Gypsum, Coal, and mineral oil are found here. River Sawan is an important one of this area. River Sawan make its valley known as Sawan
Valley. The surface of Pothwar Plateau is badly cracked.
2. Baluchistan Plateau: Baluchistan Plateau is located in the west of Suleiman Range and Kirthar Range. It is uneven and barren. It receives
very low rainfall therefore this region has desert characteristics. To the north of this Plateau, there are mountain ranges of Chaghi and Toba
Kakar. There are lakes with salty water in the western part of the province of Baluchistan. Among them, the most famous and the larges one
is the Hamoon-e-Mashkel lake.
3) Plains: A vast, less steepy and comparatively even surface of land is called a plain. These plains are also known as the food baskets. We can
divide the plains of Pakistan into two major parts.
1. Upper Indus Plains: This plain extends from the south of Pothwar Plateau to Mithankot in the Punjab Province. If we assume Mithankot a
base, where all the rivers of the Punjab join the River Indus, the whole are above Mithankot towards the Panjab will be called the upper Indus
Plain. Whereas, the whole area below Mithankot towards Sindh to the point of Thatha will be the Lower Indus Plain. Towards north, the Upper
Indus Plain is high whereas it is steep towards south. That's why all the large rivers of Pakistan flow from north towards south. To the west of
this plain lies the sand desert. This plain is called Punjab (land of five rivers). These plains are very fertile. Even before the establishment the
United Punjab was knows as the Home of Grain. These plains of Punjab are playing an important role in meeting the food requirements of the
country.
2. Lower Indus Plains: Below Mithankot, the River Indus forms the shape of a huge river and flows alone till it reaches Thatta.
4) Deserts: Desert is an area where annual rainfall rate is less than 250 mm. There are four major deserts in Pakistan. The major feature of
these deserts are the sand dunes.
1. Thar: The eastern part of lower Indus plain is sandy and known as "Thar Desert".
2. Cholistan: Cholistan desert is locally known as "Rohi" and covers the area of Bahawalpur.
3. Thal: The vast area of this desert is situated between River Indus and Jhelum. It covers the districts of Bhakkar, Khushab, Mianwali, Layyah,
Muzafargarh and Jhang.
4. Kharan: The Kharan Desert is a sandy and mountainous desert situated in Baluchistan in south-western of Pakistan. The terrain is mainly
dry, gray-brown sand.
5) Coastal Areas: Sindh and Baluchistan form the coastal line of the Arabian Sea. The coastal plain is located on the shore of Arabian Sea.
The coastal area of Pakistan is about 1000 km long and comprises of important sea ports such as Karachi, Bin Qasim, and Gawadar.
MOUNTAIN RANGES IN PAKISTAN
Northern Central Mountain Western Mountain

Mountain Ranges Ranges Ranges
Mountains of
Swat Koh-e-Sufaid
Himalayas Karakoram Hindukush Salt Range
Range
& Chitral
Sub-Himalayas or Suleiman Range Waziristan Hills

Siwalik
Lesser Himalayas Kirthar Range Toba Kakar Range
Chaghi Hills &

Greater Himalayas
Ras Koh Hills
Saihan Hills
Central Makran
Hills
Hills of Makran
Coast
P a g e 7 | 27
Government and Politics in Pakistan
POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL PHASES A) 1947-58 | B) 1958-71 | C) 1971-77 | D) 1977-88 | E) 1988-99 | F) 1999 ONWARD
6 POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT PHASES
6.1 1947-1958:
6.1.1 Establishment of Pakistan: Pakistan came into being on 14th August 1947. At that time, Pakistan was consisting of two parts
West and East Pakistan. Quid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the first Governor General of Pakistan. A provisional constitution was adopted
with some modifications in Indian Act of 1935 until the new constitution was introduced. According to this constitution Federal System was
launched in the country. Pakistan had to face many problems after the independence. Liaquat Ali Khan became first Prime Minister of Pakistan.
He got Objectives Resolution passed from Assembly in 1949 and constituted a "Basic Principle Committee" to draw the new constitution.
6.1.2 Pakistan Objectives Resolution, 1949: On March 12, 1949, Liaquat Ali Khan's government passed the Objectives Resolution
in the Constituent Assembly, which declared that the new state of Pakistan would be based on Islamic principles. This resolution laid the foundation
for the country's future constitution. The main points of this resolution are as under:
 Sovereignty: The resolution affirmed the sovereignty of Allah over the entire universe and declared that the people of Pakistan would exercise
their authority through their chosen representatives in accordance with the principles of democracy.
 Islamic Legislation: The Pakistan Objectives Resolution of 1949 declared that Islam would be the basis of the state and affirmed that the laws
of the country would be in accordance with the teachings of Islam. This means that Islamic principles would guide the legislation in Pakistan,
and the laws would be based on the values and teachings of Islam.
 Federal Government: The resolution aimed to establish a federal system of government in which power is shared between the central
government and the provincial governments. It was also responsible for promoting the welfare of the people and ensuring social, economic,
and political justice for all citizens without discrimination based on religion, caste, or creed.
 Fundamental Rights: These rights include the right to life, liberty, and property, freedom of speech, expression, and religion, the right to
equality before the law, and the right to a fair trial. The resolution aimed to ensure social, economic, and political justice for all citizens and to
protect their fundamental rights.
 Development of Backward Areas: The resolution aimed to promote the welfare of the people by ensuring the provision of basic necessities
such as food, clothing, shelter, and education to all citizens, including those living in the backward areas. The Development of Backward Areas
in the Pakistan Objectives Resolution of 1949 was a significant step towards creating a more equal and just society in Pakistan, where every
citizen has equal access to basic necessities and opportunities for economic and social development.
 Protection of Minorities: The Protection of Minorities declared in the Pakistan Objectives Resolution of 1949 was a significant step towards
creating a more inclusive and tolerant society in Pakistan, where every citizen has equal rights and opportunities regardless of their religion,
caste, or creed. It continues to be an essential part of the legal framework of Pakistan & is enshrined in subsequent constitutions of the country.
 Independence of Judiciary: It refers to the ability of the judicial system to operate without interference from other branches of the
government. The resolution aimed to create a democratic state where the judiciary is independent and impartial, and its decisions are free
from political influence or pressure.
6.1.3 Salient Features of Constitution of 1956: The 1956 Constitution was adopted by the National Assembly of Pakistan on
February 29, 1956. On March 23, 1956, the 1956 Constitution came into effect, making Pakistan the first Islamic republic in the world. This
Constitution established a parliamentary system of government with a President as the head of state and a Prime Minister as the head of
government. The Constitution also declared Islam as the state religion but protected the rights of minorities. However, the Constitution was
abrogated in 1958 by a military coup led by General Ayub Khan, and Pakistan adopted two other constitutions in 1962 and 1973, respectively. The
following were the salient features of the Constitution of 1956:
 Written Constitution: It was a written document that outlined the fundamental laws and principles that would govern the country. This meant
that all the rules and regulations were clearly stated and could be referred to at any time, which helped to ensure consistency and clarity in
the country's governance.
 Flexible Constitution: The concept of a "flexible constitution" generally refers to a constitution that can be easily amended or changed, even
its fundamental principles.
 Federal Constitution: This meant that power was divided between a central government & the government of country’s provinces. The central
government was responsible for national issues, such as defense & foreign affairs, while the provincial governments were responsible for
matters related to their respective provinces, such as education & local governance. This distribution of power was intended to ensure a fair
and balanced distribution of resources and decision-making authority across the country.
 Parliamentary System: This meant that the country's legislative body, known as the National Assembly, was made up of elected
representatives who were responsible for making laws and overseeing the work of the government. The head of government, the Prime
Minister, was also a member of the National Assembly and was responsible for leading the country's executive branch. This system was
designed to ensure that the government was accountable to the people and that the people had a say in the decisions that affected their lives.
 Unicameral Legislature: This means that the country's legislative body was made up of two chambers - the National Assembly (lower house)
and the Senate (upper house). The National Assembly was made up of directly elected representatives, while the Senate was made up of
indirectly elected representatives from the country's provinces. The establishment of a bicameral legislature was intended to ensure that all
parts of the country were fairly represented in the legislative process and that legislation was subject to greater scrutiny and debate.
 Independence of Judiciary: This meant that the judiciary, which is the branch of government responsible for interpreting and enforcing the
law, was free from outside influence or control. The judges were appointed on merit and were expected to make decisions based solely on
the law, without any political or other external pressure. This was intended to ensure that justice was served fairly and impartially, and that
the rights of citizens were protected under the law.
 Single Citizenship: This meant that all citizens of Pakistan, regardless of where they lived within the country, were considered to have the
same rights and privileges under the law. In other words, there was no distinction between citizens based on their place of birth or residence,
and all citizens were entitled to the same legal protections and opportunities. This was intended to promote national unity and a sense of
shared identity among all citizens of Pakistan.
P a g e 8 | 27
 Fundamental Rights: These were important rights that every citizen deserved, & the government had to protect them. Some of these rights
were freedom to speak, practice any religion, & form groups, as well as the right to live freely, own property, and be treated fairly by the law.
 Official Language: This meant that the government recognized a particular language as the official language of the country, which would be
used in official government documents and proceedings. In the case of the 1956 Constitution of Pakistan, the official language was Urdu, which
was recognized as the national language of the country.
 Islamic Provisions: These were a set of principles and values drawn from the Islamic faith that were incorporated into the constitution to guide
the country's political and social systems. These provisions included things like the recognition of Islam as the state religion, the promotion of
Islamic education and culture, and the obligation of the government to ensure that laws were consistent with Islamic principles.
 Constitutional Institution: These were institutions created by the constitution to serve specific functions within the government, such as the
presidency, the judiciary, & the legislature. These institutions were designed to operate independently of each other and to provide a system
of checks & balances to prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful. The establishment of constitutional institutions
was intended to ensure that the government was stable & effective, & that the rights & interests of all citizens were protected under the law.
6.2 1958-1969
Iskander Mirza was the President of Pakistan when General Ayub Khan deposed him in a military coup on 7 October, 1958, and declared martial
law. General Ayub Khan assumed power as the Chief Martial Law Administrator and eventually became the President of Pakistan. During the
period of Ayub Khan, the war between Pakistan and India started in 1965. It was the period when Fatima Jinnah took part in practical politics and
contested election against General Ayub Khan. President General Ayub Khan ruled almost ten years.
6.2.1 Basic Democratic System 1959: In 1959, the then President introduced a new system of Basic Democracies.
 Union Council & Union Committee: A Union Council was a local administrative unit that represented a group of villages or towns in a particular
geographic area. It was responsible for providing basic services and facilities to the residents of that area, such as maintaining roads, water
supply, sanitation, and healthcare. While a Union Committee was a smaller administrative unit within a Union Council, responsible for
overseeing the affairs of a smaller area or village. The committee was typically made up of elected representatives from that area who were
responsible for making decisions on behalf of the community and liaising with the Union Council. Both the Union Council & Union Committee
were intended to promote local participation in government and give people a say in the decisions that affected their daily lives. They were
also designed to provide a more efficient and effective system of governance at the local level.
 Tehsil (Sub-district) Council and Thana Council: A Tehsil Council was a local administrative unit that represented a sub-district or tehsil in a
particular geographic area. It was responsible for providing basic services and facilities to the residents of that area, such as maintaining roads,
water supply, sanitation, and healthcare. While a Thana Council was a smaller administrative unit within a Tehsil Council, responsible for
overseeing the affairs of a smaller area or town. The council was typically made up of elected representatives from that area who were
responsible for making decisions on behalf of the community and liaising with the Tehsil Council. Both the Tehsil Council & Thana Council
were intended to promote local participation in government and give people a say in the decisions that affected their daily lives. They were
also designed to provide a more efficient and effective system of governance at the local level.
 District Council: It was a system of local government where people in each district would elect representatives to make decisions and manage
affairs at the local level. These representatives would be responsible for things like infrastructure development, maintenance of public services,
and resolving local issues. The District Council had the power to make decisions and policies related to local development projects,
infrastructure, healthcare, education, and other issues that affected the community.
 Divisional Council: The Divisional Council was a local government body established under the Basic Democratic System of 1959 in Pakistan. It
was responsible for overseeing the administration and development of a specific geographical area called a division, which was made up of
several districts. The members of the Divisional Council were elected by the members of the District Councils in that division. It had the power
to make decisions and policies related to the development and infrastructure of the division, healthcare, education, and other issues that
affected the community.
 Provincial Advisory Council (PAC): The Provincial Advisory Council (PAC) was a political institution that was part of the Basic Democratic System
of 1959 in Pakistan. Its purpose was to provide a forum for elected representatives from different regions of the province to discuss issues of
common interest and advise the provincial government on matters related to governance and policy. The PAC played an important role in
shaping provincial policies and addressing the needs of different communities. The members of the PAC were appointed by the President of
Pakistan, and their role was to provide input to the governor on matters relevant to the province's administration.
6.2.2 Salient Features of Constitution of 1962: A new constitution is promulgated, which establishes a presidential system of
government and concentrates power in the hands of the President on 1 June, 1962. General Ayub Khan is elected as the first President under the
new constitution on 8 June, 1962. The following were the salient features of the Constitution of 1962:
 Written Constitution: The constitution was a written constitution because it was a formal and legal document that outlined the fundamental
principles and framework for governing the country.
 Federal Constitution: It established a federal system of government where power was divided between the federal government and provincial
governments. The constitution defined the powers and responsibilities of each level of government, and provided for the distribution of
powers between them.
 Presidential Constitution: It established a system of government where the president was the head of state and the head of government. The
president had significant executive powers, such as the power to appoint the prime minister and dissolve the National Assembly.
 Rigid Constitution: It was difficult to amend. The constitution required a two-thirds majority vote in both the National Assembly and the
Senate to amend any of its provisions.
 Unicameral Legislature: It established a single legislative body, the National Assembly, with the power to make laws and represent the people
of Pakistan. The constitution did not provide for a separate upper house or Senate, as is the case in a bicameral system of government.
 Single Citizenship: This meant that all citizens of Pakistan, regardless of where they lived within the country, were considered to have the
same rights and privileges under the law. In other words, there was no distinction between citizens based on their place of birth or residence,
and all citizens were entitled to the same legal protections and opportunities. This was intended to promote national unity and a sense of
shared identity among all citizens of Pakistan.
P a g e 9 | 27
 Fundamental Rights: It guaranteed certain basic rights and freedoms to all citizens of the country. These included the right to equality before
the law, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of religion, and the right to property.
 Islamic Provisions: These were a set of principles and values drawn from the Islamic faith that were incorporated into the constitution to guide
the country's political and social systems. These provisions included things like the recognition of Islam as the state religion, the promotion of
Islamic education and culture, and the obligation of the government to ensure that laws were consistent with Islamic principles.
 Islamic Advisory Council: was a body established by the 1962 Constitution of Pakistan to advise the government on matters related to Islamic
law & teachings. The council was composed of Islamic scholars and experts in Islamic law & was tasked with providing guidance to government
on issues related to Islam, such as the interpretation of Islamic law and the application of Islamic principles in government policies. The council
was designed to ensure that government of Pakistan was in line with Islamic principles & that its policies were consistent with Islamic teachings.
 National Languages: Constitution of Pakistan declared Urdu and Bengali as the national languages of Pakistan. This meant that both languages
were to be used for official purposes and that the government was required to promote and develop both languages.
 Indirect Democracy: Constitution of Pakistan established an indirect democracy, which means that the people did not directly elect their
leaders. Instead, they elected representatives who then selected the leaders. Under this system, the President and the Prime Minister were
elected by an electoral college composed of members of the National Assembly and the provincial assemblies. This electoral college was
responsible for choosing the President and the Prime Minister, rather than the people directly. The purpose of this system was to ensure that
only qualified and capable leaders were selected, while also preventing direct democracy from leading to chaos or instability.
6.2.3 Regime of General Yahya Khan: General Yahya Khan takes over government from General Ayub Khan and becomes the military
ruler of Pakistan on 25 March, 1969. First general elections of Pakistan were held on 7 December, 1970. On 16 December, 1970, East Pakistan was
separated and became a new country named Bangladesh.
6.2.4 Causes of Separation of East Pakistan:
 Ayub Khan's Dictatorial Era: The causes of the separation of East Pakistan from West Pakistan during Ayub Khan's dictatorial era were complex
and multi-faceted. During Ayub Khan's rule, the government was centralized and authoritarian, with little regard for democratic principles or
the rights of citizens. East Pakistan felt marginalized and ignored by the government in West Pakistan, and this led to a growing sense of
✓ frustration and anger among the people in East Pakistan.
 Lack of National Leadership: Lack of national leadership refers to the absence of effective and unifying leadership in Pakistan, which
contributed to the separation of East Pakistan. The leadership in West Pakistan was dominated by Punjabis and other groups from the west,
leading to a sense of exclusion and marginalization among East Pakistanis. The leadership failed to address their grievances, leading to a sense
of alienation and disaffection that ultimately resulted in the formation of Bangladesh.
✓
 Poor Economic Condition: Poor economic conditions were one of the factors that contributed to the separation of East Pakistan, now known
as Bangladesh, from West Pakistan in 1971. The people in East Pakistan felt that they were being neglected by the government in West Pakistan
and were not receiving their fair share of resources and development. They also felt that their language, culture, and identity were not being
respected. These issues led to protests and eventually to a violent conflict that resulted in the creation of an independent Bangladesh.
 Negative Role of Hindu Teachers: A large number of Hindu teachers were teaching in the educational institutions in East Pakistan. They
✓ produced such literature which created negative thinking in the minds of Bengalis against the people of West Pakistan
 Issue of Bengali Language: The main issue that caused the separation of East Pakistan was the discrimination against the Bengali language
and culture by the West Pakistani government. The government declared Urdu as the sole national language, despite the fact that Bengali was
spoken by the majority of the population in East Pakistan. This led to protests and civil unrest, which were met with violent repression by the
government. The situation escalated into a full-scale war, resulting in the formation of an independent Bangladesh in 1971.
✓
 Provincial Prejudices: many people in East Pakistan felt that they were economically and politically marginalized by the West, and that their
interests were not adequately represented in the central government. They also felt that their cultural and linguistic differences were not
✓ respected or valued by the West.
 Territorial Politics of the Politicians: The politicians from West Pakistan, who held most of the power in the country, often neglected the needs
and demands of the people in East Pakistan. This led to a sense of discrimination and alienation among the people of East Pakistan.
 Conspiracies of Big Powers: The separation of East Pakistan in 1971 was primarily caused by a combination of political, economic, and cultural
factors that had been building up for years. East Pakistan, which is now known as Bangladesh, had long felt neglected and marginalized by the
government in West Pakistan. The Bengali people of East Pakistan had different cultural and linguistic identities from the rest of the country
and were often treated as second-class citizens.
 Six Points Formula of Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman: The Six Points Formula was proposed by Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman in 1966. It demanded
more power for East Pakistan in a federal system. The formula aimed to address the complaints of the Bengali people, who felt they were
being ignored by the central government in West Pakistan. The six points included requests for the official recognition of Bengali, a fair
distribution of resources, and greater control over foreign trade. The Six Points Formula was supported by many Bengalis and became a rallying
cry for their nationalist movement. However, the central government in West Pakistan refused to acknowledge the demands, causing further
conflict between the two regions. The government's failure to address the issues and implement the Six Points Formula contributed to the
growing unrest and eventual separation of East Pakistan, which became Bangladesh in 1971.
✓  Bhutto - Mujeeb-ur-Rehman Differences: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto & Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman had a big fight that caused East Pakistan to separate
from West Pakistan. In the late 1960s, Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman and his Awami League party became very powerful in East Pakistan, but
Bhutto, a leader from West Pakistan, did not want to give East Pakistan more power in a federal system. East and West Pakistan had different
languages, cultures, & economies, which made the problem worse. As a result, East Pakistan became the country of Bangladesh in 1971.
 Success of Regional Parties: The regional parties' success in East Pakistan, especially the Awami League, was an essential reason for the birth
of Bangladesh. The Awami League demanded more autonomy and power for East Pakistan within a federal system of government. The Bengali
people felt marginalized and neglected by the central government in West Pakistan, which led to growing resentment and violence. The 1970
national elections showed the Bengali people's desire for greater autonomy and independence.
P a g e 10 | 27
 Military Action: The central government in West Pakistan's military action was a major reason for East Pakistan's separation and the birth of
Bangladesh as an independent country. After the Awami League won national elections in East Pakistan, the military rulers in West Pakistan
refused to accept the results and started a crackdown on the Bengali population. This led to widespread violence and a full-scale war between
East and West Pakistan. The military's violent actions fueled Bengali nationalism and demands for independence, which ultimately led to the
birth of Bangladesh with the help of India.
 Hijacking of Ganga Aeroplane: The hijacking of the Ganga airplane was an important event that happened before East Pakistan became
Bangladesh. In 1971, Pakistan's military dictator Yahya Khan cancelled the national elections, which Awami League was expected to win, and
launched a military crackdown on the Bengali population. In response, Awami League declared independence for East Pakistan and formed a
provisional government in India. A few days later, a group of Bengali nationalists hijacked a Pakistan International Airlines flight, named Ganga,
and took it to Calcutta (now Kolkata) in India. This hijacking was a symbolic act of defiance against the Pakistani government and brought
international attention to the crisis in East Pakistan. The hijacking also helped to build support for the Bengali independence movement and
contributed to the growing sense of Bengali nationalism and desire for independence.
 India's Military Interference: India's involvement played a major role in the separation of East Pakistan and the birth of Bangladesh. India
helped the Bengali independence movement by training and arming Bengali fighters, providing safe havens for refugees, and offering
humanitarian aid to the population. In 1971, India launched a military campaign against Pakistan in support of the movement, which led to
the defeat of the Pakistani military and the creation of Bangladesh. India's interference was driven by its strategic interests and support for
✓
the Bengali people's right to self-determination, as well as its long-standing conflict with Pakistan over the disputed territory of Kashmir.
6.3 1971-1977
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the chairman of Pakistan People's Party became the Prime Minister of Pakistan on 20th December, 1971, after the separation
of East Pakistan. He brought the constitution of 1973 unanimously approved on April 10, 1973, establishing Pakistan as a federal parliamentary
republic with a President as the head of state and a Prime Minister as the head of government. During his tenure, Bhutto also initiated Pakistan's
nuclear program.
6.3.1 Main Aspects of Economic Reforms
 Nationalization of Industries: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's economic reforms included the nationalization of industries in Pakistan. This means that
the government took control of major industries such as steel, oil, and banking. The objective of this reform was to increase government
control over the economy, regulate the flow of capital, and ensure that industries were operated in the public interest rather than just for the
benefit of private owners. Bhutto believed that nationalization was necessary to reduce inequality, promote social justice, and increase the
role of the state in the economy.
 Nationalization of Banks & Insurance Companies: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's economic reforms included the nationalization of banks and insurance
companies in Pakistan. This means that Under Bhutto's nationalization program, several key industries, including banking and insurance, were
taken over by the state. The government acquired all of the banks and insurance companies in Pakistan, making them state-owned entities.
 Land Reforms: The objective of these reforms was to redistribute land from large landowners to small farmers in order to reduce inequality
and increase agricultural productivity. The government imposed a limit on the amount of land that one person or family could own, and land
in excess of this limit was acquired by the government and distributed to landless peasants and small farmers. This was intended to help
provide land to those who needed it the most and to promote more equitable distribution of land ownership. However, the success of these
reforms was limited by a range of factors, including political instability, corruption, and external economic pressures.
 Agricultural Reforms: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's agricultural reforms aimed to modernize Pakistan's agricultural sector by providing support to
farmers. This included providing them with access to credit and subsidies, improving irrigation infrastructure, and investing in agricultural
research and technology. The objective of these reforms was to increase agricultural productivity, reduce poverty in rural communities, and
boost the overall economic growth of the country.
6.3.2 Salient Features of Constitution of 1973: On December 20, 1971, Pakistan's military regime was replaced by a civilian
government headed by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. In 1972, Bhutto announced the beginning of the process of drafting a new constitution. On August 14,
1972, the National Assembly of Pakistan adopted a resolution affirming the country's commitment to federalism. On April 10, 1973, the
Constitution of 1973 was officially adopted, establishing Pakistan as a federal parliamentary republic with a President as the head of state and a
Prime Minister as the head of government. The following are the salient features of the Constitution of 1973:
 Preamble: The Constitution of 1973 is the supreme law of Pakistan. The Preamble of the Constitution outlines the fundamental values and
principles that the Constitution is based on. It is a brief introductory statement that sets out the objectives and purposes of the Constitution.
In simple terms, the Preamble of the Constitution of Pakistan declares that the Constitution is based on the principles of democracy, Islam,
and social justice. It states that sovereignty belongs to Allah and that the Constitution is meant to provide a framework for a democratic and
pluralistic society, where citizens can enjoy their fundamental rights and freedoms. The Preamble also mentions the importance of promoting
the welfare of the people, ensuring social and economic justice, and strengthening the unity of the nation. Overall, the Preamble is a statement
of the basic values and ideals that the Constitution seeks to uphold.
 Written Constitution: The Constitution of Pakistan, adopted in 1973, is a written constitution. This means that the text of the constitution is
in written form and is the supreme law of the country. The Constitution outlines the powers and responsibilities of the government, sets out
the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens, and establishes the legal framework for the functioning of the state. Being a written
constitution means that it can be amended or changed only through a specific procedure laid out in the constitution itself. This ensures that
the Constitution is not easily changed and provides stability and consistency to the legal system.
 Federal Constitution: The Constitution of Pakistan, adopted in 1973, is a federal constitution. This means that power is divided between the
central government and the provincial governments. The Constitution sets out the powers and responsibilities of the federal government and
the provincial governments, and provides a framework for how they should interact with each other. The federal government has certain
powers that are reserved only for it, such as foreign affairs and national defense, while other powers are shared with the provincial
governments, such as education and health. This division of power is intended to provide a balance between a strong central government and
the autonomy of the provinces.
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 Semi-Rigid Constitution: The Constitution of Pakistan adopted in 1973 is a semi-rigid constitution. This means that some parts of the
constitution can be changed easily through a two-thirds majority vote of both houses of parliament. Other parts are more difficult to amend,
requiring a two-thirds majority vote of both houses of parliament and approval from at least two-thirds of the provincial assemblies. The more
difficult process is in place to protect core principles of the Constitution such as fundamental rights, the independence of the judiciary, and
the federal structure of the country.
 National Language: The Constitution of Pakistan, adopted in 1973, declares Urdu to be the national language of Pakistan. However, the
Constitution also recognizes the importance of regional languages and requires that steps be taken to promote their use. The Constitution
guarantees the right of every citizen to use their mother tongue and to receive education in their mother tongue. It also requires that
arrangements be made for the teaching of Urdu to speakers of other languages. Overall, the Constitution recognizes the importance of
language as a key aspect of national identity and provides a framework for the promotion of Urdu as the national language, while also
protecting the rights of speakers of other languages.
 Islamic Constitution: The Constitution of Pakistan, adopted in 1973, is sometimes referred to as an "Islamic Constitution" because it declares
Islam to be the state religion and recognizes the principles of Islamic law, or Sharia, as a source of law. The Constitution provides for the
protection of the rights of religious minorities and guarantees the freedom to practice religion. It also requires that laws be consistent with
Islamic principles and provides for the establishment of Islamic courts. Overall, the Constitution recognizes the importance of Islam as a key
aspect of national identity and provides a framework for the promotion of Islamic values and principles, while also protecting the rights of
religious minorities and ensuring that the legal system is consistent with Islamic law.
 Independent Judiciary: The Constitution of Pakistan, adopted in 1973, establishes an independent judiciary as a fundamental feature of the
legal system. The Constitution provides for the separation of powers between the judiciary, the executive, and the legislature. It also
establishes the Supreme Court and the High Courts as independent bodies with the power to interpret the Constitution and to protect the
fundamental rights of citizens. The Constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary and provides for the appointment of judges
through a merit-based process. It also provides for the removal of judges only through a process of impeachment, ensuring that they are not
subject to political pressure or interference. Overall, the Constitution recognizes the importance of an independent judiciary as a cornerstone
of a democratic & just society, and provides a framework for the protection of the rights of citizens through an impartial and fair legal system.
 Parliamentary Constitution: The Constitution of Pakistan, adopted in 1973, sets up a parliamentary system of government in which the
parliament is the main law-making body. The parliament consists of the National Assembly and the Senate, and members of both houses are
democratically elected. The Prime Minister is head of government, & the President is ceremonial head of state. The Constitution defines the
powers and functions of the parliament, including the ability to make laws, approve the budget, & keep the government accountable. Overall,
the Constitution establishes a democratic system of government in which elected representatives hold the ultimate authority.
 Constitutional Institutions: The Constitution of Pakistan, adopted in 1973, sets up important institutions that are needed for a democratic
system of government. These institutions include the Parliament, the President, the Prime Minister, the Judiciary, the Election Commission,
and the Public Service Commission. The Constitution outlines the roles and responsibilities of each institution and ensures that no institution
has too much power. This helps to maintain a balance of power and promotes a democratic system of government based on the rule of law.
 Bicameral Legislature: The Constitution of Pakistan has two separate houses of parliament, the National Assembly and the Senate. The
National Assembly is the lower house with 342 members, responsible for making laws and approving the national budget. The Senate is the
upper house with 104 members, representing the provinces and reviewing legislation passed by the National Assembly. This bicameral
legislature ensures fair representation and a thorough review process for effective legislation.
 Fundamental Rights: The Constitution of Pakistan, made in 1973, provides basic rights to every citizen. These rights include the right to life,
liberty and security, freedom of speech, religion and assembly, equality before the law, education, and a fair trial. The Constitution ensures
that no one is discriminated against based on their race, gender or religion. These fundamental rights protect the basic human rights of every
citizen and make sure that the government is accountable and follows the law.
6.4 1977-1988
On July 5, 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq overthrew the government of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a military coup and declared martial law in
Pakistan on on July 5, 1977. Zia ruled the country for approximately 11 years until his death on August 17, 1988.
6.4.1 Major Aspects of the Islamization Process During 1977 – 1988
 Shariah Courts: During the period of Islamization in Pakistan from 1977 to 1988, Shariah Courts were set up to provide an Islamic system of
justice based on Shariah law. These courts dealt with cases related to Islamic personal law, such as family matters and inheritance disputes.
Qualified Islamic scholars and judges staffed these courts, and their decisions were binding and enforceable. The establishment of Shariah
Courts was a significant aspect of the Islamization process in Pakistan, as it provided a framework for the implementation of Islamic law and
the establishment of an Islamic system of justice.
 Shariat Ordinance: During the period of Islamization in Pakistan from 1977 to 1988, the Shariat Ordinance was introduced to make the legal
system of the country follow the principles of Islamic law, known as Shariah law. The ordinance introduced Islamic punishments for crimes like
amputation of limbs for theft and stoning to death for adultery. It also established a Federal Shariat Court and required judges and lawyers to
have training in Islamic law. The goal was to establish an Islamic legal system and bring the legal framework of the country in line with the
principles of Islamic law.
 Zakat and Usher Ordinance: During the period of Islamization in Pakistan from 1977 to 1988, the government introduced the Zakat and Usher
Ordinance to establish a system of Islamic taxation. This required all Muslims to pay a fixed percentage of their income or assets as Zakat and
Usher, which were used to finance welfare programs and help the poor and needy. It was seen as an effort to promote Islamic values of charity
and social welfare and to establish an Islamic system of taxation in the country.
 Abolition of Interest: The period of Islamization in Pakistan from 1977 to 1988 saw the abolition of interest in the country's economic system.
Interest-based banking was replaced with a system of Islamic banking, which is based on profit and loss sharing. The government also
discouraged the use of interest in areas such as government financing and lending. This was done to create an economic system that aligns
with Islamic principles and values.
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 Islamiat and Pak Studies as Compulsory Subjects: During the Islamization period in Pakistan from 1977 to 1988, making Islamiat and Pakistan
Studies mandatory in the educational curriculum was significant. These subjects were made compulsory for all students in schools and
universities to promote Islamic and Pakistani values among the youth. This was seen as an effort to reinforce the Islamic identity of Pakistan
and to create a more nationalistic education system. It was also seen as a way to strengthen the Islamic foundations of the country and to
create a more cohesive national identity.
 Prayer arrangements: During the period of Islamization in Pakistan from 1977 to 1988, the government encouraged the construction of
mosques & made prayer arrangements easier for public. They introduced the Friday Prayers Act, which made it mandatory for employees to
attend Friday prayers at their nearest mosque. The government provided funding for construction of new mosques & renovated existing ones
to accommodate more worshippers. This emphasis on prayer arrangements was seen as a way to promote Islamic values & create a more
Islamic society.
 Ehtram-e-Ramzan Ordinance: In Pakistan's period of Islamization from 1977 to 1988, the government introduced the Ehtram-e-Ramzan
Ordinance. This law made it illegal to eat, drink, or smoke in public during daylight hours in the holy month of Ramadan. The aim was to
promote Islamic values and encourage stricter religious observance. The law was enforced strictly, and violators faced fines or imprisonment.
The ordinance was seen as a way to strengthen the Islamic identity of Pakistan and create a more cohesive and Islamic society.
 Establishing Religious Schools (Madrassas): During the period of Islamization in Pakistan from 1977 to 1988, religious schools known as
madrassas were established to promote Islamic education and values. These schools offered Quranic studies, Islamic law, and theology, and
were seen as a way to counter Western education and promote Islamic values. The government provided funding and support for the
establishment of madrassas, and today they play an important role in providing education to many children who may not have access to formal
education. However, there are concerns about the potential for these schools to promote extremism and intolerance.
 Compulsory study of Arabic: During the period of Islamization in Pakistan from 1977 to 1988, one of the significant aspects was the compulsory
study of Arabic. The government made the study of Arabic compulsory in schools and universities across the country to promote the learning
of the language of the Quran and enhance Islamic education. This policy was part of the broader effort to promote Islamic values and identity
in Pakistan. The government believed that the study of Arabic would help in better understanding and interpreting Islamic texts and teachings.
6.4.2 The Era of Government of Muhammad Khan Junejo: General Zia-ul-Haq declared martial law and took over the
government on July 5, 1977. In 1985, Zia-ul-Haq introduced the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution, which established a presidential system
of government and gave the president extensive powers to dismiss the Prime Minister and dissolve the National Assembly. The presidential system
of government came into effect in March 1985. General Zia-ul-Haq became the president under the new system and remained in power until his
death in a plane crash on August 17, 1988 and Muhammad Khan Junejo was appointed as the Prime Minister under the presidential system in
March 1985 and served until May 1988.
 Lifting up Martial Law: The era of the government of Muhammad Khan Junejo in Pakistan is notable for the lifting of martial law in the country.
After a decade of military rule under General Zia-ul-Haq, Muhammad Khan Junejo became the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1985. One of his
first actions was to work towards ending the military's control over the government and restoring civilian rule
 Foreign Tour: During the era of the government of Muhammad Khan Junejo, he went on several foreign tours to meet with world leaders and
discuss matters of mutual interest. These tours aimed to strengthen Pakistan's relationships with other countries, promote international trade
and cooperation, and attract foreign investment to Pakistan. Some of the countries he visited include the United States, China, Japan, Saudi
Arabia, and the United Kingdom.
 Development Programme of Muhammad Khan Junejo's Government: During the era of Muhammad Khan Junejo's government, several
development programs were initiated in different sectors of the country such as agriculture, energy, infrastructure, education, and health.
The government focused on increasing agricultural productivity by introducing new technologies and providing subsidies to farmers. It also
aimed to increase energy production through the establishment of new power plants.
 Ojrhi Camp Disaster: The Ojhri Camp Disaster was a tragic incident that occurred in Islamabad, Pakistan on April 10, 1988, during the
government of Muhammad Khan Junejo. The disaster was caused by the explosion of a weapons depot in Ojhri Camp, which was located in a
densely populated area. The explosion resulted in the deaths of over 100 people, mostly civilians, and injured more than 1,000 others. The
disaster was a major tragedy and highlighted the lack of safety regulations and proper governance in Pakistan.
 The Dismissal of the Junejo Government: The dismissal of the Junejo Government refers to the removal of Muhammad Khan Junejo from his
position as Prime Minister of Pakistan by the then-President of Pakistan, General Zia-ul-Haq, on May 29, 1988. The reason given for the
dismissal was the alleged failure of the government to address issues related to law and order and to take effective measures against
corruption. However, many people believed that the real reason behind the dismissal was Junejo's growing differences with General Zia-ul-
Haq over various issues, including the proposed restoration of democracy in the country. The dismissal of the Junejo Government marked the
end of the eighth and last government of the military regime of General Zia-ul-Haq in Pakistan.
6.4.3 Afghan Jihad: The invasion by Russian forces into Afghanistan in December, 1979 created a new challenge for Pakistan. General Zia-
ul-Haq stood against the intervention of the Russian forces in Afghanistan.
 The beginning of jihad: The beginning of jihad in Pakistan in 1979 refers to the time when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, and the
Pakistani government, along with the United States, began supporting the Afghan mujahideen (Islamic fighters) in their resistance against the
Soviet occupation. This led to the establishment of various militant groups in Pakistan, who received training and support from the Pakistani
intelligence agency and were used as proxies to fight the Soviet forces in Afghanistan.
 Geneva Accord: The Geneva Accord of 1988 was an agreement reached between Pakistan and Afghanistan, with the help of the United States
and the Soviet Union, to end the Soviet-Afghan War. The agreement called for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan and the non-
interference of outside powers in Afghanistan's internal affairs. It also paved the way for the establishment of a transitional government in
Afghanistan and for the return of millions of Afghan refugees who had fled to Pakistan during the war.
 The Impact on Pakistani Society: The Afghan Jihad in the 1980s brought many Afghan refugees to Pakistan. This created social, economic, and
security issues for Pakistan. The government struggled to provide basic necessities like food, shelter, and healthcare to the refugees. The war
also led to the spread of drugs, arms, and militancy in the region. Extremist ideologies and religious fundamentalism became more popular in
some parts of Pakistani society. These effects can still be seen in Pakistan today.
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6.5 1988-1999
6.5.1 First Government Era of Benazir Bhutto: General Elections were held in Pakistan on November 16, 1988, and Benazir
Bhutto, the leader of the Pakistan People's Party, was elected as Pakistan's and the Islamic world's first woman Prime Minister on December 2,
1988. However, her government was dismissed on August 6, 1990, by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan, who used the powers under Section 58-2-B
of the constitution to dissolve the assembly. Her government remained in power for a year and a half.
6.5.1.1 Important Events

 The dissolution of the Baluchistan Assembly: During the first government era of Benazir Bhutto in 1988, the provincial government of
Baluchistan was dismissed and the assembly was dissolved by the federal government. This action was taken after allegations of corruption
and mismanagement were made against the provincial government. The dismissal was widely criticized by opposition parties and Baloch
nationalist groups, who saw it as an attack on provincial autonomy and a violation of the democratic process.
 Presidential Election: In 1988, during the first government era of Benazir Bhutto, the presidential election was held in Pakistan. Ghulam Ishaq
Khan was elected as the eighth President of Pakistan.
 Pakistan rejoins Commonwealth: In 1989, during the first government era of Benazir Bhutto, Pakistan rejoined the Commonwealth, a political
association of 54 member states, primarily former British colonies and dependencies. This decision was made after a decade-long absence
due to Pakistan's withdrawal from the Commonwealth in 1972. The move was aimed at improving Pakistan's international standing and
strengthening ties with Commonwealth countries.
 Foreign Policy: During her first government era, Benazir Bhutto's foreign policy was focused on improving Pakistan's relations with its
neighboring countries and the international community. She worked towards establishing stronger ties with India, Afghanistan, Iran, and
China. Bhutto also emphasized the need for resolving the Kashmir dispute with India and advocated for the rights of Palestinians. She played
a key role in the establishment of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), which aimed to promote regional economic cooperation and
development. Additionally, Bhutto's government supported the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa and played a role in the release of
Nelson Mandela. Overall, her foreign policy aimed to promote peace, stability, and economic development in the region and beyond.
 Social Welfare: During her first government era, Benazir Bhutto introduced several social welfare measures to address the needs of vulnerable
and marginalized groups in Pakistan. These included the establishment of the Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) to provide financial
assistance to the poorest families, the provision of free or subsidized healthcare to women and children, and the implementation of measures
to promote education and literacy, particularly for girls. Additionally, the government increased the minimum wage and introduced labor laws
to protect workers' rights.
 The Dismissal of Benazir Bhutto's Government: In August 1990, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismissed Benazir Bhutto's government on
allegations of corruption and mismanagement. The dismissal was followed by the dissolution of the National Assembly and the imposition of
martial law. This resulted in a political crisis in Pakistan and sparked protests and opposition from Bhutto's supporters. Bhutto and her
government members were arrested, and fresh elections were held in October 1990, in which Bhutto's party lost to the opposition.
6.5.2 First Government Era of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif: Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif was elected as the Prime
Minister of Pakistan after the general elections held in 1990. He took office on November 1, 1990. However, his government lasted for two and a
half years, and on April 18, 1993, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolved the assembly and dismissed the government by using the controversial
section 58-2-B of the Constitution.
6.5.2.1 Important Events
 Announcement of Agricultural Policy: During the first government era of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, the announcement of an agricultural
policy was made. This policy aimed to improve agriculture in the country by providing payment to farmers, promoting modern farming
techniques, and increasing the availability of credit for agriculture. The policy also aimed to increase exports of agricultural products and
reduce country's dependence on imports. The policy was seen as a positive step towards the development of the agricultural sector in Pakistan.
 Privatization Commission: During the first government era of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, the Privatization Commission was established.
The commission was responsible for overseeing the privatization of state-owned enterprises in Pakistan, with the aim of reducing the
government's role in the economy and encouraging private sector investment. The commission was tasked with identifying potential entities
for privatization, preparing them for sale, and ensuring a transparent and competitive bidding process. The commission was seen as an
important step towards economic liberalization and modernization in Pakistan.
 Agreement among provinces on water distribution: During the first government era of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, an agreement was
reached among the provinces of Pakistan regarding the distribution of water from the country's rivers. This agreement is commonly referred
to as the Water Apportionment Accord, & it was signed in 1991. The accord aimed to resolve long-standing disputes between provinces over
water distribution & ensure equitable sharing of the country's water resources. This agreement was significant because it helped to address
one of the major issues faced by Pakistan, which is the scarcity of water resources & unequal distribution of water among the provinces.
 Baitul Maal: Baitul Maal is a charitable institution established in Pakistan during the first government era of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif.
It is responsible for collecting and distributing funds for the welfare of the needy and the poor. The funds are collected from various sources,
including donations, Zakat, and other sources of income. The purpose of Baitul Maal is to provide financial assistance to the less fortunate
members of society and to support them in their basic needs, such as food, clothing, education, and health care.
 Foreign Policy: During the first government era of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan's foreign policy was focused on improving its
relationship with neighboring countries like India and Afghanistan, as well as strengthening ties with traditional allies such as China, Saudi
Arabia, and the United States. The Sharif government also pursued economic diplomacy by promoting trade and investment with other
countries. Additionally, Pakistan played a role in peacekeeping efforts in countries such as Somalia and Bosnia.
 National Plans: During the first government era of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, the government introduced various national plans to
improve the country's economy, education, health, and infrastructure. These plans included the National Education Policy, the National Health
Policy, the National Conservation Strategy, the National Industrial Policy, and the National Highway Authority. The main goal of these plans
was to address the country's socio-economic challenges and promote sustainable development. The government also launched the 8th Five-
Year Plan, which focused on reducing poverty, promoting investment, and increasing exports.
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 The dismissal of Nawaz Sharif's Government: In 1993, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismissed the government of Prime Minister Nawaz
Sharif on charges of corruption and abuse of power. The decision was later upheld by the Supreme Court of Pakistan. This led to political
instability in the country and triggered a new round of political confusion.
6.5.3 Second Government Era of Benazir Bhutto: Benazir Bhutto was elected as Prime Minister of Pakistan for the second time
on October 19, 1993. Her government remained in power for three years and was dissolved on November 5, 1996, by President Farooq Ahmed
Khan Leghari, who used the powers granted to him under Section 58-2-B of the Constitution.
Important Events
 Development programmes: During the Second Government Era of Benazir Bhutto in Pakistan, some important development programs were
initiated. These programs aimed to address the country's socio-economic challenges, reduce poverty and unemployment, and improve the
living standards of the people.
 Plans for farmers and women: During the Second Government Era of Benazir Bhutto in Pakistan, several plans were introduced to benefit
farmers and women in the country. These plans aimed to uplift the rural economy, reduce poverty, and empower women.
 Eighth 5-year plan: During the Second Government Era of Benazir Bhutto in Pakistan, the Eighth 5-year plan was formulated as a roadmap for
the country's economic development. The plan aimed to address Pakistan's economic challenges and promote sustainable growth.
Some of the key objectives of the Eighth 5-year plan include:
✓ Economic Growth: The plan aimed to achieve an average annual growth rate of 6.5% in the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and to
reduce poverty through job creation and income generation.
✓ Infrastructure Development: The plan focused on improving infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and electricity generation, to support
economic growth.
✓ Human Resource Development: The plan aimed to improve the quality of education and health services to promote human development and
enhance the country's competitiveness.
✓ Regional Development: The plan focused on reducing regional disparities & promoting development in less developed areas of the country.
Overall, the Eighth 5-year plan aimed to promote sustainable economic growth, reduce poverty, and enhance the country's human development.
 Foreign visits and the Kashmir Issue: During Benazir Bhutto's Second Government Era in Pakistan, there were significant events related to
foreign visits and the Kashmir issue. Bhutto visited several countries to strengthen Pakistan's relations with the world and promote trade and
investment. Pakistan's government continued to support Kashmiri people's rights and initiated diplomatic efforts to highlight the issue and
engage India in a peaceful resolution. These events reflected Bhutto's government's efforts to promote Pakistan's interests on the global stage
and address regional issues, such as the Kashmir conflict.
 NWFP Assembly was dissolved: During Benazir Bhutto's Second Government Era in Pakistan, an important event took place when the North-
West Frontier Province (NWFP) Assembly was dissolved in August 1994. This happened after a vote of no confidence was passed against the
provincial government led by Aftab Sherpao. The dissolution of the NWFP Assembly caused political instability in the province and was
criticized by opposition parties and civil society organizations, who saw it as an attempt to undermine democracy in Pakistan. The decision
was challenged in the Supreme Court, which declared it unconstitutional and ordered for the restoration of the Assembly. This event
highlighted the importance of upholding constitutional principles for democratic governance in Pakistan.
 Dismissal of Benazir Bhutto's Government: One of the most significant events during Benazir Bhutto's Second Government Era in Pakistan
was dismissal of her government in November 1996. This was because of allegations of corruption & mismanagement made against Bhutto &
her administration. President Farooq Leghari dismissed the government and dissolved the National Assembly, which caused protests & political
turmoil in the country. Opposition parties and civil society organizations accused the government of being victimized for political reasons. The
dismissal of Bhutto's government was seen as a setback for democracy in Pakistan, & it created more political uncertainty and instability in
the country.
6.5.4 Second Government Era of Nawaz Sharif: Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif was elected as the Prime Minister of Pakistan
for the second time on February 17, 1997. However, on October 12, 1999, General Pervez Musharraf carried out a bloodless coup and removed
the democratically elected government of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif. This led to the imposition of military rule in Pakistan and the suspension
of the country's constitution.
Important Events
 The resignations of Justice Sajjad Ali Shah and President Farooq Ahmed Khan Laghari: During Nawaz Sharif's Second Government Era in
Pakistan, a significant event occurred when both the Chief Justice of Pakistan, Justice Sajjad Ali Shah, and the President of Pakistan, Farooq
Ahmed Khan Leghari, resigned from their positions. This happened because of political tensions and controversies surrounding the
government's attempt to reduce the powers of the judiciary and the presidency. The government had passed the 13th Amendment to the
Constitution, which was criticized by many as a threat to democracy and the rule of law in Pakistan. The resignations of Justice Sajjad Ali Shah
and President Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari highlighted the challenges of political governance and accountability in Pakistan and caused further
political turmoil and instability in the country.
 Justice (Retd) Rafiq Tarar elected as President: In January 1998, during Nawaz Sharif's Second Government Era in Pakistan, a significant event
occurred when Justice (Retd) Rafiq Tarar became the President of Pakistan. His election followed the resignation of President Farooq Ahmed
Khan Leghari and brought a new chapter in Pakistan's political history. Tarar, a former Supreme Court judge, was seen as a neutral person who
would promote democracy and uphold the rule of law in the country. His presidency was marked by efforts to protect minority rights,
strengthen international relations, and promote democracy. However, there were allegations of corruption, and controversy over his role in
the dismissal of the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 1999.
 Retire debt, adorn the country' scheme: In 1997, during the 2nd Government Era of Nawaz Sharif in Pakistan, the government launched a
scheme called "Retire Debt, Adorn the Country" to reduce the country's external debt. The scheme encouraged people to invest in government
bonds and financial instruments by offering prizes like cars and houses. The government also provided tax incentives and other benefits to
attract investors. While some saw it as a significant step towards improving Pakistan's economic situation, others criticized it as a temporary
solution that didn't address the underlying issues of corruption and mismanagement.
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 Rights of vote to Pakistanis abroad: In 1997, when Nawaz Sharif was the Prime Minister of Pakistan for the second time, a very important
thing happened. The government allowed Pakistanis who live in other countries to vote in elections. This was possible because of the Overseas
Pakistanis Foundation Act, which allowed them to register to vote. Many people were happy about this because they could now take part in
Pakistan's politics. The government hoped that this would help the country to grow economically and socially. However, some people were
worried that this might lead to cheating and misuse of the voting system. Despite this, the decision to give overseas Pakistanis the right to
vote was seen as a big step towards making Pakistan a more inclusive and democratic country.
 Restriction on floor crossing: During Nawaz Sharif's Second Government Era in Pakistan, important event took place when government-
imposed restrictions on "floor crossing" in parliament. Floor crossing refers to lawmakers switching political parties or affiliations during their
term in office. In 1997, Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act was passed, which stated that lawmakers who switched parties during their
term would lose their seat in parliament & be barred from contesting elections for three years. The government argued that this was necessary
to prevent political instability and promote party discipline in parliament. However, some criticized it, claiming it violated lawmakers' right to
freely express their views. Despite the controversy, the government maintained that the move was necessary for stability and coherence in
country's political system.
 Census of 1998: The census is a national survey that collects demographic data on the population of a country. The Census of 1998 was the
first census in Pakistan after a gap of 17 years. The survey collected information on the population's size, age, sex, religion, education, and
occupation. This data was used to plan and allocate resources for development projects, such as schools, hospitals, and infrastructure, based
on the needs of different regions and communities in the country. The 1998 census was the first national census conducted in Pakistan in
nearly two decades and provided important data on the country's population and social conditions.
 The announcement of an education policy: During Nawaz Sharif's Second Government Era in Pakistan, an important event was the
announcement of a new education policy aimed at improving the education system. The policy aimed to increase enrollment rates, improve
education quality, and increase access to education for girls and disadvantaged groups. It also aimed to introduce modern teaching methods
and technologies in schools and colleges. The announcement of this policy was considered a significant step towards the development of
education in Pakistan.
 Lahore Islamabad Motorway: The Lahore-Islamabad Motorway is a high-speed road that connects the cities of Lahore and Islamabad in
Pakistan. It was built during the Second Government Era of Nawaz Sharif, which began in 1997. The motorway spans over 375 kilometers and
has reduced travel time between the two cities significantly. It is considered an important infrastructure project that has improved
transportation and connectivity in the region.
 The repeal of clause 58-2-B from the 1973 Constitution: This clause gave the President of Pakistan the power to dismiss the Prime Minister
and dissolve the National Assembly. By repealing this clause, the Prime Minister's position became more secure and the President's power
was reduced. This change was seen as a significant step towards strengthening democracy in Pakistan.
 Atomic blasts (Pakistan as Nuclear Power): The Second Government Era of Nawaz Sharif in Pakistan is known for the country's atomic blasts,
which established Pakistan as a nuclear power. In May 1998, under Nawaz Sharif's leadership, Pakistan conducted a series of nuclear tests in
the Chaghi district of Baluchistan, making it the seventh country in the world to possess nuclear weapons. These tests were conducted in
response to India's nuclear tests earlier that same year, & demonstrated Pakistan's ability to develop & deploy nuclear weapons. The nuclear
tests were met with widespread condemnation from international community, but were celebrated in Pakistan as a significant achievement.
 Lahore Declaration: The Lahore Declaration was a peace agreement signed by India and Pakistan on February 21, 1999, after the Indian Prime
Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee's bus trip to Lahore. The agreement aimed to resolve long-standing issues between the two countries and
contained provisions for increased economic and cultural cooperation. It also called for resolving all outstanding issues between the countries
through dialogue and peaceful means. However, the peace efforts were short-lived as the Kargil War erupted just a few months later, ending
the peace process and straining the relations between the two countries.
 The entry of army into WAPDA: WAPDA (Water And Power Development Authority) is a public utility in Pakistan that provides electricity and
water. In 1998, the government of Nawaz Sharif decided to privatize WAPDA to improve its efficiency, but the move faced opposition from
labor unions and political parties. In response to the protests, Nawaz Sharif ordered the army to take control of WAPDA in May 1998, which
was seen as controversial and raised concerns about the government's commitment to democratic principles and civilian rule. The incident
highlighted tensions between the government and labor unions, as well as the role of the military in civilian affairs in Pakistan.
 Kargil Invasion: In May 1999, the Pakistani military, led by General Pervez Musharraf, attacked Indian army positions in Kargil district of Indian-
administered Kashmir. This led to a war between India and Pakistan, called the Kargil War, which lasted for two months and caused many
casualties. The war ended with a ceasefire agreement brokered by the United States. The international community criticized the Kargil invasion
as a violation of the Line of Control (LOC) between India and Pakistan, and it strained the relations between the two countries. The Kargil
invasion also had long-term implications for regional security in South Asia and resulted in the ousting of Nawaz Sharif's government in a
military coup led by General Pervez Musharraf in October 1999.
 The removal of Nawaz Sharif Government: In 1999, Nawaz Sharif's government was overthrown by the Pakistani military in a bloodless coup
led by General Pervez Musharraf. The coup was staged while Nawaz Sharif was out of the country, and Musharraf declared himself the Chief
Executive of Pakistan, suspending the constitution and imposing martial law. This event had significant political and constitutional implications
for Pakistan, as it led to a period of military rule and marked a setback for democracy in the country.
6.6 1999 TO ONWARD

6.6.1 The Era of General Pervez Musharraf: On October 12th, 1999, General Pervez Musharraf, who was serving as Chief of Army
Staff, suspended the constitution of Pakistan and overthrew the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. As a result of
the military coup, both the national and provincial assemblies were dissolved, and military rule was imposed in Pakistan. Important Events
 Devolution Plan, 2000: The Devolution Plan of 2000 was a big change in how Pakistan was run under General Pervez Musharraf. It gave more
power to local governments at the district and sub-district levels, so people had more say in how their areas were run. The plan aimed to
improve services like health and education by giving local governments more control over their budgets. It also helped promote gender
equality by giving women a third of all local government seats. Although the plan faced challenges, it was an important step towards
democratic governance and decentralization in Pakistan.
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 War on Terrorism: The War on Terrorism started in 2001 after September 11 attacks in the US. Pakistan played a crucial role in war, providing
support to the US military campaign against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. However, it resulted in increase in violence & extremism in
Pakistan, with the country becoming a target of terrorist attacks. The war also had long-term implications for regional security and contributed
to the emergence of new forms of terrorism. Overall, the War on Terrorism had significant consequences for Pakistan and the region.
 National Referendum, 2002: The National Referendum of 2002 was a vote held in Pakistan to support General Pervez Musharraf's government
and policies. It was held under emergency rule and was criticized for its lack of transparency and fairness. The referendum asked voters if they
had confidence in Musharraf's leadership, and the government claimed that over 98% of voters supported him. However, opposition parties
and civil society groups criticized the referendum, calling it a sham and manipulated. The National Referendum was significant in showing the
challenges of democratic governance and the limits of popular support for military rulers.
 Presidential Election, October 2007 National Re-Conciliation Order: In 2007, Pakistan held a Presidential Election, but opposition parties
refused to participate due to alleged unfairness. To address the crisis, General Musharraf introduced the National Reconciliation Order (NRO)
aimed at promoting political reconciliation and democracy. The NRO granted amnesty to opposition leaders convicted of corruption and
allowed former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto to return to Pakistan. However, the NRO faced criticism for lacking transparency and fairness.
 Benazir Returns to Pakistan: Benazir Bhutto was a former Prime Minister of Pakistan who returned to Pakistan in October 2007 after living in
self-imposed exile for several years. Her return was granted amnesty under the National Reconciliation Order issued by General Musharraf.
Bhutto's return was marked by a massive public reception, but it was also marred by violence. In December 2007, a suicide bomber attacked
her motorcade, killing over 100 people. Bhutto's return and subsequent assassination were significant events in the Era of General Pervez
Musharraf, as they highlighted the growing political crisis in Pakistan and the challenges of democratic governance.
 Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO), 2007: The PCO was an order issued by General Musharraf that suspended Pakistan's constitution and
gave him extensive powers, such as the authority to dismiss judges and officials. The PCO also limited press freedom and arrested opposition
leaders and activists without trial. The PCO was criticized as it violated the rule of law and democratic norms. The revocation of the PCO in
December 2007 came after protests and the imposition of emergency rule by General Musharraf. However, the PCO's legacy continued to
impact Pakistan's politics and highlighted the challenges of democratic governance under military rule.
 Imposition of Emergency: General Musharraf, the President of Pakistan, declared a state of emergency which led to the suspension of the
constitution, the dismissal of judges and senior officials, and the arrest of opposition leaders and activists. The emergency also resulted in
censorship and the closure of several media outlets. The emergency was widely criticized for violating the rule of law and democratic norms.
Protests erupted across Pakistan, demanding the restoration of democracy and civil liberties. The emergency was lifted in December 2007
after the revocation of the Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO), but its impact continued to shape Pakistani politics, highlighting the
challenges of democratic governance in the face of military rule.
 Impacts of emergency on Economy: During the emergency, the country's economy suffered a lot. There was a decline in investor and foreign
confidence, which led to a fall in the stock market. Censorship laws and media closures had negative impacts on the economy, and inflation
rose sharply. The government had to borrow heavily to finance its operations, which led to a decrease in consumer confidence and purchasing
power. The emergency's impacts on the economy were significant and long-lasting, and it highlighted the importance of democratic
governance and the rule of law in promoting economic growth and stability.
 Elections 2008: The elections were held in February 2008, and they marked the end of General Musharraf's rule and the beginning of a new
era in Pakistani politics. The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) won the largest number of seats, and its leader Benazir Bhutto became Prime
Minister. The elections were a positive step towards greater democracy and stability in the region, but were also marred by violence and
allegations of fraud. They highlighted the challenges of democratic governance in Pakistan and the need for greater transparency and
accountability in the electoral process. Overall, the 2008 elections were an important turning point in Pakistan's political history, paving the
way for greater democracy and stability in the future.
 Death of Benazir Bhutto: Benazir Bhutto was a former Prime Minister of Pakistan and an opposition leader who returned to Pakistan for the
2008 elections. She was assassinated during an election rally in Rawalpindi on December 27, 2007, which caused violent protests across
Pakistan. Her death was a major setback for Pakistan's democratic process and political stability. Many people saw her as a symbol of hope
for change and reform. Her death also raised concerns about extremist groups in Pakistan. The government was criticized for not providing
enough security and mishandling the investigation into her death. Overall, her death was a tragic event that had significant impacts on
Pakistan's politics and its prospects for democracy and security.
6.6.2 The Era of President Asif Ali Zardari & PPP Government: Asif Ali Zardari was elected as the President of Pakistan on
September 6, 2008, after the resignation of Pervez Musharraf on August 18, 2008. The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) government led by Zardari
focused on improving the country's economy, addressing social issues, and promoting democracy and stability during its tenure from 2008 to
2013. However, the government faced significant challenges, including political opposition, terrorism, and natural disasters such as floods.
 Long March: In 2009, there was a political movement in Pakistan called the "Long March." It was led by opposition parties, including the PML-
N, to restore independent judges who were removed by former President Musharraf. The Long March began in Lahore and gained momentum
as it moved towards Islamabad. The government imposed a curfew and arrested opposition leaders, but the movement ultimately succeeded
in restoring the judges' independence. The Long March was seen as a victory for democracy and peaceful protest.
 Terrorism and Military Operations (Rah-e-Rast, Rah-e-Nijat, Malakand): Under President Zardari's rule, Pakistan conducted several military
operations to fight terrorism. "Rah-e-Rast" was first operation launched in 2009 in Swat Valley to eliminate militants who had taken control of
area. It was successful in restoring government control & eliminating militant leaders. "Rah-e-Nijat" was another operation launched in South
Waziristan region to target Taliban and Al-Qaeda militants, resulting in many militants' deaths. "Malakand" was launched in 2009 in response
to an uprising by militants in the Malakand region to restore government control and eliminate militant threats. While these operations aimed
to eliminate terrorism and restore peace, they also displaced many civilians and raised concerns about human rights violations.
 18th Constitutional Amendment: The 18th Constitutional Amendment was passed in 2010 during President Asif Ali Zardari's time in office. It
made significant changes to the Pakistani constitution by giving more power to the provinces and reducing the president's power. It
strengthened the role of the prime minister and parliament while limiting the president's ability to dissolve the national assembly and dismiss
the prime minister. The amendment also made changes to the appointment of judges and the electoral process to ensure fair elections.
Overall, the amendment was a positive step towards decentralizing power and strengthening democracy in Pakistan.
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 Elections 2013: In 2013, general elections were held in Pakistan during President Asif Ali Zardari's era. Various political parties contested,
including PPP, PML-N, and PTI. The elections were marred by violence and allegations of corruption. Despite this, the elections were considered
free and fair, with high voter turnout. PML-N emerged as the winner, forming the government, while PPP suffered significant losses. These
elections were a significant moment in Pakistan's democratic history, with the peaceful transfer of power through the electoral process, but
also highlighted challenges like electoral fraud and political violence.
6.6.3 The Third Era of Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif & PML(N) Govt.: In the 2013 general elections,
held on May 11, 2013, the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), led by Nawaz Sharif, won a majority of seats in the National Assembly of
Pakistan. After being elected, Nawaz Sharif was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Pakistan for the third time on June 5, 2013. His party was able
to form a government without the need for a coalition with other parties. Important Events:
 Operation Zarb-e-Azab: During the third era of Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan launched "Operation Zarb-e-Azb" in
2014. The operation was aimed at eliminating terrorist groups in the North Waziristan region, such as the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, and restoring
government control. The operation involved both ground and air forces, which successfully cleared the area of militants, resulting in the death
of many militants and displacement of many civilians. The operation was successful in combating terrorism, but there were concerns about
human rights violations, including extrajudicial killings and disappearances.
 PTI's Azadi March, PAT's Inqilaab March: During the third era of Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, two major protests were
launched against the government: the Azadi March and the Inqilaab March. The Azadi March was launched by the PTI party in 2014, with the
aim of pressuring the government to investigate allegations of electoral fraud in the 2013 elections. The protest lasted for over 100 days, but
the government and PTI were unable to reach a resolution. The Inqilaab March was launched by the PAT party in 2014, with the aim of
pressuring the government to resign and call for new elections. The protest was marked by clashes between the protesters and the police,
and several people were killed and injured. These protests highlighted the deep political divisions and tensions in the country.
 Electoral Reforms: During the third era of Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, electoral reforms were introduced to address
concerns about electoral fraud and irregularities. These reforms included the establishment of an Election Commission with more
independence and power to ensure free and fair elections. The use of biometric technology was also introduced to prevent multiple voting
and impersonation. Additionally, reforms were made to the laws governing political parties, including new requirements for transparency and
accountability. The aim of these reforms was to improve the credibility of elections in Pakistan and to ensure that the electoral process was
fair and transparent. Despite some criticism and challenges, the electoral reforms introduced during the third era of Prime Minister Mian
Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and the PML(N) government were generally considered to be a step in the right direction towards strengthening
democracy in the country.
 China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): During the third era of Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, a big project called the
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) was launched. The CPEC aims to connect China with Pakistan's port of Gwadar through highways,
railways, and pipelines. This project is seen as a game-changer for the region and has the potential to boost economic growth in Pakistan by
creating new jobs and opportunities. The CPEC involves building new highways, railways, ports, energy projects, and industrial zones. Despite
some criticism about debt sustainability and transparency, the CPEC is widely considered a significant development in Pakistan's history and a
major milestone in the relationship between Pakistan and China.
 Rising Economic Growth: During the Govt. of PMNL, Pakistan's economy grew significantly. The government implemented policies to attract
foreign investment and create opportunities for businesses. They reduced tariffs, improved infrastructure, and initiated large-scale
development projects like the CPEC. The country's GDP growth rate rose steadily, reaching its peak of 5.8% in 2018, driven by manufacturing,
construction, and services. This economic growth was seen as a positive development and hopes were high for continued growth, leading to
greater prosperity and development for the people of Pakistan.
 Imprisonment of Nawaz Sharif & Maryam Nawaz: During the government of PMNL, the Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and
his daughter Maryam Nawaz were imprisoned on corruption charges related to the ownership of luxury apartments in London. Many saw the
charges as politically motivated and an attempt to silence opposition voices. The imprisonment led to protests and criticism from opposition
parties and supporters of the PML(N). Despite this, the PML(N) continued to hold power during the third era of Prime Minister Mian
Muhammad Nawaz Sharif's government, although with increasing criticism and opposition from other political parties and civil society groups.
 Shahid Khaqan Abbasi as New Prime Minister: During the Govt. of PMNL, Shahid Khaqan Abbasi became the new Prime Minister of Pakistan.
He was appointed after the Supreme Court disqualified Nawaz Sharif on corruption charges. Abbasi was a member of the PML(N) party and
had previously served as Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources. As Prime Minister, he focused on continuing the economic policies of
the previous government and oversaw the completion of several large-scale infrastructure projects. However, his time in office was short, and
he was succeeded by Imran Khan of the PTI party after the 2018 general election.
 Elections 2018: The 2018 elections in Pakistan were controversial, with allegations of fraud from several opposition parties. Despite this, the
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party, led by Imran Khan, won the elections and formed the new government. The elections were significant as
they marked the first peaceful transfer of power between civilian governments in Pakistan's history. Despite some issues, international
observers noted improvements in the electoral process compared to previous years.
6.6.4 The Naya Pakistan of Prime Minister Imran Khan: Imran Khan was elected as the Prime Minister of Pakistan in the
general elections held in July 2018. His political party, the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), emerged as the largest party in the National Assembly.
After forming a coalition government with smaller parties and independents, Imran Khan took office as the Prime Minister of Pakistan on August
18, 2018. Since taking office, his government has focused on improving the economy, reducing corruption, and promoting social welfare programs.
Important Events:
 NAB Role: In "Naya Pakistan", the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) is an independent organization that investigates and prosecutes cases
of corruption in Pakistan. The government under Prime Minister Khan has given the NAB more resources and powers to investigate corruption
cases. The NAB has targeted high-profile cases, including those involving politicians and public officials, resulting in many arrests and
convictions. However, some people believe the NAB is being used for political purposes to suppress opposition and criticism of the
government.
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 Corruption Scandals: In the "Naya Pakistan", there have been many corruption scandals that have affected the country. The government has
taken steps to fight corruption and has arrested and convicted many people involved in corruption. One of the biggest scandals was the
Panama Papers scandal, which implicated many members of the previous government in financial wrongdoing. The government has also
investigated corruption in the sugar industry and other areas of government. Some people support the government's anti-corruption efforts,
while others criticize the government's methods and accuse it of targeting opposition politicians.
 FATF: In "Naya Pakistan", the government is focusing on combating money laundering and terrorist financing through the Financial Action
Task Force (FATF). The FATF is an international organization that works to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing by setting global
standards. Pakistan has been on the FATF's grey list since 2018 due to deficiencies in its anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing
framework. The government has taken measures to address these deficiencies, including passing new laws, improving its financial intelligence
unit, and increasing enforcement actions against suspected money launderers and terrorist financiers. However, Pakistan remains on the grey
list and must continue to work to address these issues.
 Taxations Reforms: The government in "Naya Pakistan" wants to improve the economy by reforming taxes. They made changes to the tax
code, increased tax collection, and reduced tax evasion. The tax system is becoming fairer by taxing the wealthy more and providing a tax
amnesty scheme for undeclared income. The government aims to expand the tax base by making it easier for more people to pay taxes. Some
business groups criticize these reforms, but the government believes they are necessary for long-term economic success and less reliance on
external borrowing.
Contemporary Pakistan
Economic Institutions and Issues | Society and Social Structure | Ethnicity |
Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges | Futuristic outlook of Pakistan
7 ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS AND ISSUES

7.1 Economic Institutions: The major economic institutions of Pakistan are as follow:
1. Mining 2. Agriculture 3. Industries 4. Trade & Commerce
7.1.1 Mining:
The Mineral Development Corporation was established for the purposes of development of mineral resources in Pakistan in 1975. Minerals are
divided into two groups, metallic and non-metallic. In Pakistan, the metallic minerals include iron, copper, chromite, etc. The non-metallic minerals
include petroleum, natural gas, common salt, limestone, marble, gypsum, etc.
1. Petroleum: For human kind, the importance of petroleum and its products is more than all the minerals used in industries. The important
products of petroleum include gasoline, kerosene oil, diesel, mobile oil, wax and coal tar. There are factories in Pakistan to refine oil. After the
establishment of the Oil and Gas Development Corporation was a lot of progress in oil exploration. The Potohar Plateau in Pakistan is an ancient
region of petroleum production. The oil wells of this area are located in Balkassar. Kho Dhallian, Joyamir, Manwal, Kot Sarong, Miyal, Aadlhi and
Kaaziyan. In Lower Sindh the important oil producing areas are Khaskheli, Kinaat, Tando Allah Yar and Zamzama. These reserves have an important
role in fulfilling the country's requirements.
2. Natural Gas: Natural gas was discovered in Pakistan in 1952 at Sui. These natural gas reserves are included in the world's biggest gas reserves.
Natural gas is a cheap source of energy. This gas is used not only domestically but also in industries. Using pipelines, natural gas is transported to
nearly all the big cities of Pakistan. In Punjab there are natural gas reserves in Dhodak, Pirkoh, Dhallian and Miyal. Its reserves are found in Uch
and Zun in Baluchistan and in Khairpur, Mizrani, Saari, Hindi, Kandhkot and Sarang in Sindh.
3. Copper: In ancient times, copper was used only to make coins, utensils, etc. Nowadays in Pakistan, it is used to make electrical products,
especially wires, etc. The copper reserves discovered in Baluchistan in Districts Chaghi, Saindak, Kalat, Zob and other areas are very important. In
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa copper reserves are found in Dir, Chitral and Hazara.
4. Iron Ore: Iron ore was discovered in Pakistan in 1957. Iron ore reserves were discovered in many places in Pakistan. This includes Kalabagh
(District Mianwali) Dol Nisaar (District Chitral), Langrial and Chilghazi (District Chaghi). Due to difficulties in transportation, there is less profit.
5. Coal: Coal is an important and ancient source of energy. In Pakistan coal is used for products thermal electricity, baking bricks and for domestic
purposes. Presently Pakistan coal mined at Dandot, Padh and Makarwal in areas of Salt Mountain in the Punjab. In there are coal mines in Thar,
Jampir, Sarang and Lakhra. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa reserves are found only in Hangu. In Baluchistan mining is being carried out in Sharg, Degari,
Shirin Aab, Mach Bolan and Harnai.
6. Salt: Pakistan has more than 100 million tons of reserves of rock salt. This salt is being used in food as well as in the chemical industry. In Pakistan
huge reserves of rock salt are found in Salt Mountain in Khewra (District Jhelum). Vast reserves are also found in Kalabagh (District Mianwali),
Warcha (District Khushab) and Bahadur Khel (District Karak). Sea Salt is also obtained from Lasbela and the area near Makran's coast in Baluchistan,
and also from Mauripur (Karachi).
7. Chromite: Chromite is an important mineral which is mostly used for steel manufacturing. More than 25 large reserves of chromite have been
discovered in Pakistan. Chromite is exported to many countries. It is also used in Karachi Steel Mill. In Baluchistan reserves of chromite are found
in Muslim Bagh, Chaghi and Kharaan. Its reserves have also been discovered in Malakand and Mohmand Agency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
8. Gypsum: In the preparation of phosphate fertilizer, gypsum is used as a raw material. It is also used in cement industry, paper manufacturing,
plaster of Paris, sulphuric acid, paint and polish industry and also in rubber industry. In Pakistan gypsum is found in Khewra, Dandot, Daud Khel,
Quaidabad, Rohri, Kohat, Dera Ghazi Khan, Loralai, Sibbi, etc.
9. Limestone: Limestone is a very useful mineral. It is used in glass manufacturing, soap making, paper manufacturing, cement manufacturing,
steel manufacturing, making of bleaching powder, white washing of building, paint manufacturing, paan, lime and soda ash industry. In Pakistan
limestone is mostly found in northern and western mountainous areas Reserves of limestone are found in Daud Khel, Wah, Rohri, Hyderabad,
Sibbi, Dera Ghazi Khan, Kohat, Nowshera and Khizdaar.
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10. Marble: Marble is used for floors and walls of buildings. There are different types and colours of marble in Pakistan. There are reserves of
marble in Mardan, Swat, Nowshera, Hazara, Chaghi, Gilgit and Attock.
11. Sulphur: Sulphur is an important mineral. Sulphur is used in ordnance factories, sulphuric acid, chemical industries, medicine manufacturing
industry, safety match industry, preparation of ammonium sulphate fertilizer, preparation of paints and colours. Sulphur is found in Sultan
Mountains (District Chaghi) Baluchistan, Sunny (District Kachhi) and Kalat. Sulphur reserves are found in Karachi, Hyderabad in Sindh and in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa in Peshawar and Chitral.
7.1.2 Agriculture:
Pakistan is an agrarian country. Agriculture plays a very important role in the economy of the country. The role of agriculture in Pakistan's economy
is explained below:
1. Source of food:- Pakistan is in the list of those developing countries where the agriculture is comprehended as the basic pillar of economy.
Man's basic need is food which includes wheat, cotton, rice, corn, sugar cane, millet, pulses, vegetables and fruit, etc. Agriculture also fulfils the
nutritional needs of all animals. This includes the feed crops of summer and winter.
2. Source of national income:- The agricultural sector has been the main source of national income of the country since Pakistan was created. Due
to this, a development in the agricultural sector leads crease in national income. This leads to prosperity in the country.
3. Availability of raw material for industries:- The following industries in Pakistan are dependent on the produce of the agricultural sector: flour
mills, sugar mills, rice mills, cotton, textile industry, ghee mills, soap industry, bread, juice factories and fruit products.
4. Employment opportunities:- A large proportion of Pakistani population is directly or indirectly related to the agricultural sector. These millions
of people are linked to buying and selling in grain markets, fruit and vegetables markets. The labour force of the country which is approximately
44% is dependent on agriculture. Many people involved in transportation in the agricultural sector also earn their livelihood in this manner. In this
way agriculture is the biggest profession of the most people in Pakistan.
5. Source of foreign exchange:- Agricultural sector produce leads to agricultural exports. Pakistan earns a large amount of foreign exchange by
exporting produce like rice, cotton and industrial products dependent on them.
6. Source of economic development:- Nearly 21% of the collective national production of Pakistan is from the agricultural sector. Not only
Pakistan's economic development but also industrial and trade development are dependent upon agriculture. Agriculture has a very important
role in the economic development of the national economy.
7.1.2.1 Livestock:- Livestock rearing plays an important role in the agriculture of Pakistan. Sheep farming is the popular profession of people living
in areas where there are grazing lands. This has a very important role in the economy of the country. This profession, in difficult times, is a source
of support for farmers, non-farmers and people who do not own land. Bulls are used for ploughing the land and for transporting crops. Cows,
buffaloes, sheep, goats, etc. are domestic animals. They are reared for milk, butter, ghee and meat. Their hides are used for manufacturing leather
products. The govern taken many steps and given facilities to promote livestock rearing. For this a University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
was established in Lahore He health of animals is taken care of and research carried out so that healthy animal good breed can be bred. Other
steps taken by the government include import of animals for reproduction purposes, training of related people, ending customs duty on livestock
and dairy imports, etc.
7.1.2.2 Fishing:- Fishing is one of the oldest professions in Pakistan. Fish farming is an artificial method for reproduction purposes. Fish play an
important role in increasing the national income and overcoming the scarcity of food. This lessens the load placed on the requirement of mutton,
beef and poultry. More than 4 lakh fishermen and their families are related to this profession. Fish is very important for human nutrition as it is
an essential source of protein. The coastal areas of Pakistan are famous for their shrimps and other kinds of fish. Pakistan's rivers, lakes and fish
farms also provide fish.
7.1.3 Industries
7.1.3.1 Cottage Industries: An industry or act of production which is carried out in homes or on a small scale in the category of cottage industries.
Cottage industries usually include those in in which Pakistani craftsmen use old fashioned, simple tools and traditional mi Local raw material is
used in these industries. Cottage industries play an important in the industrial development of a country. Our famous cottage industries include:
1. Craft of Spinning with a Spinning Wheel
2. Leather Goods Manufacturing
3. Craft of Making Clay Utensils
4. Wood and Iron Craft
5. Different Items of Daily Use from Leaves and Cane
6. Embroidery on Clothes
7. Weaving Cotton, Making Woolen and Jute Items with Hand Tools
8. Metal Goods, and Dagger and Knife Manufacturing
9. Sports Goods Manufacturing
10. Silver and Gold Craft
11. Stone Craft
12. Clay Toys Manufacturing
Handicrafts industry is being carried out in each province and villages of Pakistan since ancient times. It is practiced according to individual cultures
and is still popular today.
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7.1.3.2 Small industries:- In the industrial sector of Pakistan, a large number of people are associated with small industries. Small industry means
that industry which employs 2 to 9 workers and manufactures different items. A few of our small industries are listed below:
1. Dairy Farm Industry
2. Bee-Keeping Industry
3. Utensil Making Industry
4. Fan, Electric Motor Making Industry
5. Poultry Farming
6. Carpet Weaving
7. Sports Good Manufacturing Industry
8. Manufacturing of Stainless Steel Cutlery, Etc.
7.1.3.3 Large scale industries:- The following large-scale industries in Pakistan are very important:
1. Sugar Industry
2. Iron And Steel Industry
3. Petroleum And Petroleum Products Industry
4. Automobile (Jeeps, Cars) Industry
5. Armaments Industry
6. Heavy Machinery Industry
7. Buses, Tractors Industry-
8. Motorcycle Industry
9. Machinery, T.V. Sets Industry
10. Refrigerator, Air-Conditioner Industry
11. Tobacco and Cigarette Industry
12. Textile and Textile Related Industries
13. Leather and Leather Goods Industry
14. Paper and Paper Products Industry
15. Cosmetics Industry
16. Tyres and Tubes Industry
7.1.4 Trade & Commerce:
Some countries have a large quantity of mineral reserves. Other countries are very advanced in the field of agriculture. Some countries can produce
themselves goods for their needs at cheaper rates. Other countries are obliged to export their manpower to foreign countries. The vast imbalance
of goods of needs makes the basis of the beginning of international trade. Every country wants to limit its needs so that it has to import very few
goods. On the other hand, efforts are made to export larger quantities of goods manufactured in their country to other countries. This earns
foreign exchange.
7.1.4.1 Exports of Pakistan: The important exports of Pakistan are as follows:
1. Rice: Pakistan in produces excellent qualities of rice. Trading of rice with foreign countries is of the supervision of a government organization
called Rice Trading Corporation. This o organization buys rice from private companies and factories and exports to countries: Saudi Arabia, United
Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, Iraq, Iran, Brazil, Libya, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Indonesia, Britain, Canada, Germany and America.
2. Cotton and cotton Products: Different types of cotton is cultivated in our country. Pakistan exports the following cotton and its products.
(i) Raw cotton: Pakistan's raw cotton is of excellent quality and very fine. It is in great demand in foreign countries, Pakistan mostly exports
raw cotton to Canada, America, Japan, Hong Kong, Britain, Italy, France, Poland, Germany and Belgium etc.
(ii) Cotton cloth: Cotton cloth plays an important role in the exports of Pakistan. Pakistan mostly exports cotton cloth to Britain, America, Sri
Lanka, Afghanistan, Russia, Germany, Hong Kong and Poland.
(iii) Cotton yarn: Excellent quality and fine cotton yarn is produced in large quantities in Pakistan. There is a great demand for it abroad.
Countries which import our yarn include Russia, Sudan, America, Poland, Germany, Iran, Britain, France and some African countries.
(iv) Hosiery goods: Like the other cotton products, the hosiery goods industry in Pakistan is also important. It produces vests, socks,
handkerchiefs, sweaters and towels. Hosiery goods are exported to Middle Eastern countries, America and Europe.
(v) Readymade garments: Garments manufactured in Pakistan are gaining popularity abroad. Ready. garments from our country arc exported
to Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirate, Iraq, France, Germany, Britain, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and America.
3. Sports goods: The Pakistani cities of Sialkot and Lahore are famous for the manufacturing of sports goods. Worth mentioning are the equipment
of volleyball, football, carom board. hockey, and cricket. Holland, Belgium, France, Italy, Britain, Germany and America etc. are important buyers
of our sports goods.
4. Leather and leather goods: Animals give us milk, butter and meat. Their hides also help us meet our various needs. There are many tanneries
in Pakistan to dye and prepare leather. Leather has helped in the development of the shoe making industry and goods like suitcases, bags, jackets,
sacks and other products. Leather goods are mostly exported to Japan, Germany, France, Britain, America, Italy, Russia, Spain, China, Bangladesh
and Middle Eastern countries.
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5. Carpets, rugs and mats: Pakistan holds a special position in carpet weaving. Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Jhang, and Sangla Hill are famous for
carpet weaving. We export our carpets, rugs and mats to Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Italy, France, America and Britain etc.
6. Cement: Pakistan has progressed greatly in the cement industry. After fulfilling national needs, it is exported to Saudi Arabia, United Arab
Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, India, etc.
7. Surgical Instruments and Medical Equipment: Pakistani manufactured surgical over the world. These instruments are exported to Latin America,
Africa, Britain, France and Germany etc.
8. Fish and fish products: Cal has great importance in human nutrition. Fish from Pakistan is in great demand all over the world. The following
countries are important buyers of our fish and fish products - China, United Arab Emirates, Thailand, Korca, Malaysia, Indonesia, Hong Kong,
Middle East and Sri Lanka etc.
9. Dry fruits, fruits and vegetables: Pakistan exports dry fruits to Italy, Britain, America, Arab countries, Sri Lanka, Singapore and Malaysia. Fruits
and fresh vegetable are exported to Iran, Germany, Middle East and some countries of Europe. Pickles, sherbets, chutneys, marmalade and jams
etc. prepared in Pakistan are exported to Arab countries.
10. Chemical and pharmaceutical products: In the past many years, chemicals pharmaceutical industry has greatly progressed. Many countries of
Middle East & Africa are buyers of our chemicals & pharmaceuticals.
7.1.4.2 Imports of Pakistan: The important imports of Pakistan are given below:
1. Petroleum and Petroleum Products: Pakistan has to spend a great amount of foreign exchange on import of petroleum. To lessen the amount
of foreign exchange spent, many products of petrol and a manufactured in Pakistan. To fulfil its needs Pakistan imports oil, petrol, diesel petroleum
products like plastic etc. from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, Iran and Iraq.
2. Iron and steel: To fulfil the national requirement for iron and to run our factories, steel and its manufactured products are imported from
Germany, Belgium, Britain, France, America Japan, and Australia. With the help of Russia, we have established a steel mill in Karachi.
3. Machinery: A very big factory for production of iron and heavy machinery has been established at Taxila. Heavy machinery for different factories
is manufactured in Pakistan Nevertheless, electric generators and excellent quality machinery is imported.
4. Fertilizers: There are many factories in Pakistan which manufacture chemical fertilizers. In order to fulfil national requirements some types of
fertilizers are imported from Iraq, Tunisia, Italy and America.
5. Edible oil: Pakistan imports edible oil mostly from America, Sri Lanka and Malaysia.
6. Tea: Tea is consumed in large quantities in Pakistan. Pakistan imports tea mostly from Bangladesh, Kenya and Sri Lanka. A lot of foreign exchange
is spent on this.
7. Miscellaneous: A large amount of foreign exchange is spent on the import of pharmaceuticals, paper, armaments, milk products, dry fruits,
pulses, electrical goods, computers, pesticides, mobiles and cars.
7.2 THE SOCIOECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
The major socioeconomic institutions of Pakistan are:
1. Education: Education is a socioeconomic institution in Pakistan that involves the formal & informal processes of learning & skill development.
The education system in Pakistan includes primary, secondary, higher secondary, and tertiary education, and vocational training. Education plays
a crucial role in shaping the social and economic development of Pakistan by providing individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to
participate in the workforce and contribute to society. However, the education system in Pakistan faces many challenges, including inadequate
funding, low literacy rates, and disparities in access to education across different regions and socioeconomic groups.
2. Health: Health is a socio-economic institution in Pakistan that refers to the state of physical, mental, and social well-being of individuals in the
country. It encompasses a range of services, including preventive, curative, and rehabilitative healthcare, as well as health education and
promotion. The provision of adequate and accessible healthcare services is a crucial aspect of this institution, as it impacts the overall health and
quality of life of the population. In Pakistan, the healthcare system faces various challenges, including inadequate funding, shortage of trained
medical personnel, and limited access to healthcare facilities in rural and remote areas.
3. Information Technology: Information technology (IT) in Pakistan refers to the use of digital technology and software applications to process,
manage, store, and exchange information. It includes the use of computers, the internet, mobile devices, and other forms of digital communication
to support various industries and services, including e-commerce, telecommunications, software development, and outsourcing. The development
of IT infrastructure and services has played a significant role in the growth of Pakistan's economy and its integration into the global digital economy.
However, there are still challenges in terms of expanding access to technology and bridging the digital divide between urban and rural areas.
7.3 ECONOMIC ISSUES

Pakistan is having a hard time with its economy. It's in a bad situation and people are trying to find ways to fix it. But if they don't deal with the
long-term problems, they won't be able to take advantage of the opportunities they have. Some of the challenges are too much debt, too much
importing and not enough exporting, not enough saving or investing, not collecting enough taxes, not following policies well, and too many taxes.
To solve these problems, they can offer low interest rates, collect taxes properly, use their young labor force better, use technology, have good
governance, and give power to local governments.
Decentralization can help improve a country's economy by allowing local people to make decisions about what they need in their area. Instead of
one person in the capital making all the decisions, power is given to local governments so they can decide what's best for their district. By doing
this, resources are used more efficiently and economic growth can increase from 6-7% to 8-9% annually. Local governments report to provincial
governments and provincial governments report to the federal government.
Lowering the interest rate can help boost the economy. When the government sets a low interest rate, it becomes easier for people to borrow
money from the bank to invest in their businesses. This increases the demand for goods and services and creates more job opportunities. Lower
interest rates also improve the living standards of people and increase the GDP of the country.
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Collecting taxes is important for Pakistan's economy. In the past four years, tax revenue has increased by 81%, which is a good thing. This has led
to a 5.4% growth in the economy, which is the highest in over 10 years. The government needs to let the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) work
fairly, independently, and transparently. This will make FBR more efficient and effective in collecting taxes. When taxpayers trust FBR, they will
pay taxes honestly. The collected tax money can be used to build roads, bridges and other infrastructure. This will create jobs, reduce
unemployment, and generate income for many people.
Pakistan has a young labor force that can be used to boost the economy. By providing them with education and skills, they can become a skilled
workforce for the world. This can create job opportunities and increase worker allowances. By training the young population in various fields,
Pakistan can put over 30 million people to work in the age group of 25-35. This will help to prevent social disturbance and improve the economy.
Technology is advancing quickly in Pakistan. Many people now have mobile phones and this technology can be used to help with banking, weather
information, agriculture, health, education, and other important things. Technology can also help the economy through software development
and service outsourcing. Pakistan is working to achieve a goal of $5 billion in software exports by 2020. However, more reforms are needed to
attract talented people to work in businesses and the public sector. Academics, intellectuals, and community leaders should play a role in making
positive changes for society.
8 SOCIETY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Pakistan is a diverse country with a predominantly Muslim population. It has both rural and urban areas, and its economy has grown since gaining
independence in 1947. However, there is a significant wealth gap, with a small number of wealthy families controlling much of the nation's wealth.
Poverty affects almost one-third of the population, and the country is male-dominated. There are disparities in access to healthcare, education,
and sanitation, particularly for women. With a growing population and limited resources, these issues have caused concerns in the society.
Pakistan was founded in 1947 for Muslims in South Asia and 97% of Pakistanis follow Islam. Religion was meant to unite people but ethnic and
linguistic differences still exist. Islam is a big part of Pakistani society but there are debates about its role in politics. Recently, there has been less
discussion about Islam in politics but it is still an important issue.
Pakistan has a lot of diversity in its regions. People from different regions have different cultural traditions and speak different languages. Ethnic,
regional, and family loyalties are more important for people than national loyalties. Punjabis are the largest ethnic group in Pakistan and are the
dominant group in the central government and military. Baloch, Pakhtuns, and Sindhis want more control over their own provinces. It can also be
difficult because people from different ethnic groups live together within the same province.
8.1 SOCIAL STRUCTURE
No society in the world is static. Children are enrolled to different training institutions for education, training and transformation of cultural and
societal aspects. In big social institutions, besides family, the institutions of religion, education, politics, welfare and recreation are worth
mentioning.
8.1.1 Family: Training is the process of learning and teaching. Good training enables a person to live better life in society. Family plays an important
role in the training of children. It is the important institution of social training. Parents teach the children how to become good human beings, how
to behave and what type of relations should be developed with the and neighbors. Family transfers and teaches religion, ethics, arts, habits, values,
traditions and languages, etc.
8.1.2 Neighbors: Neighbors hold great importance in society. In rural areas, children spend most of their time with the children of neighbors. They
visit one another's house. They play together. In this surrounding a child learns a lot.
8.1.3 Religious Institutions: Mosque is the most important institution of our society. Educational institutions are responsible for the formal and
non-formal education. Parents also acquaint their children with religious education.
8.1.4 Political Institutions: There is a great need of making the people habitual of rules and regulations and to take necessary steps for their
collective welfare. If someone breaks the rules and regulations, he can be stopped. This policy of need of time has given birth to the political
institutions in the society.
8.1.5 Social Training Institutions for Children: Social training institutions for children in Pakistan refer to organizations that educate and socialize
children outside their homes. These institutions include schools, nurseries, daycares, preschools, and other programs that focus on children's
physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development. These institutions are crucial in shaping children's future by imparting knowledge, values,
and skills that help them become responsible, productive, and well-adjusted members of society.
Following institutions give social training to the children:
1. Family: Family is a social training institution that provides emotional, physical, and financial support to children. It plays a critical role in the
socialization process, helping children develop social and emotional skills, values, and beliefs that shape their behavior and outlook on life.
Parents and other family members serve as role models for children, teaching them social norms, cultural traditions, and ethical values that
guide their actions and decisions. The family also provides children with opportunities for education, health care, and social interaction, which
are critical for their overall development and well-being.
2. Religious Institutions: Religious institutions are social training institutions for children in Pakistan that impart religious education and values
to children. These institutions include mosques, madrasas, and other religious schools. Children learn about Islamic teachings, the Quran, and
the Hadith, and are trained to lead a pious life. Religious institutions also emphasize the importance of moral values such as honesty, integrity,
and respect for others. In Pakistan, these institutions play a vital role in shaping the social and cultural fabric of society.
3. Educational Institutions: are that social training institutions which provides children with formal education and learning opportunities. They
include schools, colleges, universities, and other academic institutions. These institutions are responsible for imparting knowledge, developing
skills, and preparing students for future careers. In Pakistan, educational institutions play a crucial role in shaping the social, economic, and
political development of the country by equipping the youth with the necessary tools to succeed in life.
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4. Political Institutions: are primarily responsible for governing the country and making decisions that affect the lives of citizens. However,
they also play a role in socializing children through various means, such as civics education, exposure to political leaders, and participation in
youth organizations. Political institutions can shape children's attitudes and beliefs about their rights and responsibilities as citizens, as well as
their sense of national identity and belonging. Therefore, it is important for political institutions to promote democratic values, encourage
civic engagement, and foster a sense of social responsibility among children.
5. Welfare Institutions: are organizations that provide assistance, support, & services to individuals and communities in need. These
institutions include non-profit organizations, charities, & government agencies that offer programs such as healthcare, education, social
services, & emergency aid. Their goal is to improve the well-being and quality of life of vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly,
& those living in poverty. These institutions aim to create a more equitable & just society by addressing the social and economic challenges
faced by communities in Pakistan.
6. Cultural Festivals: Social Training Institutions for Children in Pakistan also include cultural festivals that promote socialization and cultural
learning among children. These festivals are celebrated throughout the country with great enthusiasm and include events such as Eid, Diwali,
Christmas, and other cultural and religious festivals. Through these festivals, children learn about their cultural heritage, traditions, and values,
and develop a sense of pride in their cultural identity. Additionally, these festivals promote social cohesion and provide opportunities for
families and communities to come together and celebrate their shared cultural heritage.
8.1.6 Recognition of Various Values: Great and high values exist in all the provinces of Pakistan. Elders are cured everywhere. Women are
respected. Elders treat young ones with love and care. Needy and helpless people are supported. Regional social problems are solved with mutual
collaboration and consensus. They another in happiness and sorrow. In rural areas, punchaaiti system comprised of elders and learned people,
resolves the conflicts at local level. This system saves them from going to courts and police stations.
8.1.7 Elements that affect the Values
8.1.7.1 Religion: Every society has its own religious and cultural values; for example, to say Salat, to keep Roza, to respect Holy Quran and to follow
its teaching, consider Hazrat Muhammad (s) the last Nabi of Allah and to act upon His (-) Sunnah are our religious values. All the values of life
revolve around them. Sympathy, generosity, honesty, nobility, patience, piousness, truth and respect of laws and regulations are called the Islamic
values.
8.1.7.2 Culture: Every society has its own culture, which differentiates it from the other. This difference is not the symbol of non-confidence rather
it is the source of identity, for example language, dress, way of living, food and customs are the basic elements of culture. Values are greatly
promoted in all the cultures of the world.
8.1.7.3 Education: The more the education is promoted, the more it affects the social values. If education is given higher priority in a society then
it will become an important part of public life to spread education and to send their children to school.
8.1.7.4 Sports: In Pakistan, sports are also part of curriculum along with formal education. The countries which give importance to sports outplay
others in the playground. In pa games are held which volleyball etc. Wrestling skills are also liked in Pakistan. "Polo" is popular in Gilgit and northern
areas. Hockey is our national game.
8.1.8 Prominent Social Values in Pakistani Society
Prominent social values in Pakistani society are as under:
8.1.8.1 Marriage: Marriage is a religious and social obligation which is organized in regular manner by both parties (bride and groom). Government
has made a law for the public facilities and to save people from unnecessary expenditures. It is prohibited by law to serve more than one dish in
the marriage ceremonies.
8.1.8.2 The Birth of a Child: Every person acts according to his religious rituals on the birth of child. Right after the birth of a Muslim child, Azan is
recited in his ears. Relatives celebrate the event and present gifts. Similarly, the people of other religion act according to their traditions.
8.1.8.3 Death Rites: On the death of a person, rites are performed according to his religious beliefs. People in the surrounding share the grief.
9 ETHNICITY
9.1 DEFINITION: The major ethnic groups of Pakistan include Jatts, Rajputs, Punjabis, Pashtuns, Sindhis, Saraikis, Muhajirs Baloch, Hindkowans,
and Chitralis. Smaller ethnic groups found throughout the nation include Kashmiris Kalash, Siddi, Burusho, Wakhis, Khowar, Hazara, Shina, Kalyu
and Baltis.
Pakistan's census does not include the 1.7 million naturalized refugees from Afghanistan mainly found in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), with significant
populations in the cities of Karachi and Quetta. Most of thes Afghan refugees were born in Pakistan within the last 30 years and are ethnic Pashtuns,
Tajiks, Uzbeks Baloch and Turkmen.
9.2 MAJOR ETHNIC GROUPS
9.2.1 Punjabi: Punjabis are the largest ethnic group in Pakistan and make up almost half of the country's population. They are an Indo-Aryan group
and are divided into biradaris, or brotherhoods, with subgroups based on occupation such as agriculture or artisanry. Some zamindars, or
landowners, are divided into castes like Rajput, Jat, Shaikh, Khatri, Khandowa, Gujjar, Awan, Arain and Syed.
Many different ethnic groups live in the Pakistani region of Punjab. The largest group is the Punjabis, who make up almost half of Pakistan's
population. Within the Punjabi community, there are various subgroups based on occupation and social status. Other ethnic groups like Kashmiris,
Pashtuns and Baluchis also live in the Punjab region. The majority of people in Pakistani Punjab are Muslim, with small minorities of Hindus, Sikhs,
and Christians. Some famous Punjabi-Pakistanis include Nobel laureate Abdus Salam, cricketer Wasim Akram, and economist Mahbub al Haq.
9.2.2 Pashtuns: Pashtuns are a group of people who live in Pakistan and are the country's second largest ethnicity. They speak a language called
Pashto and are mostly Sunni Muslim. They come from the region known as Pashtunistan, which is in the western part of Pakistan. Pashtuns are
divided into different tribes, such as Afridi and Yousafzai. They are also found in cities like Lahore, Karachi, and Punjab, as well as among Afghan
refugees in Pakistan. Some famous Pakistani Pashtuns include former president Ayub Khan, current prime minister Imran Khan, and Nobel Laureate
Malala Yousafzai.
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9.2.3 Sindhis:- Sindhis are a group of people from Sindh province in Pakistan. They speak Sindhi language and most of them are Muslim. Their
culture is influenced by Sufi principles and popular cultural figures include Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, and Jhulelal. Some famous
Pakistani-Sindhis are Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Abdul Sattar Eidhi, and Abida Parveen.
9.2.4 Saraikis: Saraikis are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group. Saraikis speak the language Seraiki and are settled in southern part of Punjab.
This is the second largest community in Punjab. There are almost 20 million Saraiki people in Pakistan. Notable Pakistani-Saraiki include Pathanay
Khan, Attaullah Esa Khelvi, Yusuf Raza Gillani.
9.2.5 Muhajirs: Muhajirs (meaning "refugees") are also called "Urdu Speaking people". Muhajirs are a collective multiethnic group, which emerged
by the migration of Indian Muslims from various parts of India to Pakistan starting in 1947, as a result of world's largest mass migration. Majority
of Muhajirs are settled in Sindh mainly in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur and Mirpur Khas. But there are other parts of Pakistan, including cities like
Lahore, Multan, Islamabad, Peshawar where Muhajirs have sizable community. Muhajirs held a dominating position during the nation building
early years of Pakistan. Most Muslim politicians of pre-independence era who supported the Pakistan movement were Urdu speakers. The term
Muhajir is also used for descendants of Muslims who migrated to Pakistan after the 1947 partition of India.
9.2.6 Baloch: The Baloch as an Iranic ethnic group are principally found in the east of Baluchistan province of Pakistan, Despite living south towards
the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian sea for centuries, they are classified as a northwestern Iranic people in accordance to their language which
belongs to the northwestern subgroup of Iranic languages.
Dr. Akhtar Baloch, a professor at the University of Karachi, says that the Balochis moved from Baluchistan to Sindh and Punjab during a period
known as the Little Ice Age, which lasted from about the 16th to 19th centuries. This was a time when the climate was very cold in Baluchistan,
making it difficult to live there during the winter. So the Baloch people migrated in waves to Sindh and Punjab.
9.2.7 Kashmiris: Kashmiri people are an ethnic group who live in the Kashmir Valley and Azad Kashmir. They are mostly Sunni Muslims and call
themselves "Kashur" in their language. They are descended from Kashmiri Hindus and are also known as 'Sheikhs'. Most Kashmiri Muslims live in
the Kashmir Valley, but there are also communities in other parts of Jammu and Kashmir state. Some Kashmiris also live in Pakistan. During Dogra
and Sikh rule, many Kashmiris migrated to Punjab and adopted Punjabi language. Kashmiri language is a Dardic language and is widely spoken.
9.2.7 Bengalis: Bengalis in Pakistan form at least 1% of Pakistani population. Their roots in Pakistan dates back to 1940s when the eastern part of
Bengal in undivided India joined Pakistan. Between 1947 and 1971, many Bengalis migrated to Pakistan. Though some returned to Bangladesh
after its independence, a small number remained in Pakistan. Examples of Pakistani Bangladeshis include Jharna Basak, Runa Laila, & Robin Ghosh.
9.2.8 Brahuis: The Brahui or Brahvi people are a Pakistani ethnic group of about 2.2 million people with the vast majority found in Baluchistan,
Pakistan. They are a small minority group in Afghanistan, where they are native, but they are also found through their diaspora in Middle Eastern
states. They mainly occupy the area in Baluchistan from Bolan Pass through the Bolan Hills to Ras Muari (Cape Monze) on the Arabian sea,
separating the Baloch people living to the east and west. The Brahuis are almost entirely Sunni Muslims.
9.3 MINOR ETHNIC GROUPS
9.3.1 Hazara: The Hazara people, natives to the present day Hazarajat (Hazaristan), are a Persian-speaking people mostly residing in all Pakistan
and specially in Quetta. Some are citizens of Pakistan while others are refugees. Genetically, the Hazara are a mixture of Turko-Mongols and
Iranian-speaking peoples, and those of Middle East and Central Asia. The genetic research suggests that they are closely related to the Eurasian
and the Uyghurs. The Pakistani Hazaras estimated population is believed to be more than 1,550,000.
9.3.2 Burusho people: The Burusho or Brusho people live in the Hunza and Yasin valleys of Gilgit-Baltistan in northern Pakistan. They are
predominantly Muslims. Their language, Burushki, has not been shown to be related to any other language. The Hunzakuts or Hunza people, are
an ethnically Burusho people indigenous to the Hunza Valley, in the Karakorum Mountains of northern Pakistan. They are descended from
inhabitants of the former principality of Hunza. The Hunzas are predominantly Shia Muslims, with many of them Ismaili.
10 FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN AND CHALLENGES
Foreign policy is a government strategy to deal with other nation. Foreign policy or foreign relations refers to how a government deals with other
countries. We also call it foreign affairs policy. Foreign policy includes such matters as trade and defence. Pakistan is situated in the south of the
continent of Asia; it is a country of fertile land, mountains, rivers and beautiful valleys. It shares its eastern border with India, northern border with
China, and western border with Afghanistan and Iran whereas to its south is the Arabian Sea.
10.1 OBJECTIVES OF PAKISTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY
When a country establishes relations with other countries, it has to abide by some fundamental principles and objectives. The policy of a state in
this regard is called the foreign policy. Following are the objectives of the foreign policy of Pakistan:
10.1.1 Territorial sovereignty and security: The main objective of Pakistan's foreign policy the security of its borders, freedom & sovereignty.
When Pakistan emerged on the world map, it was necessary for it to make appropriate arrangements for the safety & security. Therefore, Pakistan
always gave importance to the security in its relations with foreign countries. National security is always the fundamental objective in Pakistan's
foreign policy. Pakistan respects the territorial sovereignty of other countries and expects the same from them. India conducted atomic blasts, not
keeping in view the national safety of Pakistan, Pakistan, in return, also conducted atomic blasts. It was a show of strength which gave an evidence
of Pakistan being an atomic power. Pakistan follows the United Nations Charter and is a part of the world's struggle against the use of force.
10.1.2 Ideological objectives: Pakistan's foreign policy is closely linked to its ideology, which is based on Islam. The country's main goal is to protect
its ideological borders and maintain stability. Pakistan has always maintained good relations with Islamic countries to achieve this goal. Its
constitution emphasizes closer relations with these countries. Pakistan played a key role in setting up the organizations of the Islamic Conference
and Economic Cooperation, and has helped Muslims facing problems in conflicts in Palestine, Cyprus, Bosnia, Kashmir, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, Iraq
and Syria.
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10.1.3 Development in financial and economic trends: For the defence of a country, economic aspect has remarkable effects on foreign policy of
a country. Pakistan is a developing country and it wants to progress economically. Pakistan is wishing to have cordial relations with all those
countries which can help Pakistan financially. Pakistan has made important changes in its foreign policy, keeping in view the recent economic
trends. It has allowed free trade, free economy and privatization. The main reason for close contacts with the Western countries is economic aid
which has made Pakistan closer to America and the Western World.
10.1.4 Cultural enrichment: Different cultural factors have always had an effect on Pakistan's foreign policy. The Pakistani nation also has the right
to protect and show its culture like other countries. Its culture reflects the Islamic values like tolerance, respect for humanity, modesty, self-respect
and courage. Pakistan wants to develop strong relations with those countries which give an opportunity to promote and preserve Pakistani culture.
Cultural relations are further developing with Islamic states, and cultural troupes are exchanged among them. Pakistani dresses and other items
are liked in other countries. This paves the way to strengthen relations with other states on cultural level.
10.2 FOREIGN POLICY CHALLENGES TO PAKISTAN
No country in the world can live in isolation, hence, in the independent world foreign policy holds a significance place. A country without Foreign
policy is like a ship without radar which drifts aimlessly in the water. Pakistan is situated on a hot line where world supply line passed. Pakistan is
the member of OIC and Non NATO alliance against terrorism. Pakistan is world's 42nd largest GDP and 25th largest purchasing power of the world.
To understand the country foreign policy, we need to start with the circumstance from the beginning.
To formulate foreign policy, Pakistan faces such challenges which are as follow:
Pakistan and India: India is Pakistan's adversary and it is more important than a friend. Most of Pakistan's population lives close to the border with
India. India and Pakistan have fought wars and India has nuclear weapons which can target Pakistan. India is the only potential nuclear target for
Pakistan. Pakistan's relations with India are costly and reducing these costs without giving up on the Kashmir issue is a major challenge for
Pakistan's foreign policy.
War of any kind is not an option for a Kashmir settlement. The United Nations (UN) resolutions must remain the basis of Pakistan's Kashmir
diplomacy although they cannot in reality deliver a settlement. In fact, there is no short-term solution for Jammu and Kashmir. The international
community, including the UN and all major powers, will not force any Kashmir settlement upon India that is unacceptable to it. Pakistan's nuclear
weapons are also irrelevant to the search for a just Kashmir settlement.
Pakistan cannot stay on a transformational economic growth path of an average of 8.9 per cent per annum over the next three decades in a state
of tension and confrontation with India a country seven times its size in population, economy and military strength. Accordingly, the search for a
broader and long-term strategy for a Kashmir settlement is inevitable. Any settlement will ultimately entail a principled compromise and it must
pass the test of acceptability to the people of Kashmir. Until that time, the United Nations resolutions on Jammu and Kashmir must be the basis
of Pakistan's stand if it is to remain a relevant party to a settlement process.
To improve the relationship between Pakistan and India, it is important to have a structured dialogue that addresses both countries' concerns.
This requires developing a strong working relationship with India, including a comprehensive and structured dialogue that addresses the core
concerns of both countries. This must include the management of nuclear threats. On this basis, a whole range of revived and new confidence and
security building measures (CSBMs) can provide a good start, beginning possibly with an invitation to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and
other heads of state or government from the member countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO) to attend the prime minister's inauguration.
Such an approach will be vehemently opposed by the powers that be inside Pakistan. There is also no guarantee that India will immediately
reciprocate Pakistan's initiatives. Public opinion can be deliberately inflamed. Incidents can happen to thwart such initiatives. Caution, consultation
and preparation will be essential to prevent them. Even more so will be leadership.
Afghanistan: While India is necessarily a longer-term challenge, Afghanistan represents a problem that should not even exist. Mutual trust can be
easily built if Pakistan's policies towards Afghanistan are wise, generous and sincere. There is no historical basis for animus and hostility. There is
no reason for Pakistan's Afghanistan policy to be 'India-centric". No Afghan will accept that. The Taliban can also never be a strategic asset for
Pakistan if we are to meet the challenges and imperatives of the 21st century. Yes, the Americans need to leave Afghanistan and, yes, the Islamic
State is a greater threat to regional stability than the Taliban but the Taliban need to morph into a credible interlocutor for credible peace in
Afghanistan.
Pakistan should participate in Afghan peace talks without holding a brief for the Taliban. Nor should Pakistan allow its territory to be used to
influence the balance of power inside Afghanistan. That only opens the floodgates to Afghan resentment and Indian influence in Afghanistan. Our
Afghanistan policy has been short-sighted & self-defeating. It has been formulated in dark by people who know little about Afghan history & care
less about the Afghan people. Imran Khan will have to ensure that no aspect of Pakistan's foreign policy remains the preserve of faceless forces.
Let Afghanistan choose its own friends; it will not choose against Pakistan unless Pakistan's follies force it to, which has happened ever since the
Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. Within these parameters, specific issues, including transit trade, border management and refugees, can be
easily addressed and a detailed strategy to develop substantial and wide-ranging bilateral ties can be devised. Historically inherited issues, such
as the differences over the Durand Line, will lose their salience and eventually disappear.
United States: Pakistan also needs to keep in mind that the United States is a global neighbour and will remain the number one military, economic
and technological power for the rest of this century. It cannot be a strategic partner of Pakistan because it prefers India. Along with India, it targets
the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Nevertheless, predictable, substantive and mutually satisfactory relations with the United States
are a priority for Pakistan. The costs of gratuitously annoying it are considerable.
Afghanistan, counterterrorism and Pakistan's nuclear arsenal remain issues of concern for the United States. Without having to bend a knee, these
are not insuperable obstacles for Pakistan especially if it rationalises its policies and refrains from playing games unrelated to its national interest.
The US policy dictation does not have to be accepted. Nor should Pakistan dress up compliance in the guise of defiance to fool its own people. To
have an honest bilateral relationship with the United States should be a sufficient foreign policy goal.
P a g e 26 | 27
China: Retaining Chinese confidence in the viability of Pakistan as a strategic partner, however, is a challenge that should not be underestimated.
Without good governance and a credible foreign policy, Pakistan will not meet this challenge. CPEC is a golden opportunity, not a magic wand or
a free ride. China is shaping up to be the future of Asia. And Pakistan can be a critical part of this transformation provided Imran Khan overcomes
critical impediments and lays the foundation for a New Pakistan.
11 FUTURISTIC OUTLOOK OF PAKISTAN
The contemporary issues of Pakistan are the institutional, economic, and cultural transformation if the Pakistan state is to survive future population
pressures, with shortage of food, water, and power. In a worst- case scenario, Pakistan could within the next couple of decades have a population
of around 220 million people, with a water shortage equivalent to over two-thirds of the present flow of the Indus, 6 million of its youth
unemployed, and close on 30 million of its citizens out of school. Both an under-employed youth bulge and provincial conflicts over diminishing
water resources could present even greater threats to Pakistan's survival.
11.1 The Demographic Time Bomb and Youth Bulge: The phrase 'demographic time bomb' has been used to dramatize Pakistan's expanding
population problem. The present population is predicted to rise to 335 million by 2050, making Pakistan the fourth largest country in the world.
To start with, one of the major obstacles for Pakistani youth is the absence of employment opportunities. Pakistan has the 9th largest labour force
in the world, which is increasing every year. According to the Labour Force Survey 2017-18, the unemployment rate for the year 2020-21 has been
estimated at 9.56 per cent (22 July, 2022). Improvements in the provision and quality of education will enable Pakistan to benefit from the youth
bulge, rather than suffer from its consequences.
11.2 Water and Energy Crisis: Alongside a demographic time, bomb, Pakistan is facing possibly future shortfalls in energy and water supply. These
are obviously linked with growing demands because of population increase, but are also impacted by climate change and failures of governance
and management. Pakistan's current energy crisis also doesn't mean that its long-term prospects are necessarily as depressing as they may initially
appear. The country possesses vast potential energy supplies; it contains as much future energy as is available from Saudi Arabia's existing oil
reserves. There is great potential also for extending hydroelectricity supply.
11.3 The Need for National Consensus: Pakistan's different regime path from India has resulted in part from not just weak political
institutionalization inherited from the freedom movement, but a lack of ideational strength. Aside from a vague commitment to Islam, the Pakistan
movement was marked by "negative nationalism' with no vision for the future. Certainly, Pakistan requires a sense of national purpose in the
coming years if it is to achieve the uphill tasks of educating, feeding, employing, and providing social justice for a rapidly growing population. This
requires coordination and cooperation on a vast scale in a country which has historically been marked by confrontation and short-term thinking.
There has been no consistency of policy except resistance to Indian military domination. Pressure of events may nudge Pakistan's leaders and its
people in the direction of a national consensus, as was seen in the widespread commitment to tackle militancy in 2009 following the TTP's excesses
in Swat. The media explosion of recent years can perhaps play a role here, but this is not guaranteed.
11.4 The Requirement for Improved Governance: The governance reforms must include the improvements in delivery of services, tax-rising
capabilities, along with reform to key institutions including the bureaucracy, the military, the police, state-run corporations, political parties, and
electoral processes. To these might be added greater transparency in economic life, especially with respect to the privatization of loss-making
state enterprises. The direction of the changes would be to empower citizens at the expense of rent-seeking political elites, and increase the
resources available for education and health provision. The military intervention has undermined political development, national unity, and
sustainable economic growth. Democratic consolidation will only become irreversible with civilian control over the army and with its expenditures
becoming transparent and open for political debate. The reining in of the military influence can only occur within the context of the kind of national
reappraisal of Pakistan's future security environment.
CONCLUSION
Pakistan faces massive future problems arising from population and environmental pressures. They present potentially greater challenges to the
state. It seems unlikely that Pakistan will be able to muddle through in the future, as it has done throughout much of its troubled history. During
the next two decades, a major turnaround of national policy direction is required in order to avoid future catastrophe. The responsibility for this
will lie with Pakistan's leader and people, although external well-wishers can assist the process through financial and technical expertise. A future
stable and sustainable Pakistan state will bring immense benefits to tis population. It will enable the South Asia region to fulfil its economic
potential. Failure of a nuclear weapons state would have global as well as regional repercussions. Until Pakistan has moved towards economic
sustainability and democratic consolidation, it will continue to be the focus of heightened international concern.
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BS 1st Semester Pak Studies Notes by Awais Akram

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BS 1st Semester Pak Studies Notes by Awais Akram

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LLB 302 Pakistan Studies

1.1 SIR SYED AHMAD KHAN AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

1.3 QUAID-E-AZAM AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

2 FACTORS LEADING TO MUSLIM SEPARATISM

PEOPLE AND LAND

3.1 The Period of Indus Valley Civilizations:

The Indus Valley Civilization consisted of three periods:

3.2 Important Cities of Indus Valley Civilization:

3.3 Relations with Other Contemporary Civilizations

3.4 Characteristics of Indus Valley Civilization

5.1 LOCATION OF PAKISTAN:

5.2 GEO-PHYSICAL FEATURES OF PAKISTAN:

1) Mountain Ranges 2) Plateaus 3) Indus Plains 4) Deserts 5) Coastal Areas

b) Central Mountain Ranges

c) Western Mountain Ranges

MOUNTAIN RANGES IN PAKISTAN

Northern Central Mountain Western Mountain

Sub-Himalayas or Suleiman Range Waziristan Hills

Lesser Himalayas Kirthar Range Toba Kakar Range

Chaghi Hills &

6.2.4 Causes of Separation of East Pakistan:

6.5.1.1 Important Events

6.6 1999 TO ONWARD

7 ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS AND ISSUES

7.3 ECONOMIC ISSUES

8 SOCIETY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE

9.3 MINOR ETHNIC GROUPS

10 FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN AND CHALLENGES

10.1 OBJECTIVES OF PAKISTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY

10.2 FOREIGN POLICY CHALLENGES TO PAKISTAN

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