Latest developed Ca/Zn stabiliser for PVC

window profiles
Vinyl India , Mumbai India
4th – 5th April 2024

Mr John Chan – Sun Ace Australia Pty Ltd

Sun Ace
• A Japanese origin Polymer Additives and Specialty
Chemical manufacturer established in 1940.

• Operates in 12 countries with 22 operations in the

Asia Pacific, Africa, the Middle East, Europe and
South America.

• Manufacture all PVC stabiliser types

- Ca/Zn
- Ba/Zn
- Organics
- Methyl tin
- Tin Boosters
- Lead
- Metal Stearates
Content

1. PVC window profiles

2. Overview of Global and Indian window profiles market

3. Standards Specifications
• IS 17953:2023 uPVC profiles for windows and doors

4. Properties
• Light stability and weather resistance
• Mechanical properties
• One Pack Stabiliser
• Degradation processes
• Heat stability - Lead vs Ca/Zn
• Accelerated weathering - Lead vs Ca/Zn
• Lubrication

5. Window profiles formulation

6. Technological trends & outlook

7. Summary
1 – PVC window profiles
• Double or triple glazed
• Thermal insulation
• Energy efficient
• Cool in summer & warm in winter
• Lower energy power $ bills
• Sound protection
• Low maintenance
• Durable with no fading, rotting or warping
• UV resistant
• Prevent condensation
• Fire resistant
• Easily processed and fabricated
• Recyclable
2 – Overview of Global window profile market

Global PVC window profile market

10
8
$ Billion

6
4
2
0
2022 2030
Source : Zion Market Research – PVC Window Profile Market
2 – Overview of Global window profile market
Global CAGR of nearly 5% between 2023 to 2030

Indian market CAGR > 11% forecast between 2023 – 2027

The demand driver for Indian market for PVC Windows and Doors is
infrastructure catalysed by;
• Increasing population,
• Increasing prosperity,
• Nuclear families leading to increase in housing demand,
• Migration from Rural to Urban area.

Window profile stabiliser usage in India is 70 % Ca/Zn and 30% Lead.

3 – Standards

Standard IS 17953:2023 EN 12608 GBT 8814-2017

Wall thickness of
main profiles sight surface ≧2.8 ≧2.8 ≧2.8
Main profiles - two
largest opposing
Heat reversion
sight surfaces <2.0% <2.0% ≦2.0%
Auxillary profiles <3.0% <3.0% ≦3.0%
Class I = 1000,
falling mass (g) Class II = 1000 1000 1000
Impact by falling 1000/1500
mass of main falling height Class I = 1000, (suggested
profiles, temp -10C (mm) Class II = 1500 1000 used in cold region)
No defects, No defects,
No defects, blisters, blisters, blisters,
Heat aging temp 150C delamination delamination delamination
3 – Standards

Standard IS 17953:2023 EN 12608 GBT 8814-2017

Radiant Exposures for the
Wavelength Radiant Exposure
Range 300 nm to 800 nm, @ 5 Radiant Exposure Radiant Exposure 12 GJ/m2
years 16 GJ/m2 12 GJ/m2
Radiant Exposures for the
Resistance to Wavelength 4000hrs (interior)
weathering Range 300 nm to 400 nm, /6000hrs (external)
60W/m2
Exposure Times for the
Wavelength Range 300 nm to 800
8000 hrs 6000 hrs
nm, irradiance I = 550 W/m2, @
5 years
3 – Standards

Standard IS 17953:2023 EN 12608 GBT 8814-2017

Maximum Maximum
Maximum Impact Impact of Impact of
of Reduction Reduction After Reduction After
Charpy After Artificial Artificial Artificial
impact sight surface > Weathering - Weathering - Weathering -
strength 2.8mm 40% 40% 30%
between the expressed as expressed as expressed as
unexposed and ΔE* shall be ≤ 5 ΔE* shall be ≤ 5 ΔE* shall be ≤ 5
Color exposed test and Δb* shall be and Δb* shall be and Δb* shall be
fastness specimens ≤ 3. ≤ 3. ≤ 3.
3 – Standards
Standard IS 17953:2023 EN 12608 GBT 8814-2017
Weldability Tensile bending test < 25N/mm2 < 25N/mm2 < 25N/mm2
Compression bending
test < 35 N/mm2 < 35 N/mm2 < 35 N/mm2
the density of the 1.40 g/cm3 - 1.50
Density profile g/cm3 . ≦1.530g/cm3
Vicat softening
temperature ≧ 75C ≧ 75C ≧78
Temp 23C, Temp23C,
Flexural modulus of Temp 27C, Average Average > 2200 Humidity50%,
Material elasticity > 2200 N/mm2 N/mm2 ≧2200 N/mm2
characteristics Temp 23C,
Tensile impact Temp 27C, Average Average >
strength > 600kJ/m2 600kJ/m2
Tensile yield stress ≧37MPa
Elongation at break ≧100%
4 – Mechanical properties

Gelation + Impact modifier + Calcium Carbonate

Mechanical properties as per IS17953:2023

• Impact & Tensile Strength
• Weldability
• Elasticity
Note:
Amount of Calcium Carbonate added must be within range of
the required density limits of 1.40 g/cm3 and 1.50 g/cm3
4 – Light Stability and Weather Resistance
PVC degrades under UV radiation in the range below 320 nm
and in presence of oxygen
• Chemical reactions
• Photo oxidation reactions, formation of radicals,
dehydrochlorination process and crosslinking.
• Effects of UV degradation on PVC
• Change in chemical structure
• Embrittlement
• Discolouration
• Loss of mechanical properties
• loss of impact strength
4 – Light Stability and Weather Resistance
Weathering properties of PVC is enhanced by addition of Titanium Dioxide and UV stabilizer.

1 – Titanium Dioxide
Multiple functions in exterior applications of PVC
• Ability to scatter visible light, coated Rutile grade preferred than Anatase grade, as it has
higher refractive index
• Increases opacity and mask discoloration
• Absorb UV light and protect PVC from direct UV degradation
• Some grades of TiO2 can lead to chalking and reduce surface gloss due to photo-catalytic
process.
4 – Light Stability and Weather Resistance

2 - UV stabiliser
• Absorb UV range between 290 to 400nm
• Compatible with PVC
• Colourless
• Permanent and not exude on aging
• Non volatile
• Heat stable
4 – Accelerated Weathering

Sunlight vs Xenon Arc

Xenon Arc preferred

accelerated test instrument
as Xenon Arc lamp
provides similar effects of
exposure from sunlight.
4 – One pack stabiliser functionality
Ca/Zn one pack Degradation processes
stabiliser
Thermal & Oxidative
composition degradation during processing
• Burning
Heat stabiliser
+ Low thermal / Photo-Oxidative /
Antioxidant UV degradation upon exposure
+ to outdoor environments
• Surface deterioration and
UV stabiliser
diminishing of
+ mechanical properties
Lubricant
4 – One pack stabiliser : Lead vs Ca/Zn
Thermal static heat stability test results

Test formulation
PVC K67 = 100 phr
Filler = 10.0
Acrylic Impact Modifier = 4.0
Processing Aid = 2.0
TiO2 = 8
Lubricant = 0.2
Stabiliser = 4.0
4 – One pack stabiliser : Lead vs Ca/Zn
Accelerated weathering test results - 5 years / 6000 hrs
4.60
∆E* Colour Change ∆E*
4.10
LEAD Ca/Zn
3.60

3.10

2.60

2.10

1.60

1.10
Months
0.60
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60
Weathering test conditions as per EN513:1999
Xenon Arc - Wavelength Range 280 nm to 800 nm, irradiance I = 550 W/m2
Test conditions method 1 – Black standard temp (60C +/- 3)oC, White standard temp (40 – 45)oC, relative
humidity (65 +/- 5)%. Spray cycle 18min / dry period 114 min
 4 – One pack stabiliser : Lead vs Ca/Zn
Photo-pinking phenomenon
• Surface discolouration only
• Does not affect mechanical properties
• Pinking discolouration is reversable
Mechanism of pinking
Lead
Stabiliser

North Titanium
Facing Dioxide

UV
Moisture
Radiation

Calcium Zinc stabiliser is more stable and does not contribute to photo-
pinking!!
4 – One pack stabiliser - lubricant
Optimum Lubricant
• Control the processability of profile;
• Back pressure
• Die swell
• Gelation

• Improve flow – complex die design /

geometry of profile / thinner wall

Excessive lubricant
• Increased defects such as blisters &
delamination
IS 17953:2023

• Lower vicat softening point

5 – Window profile formulation

K65-67 100.0
Coated Calcium Carbonate 5 - 10
Acrylic Impact Modifier 4.0 - 6.0
Processing Aid 1- 2
Ca/Zn Stabiliser 3.5 – 4.0
Titanium Dioxide 5-8
Lubricant 0.2 – 0.4

Note:
Maximum allowable level of Calcium Carbonate must be within IS17953:2023
density limits of 1.40 g/cm3 and 1.50 g/cm3
6 – Technological Trends & Outlook
Stabiliser
Advancement has been made to improve the performance of Ca/Zn
stabiliser. Lead stabiliser is being replaced with either Tin or Ca/Zn
stabiliser.
Some organic co-stabilisers still not being used in window profiles due to
their long term UV performance.
Acrylic impact modifiers
• Better processing
• Surface gloss
• Impact strength
Titanium Dioxide with coated surface treatment
• Better weatherability, dispersion and low chalking
7 – Summary
Durable window profile;
• Adequate level of stabiliser to stabilise processing and also protect PVC during service life;
• Optimum dosage level of TiO2 to protect against UV degradation;
• Meet required level of mechanical properties as per standard.

Recommend to conduct accelerated weathering test as formulation or window profile that is

approved in other part of the world may vary in India, as the degree of UV degradation will alter due
to different climate as shown by the map of global horizontal irradiation.
Thank you for your attention.