CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 ABOUT THE TOPIC

Smart agriculture is a farming system which uses IoT technology. This emerging system
increases the quantity and quality of agricultural products. IoT devices provide information
about nature of farming fields and then take action depending on the farmer input.

In this paper, an IoT based advanced solution for monitoring the soil conditions and
atmosphere for efficient crop growth is presented. The developed system is capable of
monitoring temperature, humidity, soil moisture level using mc and several sensors
connected to it. Also, a notification in the form of will be sent to farmer’s phone using Wi-
Fi about environmental condition of the field.

1.2 ABOUT THE PROJECT

Agriculture is major source of income for the largest population in India and is major
contributor to Indian economy. In past decade it is observed that there are not much crop
development in agriculture sector. Food prices are continuously increasing because crop
rate declined. There are number of factor which is responsible for this it may be due to
water waste, low soil fertility, Fertilizer abuse, climate change or diseases etc.

It is very essential to make effective intervention in agriculture and the solution is

IOT in integration with wireless sensor network. Internet of things (IOT) is a method of
connecting everything to the internet- it is connecting object or things(such as car, home,
electronic devices, etc. ...) which are previously not connected with each other main
purpose of IOT is ensuring delivery of right information to right people at right time. In
agriculture irrigation is the important factor as the monsoon rain falls are unpredictable and
uncertain.

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1.3 Existing System

Even now different developing countries using the traditional ways and backward
techniques in agriculture sector. A little technological advancement has increased the
production efficiency significantly. And to increase the productivity the inventive approach
is introduced.

Smart farming with Internetof Things (IoT) has been designed. By developing a motor
vehicle which can be operated on both automatic and manual modes which can be used
for various agriculture activities like cutting, spraying, and weeding etc.

The controller will monitor the temperature, humidity, soil fertility, and water management
to the field. By using green energy and smart technology the agriculture sector will find a
better way to increase the productivity.

1.4 Proposed System

In this project, the user has to feed the data about the land area and the type of crop
planted in the app. With the given data we can calculate the amount of water, fertilizers,
pesticides needed for the given land area. The Wi-Fi module is used to collect the data
and transmit it to the .

The App provides the information about the soil fertility, humidity, water overflow, field
animals. Using the water level sensor the water level in the tank can be calculated and
based on the data from humidity and moisture sensor the land can be irrigated
automatically and can detect the overflow in the water tank. Thus, smart irrigation system
helps to improve the crop yield and thereby meet the demand.

This project remotely measure and monitor water moisture levels in the soil to ensure that
crops are getting optimal water resources and automatically trigger sprinkler systems to
address low moisture levels in the soil to prevent crop damage or loss. This idea will
improve the crop yield and manage them.

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1.5 PROBLEM STATEMENT

 The traditional agriculture and allied sector cannot meet the requirements of

modern agriculture which requires high-yield, high quality and efficient output.

 Thus, it is very important to turn towards modernization of existing methods and

using the information technology and data over a certain period to predict the

best possible productivity and crop suitable on the very particular land.

 The adoptions of access to high-speed internet, mobile devices, and reliable,

low-cost satellites (for imagery and positioning) are few key technologies

characterizing the precision agriculture trend

1.6 ADVANTAGES:

The key advantages of using iot in enhancing farming are as follows:

 Soil management such as Moisture content etc can be identified easily so that
farmer can sow seeds according to soil level.
 Water management can be efficiently done using IoT with no wastage of water using
sensors.
 Crop monitoring can be easily done to observe the growth of crop. IoT helps to
continuous monitor the land so that precautions can be taken at early stage.
 It increases productivity, reduce manual work, reduce time and makes farming more
efficient.

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE SURVEY

With advancement in technologies IoT frameworks and platforms has been used in many domains
like smart healthcare, smart cities, etc. but still in agriculture domain large scale use of IoT solutions
is not seen in many countries. In this section we tried to describe some of the IoT based solutions
proposed by some of the researchers.

1) “IOT Based Crop-Field Monitoring And Irrigation Automation” 10th International

conference on Intelligent systems and control (ISCO), 7-8 Jan 2016 published in IEEE
Xplore Nov 2016.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a shared network of objects or things which can interact with each other provided
there is internet connection. IoT can play an important role in the agricultural industry which can feed over
an estimated 9.5 billion people on the surface of this earth by 2050. IoT based crop-field monitoring and
automated irrigation system which also can be called Smart farming system can help to reduce wastage, by
enabling the effective usage of fertilizer and soil water thereby increasing crop yield. In this work, a system
is built to monitor crop-field using sensors (Temperature, Humidity and Soil moisture) and to automate the
irrigation system. The data from sensors are sent to the Thingspeak API database using wireless transmission.
The data can be visualized on the designed Web page where the readings from the sensors can be viewed.
The data are encoded in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format. The irrigation is automated in that
irrigation is only enabled when the soil moisture of the field falls below the threshold for optimal crop growth.
The notifications are sent periodically to the web page dashboard as well as the mobile app developed for
farmers. The farmer can monitor the field conditions anywhere, anytime

2) “A Model For Smart Agriculture Using IOT” 2016 International Conference on Global
Trends in signal Processing, Information Computing And Communication.

Climate changes and rainfall has been erratic over the past decade. Due to this in recent era, climate-smart
methods called as smart agriculture is adopted by many Indian farmers. Smart agriculture is an automated
and directed information technology implemented with the IOT (Internet of Things). IOT is developing
rapidly and widely applied in all wireless environments. In this paper, sensor technology and wireless
networks integration of IOT technology has been studied and reviewed based on the actual situation of
agricultural system. A combined approach with internet and wireless communications, Remote Monitoring
System (RMS) is proposed. Major objective is to collect real time data of agriculture production environment
that provides easy access for agricultural facilities such as alerts through Short Massaging Service (SMS) and
advices on weather pattern, crops etc

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3) IOT Based Smart Agriculture Monitoring System‟ 2017 International Journal on Recent
and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Agriculture is the primary occupation in our country for ages. But now due to migration of people from
rural to urban there is hindrance in agriculture. So to overcome this problem we go for smart agriculture
techniques using IoT. This project includes various features like GPS based remote controlled
monitoring, moisture & temperature sensing, intruders scaring, security, leaf wetness and proper
irrigation facilities. It makes use of wireless sensor networks for noting the soil properties and
environmental factors continuously. Various sensor nodes are deployed at different locations in the farm.
Controlling these parameters are through any remote device or internet services and the operations are
performed by interfacing sensors, Wi-Fi, camera with microcontroller. This concept is created as a
product and given to the farmer?s welfare

4) A Survey: Smart agriculture IoT with cloud Computing ‟ 978-1-5386-1716-8/17/$31.00

©2017 IEEE

IoT is a revolutionary technology that represents the future of computing and communications. Most of the
people over all worlds depend on agriculture. Because of this reason smart IT technologies are needed to
migrate with traditional agriculture methods. Using modern technologies can control the cost, maintenance
and monitoring performance. Satellite and aerial imagery play a vital role in modern agriculture. Precision
agriculture sensor monitoring network is used greatly to measure agri-related information like temperature,
humidity, soil PH, soil nutrition levels, water level etc. so, with IoT farmers can remotely monitor their crop
and equipment by phones and computers. In this paper, we surveyed some typical applications of
Agriculture IoT Sensor Monitoring Network technologies using Cloud computing as the backbone. This
survey is used to understand the different technologies and to build sustainable smart agriculture. Simple
IoT agriculture model is addressed with a wireless network.

5) IOT BASED MONITORING SYSTEM IN SMART AGRICULTURE‟ 2017 International

Conference on Recent Advances in Electronics and Communication Technology

Internet of Things (IoT) plays a crucial role in smart agriculture. Smart farming is an emerging
concept, because IoT sensors capable of providing information about their agriculture fields. The
paper aims making use of evolving technology i.e. IoT and smart agriculture using automation.
Monitoring environmental factors is the major factor to improve the yield of the efficient crops. The
feature of this paper includes monitoring temperature and humidity in agricultural field through
sensors using CC3200 single chip. Camera is interfaced with CC3200 to capture images and send
that pictures through MMS to farmers mobile using Wi-Fi.

6) IOT in Precision Agriculture Applications Using Wireless Moisture Sensor Network” 2016
IEEE Conference on Open Systems

Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of sensors and connectivity to enable application like agriculture
optimum irrigation. Wireless sensor network (WSN) and Wireless Moisture Sensor Network (WMSN) are

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components of IoT. One of the important processes in agriculture is irrigation. Improper irrigation will result
in waste of water. Proper irrigation system could be achieved by using WSN technology. Monitoring and
control applications have been tremendously improved by using WSN technology. It enabled efficient
communication with many sensors. WMSN is a WSN with moisture sensors. In this study, Precision
Agriculture (PA) used WMSN to enable efficient irrigation. In this paper, we describe about IoT and WMSN
in agriculture applications particularly in greenhouse environment. This paper explained and proved the
efficiency of feedback control method in greenhouse crop irrigation. A test was conducted to see the different
these two methods. The methods are irrigation by schedule or feedback based irrigation. Irrigation by
schedule is to supply water to the plant at specific time periods. Feedback based irrigation is to irrigate plant
when the moisture or level of media wetness reached predefined value. The test shows that there is an average
savings of 1,500 ml per day per tree.

7) Design of an Intelligent Management System for Agricultural Green houses based on the
Internet of Things” IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous
Computing (EUC) 2017

China is a large agricultural country with the largest population in the world. This creates a high
demand for food, which is prompting the study of high quality and high-yielding crops. China's
current agricultural production is sufficient to feed the nation; however, compared with developed
countries agricultural farming is still lagging behind, mainly due to the fact that the system of
growing agricultural crops is not based on maximizing output, the latter would include scientific
sowing, irrigation and fertilization. In the past few years many seasonal fruits have been offered for
sale in markets, but these crops are grown in traditional backward agricultural greenhouses and large
scale changes are needed to modernize production. The reform of small-scale greenhouse
agricultural production is relatively easy and could be implemented. The concept of the Agricultural
Internet of Things utilizes networking technology in agricultural production, the hardware part of
this agricultural IoT include temperature, humidity and light sensors and processors with a large data
processing capability; these hardware devices are connected by short-distance wireless
communication technology, such as Bluetooth, WIFI or Zigbee. In fact, Zigbee technology, because
of its convenient networking and low power consumption, is widely used in the agricultural internet.
The sensor network is combined with well-established web technology, in the form of a wireless
sensor network, to remotely control and monitor data from the sensors.In this paper a smart system
of greenhouse management based on the Internet of Things is proposed using sensor networks and
web-based technologies. The system consists of sensor networks and asoftware control system. The
sensor network consists of the master control center and various sensors using Zigbee protocols. The
hardware control center communicates with a middleware system via serial network interface
converters. The middleware communicates with a hardw

 Anand Nayyar Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Applications & IT KCL Institute
of Management and Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab
• He proposed a Smart IoT based gadget “Agriculture Tool” which assists
farmers in getting Live Data (Temperature, Soil Moisture) for efficient
environment monitoring. This stick was developed with the combination of
NodeMCU, Cloud computing and Solar Technology using Breadboard mixed
with various sensors. Thingsspeak.com was used to get the live data feed. The

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 author claimed the accuracy of 98% in the data feeds extracted from the sensors.

 Dr. Andreas Kamilaris Assistant Professor, Pervasive Systems; Assistant Professor, Digital
Society Institute
• He developed Agri-IoT: A Semantic Framework for Internet of Things-enabled
Smart Farming Applications, a semantic framework for IoT based smart
farming applications, which supports reasoning over various heterogeneous
sensor data streams in real-time. Framework also supports large-scale data
analytics and event detection, ensuring seamless interoperability among
sensors, services, processes, operations, farmers and other relevant actors,
including online information sources and linked open datasets and streams
available on the Web. For the experimentation of this project, they deployed
100-300 sensors in the field. The comparative analysis of two RDF Stream
Processing (RSP) engines CSPARQL and CQELS is illustrated with the results.

 Prof. Chetan Dwarkani M Assistant Professor, Department Of Information Technology,

Easwari Engineering College, Chennai
• He proposes a novel technique for smart farming by linking a smart sensing
system and smart irrigator system through wireless communication technology
at the event of IEEE International Conference on Technological Innovations in
ICT for Agriculture and Rural Development (TIAR 2015)

 Vidya Devi & Meenakumari KCG College of Technology Karappakam, Chennai- 60

• They had proposed the system Real- Time Automation and Monitoring System
for Modernized Agriculture which handles the atmospheric conditions and
controlled it online at International Journal of Review and Research in Applied
Sciences and Engineering (IJRRASE)
 S. R. Nandurkar Lecturer, Department of Instrumentation Engg., SGGSIE&T
• He proposed a low cost and efficient wireless sensor network technique to
acquire the soil moisture and temperature from various locations of farm and as
per the need of crop controller to take the decision whether the irrigation is
requirement.

 Gayatri Research Scholar

• The cloud computing devices that can create a whole computing system from
sensors to tools that observe data from agricultural field images and from
human actors on the ground and accurately feed the data into the repositories
along with the location as GPS coordinates was introduced by gayatri at

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 International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science &
Electronics (IJETCSE) ISSN: 0976-1353.

 The author Joaquín Gutiérrez in 2013 proposes an idea about how automated irrigation system
was developed to optimize water use for agricultural crops. In addition, a gateway unit handles
sensor information.
s
 The IoT based monitoring system was introduced by Meonghun Lee in the year 2017 to analyze
crop environment and the method to improve the efficiency of decision making by analyzing
harvest statistics.

 Amandeep proposed the GPS based remote controlled vehicle which can operate on both
automatic and manual modes, for various agriculture operations like spraying, cutting, weeding,
etc. It can also monitor the temperature, humidity, soil condition and water supply.The
highlighting features are smart GPS based remote controlled robot to perform tasks like weeding,
spraying, moisture sensing, human detection and keeping vigilance.

By referring the above literature survey we have proposed the system design to yield crop
productivity more efficient that can be reached and grown in the given environment using the time
series techniques with past yield data for employing on a forecasting model.

As we are living in the 21th century the scientist with the developing technology had been recorded
the suitable data for growing the given seed to more efficient. With the reference to the suitable data
which is given by scientist called as ideal data we can mange to control the requirement of the seed
for growing. The suitable temperature,humidity,water etc for the seed will be observes by the device
if the present requirements doesn’t match with ideal data then the Arduino device will manage to
match the ideal requirements.

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 CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1 DESCRPTION OF COMPONENTS

3.1.1 ESP32.
The ESP32 is a series of low-cost and low-power System on a Chip (SoC)
microcontrollers developed by Espressif that include Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
wireless capabilities and dual-core processor. If you’re familiar with the
ESP8266, the ESP32 is its successor, loaded with lots of new features.

If you want to get a bit more technical and specific, you can take a look at
the following detailed specifications of the ESP32 (source:
http://esp32.net/)—for more details, check the datasheet):

 Wireless connectivity WiFi: 150.0 Mbps data rate with HT40

 Bluetooth: BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) and
BluetoothClassic
 Processor: Tensilica Xtensa Dual-Core
32-bit LX6microprocessor, running at 160
or 240 MHz
 Memory:
 ROM: 448 KB (for booting and core functions)
 SRAM: 520 KB (for data and instructions)
 RTC fas SRAM: 8 KB (for data storage and
main CPUduring RTC Boot from the deep-
sleep mode)
 RTC slow SRAM: 8KB (for co-processor
accessingduring deep-sleep mode)
 eFuse: 1 Kbit (of which 256 bits are used for the
system (MAC address and chip configuration) and
the remaining768 bits are reserved for customer
applications, includingFlash-Encryption and Chip-
ID)
 Embedded flash: flash connected

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 internally via IO16,IO17, SD_CMD, SD_CLK,
SD_DATA_0 and SD_DATA_1 on ESP32-D2WD
and ESP32-PICO-D4.0 MiB (ESP32-ESP32-D0

 ESP32 DEVKIT DOIT board

Other similar boards with the features mentioned previously may also be a good option like the
Adafruit ESP32 Feather, Sparkfun ESP32 Thing, NodeMCU-32S, Wemos LoLin32, etc.

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3.1.2 DTH SENSOR (TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY):

DHľ11 Sensoí and Its Woíking Humidity is the measure of water vapour present in the air. The level
of humidity in air affects various physical, chemical and biological processes. In industrial
applications, humidity can affect the business cost of the products, health and safety of the
employees. So, in semiconductor industries and control system industries measurement of
humidity is very important. Humidity measurement determines the amount of moisture present
in the gas that can be a mixture of water vapour, nitrogen, argon or pure gas etc… Humidity sensors
are of two types based on their measurement units. They are a relative humidity sensor and
Absolute humidity sensor. DHT11 is a digital temperature and humidity sensor.

What is a DHT11 Sensor?

DHT11 is a low-cost digital sensor for sensing temperature and humidity. This sensor can be easily
interfaced with any micro-controller such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi etc… to measure humidity and
temperature instantaneously.

DHT11 humidity and temperature sensor is available as a sensor and as a module. The difference
between this sensor and module is the pull-up resistor and a power-on LED. DHT11 is a relative
humidity sensor. To measure the surrounding air this sensor uses a thermistor and a capacitive
humidity sensor.

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This sensor is used in various applications such as measuring humidity and temperature values in
heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. Weather stations also use these sensors to
predict weather conditions. The humidity sensor is used as a preventive measure in homes where
people are effected from humidty.

3.1.3 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR

Soil moisture sensors measure the water content in soil. A soil moisture probe is made up of
multiple soil moisture sensors. One common type of soil moisture sensors in commercial use is a
Frequency domain sensor such as a capacitance sensor. Another sensor, the neutron moisture
gauge, utilize the moderator properties of water for neutrons. Cheaper sensors -often for home
use- are based on two electrodes measuring the resistance of the soil. Sometimes this simply
consists of two bare (galvanized) wires, but there are also probes with wires embedded in gypsum

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3.1.4 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

The controlling of lights and home appliances is generally operated and maintained
manually on several occasions. But the process of appliances controlling may cause
wastage of power due to the carelessness of human beings or unusual circumstances. To
overcome this problem we can use the light-dependent resistor circuit for controlling the
loads based on the intensity of light. An LDR or a photoresistor is a device that is made up
of high resistance semiconductor material. This article gives an overview of what is LDR
or light- dependent resistor circuit and its working.

Light Dependent Resistor

Light Dependent Resistor Specifications

The LDR specifications mainly include maximum power dissipation,

maximum operating voltage, peak wavelength, dark resistance, etc. The values
of these specifications mentioned below.

 Maximum power dissipation is 200mW

 The maximum voltage at 0 lux is 200V
 The peak wavelength is 600nm
 Minimum resistance at 10lux is 1.8kΩ

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LDR Advantages

The advantages of LDR include the following.

 Sensitivity is High
 Simple & Small devices
 Easily used
 Inexpensive
 There is no union potential.

Applications of LDR

Light-dependent resistors are simple and low-cost devices. These devices are used
where there is a need to sense the presence and absence of light is necessary. These
resistors are used as light sensors and the applications of LDR mainly include alarm
clocks, street lights, light intensity meters, burglar alarm circuits. For a better
understanding of this concept, here we have explained one project namely; power
conserving of intensity controlled street lights using LDR.

3.1.5 ULTRASONIC HUMIDIFIERS

This DC 5V Ultrasonic Humidifiers Power Circuit Board with Atomizing Chip Moisture
Film Humidification atomization machine is; suitable for the atomization plate tablet with
a diameter of 20mm. This Ultrasonic Humidifier Piezoelectric Transmitter module works
on the principle of cavitation produced by sound waves. Just provide the DC3-12V power
supply it will turn into a mini ultrasonic atomizer.

As sound waves contain compression and rarefaction. Due to extremely rapid movement,
water droplets can no longer sustain their liquid state and gets converted into vapor
immediately. This vibration is produced by a piezoelectric filament

Features:
1. Low noise operation.
2. Small fog particles.
3. Long operation life.
4. High stability.

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 5. Driving Voltage: DC 3-12V.
6. High Conversion Efficiency.
7. Low Impedance Stable Waveform.
8. Low Dielectric Loss.
9. Strong Corrosion Resistance.

3.1.6 DC WATER PUMP

This DC 5V Mini Submersible Noiseless Water Pump is a low-cost, small size Submersible
Pump. It can take up to 150 liters per hour with a very low current consumption from
300mA to 1A max. Just connect the tube pipe to the motor outlet, submerge it in water, and
power.

This black color pump comes with an approximately 1-meter cable and 5mm DC female
jack at the end to connect directly to the 5V power supply. It is widely used in prototype
projects as well as in decoration purposes.

Features :

1. Simple Plug and Play operation.

2. It Can operate on any 5V DC power supply like a Power bank

3. 1 Meter cable with DC jack provides the convenience to connect and disconnect
projects easily

4. Can pump 2.5 litres per minute

3.1.7 LI-ION BATTERY

A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery (abbreviated as LIB) is a type of rechargeable

battery. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used for portable electronics and electric
vehicles. The batteries have a high energy density, no memory effect (other than LFP cells),
and low self- discharge. We at Robu have the best lithium-ion batteries in various
capacities, voltages, sizes, and at the best price. Scroll down to see more

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3.1.8 WIFI

A
wireless network uses radio waves, just like cell phones, televisions and radios do. In fact,
communication across a wireless network is a lot like two-way radio communication.

Here's what happens:

A
computer's wireless adapter translates data into a radio signal and transmits it using an antenna.

A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it. The router sends the information to
the Internet using a physical, wired Ethernet connection.

Th
e process also works in reverse, with the router receiving information from the Internet,
translating it into a radio signal and sending it to the computer's wireless adapter.

The radios used for Wi-Fi communication are very similar to the radios used for walkie-
talkies, cell phones and other devices. They can transmit and receive radio waves, and
they can convert 1s and 0s into radio waves and convert the radio waves back into 1s and
0s. But Wi-Fi radios have a few notable differences from other radios:

 They transmit at frequencies of 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz. This frequency is considerably

higher than the frequencies used for cell phones, walkie-talkies and televisions. The
higher frequency allows the signal to carry more data.

 They use 802.11 networking standards

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 3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROJECT AND FUNCTIONING

LDR

Esp32
DTH sensor

Li-ion battery

Humidifier

POWER SUPPLY BLOCKDIAGRAM:

Step down
Bridge Filter Regulator Output
Transformer
Rectifier

CHAPTER 4

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 IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Language Overview

Embedded C++ (EC++) is a dialect of the C++ programming language for embedded systems.
It was defined by an industry group led by major Japanese central processing unit (CPU)
manufacturers, including NEC, Hitachi, Fujitsu, and Toshiba, to address the shortcomings of
C++ for embedded applications.

Differences from C++[edit]

Embedded C++ excludes some features of C++.

ISO/ANSI C Embedded
Feature
C++ C++

Exception handling

Multiple inheritance

mutable , a storage class specifier

Namespaces

Templates

Run-time type information ( typeid )

Style casts
( static_cast , dynamic_cast , reinterpret_cast ,
and const_cast )

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 Virtual base classes

Some compilers, such as those from Green Hills and IAR Systems, allow certain features of ISO/ANSI
C++ to be enabled in Embedded C++. IAR Systems calls this "Extended Embedded C++".[3]

4.2 Arduino Software

Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is required to program the Arduino Uno
board. Download it here.

PROGRAMMING ARDUINO

Once arduino IDE is installed on the computer, connect the board with computer using USB cable.
Now open the arduino IDE and choose the correct board by selecting
Tools>Boards>Arduino/Genuino Uno, and choose the correct Port by selecting Tools>Port.
Arduino Uno is programmed using Arduino programming language based on Wiring. To get it
started with Arduino Uno board and blink the built-in LED, load the example code by selecting
Files>Examples>Basics>Blink. Once the example code (also shown below) is loaded into your
IDE, click on the ‘upload’ button given on the top bar. Once the upload is finished, you should see
the Arduino’s built-in LED blinking. Below is the example code for blinking:

4.3 Arduino – Installation

After learning about the main parts of the Arduino UNO board, we are ready to learn how to set
up the Arduino IDE. Once we learn this, we will be ready to upload our program on the Arduino
board.

In this section, we will learn in easy steps, how to set up the Arduino IDE on our computer and
prepare the board to receive the program via USB cable.

Step 1: First you must have your Arduino board (you can choose your favorite board) and a USB
cable. In case you use Arduino UNO, Arduino Duemilanove, Nano, Arduino Mega 2560, or

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Diecimila, you will need a standard USB cable (A plug to B plug), the kind you would connect to a
USB printer as shown in the following image.

In case you use Arduino Nano, you will need an A to Mini-B cable instead as shown in the following
image

Step 2: Download Arduino IDE Software.

You can get different versions of Arduino IDE from the Download page on the Arduino Official
website. You must select your software, which is compatible with your operating system
(Windows, IOS, or Linux). After your file download is complete, unzip the file.

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Step 3: Power up your board.

The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano automatically draw power from either,
the USB connection to the computer or an external power supply. If you are using an Arduino
Diecimila, you have to make sure that the board is configured to draw power from the USB
connection. The power source is selected with a jumper, a small piece of plastic that fits onto two
of the three pins between the USB and power jacks. Check that it is on the two pins closest to the
USB port.

Connect the Arduino board to your computer using the USB cable. The green power LED (labeled
PWR) should glow.

Step 4: Launch Arduino IDE.

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After your Arduino IDE software is downloaded, you need to unzip the folder. Inside the folder,
you can find the application icon with an infinity label (application.exe). Doubleclick the icon to
start the IDE

Step 5: Open your first project.

Once the software starts, you have two options:

Create a new project.

Open an existing project example.

To create a new project, select File --> New

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To open an existing project example, select File -> Example -> Basics -> Blink.

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Here, we are selecting just one of the examples with the name Blink. It turns the LED on and off
with some time delay. You can select any other example from the list.

Step 6: Select your Arduino board.

To avoid any error while uploading your program to the board, you must select the correct
Arduino board name, which matches with the board connected to your computer.

Go to Tools -> Board and select your board.

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Here, we have selected Arduino Uno board according to our tutorial, but you must select the
name matching the board that you are using.

Step 7: Select your serial port.

Select the serial device of the Arduino board. Go to Tools -> Serial Port menu. This is likely to be
COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for hardware serial ports). To find out,
you can disconnect your Arduino board and re-open the menu, the entry that disappears should
be of the Arduino board. Reconnect the board and select that serial port.

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Step 8: Upload the program to your board.

Before explaining how we can upload our program to the board, we must demonstrate the
function of each symbol appearing in the Arduino IDE toolbar

A- Used to check if there is any compilation error.

B- Used to upload a program to the Arduino board.

C- Shortcut used to create a new sketch.

D- Used to directly open one of the example sketch.

E- Used to save your sketch.

F- Serial monitor used to receive serial data from the board and send the serial data to the board.

Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few seconds; you will see the
RX and TX LEDs on the board, flashing. If the upload is successful, the message "Done uploading"
will appear in the status bar.

Note: If you have an Arduino Mini, NG, or other board, you need to press the reset button
physically on the board, immediately before clicking the upload button on the Arduino Software.

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ARDUINO – PROGRAM STRUCTURE

we will study in depth, the Arduino program structure and we will learn more new terminologies
used in the Arduino world. The Arduino software is open-source. The source code for the Java
environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ microcontroller libraries are under the
LGPL.

Sketch: The first new terminology is the Arduino program called “sketch”.

Structure Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: Structure, Values (variables and
constants), and Functions. In this tutorial, we will learn about the Arduino software program, step
by step, and how we can write the program without any syntax or compilation error.

Let us start with the Structure. Software structure consist of two main functions:

Setup( ) function

Loop( ) function

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PURPOSE: The setup() function is called when a sketch starts. Use it to initialize the variables, pin
modes, start using libraries, etc. The setup function will only run once, after each power up or
reset of the Arduino board.

INPUT: -

OUTPUT: -

RETURN:

PURPOSE: After creating a setup() function, which initializes and sets the initial values, the loop()
function does precisely what its name suggests, and loops consecutively, allowing your program
to change and respond. Use it to actively control the Arduino board.

INPUT: -

OUTPUT: -

RETURN:

Software Implementation

Smart Farming system was developed using the Arduino Software (IDE) which enable to write
the code and upload it to a microcontroller board (Arduino Uno or NodeMcu…). It can be
installed and run in Windows, Linux or Mac OS. This environment is written in languages C and
C++.

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Thing Speak is an application stage for the Internet of Things (IoT) that enables us to construct
an application around information gathered by sensors. It includes constant information
gathering information handling, perceptions, applications and modules.

ThingSpeak is an open-source software written in Ruby which allows users to communicate

with internet enabled devices. It facilitates data access, retrieval and logging of data by
providing an API to both the devices and social network websites. ThingSpeak was originally
launched by ioBridge in 2010 as a service in support of IoT applications.

ThingSpeak has integrated support from the numerical computing software MATLAB from
MathWorks, allowing ThingSpeak users to analyze and visualize uploaded data using MATLAB
without requiring the purchase of a MATLAB license from MathWorks.

Fig – 12: Think Spek Algorithm.

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 CHAPTER 5
RESULT

5.1 Result Of Thing Speak Graph

Following are certain graph images which shows some live images of different parameters of a field.

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5.2 ARDIUNO SOFTWARE OUTPUT:

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 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

This paper describes automated irrigation system using IOT. Internet on things and cloud
computing collectively makes a system that control agriculture sector effectively. This system will
sense all the environmental parameters and send the data to the user via cloud. User will take
controlling action according to that this will be done by using actuator. This asset allows the farmer
to improve the cultivation in a way the plant need. It leads to higher crop yield, prolonged
production period, better quality and less use of protective chemicals.

FUTURE SCOPE

Smart farming based on IoT technologies enables growers and farmers to reduce waste and enhance
productivity ranging from the quantity of fertilizer utilized to the number of journeys the farm
vehicles have made, and enabling efficient utilization of resources such as water, electricity, etc.

BI Intelligence survey expects that the adoption of IoT devices in the agriculture industry will reach
75 million in 2020, growing 20% annually. At the same time, the global smart agriculture market
size is expected to triple by 2025, reaching $15.3 billion (compared to being slightly over $5 billion
back in 2016).

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References and Bibliography:

[1]. Rajalakshmi.P, Mrs.S.Devi Mahalakshmi “IOT Based Crop-Field Monitoring And Irrigation
Automation” 10th International conference on Intelligent systems and control (ISCO), 7-8 Jan 2016
published in IEEE Xplore Nov 2016.

[2]. Prof. K. A. Patil And Prof N. R. Kale proposes “A Model For Smart Agriculture Using IOT”
2016 International Conference on Global Trends in signal Processing, Information Computing And
Communication.

[3]. Dr.N.Suma, Sandra Rhea Samson, S. Saranya, G. Shanmugapriya, R. Subhashri „IOT Based
Smart Agriculture Monitoring System‟ 2017 International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends
in Computing and Communication.

[4]. Mahammad shareef Mekala, Dr.P.Viswanathan „A Survey: Smart agriculture IoT with cloud
Computing ‟ 978-1-5386-1716-8/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE

[5]. Prathibha S R1, Anupama Hongal 2, Jyothi M P3‟ IOT BASED MONITORING SYSTEM IN
SMART AGRICULTURE‟ 2017 International Conference on Recent Advances in Electronics and
Communication Technology

[6]. Ibrahim Mat, Mohamed Rawidean Mohd Kassim, Ahmad Nizar Harun, Ismail Mat Yusoff “IOT
in Precision Agriculture Applications Using Wireless Moisture Sensor Network” 2016 IEEE
Conference on Open Systems (ICOS), October 10-12- 2016, Langkaw, Malaysia.

[7]. Zhaochan Li, JinlongWang, Russell Higgs, LiZhou WenbinYuan4 “Design of an Intelligent
Management System for Agricultural Green houses based on the Internet of Things” IEEE
International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (EUC) 2017

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