Powerplant

(POWERPLANT MECHANIC ORAL TEST)

EXAMPLES OF THE ORAL QUESTIONS OF SECTION III: POWERPLANT

1
Pedrosa
 POWERPLANT MECHANIC ORAL TEST
EXAMPLES OF THE TYPE OF ORAL QUESTIONS OF SECTION III: POWERPLANT

QUESTIONS FOUND IN JEPPSEN BOOKS, AND OTHER BOOKS AND RESEARCH SOURCES
THIS BOOK CONTAINS EXAMPLES OF QUESTIONS WICH YOU MAY OR MAY NOT BE ASKED DURING YOU ORAL EXAMINATION

Section III: Powerplant

SELF-STUDY BOOK - GOOD LUCK IN ALL!
INITIAL REVISION DEC 2023
2
Some Things to consider:

- This PDF booklet contains examples of questions that you may or may not be asked during your oral examination.
- The sections and subjects you studied for your written exam will be the same for your oral exam.
- Keep in mind the exact same questions may or may not be asked during your oral exam.
- Also, the exact same questions may or may not be worded or phrased the same during your oral exam.
- When answering questions, it is preferred you answer in your own words and not memorized word for word. For
example, explain as if you are explaining to another mechanic, or co-worker, or giving instructions.
- It is normal to be nervous when taking your exam.
- Remember to utilize your past experience and skills as much as possible during your oral exam.
- Stay focused on your career and moving forward.
Good Luck in All!
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 Powerplant
# SUBJECT PAGE QUESTIONS
1 RECIPROCATING ENGINES 14 26
2 TURBINE ENGINES 67 19
3 ENGINE INSPECTION 106 20
4 ENGINE INSTRUMENT SYSTEM 147 21
5 ENGINE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS 190 20
6 ENGINE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 232 20
7 LUBRIFICATION SYSTEM 273 21
8 IGNITION AND STARTING SYSTEMS 316 22
9 FUEL METERING SYSTEMS 365 22
10 ENGINE FUEL SYSTEMS 410 19
11 INDUCTION AND ENGINE AIRFLOW SYSTEMS 449 30
12 INDUCTION AND ENGINE COOLING SYSTEMS 510 21
13 EXHAUST AND REVERSER SYSTEMS 553 24
14 PROPELLERS 602 28
15 TURBINE POWERED AUXILIARY POWER UNIT 659 13
--- TOTAL --- 326
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LEARNING STATEMENT CODES A&P MECHANIC — POWERPLANT

Subject A. Reciprocating Engines

AM.III.A.K1 Types of reciprocating engines.
AM.III.A.K2 Reciprocating engine operating principles/theory of operation.
AM.III.A.K3 Internal combustion engine operating principles/theory of operation.
AM.III.A.K4 Horizontally-opposed engine construction and internal components.
AM.III.A.K5 Radial engine construction and internal components.
AM.III.A.K6 Storage and preservation.
AM.III.A.K7 Reciprocating engine performance (e.g., PLANK, SFC).
AM.III.A.K8 Reciprocating engine maintenance and inspection.
AM.III.A.K9 Reciprocating engine ground operations.
AM.III.A.K10 Diesel engine operating principles/theory of operation.

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Subject B. Turbine Engines
AM.III.B.K1 Turbine engine operating principles/theory of operation.
AM.III.B.K2 Types of turbine engines.
AM.III.B.K3 Turbine engine construction and internal components.
AM.III.B.K4 Turbine engine performance and monitoring.
AM.III.B.K5 Turbine engine troubleshooting, maintenance, and inspection procedures.
AM.III.B.K6 Procedures required after the installation of a turbine engine.
AM.III.B.K7 Causes for turbine engine performance loss.
AM.III.B.K8 Bleed air systems.
AM.III.B.K9 Storage and preservation.
AM.III.B.K10 Auxiliary power unit(s).
AM.III.B.K11 Turbine engine adjustment and testing.

Subject C. Engine Inspection

AM.III.C.K1 Inspection requirements under 14 CFR part 43 and 14 CFR part 91.
AM.III.C.K2 Identification of life-limited parts and their replacement interval.
AM.III.C.K3 Special inspections.
AM.III.C.K4 Use of FAA-approved data.
AM.III.C.K5 Compliance with service letters, service bulletins, instructions for continued airworthiness, ADs,
or TCDSs.
AM.III.C.K6 Maintenance recordkeeping requirements under 14 CFR part 43.
AM.III.C.K7 Engine component inspection, checking, and servicing.
AM.III.C.K8 Engine mounts, mounting hardware, and the inspection and checking of each 6
Subject C. Engine Inspection
AM.III.C.K1 Inspection requirements under 14 CFR part 43 and 14 CFR part 91.
AM.III.C.K2 Identification of life-limited parts and their replacement interval.
AM.III.C.K3 Special inspections.
AM.III.C.K4 Use of FAA-approved data.
AM.III.C.K5 Compliance with service letters, service bulletins, instructions for continued airworthiness, ADs,
or TCDSs.
AM.III.C.K6 Maintenance recordkeeping requirements under 14 CFR part 43.
AM.III.C.K7 Engine component inspection, checking, and servicing.
AM.III.C.K8 Engine mounts, mounting hardware, and the inspection and checking of each

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Subject D. Engine Instrument Systems
AM.III.D.K1 Fuel flow.
AM.III.D.K2 Temperature (e.g., exhaust gas, oil, oil cylinder head, turbine inlet).
AM.III.D.K3 Engine speed indicating systems.
AM.III.D.K4 Pressure (e.g., air, fuel, manifold, oil).
AM.III.D.K5 Annunciator indicating systems (e.g., warning, caution, and advisory lights).
AM.III.D.K6 Torquemeters.
AM.III.D.K7 Engine pressure ratio (EPR).
AM.III.D.K8 Engine indicating and crew alerting system (EICAS).
AM.III.D.K9 Digital engine control module (e.g., full authority digital engine controls (FADEC)).
AM.III.D.K10 Electronic centralized aircraft monitor (ECAM).
AM.III.D.K11 Engine instrument range markings and instrument conditions.

Subject E. Engine Fire Protection Systems

AM.III.E.K1 Types of fires and engine fire zones.
AM.III.E.K2 Fire detection warning system operation.
AM.III.E.K3 Fire detection system maintenance and inspection requirements.
AM.III.E.K4 Fire extinguishing agents, types of systems, and operation.
AM.III.E.K5 Fire extinguishing system maintenance and inspection.

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Subject F. Engine Electrical Systems
AM.III.F.K1 Generators.
AM.III.F.K2 Alternators.
AM.III.F.K3 Starter generators.
AM.III.F.K4 Voltage regulators and overvoltage and overcurrent protection.
AM.III.F.K5 DC generation systems.
AM.III.F.K6 AC generation systems.
AM.III.F.K7 The procedure for locating the correct electrical cable/wire size needed to fabricate a cable/wire.
AM.III.F.K8 The purpose and procedure for paralleling a dual-generator electrical system.
AM.III.F.K9 CSD and IDG systems and components.
AM.III.F.K10 Engine electrical wiring, switches, and protective devices.

Subject G. Engine Lubrication Systems

AM.III.G.K1 Types, grades, and uses of engine oil.
AM.III.G.K2 Lubrication system operation and components.
AM.III.G.K3 Wet-sump system.
AM.III.G.K4 Dry-sump system.
AM.III.G.K5 Chip detectors.
AM.III.G.K6 Lubrication system maintenance, inspection, servicing, and analysis.
AM.III.G.K7 Excessive aircraft engine oil consumption.
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Subject H. Ignition and Starting Systems
AM.III.H.K1 Ignition system theory.
AM.III.H.K2 Spark plug theory.
AM.III.H.K3 Shower of sparks and impulse coupling.
AM.III.H.K4 Three electrical circuits of a magneto system.
AM.III.H.K5 Solid-state ignition systems.
AM.III.H.K6 Digital engine control module (e.g., FADEC).
AM.III.H.K7 Engine starters.
AM.III.H.K8 Magneto system components and operation.
AM.III.H.K9 Turbine engine ignition systems.

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Subject I. Engine Fuel and Fuel Metering Systems
AM.III.I.K1 Fuel/air ratio and fuel metering, and carburetor theory and operation.
AM.III.I.K2 Float carburetor theory, components, operation, and adjustment.
AM.III.I.K3 Pressure carburetor theory, operation, and adjustment.
AM.III.I.K4 Continuous-flow fuel injection theory, components, operation, troubleshooting and adjustment.
AM.III.I.K5 Digital engine control module (e.g., FADEC).
AM.III.I.K6 Hydromechanical fuel control system design and components.
AM.III.I.K7 Fuel nozzles and manifolds design, operation, and maintenance.
AM.III.I.K8 Components, theory, and operation of turbine engine fuel metering system.
AM.III.I.K9 Inspection requirements for an engine fuel system.
AM.III.I.K10 Fuel system operation.
AM.III.I.K11 Fuel heaters.
AM.III.I.K12 Fuel lines.
AM.III.I.K13 Fuel pumps.
AM.III.I.K14 Fuel valves.
AM.III.I.K15 Fuel filters.
AM.III.I.K16 Engine fuel drains.

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Subject J. Reciprocating Engine Induction and Cooling Systems
AM.III.J.K1 Reciprocating engine induction and cooling system theory, components, and operation.
AM.III.J.K2 Causes and effects of induction system icing.
AM.III.J.K3 Superchargers and controls.
AM.III.J.K4 Turbochargers, intercoolers, and controls.
AM.III.J.K5 Augmenter cooling system.
AM.III.J.K6 Induction system filtering.
AM.III.J.K7 Carburetor heaters.
AM.III.J.K8 Pressure cowling air flow and control.
AM.III.J.K9 Reciprocating engine baffle and seal installation.
AM.III.J.K10 Liquid cooling system theory, components, and operation.

Subject K. Turbine Engine Air Systems

AM.III.K.K1 Air cooling system theory, components, and operation.
AM.III.K.K2 Turbine engine cowling air flow.
AM.III.K.K3 Turbine engine internal cooling.
AM.III.K.K4 Turbine engine baffle and seal installation.
AM.III.K.K5 Turbine engine insulation blankets and shrouds.
AM.III.K.K6 Turbine engine induction system theory, components, and operation.
AM.III.K.K7 Turbine engine bleed air system theory, components, and operation.
AM.III.K.K8 Turbine engine anti-ice system
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Subject L. Engine Exhaust and Reverser Systems
AM.III.L.K1 Reciprocating engine exhaust system theory, components, operation, and inspection.
AM.III.L.K2 Turbine engine exhaust system theory, components, operation, and inspection.
AM.III.L.K3 Noise suppression theory, components, and operation (e.g., mufflers, hush kits, augmenter tubes).
AM.III.L.K4 Thrust reverser theory, components, and operation.

Subject M. Propellers
AM.III.M.K1 Propeller theory and operation.
AM.III.M.K2 Types of propellers and blade design.
AM.III.M.K3 Pitch control and adjustment.
AM.III.M.K4 Constant speed propeller and governor theory and operation.
AM.III.M.K5 Turbine engine propeller reverse/beta range operation.
AM.III.M.K6 Propeller servicing, maintenance, and inspection requirements.
AM.III.M.K7 Procedures for removal and installation of a propeller.
AM.III.M.K8 Propeller TCDS.
AM.III.M.K9 Propeller synchronization systems.
AM.III.M.K10 Propeller ice control systems.

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 Powerplant

RECIPROCATING
ENGINES
14
Powerplant

1. What is the purpose of

dynamics dampers on
crankshafts?

15
They reduce engine vibration

16
Powerplant

2. What types of bearings are

generally found in reciprocating
engines?

17
Plain, Ball and Roller bearings

18
Powerplant

3. Are the connecting rods used in

each cylinder of a radial engine the
same? Explain:

19
NO... Radial engines use master and
articulating rod assemblies.

20
Powerplant

4. Name the different

types of piston rings:

21
1.Compression
2.Control
3.Scrapper.

22
Powerplant

5. Where should piston rings gaps be

installed relative to each other, and
why?

23
Compression ring gaps should be staggered
so that they do not align.
This prevents excessive blow-by
(blow-by – also caused by worn or bore compression rings)

24
Powerplant

6. What could result from

incorrectly installed piston rings?

25
Excessive oil consumption.

26
Powerplant

7. What purpose do oil control

rings serve?

27
They regulate the thickness of the oil film
of the cylinder walls

28
Powerplant

8. What is used to help prevent

valve surge or floating in an
aircraft engine?

29
Two OR more springs are used on each
valve

30
Powerplant

9. On engines equipped with

hydraulic valve lifters, what should
the running valve clearance be?

31
Zero

32
Powerplant

10. What is the purpose of valve

overlap?

33
1. It allows better volumetric efficiency
2. lowers cylinder operating temperatures.

34
Powerplant

11. When troubleshooting a running

engine malfunction, what does a
cold cylinder indicate?

35
No combustion in that cylinder
(dead cylinder)

36
Powerplant

12. Name at least one part of an

inspection that should be made
after a propeller strike.
(not sudden stoppage)

37
• (1)Inspect the
engine mounts,
crankcase, and
nose section for
damage

• (2)Inspect the oil

screens/filters for
metal particles

• (3) Inspect the

propeller drive or
crankshaft for
misalignment.
38
Powerplant

13. What is the fuel pressure

range on Float-Type carburetors?

39
3 to 5 PSI
40
Powerplant

14. What publication is used to

check an engine for
normal operation?

41
The manufacturer’s maintenance manual.

EMM Engine Maintenance Manual

42
Powerplant

15. What should be done to repair a

loose stud in an engine
crankcase?

43
 Remove the loose stud, and inspect the
hole for size and condition of the threads.
It may be necessary to use a suitable
oversized stud or Heli-Coil insert.

44
Powerplant

16. What is an indication that a

primer is leaking or is open
during engine operation?

45
The engine will not idle properly.

46
Powerplant

17. What procedure should be

followed when valve blow-by is
indicated by a hissing sound on a
reciprocating engine when pulling
the propeller through?
Qual procedimento deve ser seguido quando a válvula soprada é indicada
por um som sibilante em um motor alternativo ao puxar a hélice?

47
Perform a cylinder compression test to
identify the faulty cylinder.
1 2 3

4 5

48
Powerplant

18. What factors about the condition

of an engine can be learned by
studying the results of a
compression test?

49
 The results of a compression test
determine if the valves, pistons rings and
pistons are adequately

sealing .

50
Powerplant

19. What is meant when it is said

that an engine PART is within
“serviceable limits”?
O que significa quando se diz que uma PEÇA do motor está dentro dos “limites utilizáveis”?

51
 A part that is within the manufacturer’s
serviceable limits and can be used
in an engine, will not likely wear to the
point of causing engine failure within the
next time between overhaul TBO intervals.
Uma peça que esteja dentro dos limites de manutenção do fabricante e possa ser usada em um motor
provavelmente não se desgastará ao ponto de causar falha do motor no próximo intervalo TBO entre revisões.

52
Powerplant

20. When an engine is overhauled,

how is its total time affected?

When an engine is rebuilt, how is

its operating history affected?

53
OVERHAULED - The total time on the engine
must be continued and the time since
major overhaul is entered into the
logbook.
REBUILT - If the manufacturer rebuilds the
engine it is granted a ZERO-TIME status
and is considered to have NO
previous operating history.
54
Powerplant

21. Name some of the precautions

that should be performed prior to
engine replacement:

55
 Disconnect the battery, turn off the fuel
valves, chock the wheels and if necessary
install a tail stand.

56
Powerplant

22. When inspecting a piston, where

are cracks most likely to be found?

57
 Highly stressed areas,
base of piston bosses,
inside at the junction of the bore and
the walls and ring lands.

58
Powerplant

23. How is a cylinder barrel

inspected for out-of-roundness?

59
You must measure with a (cylinder bore gauge
or a telescopic gauge and micrometer, or an
inside micrometer) on the top of the cylinder
and the skirt. These two readings should be
taken, 90° from each other.

60
Powerplant

24. Is the aircraft electrical system

required to power a cylinder head
temperature gauge?
O sistema elétrico da aeronave é necessário para alimentar um medidor de temperatura do cabeçote do cilindro?

61
NO... A thermocouple is used as the
electrical source.

62
Powerplant

25. What are the possible

indications of an oil pressure
transmitter or indicator
malfunction?

63
A severe or sudden drop in oil pressure
while the oil temperature remains normal
and the oil supply remains full.

TEMP OK PRESS NOT OK

DISCREPANCI
64
Powerplant

26. What are some indications

of induction system leakage?

65
Low power and Uneven running

66
Powerplant

TURBINE
ENGINES
67
Powerplant

1. Explain the main difference

and advantage of turbofan over
turbojet engines.

Adv turbofan > Adv turbojet

68
A turbofan engine uses a fan to bypass
some air around the engine core and to
provide thrust. The advantage is that
this provides additional thrust without
increasing fuel flow.
turbofan turbojet

69
Powerplant

2. Name the major components

of a gas turbine engine.

70
 Air Inlet, Compression Section, Combustion
Section, Turbine Section, Exhaust Section,
Gearbox and Accessory Section

1. Intake
2. Low pressure compression
3. High pressure compression
4. Combustion
5. Exhaust
6. Hot section
7. Turbines Low and High pressure
8. Combustion chambers
9. Cold section
10. Air inlet

71
Powerplant

What determines the

3.
amount of airflow through a
turbine engine?

72
1. The forward speed of the aircraft,
2. compressor speed, and
3. air density

73
Powerplant

4. Name two types of compressors

commonly used in turbine engines.

74
Axial and Centrifugal

75
Powerplant

5. Name two different methods for

attaching turbine engine rotor
blades to the rotor disk.

76
Dovetail, Bulb and FiR-Tree Type Root

77
Powerplant

6. What is a split compressor

system?

78
 Also called dual or twin-spool
compressors, these are connected to the
turbine section, one inside the other.
In multiple spool engines, each spool has its own set of turbine stages. Each set
of turbine stages turns the compressor attached to it.

79
Powerplant

7. What prevents the combustion

chambers from burning?

80
Cooling air along the inside of the liner.

81
Powerplant

8. What is the purpose of

interconnect tubes between
can-type combustion chambers?

82
Flame propagation during start.

83
Powerplant

9. What are carbon seals used

for in turbine engines?
Para que são utilizadas as vedações de carbono em motores de turbina?

84
They are used as oil seals for the rotor
shaft bearings.

85
Powerplant

10. What are the different types of

combustion chambers used in
turbine engines?

86
1. Can, Can Can-annular reverse annular

2. annular,
3. can-annular, and
4. reverse flow annular.
87
Powerplant

11. What functions do axial flow

turbine nozzles perform?
Stator vanes

88
They direct the mass airflow to drive the
turbine rotor at a specific angle.

89
Powerplant

12. How is thermal stress relieved

on a turbine disc?

90
By directing bleed air onto the face of the
disk, or by grooves being cut in the disk

91
Powerplant

13. What is the purpose of turbine

engine compressor field cleaning?

92
Remove contaminant deposits
and
improve performance

93
Powerplant

14. What methods are commonly

used to accomplish turbine engine
compressor field cleaning?

94
 Fluid flush
and
abrasive grit blast.
jateamento abrasivo

water

GRITI

95
Powerplant

15. How can you tell if a turbofan or

turbojet is out of trim?

96
 There will be a high EGT,
idle and
maximum power will be off.
Haverá um EGT alto, ocioso e a potência máxima estará desligada.

97
Powerplant

16. What would the possible cause be

for a turbojet or turbofan engine having
• high exhaust gas temperature,
• low RPM, and
• high fuel flow
at ALL engine pressure ratio
settings?

98
 Possible turbine
damage or loss of efficiency

99
Powerplant

17. Name types of compressor

blade damage.

100
 1. Dents,
2. galling,
3. pitting,
4. cracks,
5. scratches,
6. burrs,
7. burns and
8. gouges
101
Powerplant

18. Used to mark hot and cold

section parts?

102
 1. Dye,
2. felt tip marker, or
3. chalk 4-26

103
Powerplant

19. What is the effect of relative

humidity on turbine power?

104
Negligible effect.
Efeito insignificante

105
 Powerplant

ENGINE
INSPECTION
106
Powerplant

1. What functions need to be

accomplished in ORDER to prepare
an engine for a 100-hour inspection?

107
Remove the cowling and clean.

108
Powerplant

2. What publication is needed to

inspect an engine for
conformity with specifications?

109
The Engine Specifications or TCDS.

110
Powerplant

3. What publication is needed to

check an engine for
normal operation?

111
The Engine’s Maintenance Manual.

EMM
112
Powerplant

4. What publications can be used

as a checklist guide for 100-hour
inspections on aircraft engines?

113
FAR Part 43 Appendix D

The FARs (Federal Aviation Regulations) are a set of rules created by the FAA
(Federal Aviation Administration) that govern all civil aviation in the U.S.

114
Powerplant

5. How do you identify an engine

serial number?

115
It is on the engine data plate

116
Powerplant

6. Prior to returning a
reciprocating engine to
service after a 100-hour inspection,
what operational
checks must be performed?

117
FAR Part 43.15 (2) must run engine to determine satisfactory
performance in accordance with the manufacture recommendations of:

1. Power output,
2. Magnetos,
3. Fuel & Oil pressure
4. Cylinder & Oil temp.

118
Powerplant

7. Where are life-limited parts of

an engine listed?
Onde estão listadas as peças de um motor com vida útil limitada?

119
• Engine Maintenance Manual,
• TCDS,
• Airworthiness Limitations, and
• Instructions for Continued Airworthiness.

120
Powerplant

8. Where can engine operating limits

be found?
Onde podem ser encontrados os limites operacionais do motor?

121
• Engine Manual,
• TCDS,
• Engine Specification,
• Aircraft Maintenance Manual.

122
Powerplant

9. Why are hot section inspections

performed on turbine engines?
Por que são realizadas inspeções de seções quentes em motores de turbina?

123
To determine the integrity and wear of the
hot section components.

124
Powerplant

10. What inspections must be

performed following a turbine engine
OVERSPEED?

125
Refer to engine maintenance manual.

EMM
126
Powerplant

11. What inspections must be

performed on a turbine engine if the
EGT EXCEEDS its operational
limits?

127
EMM

HSI
A hot section inspection.

128
Powerplant

12. What FAA approvals are

required when installing an engine
that is NOT on the aircraft type
certificate?

129
 A Suplemental Type Certificate (STC)
or
an Field approval

FAR §26.35 (1)

130
Powerplant

13. Under what conditions is

compliance with an engine service
bulletin mandatory?

131
 When an AD references the service
bulletin when compliance is part of
approved operating specifications for a
commercial or air carrier operator, when
engine or component overhaul
procedures require compliance at the time
of overhaul

132
Powerplant

14. If turbine blades are removed

from a turbine disc, why should
they be re-installed in the same
location?

133
To maintain thebalance of the
turbine wheel

134
Powerplant

15. When a turbofan or turbojet

engine is shut down, what should a
mechanic listen for during
coastdown?
Quando um motor turbofan ou turbojato é desligado, o que um mecânico deve ouvir durante uma desaceleração?

135
Any rubbing sound or other unusual
noises from the engine.

136
Powerplant

criteria determine the

16. What
replacement of life-limited turbine
engine components?

137
• Cycles,
• hours and/or
• calendar time.

138
Powerplant

17. What is fan blade shingling?

139
 A type of damage to turbine engine
blades caused by sudden stoppage of the
fan or by an overspeed condition.

The midspan shrouds on the fan overlap

rather than touch the face-to-face contact.
Tipo de dano às pás do motor da turbina causado pela parada repentina do FAN ou por uma condição de excesso
de velocidade. O as coberturas do midspan no FAN se sobrepõem em vez de tocar o contato face a face.

140
Powerplant

18. What inspection should be

performed on an engine that has
been in a storage after have
been preserved?
Que inspeção deve ser realizada em um motor que ficou armazenado depois de preservado?

141
Corrosion damage.

142
Powerplant

19. What purpose does an oil

analysis serve?

143
INTERNAL METAL ABNORMAL
CONDITION PARTICLES WEAR

Metal particles in the oil show

normal/abnormal wear of the engine.

This helps in evaluating the engine’s

internal condition.
144
Powerplant

20. A weakcylinder is found

during a compression check. What
must be inspected?

145
An internal cylinder inspection

146
 Powerplant
ENGINE
INSTRUMENT
SYSTEM 147
Powerplant

1. Where would a carburetor

air temperature bulb be located?

148
In the ram air intake duct.

149
Powerplant

2. Name the basic components of a

fuel indicator system:

150
The transmitter and the indicator

151
Powerplant

3. What does the manifold gauge

indicate and how it is calibrated?

152
It measures the absolute pressure in the
engine manifold and is calibrated in
inches of Mercury.
Ele mede a pressão absoluta no coletor do motor e é calibrado em polegadas de Mercúrio.

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE IN Hg

153
Powerplant

4. What does a tachometer

indicate on a reciprocating
engine?

154
 Engine RPM
(crankshaft speed)

RECIPROCATING TURBINE
155
Powerplant

5. Where should the thermocouple

be installed on a reciprocating
engine using asingle probe
cylinder head temperature system?

156
 On the hottest cylinder.
GERALMENTE O CYLINDRO #1 É O MAIS QUENTE POIS RECEBE
MENOS AR DE COOLING PARA ARREFECIMENTO DEVIDO A
ESTAR INSTALADO MAIS LONGE PERTO DA PAREDE DE FOGO

157
Powerplant

6. What is the electrical source

for a cylinder head temperature
system?

158
A thermocouple.

159
Powerplant

7. During engine operation, where

should the propeller control be set
when checking the manifold
pressure?

160
Low pitch, high R.P.M.
Increase (low pitch) and decrease (high pitch) RPM

161
Powerplant

controls
8. What directly
manifold pressure?

162
Throttle opening and engine R.P.M.
Throttle = acelerador

163
Powerplant

9. On an engine equipped with a

fixed pitch propeller, what
controls both manifold pressure
and engine RPM?

164
The throttle control.

165
Powerplant

10. How are gas TURBINE engine

tachometers calibrated?
Unidade de medição

166
In percent % of RPM

RECIPROCATING TURBINE
167
Powerplant

11. What are TURBINE engine

tachometer gauges
designed to indicate?

168
Percentage of compressor RPM

RECIPROCATING TURBINE
169
Powerplant

12. What does turbine engine

EGT indicate?

170
The average temperature of turbine
discharge gases.

171
Powerplant

13. On a turbine engine, what

does exhaust gas temperature (EGT)
indicate, and how it is obtained?

172
 EGT is the average temperature of the
turbine discharge gases and is obtained by
thermocouples placed near the turbine exit.

173
Powerplant

14. On a turbine engine, what is the

engine pressure ratio? and what
does it indicate?

174
It is the ratio between the total inlet pressure and
total turbine exhaust pressure and is used to
indicate the thrust developed by the engine.

Pt
Ps Probe
Probe

175
Powerplant

15. What does the turbine engine

pressure ratio indicate?

176
Thrust being developed by the engine

Pt
Ps Probe
Probe

177
Powerplant

16. What pressures are

measured to obtain engine pressure
ratio (EPR)?

178
Total inlet pressure and total turbine
exhaust pressure

Pt
Ps Probe
Probe

179
Powerplant

17. Why is fuel flow

monitored?

180
To determine fuel consumption
and
engine performance

181
Powerplant

18. What is a shaft

horsepower?

182
It is the TORQUE developed by a
turboprop or turboshaft engine

183
Powerplant

19. What is the possible cause

when a turboprop engine oil
pressure drops off severely and the
oil supply remains full?

184
Oil pressure transmitter or indicator

malfunction

185
Powerplant

20. Can the EGT system on a

turbine engine be checked without
running the engine?

186
YES... By checking the resistance of
the thermocouple and circuits.

Ω
Resistance

187
Powerplant

21. What unit of measure is

generally used to indicate fuel
flow?

188
Pounds or gallons per hour.

PPH GPH

189
 Powerplant
ENGINE FIRE
PROTECTION
SYSTEMS 190
Powerplant

1. What types of fire detector

systems are used for engine fire
detection?

191
1. Overheat  SWITCH,
2. rate of rise  THERMOCPUPLE
3. flame detectors  SENSING ELEMENT
SPOT TYPES
CONTINUOUS
Sensing element Thermocouples Thermal switches

192
Powerplant

2. How does a thermal switch fire

protection system operate?

193
 When heated past a predetermining
temperature, the switch closes the
warning devices in the cockpit to activate

194
Powerplant

3. How many thermal switches

are needed in a thermal switch fire
protection system?

195
At least ONE

196
Powerplant

4. What kind of fire detection

system allows more complete
coverage than a spot-type
system?

197
A continuous loop system.
flame detectors (sensing elements)

198
Powerplant

5. What happens if an engine

equipped with a thermocouple fire
warning system overheats

slowly?

199
NOTHING... because a fast rise or rapid
heating is required for this type of fire
system to operate.

200
Powerplant

6. What electrical power is

required for a thermocouple fire
protection system to operate?

201
BOTH... The thermocouple power and the
aircraft electrical system are required.

202
Powerplant

7. What is the likely cause of a

false fire warning?
Qual é a causa provável de um falso aviso de incêndio?

203
Fire sensing loop is bent or kinked.

204
Powerplant

8. What are fire extinguishing

systems designed to do?

205
They dilute the oxygen around the
engine to a point that does not allow
combustion

or

reduce temperatures below

the ignition point.
206
Powerplant

9. Describe how a KIDDLE and

FENWAL continuous loop fire
protection system functions:

207
KIDDLE – Inconel tube with two conductors, one grounded the
other is a positive lead, when a fire or overheat occurs the
resistance of the thermistor drops and allowing current to flow
between the wires to activate the alarm.

RESISTENCIA REDUZ
CORRENTE FLUI
INCONEL TUBE THERMISTOR INCONEL TUBE THERMISTOR

208
WIRES WIRES
FENWAL – Sensing element with ceramic beads, when a
fire or overheat occurs the core resistance drops allowing
current to flow between the center electrode and the
ground to activate the alarm.

209
Powerplant

10. What elements must be

present for a fire to occur?

210
An ignition source, fuel, and oxygen.

The Fire Triangle 211

Powerplant

11. What group of fire

extinguishing agents are no
longer
manufactured after 1995?

212
 Halons
(or Freon or chlorofluorocarbons CFC).

213
Powerplant

12. How are fire extinguishing

agents distributed?

214
Through perforated tubing and/or
discharge nozzles.

215
Powerplant

purpose of the
13. What is the
discharge cartridge and how is
it activated?

216
The discharge cartridge, or squib, which is electrically
ignited, fires a projectile into the frangible disk,
thereby releasing the fire extinguisher agent.

217
Powerplant

14. How is a fire extinguisher

system with a
High Rate of Discharge
classified?

218
As a HRD fire extinguisher system.

HRD, high rate discharge 219

Powerplant

15. How is an HRD fire extinguisher

agent distributed?

220
Through open end tubes.

221
Powerplant

16. How long does it take to

discharge an HRD agent?

222
One to two seconds
1s - 2s

223
Powerplant

17. How is the fire extinguishing

agent in an HRD System
distributed?

224
Through a series of high-pressure tubes

225
Powerplant

18. What do the red andyellow

discs in a fire extinguishing system

indicate ?

226
YELLOW – Normal discharge.
RED – Thermal discharge.

227
Powerplant

19. What is the purpose of a

pressure gauge in a fire
extinguishing system?

228
 Indicates pressure inside the container.
To check if the pressure is within limits, a
pressure temperature chart is used.

229
Powerplant

20. What is the proper method for

determining the fire extinguisher
container pressure?

230
 Container gauge pressure used with
pressure-temperature curve/chart
will indicate if the pressure is within limits

231
 Powerplant
ENGINE
ELECTRICAL
SYSTEMS 232
Powerplant

1. When the engine is operating

what does an ammeter/ loadmeter
indicate when connected to:
1 – Battery positive lead/
2 – Generator output lead?

233
Battery positive lead – The ammeter indicates
whether the battery is charging or discharging.

Generator output lead – Indicates the current

produced by the generator or electrical system load.

Battery Generator

234
Powerplant

2. What is done to ensure that each

generator shares the load in a
multiple generator system?

235
The generators are paralleled.

LOAD

236
Powerplant

3. Where would you find generator

rating and performance data?

237
On generator data plate

238
Powerplant

4. How is the voltage of a DC

generator controlled?

239
Varying the CURRENT

240
Powerplant

5. What is the most common type

of alternator used in most aircraft
AC systems?

241
The three-phase alternator.

242
Powerplant

6. How does a voltage regulator

control the voltage of an
alternator?

243
By regulating the VOLTAGE output of
the DC exciter

AC
V
R I
DC

244
Powerplant

7. What does the speed of rotation

and number of poles of an alternator

determine?

245
The FREQUENCY of the alternator output.
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔
𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 = 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

246
Powerplant

8. What are some methods used to

maintain 400 Hz alternator output
frequency on large turbojet or
turbofan engines?

𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔
𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 = 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
247
CSD, IDG and VSCF variable-speed
constant frequency power systems.

248
Powerplant

9. Name the major parts of a

DC motor.

249
• The armature,
• field,
• brushes
• frame assembly

250
Powerplant

10. Name the components of a

direct cranking electric starter
system:

251
 • An electric motor,
• reduction gears and
• an automatic engaging and disengaging
mechanism

252
Powerplant

11. Name three types of DC

motors:

253
Series, Shunt (parallel) and Compound.

254
Powerplant

12. What type of DC motor

is commonly used for a
reciprocating engine starter
and why?

255
 A Series Wound Motor

Has a high starting torque under

heavy load conditions.

256
Powerplant

13. What are the operating

modes of a turbine engine

starter-generator?

257
 First as a Starter,
then as agenerator
once the engine is running.

258
Powerplant

14. What is a possible indication

when a starter drags?

259
A noisy, dirty, worn
starter commutator

260
Powerplant

15. Where would wire with

high-temperature insulation
material be used?
Onde seria usado o fio com material de isolamento de alta temperatura?

261
 When they run close to

high-temperature areas
such as exhaust stacks or heating ducts.

262
Powerplant

16. What is the size standard for

electrical wire used in US
manufactured aircraft?

263
The American Wire Gauge AWG

264
Powerplant

17. How are wire sizes

represented?

265
 By a numbered gauge size.
The smaller wires are represented by
larger numbers.
The smallest size wire normally used
in aircraft is 22-gauge.

266
Powerplant

18. What is the maximum slack

allowed between the supports of a
single wire or bundle installation?

267
 ½ inch

A sufficient amount of slack should be allowed near each end of a bundle to:
1.Permit easy maintenance;
2.Allow replacement of terminals;
3.Relieve mechanical strain on the wires, wire junctions, or supports;
4.Permit free movement of shock and vibration-mounted equipment; and
5.Permit shifting of equipment for purposes of maintenance.
268
Powerplant

19. Why are wires bounded on

powerplant installations?

269
To provide a current return path for
electrical accessories and to prevent
static discharge

270
Powerplant

20. What DC alternator system

component prevents battery
reverse-current flow into the
armature?

271
The rectifier

272
 Powerplant

LUBRICATION
SYSTEM
273
Powerplant

1. A reciprocating engine is found to

excessive oil
have
consumption without
evidence of any oil leaks.
What is the likely cause?

274
The piston rings are worn or broken.

275
Powerplant

2. What are the functions of

lubricating oil in reciprocating
engines?

276
Powerplant

To reduce friction between moving parts

and remove heat

277
Powerplant

3. Name two important

characteristics of aircraft
engine oil:

278
1. Free circulation,
2. proper oil film at engine operating
temperatures.

279
Powerplant

4. What could happen to an oil

that is too low in viscosity at
normal engine operating
temperatures?

280
 It may become so thin that the oil film
between moving parts is easily broken,

resulting in premature wear

281
Powerplant

5. What are some of the factors

that must be considered by an
engine manufacturer in
determining the
proper grade of oil for a
particular engine?

282
1. The operating load
2. temperature
3. Rotational speed.

283
Powerplant

6. Why do aircraft reciprocating

engines use a relatively high

viscosity oil?

284
Due to large operating clearances
and high pressure
and temperature operations.

285
Powerplant

oil
7. Name some
contaminants.

286
• Metal particles,
• dirt,
• carbon,
• moisture and
• acids
287
Powerplant

8. What is a possible indication

of low oil pressure together with
high oil temperature?

288
 A low or
inadequate oil level

289
Powerplant

9. In ashless dispersant (AD) oils,

What function does the
dispersant perform?
Em óleos dispersantes sem cinzas (AD), qual função o dispersante desempenha?

290
 Dispersancy is the ability of the oil to hold
particles in suspension until they can either
be trapped by the filter or drained at the next
oil change. This keeps the oil passages and
ring grooves free of harmful deposits, and the
inside of the engine clean.
Faz com que os materiais formadores de lama se repelam e permaneçam em suspensão até que possam ser
retidos pelo filtro de óleo ou drenados. Isto mantém as passagens de óleo e as ranhuras dos anéis livres de
depósitos prejudiciais e o interior do motor limpo.

The ashless dispersant grades contain additives, one of which has a viscosity stabilizing effect that removes the
tendency of the oil to thin out at high oil temperatures and thicken at low oil temperatures
291
Powerplant

10. Why do oil reservoirs have

expansion space?

292
 To provide oil foaming, thermal
expansion and air in the return oil

293
Powerplant

11. What could cause oil

foaming?

294
• Diluted oil,
• contaminated oil, and
• oil level in tank too high.

295
Powerplant

12. What controls oil pressure in

a gear-type oil pressure pump?

296
A Relief Valve.

297
Powerplant

13. What function does an oil cooler

by-pass valve perform?

298
It directs the oil either through the cooler
or around it in order to maintain proper
operating oil temperatures.

299
Powerplant

14. What could be a possible

indication if the oil cooler
passage becomes obstructed?

300
A high oil temperature.

301
Powerplant

15. Where is the oil temperature

bulb usually located?

Bulb

302
At the engine oil inlet.

303
Powerplant

O que indica
16. What does the presence of
metal particles in an engine oil filter
indicate?
O que indica a presença de partículas metálicas no filtro de óleo do motor?

304
 Depending on the type and size of the
metal particles, this usually indicates
abnormal wear and possible engine
internal failure.

305
Powerplant

17. What should be done if metal

particles are found in an engine
oil filter?

306
Follow the engine manufacturer’s
maintenance instructions.

307
Powerplant

18. Where is the most critical

point of lubrication In a gas
turbine engine?

308
At the turbine bearing
High speed

309
Powerplant

19. What type of oil is used in a

turbine engine oil system?

310
Synthetic oil.

311
Powerplant

20. Where oil screens or filters most

likely located in a turbine engine
oil system?

312
• At the oil pressure system (main filter)
• scavenge system and
• at or just before the oil jet (last chance).

313
Powerplant

21. Name two types of turbine

engine oil coolers:

314
Air cooled and fuel cooled

315
 Powerplant
IGNITION AND
STARTING
SYSTEMS 316
Powerplant

1. How can the remaining service

life of starter-generator brushes be
determined?

317
 By visually inspecting the amount of
wear groove remaining on the brushes.

318
Powerplant

s
2. What component of the
starter-generator require periodic
inspection?

319
 Both
commutator and brushes
should be inspected for wear beyond
limits.

320
Powerplant

3. Between field and armature

windings in starter-generators
which ordinarily receive current
for operation in the start mode?

321
 BOTH...
field and armature.

322
Powerplant

4. What are possible sources of

low-pressure compressed air used
for starting jet transport aircraft
equipped with air turbine starters?
Quais são as possíveis fontes de ar comprimido de baixa pressão usadas para dar partida em
aeronaves de transporte a jato equipadas com motores de partida de turbinas a ar?

323
 COMPRESSED AIR
FOR STARTING

GPU and APU

324
Ground power unit Auxiliary power unit
Powerplant

5. When should ignition ideally

occur?

325
 A specific number of degrees before the
piston reaches the top dead center on the
compression stroke
VALVE OVERLAP SPARK PLUG VALVE OVERLAP
FIRING TDC TDC

BDC BDC

INTAKE COMPRESSION POWER EXHAUST

326
Powerplant

6. Why are dual magnetos

used in the engine ignition system?
Reciprocating engine

327
To improve combustion efficiency
and
provide redundancy for safety

328
Powerplant

7. Why is magneto internal

timming so important?

329
For the engine run properly.
VALVE OVERLAP SPARK PLUG
FIRING TDC TDC

Air intake

BDC BDC

INTAKE COMPRESSION POWER EXHAUST

330
Powerplant

8. What is the main concern

when preparing a magneto for
installation?

331
Internal Timing.

332
Powerplant

9. What function does a

magneto perform?

333
It produces a high voltage that forces a
spark to arc across a spark plug gap.
Spark Gap

334
Powerplant

10. Name the components of a

high tension magneto system:

335
• A permanent multipole rotor magnet,
• soft iron core and
• pole shoes.
core

Pole shoes

magnet

336
Powerplant

11. Name the three main circuits of

a high-tension magneto system.

337
Magnetic, primary, and secondary.

338
Powerplant

12. What is an E-gap angle?

339
It is a point a few degrees beyond the
neutral position where maximum
magnetic field stress exists

340
Powerplant

13. What reduces arcing in the

points and also aids the collapsing
of the magnetic field in a magneto?

341
A capacitor

342
Powerplant

14. How does a magneto

produce the high voltage required to
fire a spark plug?

343
 In the rotation cycle when the magnetic rotor is in the
E-gap position, the primary points open, which
interrupts the current flow in the primary circuit
causing a high rate of flux change in the core and
inducing a pulse of high voltage in the secondary coil.

344
Powerplant

15. When an ignition switch is off in

a magneto system, what is the
condition of the ground circuit?

345
The circuit to ground is completed.

346
Powerplant

16. Which magneto is grounded

when the magneto switch is
selected to the right magneto?

347
The left magneto circuit.

348
Powerplant

17. What are the three events

required to fire a spark plug in a
cylinder when its piston is in the
prescribed position?

349
1.Magneto in E-GAP position,
2.breaker points opening, and
3.the distributor electrically aligned
with that cylinder.

350
Powerplant

18. What is the P-LEAD and how

does it function?

351
 It connects the ignition switch to the
primary circuit of the magneto.

When the ignition switch is turned off, the

P-LEADS of both magnetos are grounded.

When the ignition switch is turned to the

LEFT position, the RIGHT magneto is
grounded and vice-versa 352
 P-lead
OFF

OFF

353
ON

OFF

354
OFF

ON

355
ON

ON

356
Powerplant

19. Why is a magneto timing light

used for and what does it
indicate?

357
Internal magneto timing and magneto-to-
engine timing, indicates the EXACT
MOMENT the magneto points open.

358
Powerplant

20. Why are turbine engine igniters

generally NOT susceptible to carbon
fouling?
Por que os dispositivos de ignição dos motores de turbina
geralmente NÃO são suscetíveis à incrustação de carbono?
CARBONIZAÇÃO

359
Because of the high energy sparks they
produce clean off any deposits on the
firing end.

360
Powerplant

21. What is the function of a duty

cycle in relation to a turbine
engine ignition system?
Qual é a função de um ciclo de trabalho em relação a um sistema de ignição de motor de turbina?

361
A duty cycle allows the operation of the
ignition system for a given amount of
time, followed by a minimum specified
cooling down period.
Um ciclo de trabalho permite a operação do sistema de ignição por um determinado período de tempo,
seguido por um período mínimo especificado. período de resfriamento.

Starter Motors
Any engine starter system will have a duty cycle which is the maximum that the
starter motor is allowed to be energised. The duty cycle may have to be followed by a
cooling down period before the starter motor can be re-energized.

362
Powerplant

22. What are the three main

components of a turbine
engine ignition system?

363
1. Ignition exciters,
2. high tension leads, and
3. igniters.

364
 Powerplant

FUEL METERING
SYSTEMS
365
Powerplant

1. What are some of the sources

used to heat the fuel in a turbine
engine fuel system?

366
 Bleed air
and
engine lubricating oil.

367
Powerplant

2. When does a carburetor

economizer system needle valve
begin to open?

368
Above approximately 60 to 70 % of rated power

369
Powerplant

3. What are the most common types

of metering systems used on small
reciprocating engines?

370
1. Float-Type carburetors,
2. Pressure-Type injection carburetors,
3. Direct fuel injection systems NOT SO COMMON
1 2

371
Powerplant

4. What function does the mixture

control perform?

372
Controls the fuel/air mixture

373
Powerplant

5. What generally causes spark plug

fouling (clog)?

374
Operating the engine with an excessively

rich mixture at idle.

375
Powerplant

6. What is the purpose of an

accelerating system in float-
type carburetors when the throttle
is open in a quick action?

376
 It provides an immediate but brief
increase in fuel flow in the venturi to

enrich the mixture

Proporciona um aumento imediato, mas breve, no fluxo de combustível no venturi para enriquecer a mistura

377
Powerplant

7. What is a carburetor economizer

system?

378
It is a power enrichment system
that provides a richer mixture at high
power settings, where the excess fuel
aids in engine cooling to prevent
detonation.

This system functions at throttle settings

above cruise power settings
379
Powerplant

8. When the mixture is placed in the

idle-cutoff position, a slight rise in
RPM is noted prior to the engine
decelerating. What does this
indicate?

380
The idle mixture is set correctly.

381
Powerplant

9. What is the RPM indication when

an idle mixture is set correctly, and
the mixture control is placed to the
idle-cutoff position?

382
A slight rise in RPM prior to decreasing

383
Powerplant

10. Why should engine RPM be

accelerated periodically when
making carburetor adjustments?

384
To clean the engine

385
Powerplant

11. What maintains the fuel

injection
pressure in a fuel-
carburetor?

386
An engine-driven fuel pump

PUMP

387
Powerplant

12. What happens if the manual

mixture control of a pressure
injection carburetor is moved to the
idle cutoff position?

388
The engine stops

389
Powerplant

13. What are some of the

advantages of fuel injection systems
over carburetor systems?
CARBURETOR FUEL INJECTION

390
(1)Less danger of icing induction,
(2)Better acceleration,
(3)better fuel distribution,
(4)better fuel economy,
(5)reduced overheating of individual cylinders

391
Powerplant

14. How does an automatic

mixture control (AMC)
function?

392
A sealed brass bellows connected to the
fuel metering system, expands and
contracts with changes in pressure and
temperature, adjusting the mixture
accordingly.

The automatic mixture control unit consists of a bellows

assembly, calibrated needle, and seat. The purpose of the
automatic mixture control is to compensate for changes in
air density due to temperature and altitude changes.
393
Powerplant

15. What purpose do turbine engine

fuel control units serve?

394
They automatically meter fuel to the
engine.

395
Powerplant

16. What are the two basic types of

fuel control
turbine engine

units?

396
 1. Hydromechanical/electronic and
2. FADEC (Full Authority Digital Engine Control)

397
Powerplant

17. What are the engine

variables detected by the
Fuel Control Unit?

398
(1)Power lever position,
(2)engine RPM,
(3)compressor inlet temperature,
(4)compressor inlet pressure,
(5)compressor discharge pressure,
(6)burner pressure.

399
Powerplant

18. What are the two major

components of a supervisory
Electronics Engine Control?
Quais são os dois principais componentes de um controle eletrônico de motor supervisório (controlado)?

400
 The electronic control unit (ECU)
and
the Hydromechanical fuel control.

401
Powerplant

19. What are some of the

advantages of a full-authority
digital engine control (FADEC) over
a hydromechanical fuel control?

402
(1)Better fuel economy,
(2)improved starts,
(3)requires no engine trimming,
(4)provides engine limit protection,
(5)provides constant idle
(6) speeds regardless of atmospheric
conditions or bleed air requirements,
(5)fully modulates the active clearance
control, and allows more repeatable engine
transients. 403
Powerplant

20. What do turbine engine fuel

spray nozzles do?

404
They inject fuel into the combustion
area.

405
Powerplant

21. What are the different engine

indications used for trimming
a turbine engine?

406
Either EPR (Engine Pressure Ratio)
or
RPM is used

depending on the particular engine.

407
Powerplant

maintenance
22. What
adjustments are normally
allowed on an installed
hydromechanical fuel control?

408
• Specific gravity for fuel,
• idle RPM and
• maximum RPM.

409
 Powerplant

ENGINE FUEL
SYSTEMS
410
Powerplant

1. What type of pump can vary

the amount of fuel discharged
regardless of speed?
Que tipo de bomba pode variar a quantidade de combustível descarregada independentemente da velocidade?

411
A variable displacement pump.

412
Powerplant

2. What is used to keep water,

sediment, and foreign matter

out of the carburetor?

413
The main fuel strainer.

414
Powerplant

3. What is the purpose of a pressure

relief valve in a constant
displacement pump?

Types of constant
displacement
pump

415
It returns excess fuel that is not required
by the engine to the inlet side of the
pump.

416
Powerplant

4. What type of engine-driven fuel

pump is widely used other than
gear or piston pumps?

417
A Rotary Vane type

418
Powerplant

5. What function do fuel boost

pumps perform?

419
They supply pressurized fuel to the fuel
pump, which helps prevent
vapor lock and cavitation

420
Powerplant

6. What is a commonly used type of

fuel boost pump?

421
The centrifugal type

422
Powerplant

7. What causes vapor lock

and why is it of concern?

423
• Insufficient fuel pressure,
• high fuel temperatures and
• excessive fuel turbulence,

which may completely block any fuel flow

resulting in engine failure.

424
Powerplant

8. Why is vapor lock serious?

425
 The fuel flow may be completely

blocked
Vapor lock happens when your fuel boils in your carburetor or your fuel line. Vaporized fuel creates back pressure
in your fuel system and prevents gas from getting to your engine. It commonly occurs when a car has been idling
or has been turned off and then back on.

426
Powerplant

9. What does the use of fuel boost

pumps help prevent?

427
Cavitation
and

vapor lock
428
Powerplant

10. What function does the engine-

driven pump on a turbine engine
perform?

429
It provides a continuous supply of fuel
at the proper pressure while the engine is
running.

430
Powerplant

11. Name the two categories of

turbine engine pumps:

431
 Constant
and
Variable displacement

432
Powerplant

12. What category is a gear-

type pump classified in?

433
Constant displacement.

434
Powerplant

13. When performing an external

inspection of an engine-driven
fuel pump, what should you
look for?

435
 Leaks
and
security of mounting

436
Powerplant

14. What is the purpose of a

shear section of the
driveshaft in a dual-element
constant displacement pump?

437
 If one fails
the other continues working

438
Powerplant

15. Where in a turbine engine fuel

system is ice formation likely
to occur?

and how is it prevented?

439
WHERE?
Fuel filter is most
susceptible to ice
formation,

HOW TO PREVENT?
heat exchanger using
either engine oil or bleed
air to warm the fuel
440
Powerplant

16. What is the purpose of a

by-pass valve in an engine fuel
system micron filter?

441
Allows unfiltered fuel to the engine when
the filter becomes blocked.

442
Powerplant

17. What is the purpose of a

duplex fuel nozzle?

443
Spray different patterns,
WIDER during start up and acceleration
NARROWS when speed is above idle.
Pulverize padrões diferentes, MAIS AMPLOS durante a partida e a
aceleração ESTREITA quando a velocidade está acima da marcha lenta.

444
Powerplant

18. What are the functions of the

pressurizing and dump portions of a
pressurizing and dump valve?

445
The pressurizing portion 
Provides primary and
secondary fuel flow to dual-
line duplex fuel nozzles.

The dump portion  Allows

fuel to drain from the
manifolds after engine
shutdown.
446
Powerplant

19. What purpose do fuel selector

valves serve?

447
They allow tank and engine selection and
provide a means of shutting off fuel flow.

448
 Powerplant
INDUCTION AND
ENGINE AIRFLOW
SYSTEMS 449
Powerplant

1. What happens to engine power

when the carburetor heat is
applied?

450
There is a noticeable drop in power

451
Powerplant

2. What could happen if carburetor

heat is applied at high engine
power settings?

452
 Detonation
Also high power settings create more cylinder heat, this heat increases engine temperature and
the increased temperature increases the heat

453
Powerplant

3. Name the three

components of the induction
system of a reciprocating engine.

454
1. The air scoop,
2. carburetor or fuel control, and
3. intake manifold

455
Powerplant

4. What could happen if the

induction system becomes
obstructed?

456
 The engine may not be able to produce its
rated power or it may not run at all. This may
also be an indication of a dirty air inlet filter.

457
Powerplant

5. What is the common method used

to prevent induction system ice in
a reciprocating engine?

458
Raise the temperature of induction air
with a preheater

459
Powerplant

6. What causes fuel evaporation

ice?

460
 It is because of the decrease in air
temperature resulting from evaporation of
the fuel after it is introduced into the air
stream.

461
Powerplant

7. How does induction icing

affect engine performance?

462
It causes a reduction in power
and
possible erratic operation.
Causa uma redução na potência
e
possível operação errática (sem regularidade)

463
Powerplant

8. How is induction icing

categorized?

464
 The third type is impact ice, which doesn't
necessarily happen in your carburetor. This type of
icing is most common in visible moisture - clouds,
snow, sleet, rain, etc. As cold, moisture-laden air
contacts anything solid, ice can start to form. This
can happen on your air intake, filter, or carburetor.

1. As impact ice,
2. fuel evaporation ice and
3. throttle ice.

465
Powerplant

9. Is carburetor throttle ice more

likely to occur at a higher or lower
power setting? Why?

466
LOWER – The throttle is partly closed offering
a larger surface area for ice accumulation.

467
Powerplant

10. What may be the indication of

leaking intake pipes?

468
The engine runs rough at low RPM.
O motor funciona mal em baixas rotações

Rough = áspero, irregular, grosseiro, brusco

469
Powerplant

11. What are two types of

supercharged induction
systems?

470
Internally driven and externally driven

Internally driven (mechanic) Externally driven 471

Powerplant

12. How and at what point does an

internally driven supercharger boost
air pressure?
Como e em que ponto um superalimentador acionado internamente aumenta a pressão do ar?

472
An impeller compresses the fuel/air
mixture after leaves the carburetor

473
Powerplant

13. From where does an

externally driven supercharger
derive its power?
De onde um superalimentador acionado externamente obtém sua energia.

474
From the energy of engine exhaust gases
directed against some form of turbine.

Energia para girar

o compressor

475
Powerplant

14. How and at what point does an

internally driven supercharger boost
air pressure?

476
An (engine-driven) impeller compresses the
fuel/air mixture after it leaves the carburetor.

477
Powerplant

15. What is used to power a

turbocharger?

478
Engine exhaust gas is directed into the
turbocharger turbine.

479
Powerplant

16. What is the function of a

turbocharger waste gate?

480
It controls the volume of exhaust gas that
is directed onto the turbine.

481
Powerplant

17. What could result if the waste

gate on a turbocharger system does
not close fully?

482
The engine may not be able to produce its
rated power at certain altitudes, and the
may not be capable
aircraft
of reaching critical
altitude
483
Powerplant

could cause a
18. What
turbocharged engine to surge?

484
 There could be a
waste gate
or
controller malfunction

485
Powerplant

19. What are the most common

ways to control a waste gate
actuator power?

486
Either mechanically with linkages to the
throttle or a separate control,
or
by an actuator that is driven by oil
pressure.

487
Powerplant

20. What is used on many

turbocharged engines for waste gate
actuator power?

488
Oil pressure

489
Powerplant

21. In a pressurized reciprocating

aircraft, what component in the
turbocharger system is used to
limit the amount of turbocharger
airflow used for cabin
pressurization?

490
 The sonic venturi

Sonic venturi. A sonic venturi in a line between a turbine engine or turbocharger and a pressurization
system. When the air flowing through the sonic venturi reaches the speed of sound, a shock wave forms
across the throat of the sonic venturi and limits the flow. A sonic venturi is also called a flow limiter.
491
Powerplant

22. What is the function of a

divergent-shaped jet engine
inlet during subsonic flight?

492
It causes the air velocity to decrease with
a subsequent increase in air pressure

493
Powerplant

23. Where are Bellmouth inlet

ducts typically found?

494
On helicopter engines

495
Powerplant

24. What is the function of a

sonic venturi in a
turbocharger system?

496
 To limit the amount of turbocharger
airflow used for cabin pressurization.

497
Powerplant

25. How do venturi-type particle

separators, found on many turbine
powered helicopters function?

498
A venturi is used to accelerate the flow of incoming
air and debris through a curved intake. The debris
gains too much inertia to allow it to follow the
curved intake toward the engine and is channeled
away from the compressor

499
Powerplant

26. The venturi-type particle

separator, found on many turbine
powered helicopters, utilizes
what characteristic of matter to
help remove debris from induction
air?
O separador de partículas do tipo Venturi, encontrado em muitos helicópteros movidos a turbina, utiliza quais
características da matéria para ajudar a remover detritos do ar de indução?
500
Inertia

501
Powerplant

27. What are the most common

methods used for anti-icing of
turbine engine inlet ducts?

502
 Engine bleed air
and
electric heating elements.

503
Powerplant

28. What is an indication of a dirty

air inlet filter?

504
Loss of power

FILTER INLET

505
Powerplant

29. Name two methods used for

anti-icing of turbine engine
inlet ducts.

506
 (1)Engine bleed air,
(2) Electric Heating elements.

507
Powerplant

30. When is carburetor throttle

ice most likely to form due to
throttle position?

508
 During part throttle operation when the
throttle is in a partly closed position.

509
 Powerplant
INDUCTION AND
ENGINE COOLING
SYSTEMS 510
Powerplant

1. What effect does excessive

heat have on reciprocating engines?

511
• It shortens the life of the engine parts,
• Changes the behavior of combustion,
• Impairs lubrication
Reduz a vida útil das peças do motor,
Altera o comportamento da combustão,
Prejudica a lubrificação

512
Powerplant

2. What is the purpose of cooling

fins?

513
They provide a larger cooling surface area
for removing heat from the cylinder heads
of air-cooled reciprocating engines.
Airflow around the cooling fins transfers
the heat from the cylinder heads to the air.

The cooling fins are machined as an

integral part of the barrel and have
limits on repair and service.
514
Powerplant

3. What are the reasons for using

engine cowlings, baffles and cowl
air seals?

CARENAGENS

515
 It streamlines the engine area to reduce
drag and is used together with the baffles
and cowl air seals to direct airflow over
the cylinders for cooling.

516
Powerplant

4. What is the purpose of cowl

flaps and how are they operated?

517
They are used to control the amount of
airflow through the cowling.

They are either mechanically, electrically

or hydraulically operated.

518
Powerplant

5. What is used to control the

amount of airflow through the
cooling area of a reciprocating
engine?

519
Cowl Flaps
Old aircft

520
Powerplant

6. Where should cowl flaps be

positioned for ground operations?

521
Fully open

522
Powerplant

7. What type of power is used to

operate cowl flaps?

523
• Manual (mechanical),
• hydraulic or
• electrical.

524
Powerplant

8. What should be done when

cooling fin damage is discovered?

525
 Depending on the scope of damage

some cooling fins may be repaired

subject to the manufacturer’s overhaul
and repair limitations.

If an excessive amount of the cooling fin

is broken off, the cylinder should be
replaced 526
Powerplant

9. Why is cowl flap adjustment

important?

527
 The movement must be within tolerances
to keep cylinder head temperatures within
allowable limits.

528
Powerplant

10. How are turbine engines

cooled?

529
 They are cooled by air passing through
the engine.

About 75% of the air passing through the

engine is used for cooling which leaves
only 25% for combustion. This air is used
to cool the combustion chamber and
turbine
530
Powerplant

11. In a turbine engine where does

bleed air come from that is used
to cool bearings and other parts?

531
The engine compressor.

532
Powerplant

12. What is the relationship between:

turbine engine upper-temperature limits

and
power produced?

533
The higher combustion temperatures that
an engine can withstand without damage,
the more power it is capable of
producing.
Quanto mais altas as temperaturas de combustão que um motor pode suportar sem danos, mais potência ele é
capaz de produzir.

higher temperatures = more power

534
Powerplant

13. What is the approximate

percentage of air passing through a
turbine engine that is used for
cooling rather than combustion?

535
75%

536
Powerplant

14. What can be done to effectively

allow higher gas temperatures in
the turbine section of some
engines?

537
Compressor bleed air ducted through
hollow sections in the:

turbine inlet guide vanes (IGV) and

first stage rotor blades

can lower temperatures enough to

prevent heat damage
538
Powerplant

15. What happens to waste engine

heat after it is transferred to
cylinder cooling fins?
O que acontece com o calor residual do motor depois de transferido para as aletas de refrigeração do cilindro?

539
It is further transferred from the engine
cylinders to the air.
É posteriormente transferido dos cilindros do motor para o ar.

540
Powerplant

16. What are the functions of

engine cowling?

541
 It streamlines the engine area to reduce
drag and it forms an envelope around the
engine to aid in controlling cooling
airflow.

542
Powerplant

17. What is the purpose of cowl air

seals?

543
They force air to circulate around and
through the baffle system.

544
Powerplant

18. How does an augmentor

cooling system work?
Some aircraft use augmentors to provide additional cooling airflow

545
 An outer tube placed over the existing
exhaust gas creates a venturi effect that
draws more airflow over the engine thus
providing additional cooling.

546
Powerplant

19. What information must be

consulted prior to re-profiling
the cooling fin?

547
The manufacturer’s service
or
overhaul publications

548
Powerplant

20. Where must cooling air flow

to cool a turbine engine?
Onde deve fluir o ar de resfriamento para resfriar um motor de turbina?

549
Through the inside of the engine.

550
Powerplant

21. What areas of a turbine engine

are cooled by air passing through
the engine?

551
The combustion chamber
and
turbine.

552
 Powerplant

EXHAUST AND
REVERSER
SYSTEMS 553
Powerplant

1. What is an indication of an
exhaust gas leak?

554
A flat gray or sooty (fuligem) black
deposit in the area of the leak

555
Powerplant

2. What is the purpose of the

exhaust system?

556
To remove high temperature noxious gases
Para remover gases nocivos de alta temperatura

Noxious = nocivos

557
Powerplant

3. Name two types of reciprocating

engine exhaust systems:

558
 The short stack and the collector system.
The short stack system is generally used on
nonsupercharged engines and low-powered engines
where noise level is not too objectionable.

The short stack system is relatively simple, and its

removal and installation consists essentially of removing
and installing the hold-down nuts and clamps

559
Powerplant

4. What drawback (disadvantage) in

using collector-type exhaust
systems is more than offset when
used on turbocharged engines?
Que desvantagem (desvantagem) no uso de sistemas de exaustão do tipo coletor é mais do que
compensada quando usado em motores turboalimentados?

560
The loss of horse-power due to exhaust
system back pressure.

561
Powerplant

5. What could result if the internal

baffles or diffusers in an exhaust
system fail?

562
The flow of the exhaust gases could be
restricted, resulting in a loss of engine
power.

563
Powerplant

6. What type of exhaust system is

used on turbocharged engines?

564
The collector system.

565
Powerplant

7. Name the components of a

typical turbine exhaust nozzle.

566
• The tail cone,
• exhaust ducts
• supports struts

567
Powerplant

8. How do you inspect the internal

baffles and diffusers of an exhaust
system?
Baffles = defletores

568
By disassembling and visually inspecting
the components

569
Powerplant

9. Why is an exhaust system failure

considered severe hazard?

570
 It can result in:
• carbon monoxide poisoning,
• loss of engine power
• fire

571
Powerplant

10. What could happen if lead, zinc

or galvanized marks are made on
an exhaust system?

572
They cause a change in the molecular
structure, which could result in

cracks when heated.

573
Powerplant

11. What kind of material is

normally used to make the muffler
shrouds found in the exhaust
system?

574
Stainless steel

575
Powerplant

12. What is a common cause of

turbocharger waste gate
sticking?

576
Coke deposits or carbon buildup.

577
Powerplant

13. What are exhaust system coke

deposits?

578
Excessive carbon buildup

579
Powerplant

14. What happens if the heat

exchanger leaks exhaust gases
into the induction system?

580
There is a loss of engine power.

581
Powerplant

15. Where are the most common

places to find cracks in an
exhaust system?

582
 • At welded or
• clamped areas and
• at the flanges.

583
Powerplant

16. Why are turbocharged exhaust

system leaks very damaging at

the right altitudes?
Por que os vazamentos no sistema de escapamento turboalimentado são muito prejudiciais nas altitudes certas?

584
Pressure differential will cause the leak to
escape with torch-like intensity
O diferencial de pressão fará com que o vazamento escape com intensidade semelhante à de uma tocha

585
Powerplant

17. What is the result of changing

the exhaust nozzle area of a
turbine engine?

586
The engine’s performance and exhaust
gas temperature change

587
Powerplant

18. What is the purpose of thrust

reversers?

588
They help decelerate an aircraft after
landing

589
Powerplant

19. How does a noise suppressor

found on older turbojet engines work?

590
 It converts low frequency sound, into high
frequency sound thus reducing the sound footprint.

591
Powerplant

20. What are the two most

commonly used types of
thrust reversers?

592
The Clamshell (or mechanically blocked) and
the Cascade (or aerodynamically blocked).

593
Powerplant

21. How much thrust do the

reversers produce compared to the
engine’s full forward thrust?

594
Substantially less

595
Powerplant

22. What are the hazards of

operating some thrust reversers at
low ground speeds?

596
Ingestion of foreign objects
FOD

597
Powerplant

23. What is the primary function of

an exhaust system
(in regard to safety)?

598
To provide protection against the
potential destructive action of
exhaust gases

599
Powerplant

24. What is the function of the

thermocouple probes in a
turbine exhaust tailpipe?

600
 To measure EGT
(EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURE)

601
 Powerplant

PROPELLERS

602
Powerplant

1. What is the function of a

propeller?

603
Create thrust to pull or push an airplane
through the air

604
Powerplant

2. How are some wooden

propeller blades protected from
wear and damage?

605
By metal tipping fastened to the leading
edge and tip.

606
Powerplant

3. What is the difference between

a fixed pitch propeller and a
controllable pitch propeller?

607
Fixed Pitch – Cannot be changed by the
pilot. (Blade angle changed by the
manufacturer)

Controllable Pitch – Can be changed by

the pilot (Blade angle changed by the
governor), some are provided with
reverse pitch and feathering
608
Powerplant

4. What happens to the blade angle

of a constant speed propeller during
constant power dive?

609
The blade angle increases to prevent an

overspeed

610
Powerplant

5. What are the functions of a

constant-speed propeller

governor?

611
(1)It boosts engine oil pressure before it
enters the propeller hub,
(2)it senses rotational speed of the propeller,
(3) and the adjusts the oil flow to the propeller
hub to change pitch and therefore speed of
the propeller.

612
Powerplant

6. What is an unfeathering
accumulator?

613
It is an oil accumulator used to provide oil
pressure to unfeather a propeller
É um acumulador de óleo usado para fornecer pressão de óleo para desenbandeirar uma hélice

614
Powerplant

7. What is meant when a propeller

governor in an “on-speed”
condition?

615
Is not accelerating or deaccelerating and
the speeder spring and flyweight
forces are in balance

underspeed On-Speed overspeed 616

Powerplant

8. How is a constant speed

feathering propeller feathered?

617
By releasing oil pressure in the governor.
The counterweights and feathering spring
move the propeller into feather or can be
moved by the pilot moving the propeller
control into the feathering detent.

618
Powerplant

9. What is the purpose of propeller

blade counterweights?

619
Forces the blade to a high pitch angle

620
Powerplant

10. To what do the terms alpha

range and beta range
pertain?

621
Those pertain to the operating modes of
turboprop reversible-pitch propellers.
Alpha Range (any flight condition) Beta Range (idle or rev)

622
Powerplant

11. What is the ALPHA range of a

turboprop?

623
ALPHA – Operates in the standard
constant speed mode
(which is usually in flight.)
Alpha Range (any flight condition) Beta Range (idle or rev)

624
Powerplant

12. What is the BETA range of a

turboprop?

625
 BETA – Operates in the minimum thrust
range and negative thrust or reverse
thrust mode (which is usually on ground).
Alpha Range (any flight condition) Beta Range (idle or rev)

626
Powerplant

13. What two forces are balanced in

a propeller governor in an
on-speed condition?

627
 Speeder spring and flyweight

underspeed overspeed
On-Speed
628
Powerplant

14. What happens to a constant

speed feathering propeller when the
propeller governor oil pressure
drops to zero?

629
The propeller will feather

Oil press Oil press (zero)

630
Powerplant

15. How do you determine the

reparability of a damaged
propeller blade?

631
By reference to manufacturer’s
maintenance manual.

AMM
632
Powerplant

16. What systems are commonly

used for propeller ice control?

633
Fluid (alcohol) and electrical heat applied
to the propeller blade root

634
Powerplant

17. What propeller repairs can be

performed by a certified mechanic
with a powerplant rating?

635
 Only
MINOR REPAIRS and alterations,

major repairs or alterations are made in a

certified repair station, the propeller
manufacturer’s maintenance manual
outlines the scope of repairs
636
Powerplant

18. How are wooden propellers

generally cleaned?

637
 Whit a brush or cloth
and
warm water with mild soap

638
Powerplant

19. Where would you find the

correct method and technique for
cleaning an aluminum propeller and
Hub?

639
The propeller manufacturer’s manual.

640
Powerplant

20. What type of nondestructive

testing should be accomplished to a
propeller after bending?

641
The procedures recommended by the
manufacturer

642
Powerplant

21. What are the two criteria used

by many manufacturers to
determine the amount of bend
damage that can be repaired by cold
bending of aluminum propellers?

643
The extent of the bend
and its
blade station location

644
Powerplant

22. How can repair file marks be

removed from an aluminum
propeller?

645
With a very fine sandpaper

646
Powerplant

23. When performing a static

balance on a two-bladed propeller,
what positions must the propeller
be placed in when measurements
are taken?

647
Vertical and horizontal positions

648
Powerplant

24. What is a propeller

protractor used for?

649
It is used to measure the
propeller blade angle

650
Powerplant

25. What blade conditions

can cause engine vibration?

651
 Propeller
out of track
or
balance aviation
, as well as
incorrect blade angle setting

652
Powerplant

26. What is blade tracking?

653
It is the position of the propeller blade
tips relative to each other

654
Powerplant

27. What controls both manifold

pressure and RPM on an engine
equipped with a fixed-pitch
propeller?

655
 The throttle
Fixed pitch propellers have no controls and require no adjustments in flight.

The constant-speed propeller has a propeller control in the center pedestal between
the throttle and the mixture control.

656
Powerplant

28. Other than maintaining constant

speed, what are two actions of
some controllable propellers?

657
Reverse pitch and feathering.

Alpha Range (any flight condition) Beta Range (idle or rev)

658
 Powerplant
TURBINE POWERED
AUXILIARY POWER
UNIT
659
Powerplant

1. Name the main components of a

typical APU:
Auxiliary Power Unit

660
• A small power
turbine for power
and bleed air, and

• an electrical
generator.

661
Powerplant

2. When is the greatest demand

placed on an APU?

662
When supplying bleed air

663
Powerplant

3. How is an APU generally

started?

664
With its own electrical starter
and
battery power.

665
Powerplant

4. Where does the APU get its

fuel supply?

666
From the aircraft’s main fuel tanks
AIRCRAFT

667
Powerplant

5. At what speed does a gas

turbine APU operate?

and how is this speed maintained?

668
 At or near its rated speed regardless of
electrical or pneumatic loads imposed.

The APU fuel control automatically

adjusts the fuel flow to maintain the rated
speed

669
Powerplant

6. What is used to prevent a heavily

loaded APU from exceeding
its maximum EGT?

670
A load control valve modulates the pneumatic
load to maintain EGT’s within limits

EGT 671
Powerplant

7. How is an APU shut down?

and
why is this procedure used?

672
• After the APU is unloaded by closing the bleed air
valve, it is run for a specified amount of time to allow
the EGT to cool and stabilize. It takes around 3
minutes.

• If a heavily loaded APU is abruptly shut down without

any cooling period, damage may occur as a result of
thermal shock

673
Powerplant

8. What powers the variable

inlet guide vanes (IGV) used on
some APU’s to regulate compressor
intake airflow?

674
Fuel pressure

675
Powerplant

9. What is the function of an APU on

modern transport category aircraft?

676
 To supply ground electrical and
pneumatic power to aircraft systems
when the engines are not operating

and in some aircraft

as a backup source of inflight electrical

power.
677
Powerplant

10. Name at least two uses for APU

produced pneumatic power

678
 (1) Engine Starting
(2) Ground air conditioning
(3) Anti-icing.

679
Powerplant

11. How is the cool-down for

many APU’s accomplished prior to
shutdown?

680
By running the APU for at least 3 minutes
, period of time after closing the bleed air
valve.

681
Powerplant

12. What is the operating effect of

following a required cool-down
period prior:

682
The APU’s EGT is lowered and stabilized.

EGT

683
Powerplant

13. How is an APU’s operating

speed maintained despite
variations in the loads imposed?

684
The APU’s fuel control automatically
adjusts the fuel flow

FCU APU
685
 Powerplant
End
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The FAA as an independent and full authority organization can randomize or add new questions that are not written in this
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https://www.faa.gov/mechanics/become/test_requirements/
Many of the AMT knowledge test questions are based on content from the AMT Handbooks: AMT-General Handbook
(Handbook) (PDF) AMT-Airframe Handbook (Volume 1) (PDF), (Volume 2) (PDF) MT-Powerplant Handbook (Volume 1) (PDF),
(Volume 2) (PDF

686