AIZAWL THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE

Durtlang Leitan, Aizawl

Topic : Religion and Ideology: Their Significance for Social Change

Course Title : The Church and its Ministry in the Indian Context
Course Facilitator : Dr. Lalrindiki Ralte
Presenter : Rex Lalruatdika Fanai, M.Th-1
Respondent : C. Lalnunmawia

Introduction
Religion and ideology are powerful forces that shape societies, influence individual
behaviors, and drive social change. Throughout history, they have played pivotal roles in the
evolution of cultures, political systems, and social norms. This paper examines the interplay
between religion and ideology and their significance for social change, specifically focusing on
the role of the Church and its ministry in India. It explores how religious beliefs and ideological
frameworks shape societal norms, influence policy, and drive transformation. By analyzing the
historical and contemporary context of the Church in India, the paper seeks to understand its
impact on social reform, cultural integration, and community development. The study concludes
with reflections on the potential of religious institutions to contribute positively to social change
in a diverse and evolving society.

1. Religion and Ideology: Definitions and Interconnections

1.1. Religion

Religion according to its origin „religio‟ from Latin, means consciousness and pity, on the
one hand, and to tie, or to bind, on the other.1 Religion is an organized collection of belief
systems, cultural systems, and world views that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to
moral values. Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are
intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the Universe. They tend to
derive morality, ethics, religious laws or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos
and human nature.2

According to Frederich Schleirmacher3,”Religion is a feeling of absolute dependence on a

divine entity.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Paul Tillich believes the essence of

1
Philip Matthew and Anjit Muricken, Religion Ideology and Counter-Culture (Bangalore: Horizon Books,
1987), 9.
2
Anna Pałczyńska, “The Origin of Religion and the World‟s Major Belief Systems”, accessed on July 4, 2024.
https://ejournals.eu/pliki_artykulu_czasopisma/pelny_tekst/765a2552-cc0a-4403-949a-7a2d10d95b6e/pobierz
3
Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768-1834) was a German Protestant theologian , classical
philologist , philosopher , publicist , political theorist , church politician and pedagogue.

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religious attitudes is what he calls "ultimate concern". While T. Vanlaltlani4 states that, “Religion
is an unseen powerful force controlling over the life of a person or a community due to
individual or community‟s faith in such supernatural power holder who may be called God,
sacred, Holy, Pathian or any other.5

1.2. Ideology

An ideology is a set of ideas, beliefs and attitudes, consciously or unconsciously held,

which reflects or shapes understandings or misconceptions of the social and political world. 6 The
term Ideology originates from combining Greek word idea and logia meaning the study of idea.
The term was coined in 1796 by Antoine Destutt de Tracy,7 a French philosopher, while in
prison pending trial during the Reign of Terror.8 She stated that “ideology” is a foundation for
his secular epistemology. Anything can be labeled an ideology, just as anything can become one
Nationalism, Socialism, Liberalism, Democracy, Marxism, Anti-Racism, feminism, etc.9

1.3. Interconnections

Religion and ideology often intersect, as religious beliefs can influence ideological stances,
and ideologies can shape the interpretation and practice of religion. On the other hand, both
religion and ideologies are both systems of beliefs and built on a dual interpretation of the World
and the existence of an elsewhere heavenly or terrestrial. Both give a sense to life salvation in the
Next World for religions, happiness and for ideologies, human fulfillment here below. Religions
generally rely on a dual conception of human nature, when ideologies stress its unity and its
materiality.10

Religion consists of the belief in a superhuman controlling power especially in a personal

God or gods entitled to worship. While Ideology deals with the system of ideas at the basis of
political theory. Religion is based on beliefs and faiths. On the other hand ideology is based on
truths and proofs. 11

2. Church in India: Historical Context of Social Change

The arrival of Christianity in India dates back to the first century CE with the arrival of St.
Thomas, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ. Over the centuries, the Church has evolved,
4
Proffessor, Aizawl Theological College, Religion Department.
5
Lalchawiliana Varte, Discerning Liberative motifs in Religion: A Socio-Ecological Study (Delhi: Christian
World Imprints, 2020), 1-2.
6
John R. Hinnels, eds, “Ideology”, in The Penguin Dictionary of Religion. 2nd ed., (London: Penguin Books,
1995), 230-231.
7
Antoine Destutt de Tracy a French Enlightenment aristocrat and philosopher.
8
Vincent Andrew, Modern Political Ideologies ( John Wiley &Sons, 2009), 1.
9
Jacques Ellul, Jesus and Marx from gospel to Ideology (Grand Rapids: William B Eerdmans Publishing
Company, 1988), 1.
10
Paul Claval, “Religion and Ideologies”, accessed July 4, 2024.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283662374_Religions_and_Ideologies
11
Megnad Desa, Rethinking Islamism: The Ideology of the New Terror (New York: I.B. Taurus, 2007), 59.

2|Page
facing various challenges and opportunities. The colonial period saw the establishment of several
Christian denominations, which played a crucial role in education, healthcare, and social reform.
Missionaries were instrumental in advocating for social changes, such as the abolition of
practices like Sati, killing of lepers and child marriage. They also focused on education and
healthcare, establishing schools, colleges, and hospitals that continue to serve the Indian
population. The Missionaries were also pioneers in the field of female education.12

3. Religion and Social Change in India

Religion has been a cornerstone of Indian society since ancient times. Hinduism, Buddhism,
Jainism, Sikhism, and later Islam and Christianity have shaped the cultural and social fabric of
the country. These religions have shaped the ethos and values of Indian society. Religious
movements such as the Bhakti13 and Sufi movements14 played pivotal roles in promoting social
cohesion and challenging orthodox practices.15

3.1. The Role of Hinduism

Hinduism, the predominant religion in India, has both preserved traditional social structures
and inspired reform movements. The caste system, deeply entrenched in Hindu society, has been
a significant point of contention. Reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Swami Vivekananda
used Hindu philosophical concepts to advocate for social reforms, including the abolition of sati
and the promotion of women's education.16

3.2. Influence of Buddhism and Jainism

Buddhism and Jainism emerged as reactions to the rigid practices of Hinduism, advocating
for non-violence, equality, and compassion. These religions challenged the prevailing social
norms and contributed to the reduction of caste-based discrimination and the promotion of social
welfare.17

12
Encyclopedia.com, “Christian Impact of India: History of”, accessed July 4, 2024.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/christian-impact-india-
history
13
The Bhakti movement was a significant religious movement in medieval Hinduism that sought to bring
religious reforms to all strata of society by adopting the method of devotion to achieve salvation.
14
Sufism was a liberal reform movement within Islam. It had its origin in Persia and spread into India in the
11th century. Most of the Sufis (mystics) were persons of deep devotion who disliked the display of wealth and
degeneration of morals following the establishment of the Islamic empire.
15
T.N. Madan, “Religion and Social Change in India: Some Conceptual Issues,” Asia Journal 2/1 (June 1995):
1-3.
16
Vajiram and Ravi, “Social Reformers of India”, accessed July 4, 2024. https://vajiramandravi.com/quest-
upsc-notes/social-reformers/
17
Drishti, “Mains Practice Questions”, accessed July 5, 2024. https://www.drishtiias.com/mains-practice-
question/question-105

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 3.3. Impact of Islam

Islam is the second most followed religion in India. Islamic principles of equality and justice
influenced social practices, the country‟s society, culture, architecture and artistry. The Islamic
community in India continues to play a considerable role in development of the country. Muslim
community has contributed institutes, universities, Urdu language and architecture.18

3.4. Influence of Christianity

Christianity introduced new cultural and social dynamics in India. Christian missionaries
played crucial roles in education, healthcare, and social services, particularly in marginalized
communities. Figures like St. Thomas, who is believed to have brought Christianity to India, and
later missionaries, have had lasting impacts on Indian society.19

4. Ideology and Social Change in India

4.1. Role of Political Ideologies

Political ideology is a set of beliefs, values and opinions that shape one's views on various
issues such as governance, economy, society, culture and morality. Political ideologies have
significantly shaped modern Indian society. The Indian freedom struggle was fueled by
ideologies of nationalism, socialism, and secularism. Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal
Nehru, and B.R. Ambedkar used these ideologies to unite diverse communities and advocate for
social justice and equality.

India is a diverse country with multiple political ideologies coexisting and competing with
each other. Some of the prominent political ideologies in India are:

4.1.1. Secularism:

Secularism is an ideology that advocates the separation of religion and state. Secularists
believe that religion should be a matter of personal choice and not interfere with public affairs.
Secularists also support pluralism, tolerance and respect for all religions. Secularism is enshrined
in the Indian Constitution as one of its basic features.20

4.1.2. Hindutva

Hindutva is an ideology that asserts the primacy of Hinduism and Hindu culture in India.
Hindutvavadis believe that India is a Hindu nation and that Hindu values and interests should
guide its policies and actions. Hindutvavadis also oppose minority appeasement and foreign

18
Cultural Atlas, ”Indian Culture”, accessed July 5, 2024. https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/indian-
culture/indian-culture-religion
19
Science Journal, “Christian Contribution to Indian Education”, accessed July 5, 2024.
https://sxcejournal.com/jan-mar-2018/paper6.pdf
20
Moanungsang, Towards Understanding Modern Religious and Secular Movements in India (Delhi: Christian
Worls Imrints, 2021), 9-10.

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influences. Hindutva is the main ideology of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and its allies.21
Their ideology also asserts that the non-Hindus have to either merge themselves into the Hindu
race or they have to stay in the country wholly subordinated to the Hindu nation, claiming
nothing, deserving no privileges, far less any preferential treatment not even citizen‟s rights. 22

4.1.3. Socialism

Socialism is an ideology that advocates social ownership and control of the means of production
and distribution. Socialists believe that capitalism creates inequality, exploitation and alienation
among the people. Socialists also emphasize social justice, solidarity and cooperation. Socialism
has been a dominant ideology in India since independence, especially among the Congress party
and the Left parties.23

4.1.4. Gandhism

Gandhism is an ideology that is based on the teachings and principles of Mahatma

Gandhi, the father of the nation. Gandhians believe in non-violence, truth, simplicity and self-
reliance as the pillars of their philosophy. Gandhians also advocate for rural development,
swadeshi, sarvodaya and gram swaraj as the ideals of their vision. Gandhism has inspired many
social movements and leaders in India, such as the Quit India Movement, the Chipko Movement
and Anna Hazare.24

4.2. The Influence of Marxism

Marxism has significantly influenced social change in India, particularly through its impact
on political movements and labor organizations. The Communist Party of India, founded in
1925, played a pivotal role in advocating for workers' rights, land reforms, and anti-colonial
struggles. Marxist ideologies have shaped various social policies, emphasizing the need for class
struggle to address economic inequalities and social injustices. In states like West Bengal and
Kerala, Marxist-led governments implemented extensive land reforms and social welfare
programs, which improved literacy rates, healthcare access, and reduced poverty. Additionally,
Marxism has influenced intellectual discourse and cultural movements, challenging traditional
hierarchies and promoting a more equitable society. 25

4.3. Dalit Movement

Dalit movements in India have been pivotal in challenging the deeply entrenched caste
system and advocating for social change. These movements, spearheaded by leaders like Dr.
B.R. Ambedkar, have focused on fighting caste discrimination, securing equal rights, and

21
Kenneth W. Jones, “Politicized Hinduism: The Ideology and programme of the Hindu Mahashaba,” In
Religion in Modern India, ed., Robert D. Baird, (New Delhi: Manohar, 1981), 466.
22
Joy K. Pulikan, Challenges of Religious Nationalism in India Today: A Theological Response, (Bengaluru:
Indian theological Association, 2019), 14.
23
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “Socialism,” accessed July 7, 2024, https://iep.utm.edu/socialis/
24
Moanungsang, Towards Understanding Modern Religious and Secular Movements in India (Delhi: Christian
Worls Imrints, 2021), 64.
25
Dale Riepe, “Marxism in India,” Social Theory and Practice 1/1 (Spring 1970): 67-81.

5|Page
promoting social justice for Dalits. Through various means such as political mobilization,
education, legal reforms, and grassroots activism, Dalit movements have sought to dismantle
caste hierarchies and empower marginalized communities. They have also played a significant
role in influencing policies and legislation, such as the implementation of affirmative action and
the protection of Dalit rights. These movements continue to be crucial in the ongoing struggle for
equality and social transformation in India.26

4.4. Feminist Movement

Feminist movements in India have played a crucial role in advocating for gender equality and
social change. These movements gained momentum during the colonial period, with early efforts
focusing on issues such as women's education, child marriage, and widow remarriage. Post-
independence, the feminist agenda expanded to include a broader range of issues like dowry-
related violence, domestic abuse, workplace harassment, and political representation. The 1970s
and 1980s saw the emergence of grassroots organizations and campaigns, such as the anti-dowry
movement and the protests against the Mathura rape case, which highlighted the systemic nature
of gender-based violence and injustice. Contemporary feminist movements in India continue to
challenge patriarchal norms and fight for women's rights, leveraging social media and global
solidarity networks to amplify their voices and demand systemic reforms.27

5. The Church and Its Ministry in India

Christianity in India has a long history, dating back to the arrival of St. Thomas in the first
century AD. The church has been a significant force in promoting social change, particularly
through its emphasis on education, healthcare, and social services. The word “Ministry” come
from Greek word diakoneo, meaning “to serve” or duoleuo, meaning “to serve as a slave”. In the
New Testament, ministry is seen as a service to God and to other people in His name. Jesus
provided the pattern for Christian ministry – Jesus Christ came, not to receive service, but to give
it (see Matthew 20:28; Mark 10:45; John 13:1-17).28

5.1. Social Services and Education

The church has established numerous educational institutions and social service
organizations across India. These institutions have played critical roles in uplifting marginalized
communities, providing quality education, and promoting social welfare. These initiatives have
also contributed to higher literacy rates, and uplifted the socio-economic status of

26
Gharima Dhankar, “Dalit Movements in India and the Role of Ambedkar,” in International Journal of
Political Science and Governance 4/2 (2022), 21-24.
27
Dillip Kumar Mallik,”Feminism and Cultural Issues in India,” in The Third Voice Reality and Vision 5/9,
(November 2003): 43-49.
28
Got Questions.org, “What is Christian Ministry,” accessed July 5, 2024. https://www.gotquestions.org/what-
is-ministry.html

6|Page
underprivileged groups.29 The Church also raised its voice for the awareness of drugs and
alcohol frequently. Through the advent of education, many of the old superstitious belief and
absolute values were eradicated. Prominent figures like Mother Teresa and institutions like
Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Social Services and the World Vision India exemplify the church's
commitment to social service.30

5.2. Advocacy and Social Justice

The Church has also been involved in advocating for social justice and human rights. It has
raised its voice against discrimination, violence, war, and inequality, aligning itself with various
social movements. This advocacy work has been crucial in addressing issues such as caste
discrimination and gender inequality. The church's teachings on compassion, justice, and
equality have inspired many social activists and reformers.31

5.3. Healthcare

The Church has had a significant impact on healthcare in India, playing a crucial role in
providing medical services, particularly in underserved and rural areas. Many Christian missions
established hospitals, clinics, and dispensaries, which often serve as the primary healthcare
facilities in these regions. For example, institutions like Christian Medical College (CMC) in
Vellore and St. John‟s Medical College in Bangalore are renowned for their high-quality medical
education and patient care. Additionally, numerous smaller mission hospitals across the country,
such as the Synod Hospital, Durtlang run by the Presbyterian Church of India, Mizoram Synod,
provide essential health services, and have paid more than 5 crores for the patients who cannot
afford to pay their hospital fees during the past four years.32 These efforts have not only
improved healthcare accessibility but have also fostered community development and education
on health issues, reflecting the Church's commitment to social welfare and service.33

5.4. Language and Literature

Christians have also made a significant contribution in India in the fields of languages,
literature, and journalism. Constanzio Beschire formed Tamil alphabetical characters, making
them more suitable for the printing press, produced a fourfold Tamil dictionary, which was
divided according to words, synonyms, classes, and rhymes. Bishop Robert Caldwell's
Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages and G.U. Pope's translations of classics of

29
S.M. John Kennedy, “Christian Contribution to Indian Education,” in Research and Relections on Education
17/6, (March 2018).
30
Elisabeth Arweck and Robert Jackson, eds., Religion, education and Society, (Routledge: Taylor & Francis
Book, 2014), 65.
31
Calvin P Van Reken, “The Church‟s Role in Social Justice” in Calvin Theological Journal, (1999): 198-202.
32
Vanglaini,”Kum 4 chhungin Synod-in Kohhran dang Mi 740-te bill Rs. 1,63,46,002 a peksak,” accessed July
6, 2024. https://www.vanglaini.org/tualchhung/119580
33
Christian Connections for International Health, “Faith-based Healthcare in India,” accessed July 6, 2024.
https://www.ccih.org/faith-based-healthcare-in-india/

7|Page
Tamil literature into English is noteworthy. The French priest Francis Mary of Toure began work
on Hindustani as early as 1680, composing a massive dictionary titled Thesaurus Linguae
Indianae. Modern Hindi, the national language, was developed out of Hindustani.34 Arthington
Missionaries Rev. J.H. Lorrain and Rev. F.H. Savidge also formed Mizo (Lushai) alphabetical
characters, which was a leap for the Mizo literature.35

5.5. Interfaith Dialogue

In a multi-religious society like India, interfaith dialogue is crucial for promoting harmony
and understanding. The Church engages in dialogues with other religious communities to foster
mutual respect and cooperation. These efforts are essential in preventing communal conflicts and
building a peaceful society.36 This dialogue helps to bridge gaps between different faith
traditions, reducing prejudices and misconceptions that often lead to social tensions and
conflicts. According to FABC (Federation of Asian Bishop‟s Conference), “Dialogue with other
religions will open Christianity to them not in an attitude of superiority or self-sufficient but with
a deep sense of respect and equality”. By engaging in interfaith initiatives, the church can
contribute to building a more inclusive society, where individuals from various backgrounds
work together towards common goals of peace, justice, and development. In this way, the church
not only fulfills its spiritual mission but also becomes a vital agent of social transformation in
India's multicultural context.37

Conclusion

Religion and ideology have been instrumental in shaping social change in India. While
religion provides a moral and ethical framework, ideology offers a vision for societal
transformation. The interplay of these forces has led to significant social reforms, challenging
traditional norms and promoting equality and justice. The church, with its emphasis on service
and advocacy, continues to play a vital role in this ongoing process of social change. As India
progresses, the synergy between religion and ideology will remain crucial in addressing
contemporary social issues and fostering a just and equitable society.

34
Encyclopedia, “Christian Impact on Indian History,” accessed July 8, 2024.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-andmaps/ maps/christian-
impact-india-history
35
Lalchhuanliana, Mizoram Presbyterian Kohhran Chanchin, (Aizawl: Synod Literature and Publication Board,
2021), 33.
36
Interfaith Dialogue and Reconciliation, accessed July 7, 2024, https://gchragd.org/wp-
content/uploads/2023/03/PUBLICATION-Interfaith-Dialogue-and-Reconciliation.pdf
37
Federation of Asian Bishop Conferences, “Dialogue With Other Religions,” accessed July 7, 2024,
https://fabc.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/FABC-paper-130.pdf

8|Page
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2007.
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Bengaluru: Indian theological Association, 2019.
Varte, Lalchawiliana. Discerning Liberative motifs in Religion: A Socio-Ecological Study. Delhi:
Christian World Imprints, 2020.

Journal
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4403-949a-7a2d10d95b6e/pobierz

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