,];yhkpa ehfupfk;

fUj;juq;F
juk; - 13
Neuk; :- %d;W kzpj;jpahyk;

tpdhj;jhs; 1
vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspf;Ff.
vjpu;ghu;fi
; f tpdhf;fs;

(01)
m) [h`pypa;ah fhy r%f mikg;G Kiwia tpgupf;Ff.
 [h`pypa;ahf; fhy r%fk; Nfhj;jpu mikg;G Kiwapy; tho;ej ; J. (Fiwthd tsk;>
ghJfhg;G)
 gy RCg;fs; ,ize;J Nfhj;jpukhf tho;ej ; du;. FLk;gk; - Fyk; - Nfhj;jpuk; (c-k;)
Fiw\pf; Nfhj;jpuk; (`h\pk;> cikah)
 m]gpa;ah vd;w Nfhj;jpu czu;T ntwpahff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 xt;nthU Nfhj;jpuj;jpw;Fk; xU jiytu; ,Ug;gu;. (,tu; nra;apj>; i\a;F> uaP]; vd
miof;fg;gLthu;.)
Nfhj;jpuj; jifikfs; :- mwpT> mDgtk;> ty;yik> tPuk;> ed;elj;ij> nry;thf;F> tajpy;
Kjpu;r;rp cs;stuhf ,Uj;jy;.
nghWg;Gf;fs; :-
kyc vd;w kd;wj;jpy; fye;Jiuahb> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;.
Nfhj;jpuj;jpd; nry;thf;F>A Nka;r;ry; epyk; vd;gtw;iw ghJfhj;jy;.
Kfhk; mikj;jy;> gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;jy;> ,og;gPLfisg; ngWjy;.
ngz; gps;isfs; gpwe;jhy; nfhiy nra;jy;> ngz;fSf;F kjpg;G ,d;ik.
mbik tu;ff ; k; fhzg;gl;lJ.
jpUkz cwTfs; : (gytifj; jpUkzq;fs; Rkhu; 17 tiffs; mtw;wpy; Kf;fpa ehd;F
tifj; jpUkzq;fs; gw;wpa Map\h (uop) mwptpg;G)
gz;ghLfSk; gof;f toq;fq;fSk; : tpUe;Njhk;gy; - nfhil – Neu;ik – nkhopahw;wy; -
jd;khdk; fhj;jy;- thf;F kPwhik- jiytDf;Ff; fl;Lg;gly; –mkhdpjk; Ngzy;.
[h`pypa r%fkhdJ ngUk;ghYk; Nfhj;jpuq;fis ikag;gLj;jpa xU r%f
fl;likg;ig nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,jw;F mjd; Gtpapay; epiy xU fhuzkhf mike;jJld;
mupjhd tsq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F Ms; gyj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fKk;
fhuzkhf mike;jJ.
jdpegu; Nru;e;J FLk;gkhfTk; FLk;gq;fs; ,ize;J (]_Cg;fshfTk;) fpisfshfTk;
fpisfs; gy ,ize;J (fgh,y;/fgPyh) Nfhj;jpuq;fshfTk; fl;likf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
(c - k;: `h\pkpf; fpis - Fiu\pf; Nfhj;jpuk;)
N\f;> my;yJ nra;apj; vdg;gLk; xU jiytu; Nfhj;jpuj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
mwpT> mDgtk;> tPuk;> ed;dlj;ij> nry;thf;F cilatu;fs; jiytu;fshf
njupTnra;ag;gl;ldu;.

M.I.THAHLAN (MADANI)B.A(HONS), PGDE,M.A.,I.S.A Page 1

 r%fj;jpd; Kf;fpa jPu;khdq;fs; kyc vDk; kd;wj;jpy; fye;Jiuahb
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
m]gpa;ah vDk; Nfhj;jpu czu;Tk; gutyhf fhzg;gl;lJ. Ra ghJfhg;Gf;fhf cUthfpa
,t;Tzu;T mtu;fSf;F kj;jpapy; Ngh&f;fj;ij tsu;jj ; J. (50 Mz;Lfspy; 132 Nghu;fs;)
NghupLtjw;fhf Mz;fs; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ldu;. gilfs; tytzp>,ltzp> Kd;dzp>
gpd;dzp> eLtzp vd Ie;J mzpfisf; nfhz;L fhzg;gl;lJ. Gdpj khjq;fspy;
NghuhLtij jtpu;j;jdu;.
ftpijfSf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fhzg;gl;lJ. eo;k; (ftpij ,yf;fpak;)
tsu;rr ; paile;jJ Nghd;W e];u; (ciueil) tsu;e;jpUf;ftpy;iy. ,k;ucy; if];>
]_i`u;>`k;khj; gpd; uhtpah.
nghJ ,lq;fs;> re;ijfspy; ,ir eldk;> ftpauq;F> thl; Nghu; Nghd;w
fspahl;lq;fSk; epfo;ej ; d.
nfhiy> nfhs;is> kJ mUe;Jjy;> tpgrhuk; nra;jy;> tl;b thq;Fjy;> R+jhl;lk; Nghd;w
Fw;wq;fs; ,lk;ngw;W te;j mNj Neuk;> tpUe;Njhk;gy; tPuk;> vspik Nghd;w
ew;gz;GfSk; fhzg;gl;ld.
xU xOq;fhd FLk;g mikg;G jpUkz mikg;G fhzg;gltpy;iy. (epfh`; ]`P`;
jtpu;ej; )
Mz; gps;isfis tukhfTk; ngz; gps;isfis ,opthfTk; fUjpdu;.
efu;g;Gw - ehl;Lg;Gw mugpfSf;F kj;jpapy; tpj;jpahrq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.
gy;NtW nghUshjhu Kaw;rpfs; eilKiwapy; fhzg;gl;ld. (tptrha> tu;jj ; f
Kaw;rpfs;> ifj;njhopy;> ke;ij tsu;g;G >tl;b> R+jhl;lk;> tpgrhuk;> $ypj;njhopy;)

M) egp (]y;) fhy j/th Kiwia tpsf;Ff.

egp (]y;) kf;fhtpy; 13 tUlk; j/thtpy; <Lgl;ldu; 3 tUlk; ,ufrpag; gpurhuk; 10 tUlk;
gfpuq;fg; gpurhuk;.
egp ]y; mtu;fspd; kf;fh fhy j/th Kiw
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l gpurhu Kaw;rpfs;. cwtpdu;fs; ez;gu;fsplk; ,];yhj;ij vLj;Jf;
$wy;|Fiwe;jstpyhdtu;fs; ,];yhj;ij Vw;wik
jhUs; mu;fk; gq;fspg;G : 13 tUl fhy miog;G gzpapy; Kjy; %d;W tUlq;fs; ,ufrpa
gpur;rhuk;. mu;fk; (uop) tPL ,];yhj;jpd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fs; Nghjpf;fg;gl;lik|
gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lik.
f/ghit juprpj;jpy; : EGt;tj; 3 Mk; Mz;Lf;F gpd;du; ntspg;gilahd gpurhuk;>
f/ghtpy; ,];yhj;ij ntspg;gLj;jy;| tzf;f topghLfspy; ntspg;gilahf <LgLjy;.

kf;fs; $Lk; ,lk; : gfpuq;f j/th – nghJ ,lq;fs;>re;ijfs;> `[;[_f;fhf

tUgtu;fsplk; nrd;W miog;G tpLj;jjik. rgh kiy Nky; Vwp miog;Gtply;:
mjpfkhd Nrhjidfs; gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gly;.- Jd;GWj;jy;fs;> mepahaq;fs;.
 K];ypk;fspd; tsu;r;rpiag; ghu;jj ; Fiw\pfs; vjpu;gG ; eltbf;iffis
jPtpug;gLj;jpaik.
 `k;]h> cku; (uop) ,];yhj;ij Vw;wy;

M.I.THAHLAN (MADANI)B.A(HONS), PGDE,M.A.,I.S.A Page 2

  jhapg; gpurhu Kaw;rp
`p[;uj;Jf;fhd Kaw;rpfs; ,lk;ngw;wik
 EGt;tj; 5 y; `g\h `p[;uj;
EGt;tj; 7 Kjy; 10 tiu \p/G mgP jhypg; gs;sj;jhf;fpy; rpiwitf;fg;gly;
 aj;upg; thrpfSld; gpurhu Kaw;rp.
 Kjyhk; - ,uz;lhk; mfgh cld;gbf;iffs;
 `p[;uj; gazk;
 kjPdhtpy; ,];yhkpa muR cjak;
(,t;thW> gy;NtW j/th cj;jpfisf; ifahz;Ls;sik)

,) ,uz;lhk; mfgh cld;gbf;ifapd; epge;jidfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

Kjyhk; mfgh cld;gbf;if

E – 11y; eilngw;wJ. ,t;Tld;gbf;if egp (]y;) mtu;fSf;Fk; aj;upg; thrpfSf;Fk;
,ilapy; eilg;ngw;wJ.
1. my;yh`;it khj;jpuk; tzq;fp topgly;.
2. jpUl khl;Nlhk;.
3. tpgr;rhuk; nra;a khl;Nlhk;.
4. vq;fs; Foe;ijfis nfhiy nra;a khl;Nlhk;.
5. mtJ}W nrhy;y khl;Nlhk;
6. egp (]y;) VTk; ew;nraiy Gwf;fzpf;f khl;Nlhk;.
,uz;lhk; mfgh cld;gbf;ifapy; :
egp (]y;) kjPdh te;jhy; jd; FLk;gj;ij ghJfhg;gJ Nghy; mtu;fisg; ghJfhg;ghu;f
; s;.
mwpe;J nfhz;L ghtk; nra;ahjpUj;jy;)
 cld;gbf;if gpz;dzp –
 egp (]y;) rhu;ghdJ
 aj;upg; thrpfs; rhu;ghdJ

<) `p[;uj; xOq;FgLj;jypd; gpujhd mk;rq;fis tpgupf;Ff.

1. `p[;uj; - `h[u vd;w %yr; nrhy;ypypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ.
nkhopf;fUj;J : xJq;fpr; nry;yy;> tpl;Lr; nry;yy;> Jwe;J nry;yy;> ntWj;Jr; nry;yy;.
gupghi\apy; : jdJ midj;J cyf ,d;gq;fisAk; ,oe;J> nrhe;j kz;zpypUe;J>
jd;idAk; jdJ khu;f;fj;ijAk; fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;s NtW xU gpuNjrj;jpw;Fr; nry;yy;.
1. `p[;uj;jpw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzk; - ,iwfl;lis – aj;upg; (kjPdh) thrpfspd; miog;G.
2. mG+gf;fu; (uop) cld; `p[;uj; njhlu;ghf fUj;Jg; gupkhwpf; nfhz;lik.
3. xOq;F gLj;jy; - myp (uop) mtu;fis egpatu;fs; jdJ gLf;ifapy; cwq;f itj;jy;)
4. czT nfhz;Ltu m];kh (uop)ia Vw;ghL nra;jik.
5. jfty; nfhz;Ltu – mg;Jy;yh`; gpd; mg+gf;fu; (uop)
6. milahsq;fis mopf;f – Mkpu; gpd; Gi`uh
7. gazj;jpw;fhd Vw;ghlhf 02 xl;lfq;fs; jahu;gLj;jy;
8. topfhl;bahf mg;Jy;yh`; gpd; ciuf;fj; iy]p
9. kf;fhtpypUe;J tlf;Nf mike;j aj;upg; Nehf;fp gazpf;fhJ> njw;Nf mike;Js;s
jt;u; Fifapy; 3 ehs; jq;Fjy;. gpd; toikahd ghijia jtpu;j;J khw;Wg; ghijiag;
gad;gLj;jy;.

M.I.THAHLAN (MADANI)B.A(HONS), PGDE,M.A.,I.S.A Page 3

 10. egp (]y;) jhd; aj;upg; nry;y Kd; Vida ]`hghf;fis mDg;gptpl;L jhDk;
nry;Yjy;.
11. myp (uop) mtu;fsplk; mkhdpjq;fis kf;fh thrpfsplk; xg;gilj;J tpl;L> aj;upg;
tUkhW $wpdhu;fs;.
12. Fghit nrd;wile;J> mq;F rpy ehs; jq;fp tpl;L> kjPdh nrd;wile;jhu;fs;. mq;F
k];[pJe;; egtpia epu;khzpj;J> ,];yhkpa muir Vw;gLj;jp> Ml;rp nra;jhu;fs;.

c) `_ijgpa;ah cld;gbf;if ,];yhj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk; ahJ.

`p 6k; Mz;L egp (]y;) mtu;fSf;Fk; - Fiw\pau;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; `_ijgpah vDk;
,lj;jpy; eilngw;w rkhjhd xg;ge;jNk `_ijgpa;ah cld;gbf;if vdg;gLfpwJ.
gpd;dzp :-
,];yhj;jpd; gutiyf; fz;L FNuhjk; nfhz;l Fiw\pau;fs; ,];yhj;ij mopff ;
Kaw;rpj;jik.
`p 5 eilg;ngw;w fe;jf; Aj;jj;jpy; Fiw\pfs; gytPdkile;jik.
ck;uhTf;fhd fl;lis
,U jug;gpdUk; J}Jf; FO gupkhwpf; nfhz;lik.
u]_y; (]y;) jiyikj;Jtj;ij vOj;jpYk;> nraypYk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lik.
10 tUl Aj;j epUj;jk; cs;ehl;bYk;, ntspehl;bYk; ,];yhk; gut tha;g;gspjj; ik.
,t; cld;gbf;if Fiw\pfs; my;yhjtu;fisAk; <u;jj ; NjhL> K];ypk;fis xU
rf;jpahf ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.
ngUk; gyk; fpilj;jik (Nfhj;jpuq;fNshL xg;ge;jk;)
,e;j xg;ge;jj;ij “gj;`_y; KgPd;” vd Fu;Md; tu;zpf;fpwJ.
,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; r%f xOq;F> rl;l jpl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghd my;Fu;Md; trdk;
mUsg;gl;lJ.
egp (]y;) fUiz> tpl;Lf; nfhLg;G ,];yhj;jpd; gutypy; ngUk; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;jpaJ.
`_ijgpa;ah cld;gbf;if kPwg;gl;lik kf;fh ntw;wpf;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jJ.

(02)
m) fyPghf;fs; njupT Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
1. ,];yhkpa Ml;rpapd; jiytu; fyPgh vd miof;fg;gLthu;.
2. mG+gf;fu; (uop) kjPdhtpy; rfPgh gD} rhapjh vDkplj;jpy; cku; (uop) mtu;fshy;
fyPghthf njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
3. cku; (uop) mtu;fis>fyPgh mG+gf;fu; (uop) ]`hghf;fsplk; MNyhrid ngw;W
epakpj;jhu;.
4. c];khd; (uop) mtu;fs;> cku; (uop) mtu;fshy; epakpf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J – fyPghthfr;
nraw;gl;lhu;.
5. fyPgh myp (uop) mtu;fs;> c];khd; (uop) mtu;fs; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l gpd;du; xU
Fog;gkhd #oypy; njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
6. gpd;du; te;j fyPgh KMtpah (uop) jdf;F gpd; jdJ thuprhd a]Pij epakpj;jhu;
(kd;duhl;rp Muk;gk;)
7. rpy NghJ jdJ xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gps;isfis thuprhf epakpj;jy;.
(c-k;) mg;Jy; kypf; jdf;Fg; gpd; thuprhf tyPj;> Riykhd; vd;gtu;fis epakpj;jy;.
8. mg;gh]pa Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpYk; ,e;epiyik fhzg;gl;lJ. mj;NjhL rpy NghJ
jsgjpfs;> fyPghit ePf;fptpl;L gpupnjhUtiu epakpj;jdu;.

M.I.THAHLAN (MADANI)B.A(HONS), PGDE,M.A.,I.S.A Page 4

M) cku; (uop) fhy rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; 04 Fwpg;gpLf.
jiyefuhf kjPdhit vLj;Jf; nfhs;sy;. Kf;fpa rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fshf epu;thfk;, ePjp,
epjp vd;gtw;iw Nkw;nfhz;lhu;fs;.
epu;thfk; :-
1. 8 khfhzq;fshf gpupj;jhu;fs;
khfhzq;fSf;F thyp (MSeu;) epakpj;jhu;
epjp epu;thfj;jpw;F - Mkpy; epakpj;jhu;
ePjpg; nghWg;G - fhop vd;gtuplk; xg;gilj;jhu;
,uhZt tptfhuk; - mkPuplk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
jPthd;fs; mwpKfk; - jPthDy; [_d;j;> jPthDy; guPj>; jPthDy; \_u;j;jh.
1. igj;Jy;khy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ePjp tYNtwhf;fk; nra;jy;>
3. tptrha eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;;lJ..
4. k[;yp]_]; \_uh cUthf;fk;.
5. ehzak; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
6. `p[;up fyz;lu; mwpKfk;.
fyPgh cku; (uop) jdJ Ml;rpapy; Nkw;nfhz;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
fyPgh cku; (uop)fhyj;jpy; epu;thfk;> epjp> ePjp Mfpa Kj;Jiwfspy; gy;NtW rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mtw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
 khfhz>khtl;l Ml;rp Kiw
Ml;rp gpuNjrk; gy;NtW khfhzq;fshfTk;> khtl;lq;fshfTk; gpupf;fg;gl;L
epu;tfpf;fg;gl;lJ. kf;fh> kjpdh> $gh> g]uh> vfpg;J> gy];jPd;> rpupah> Nghd;wd gpujhd
khfhzq;fshf fhzg;gl;ld.xt;nthU khfhzq;fSf;Fk; jFjpahd ftu;zu;fspd; %yk;
epu;tfpf;fg;gl;lJ.thyp vd;gtu; khfhd epu;thfpahf fhzg;gl;lJld; epjp epu;thfk; Mkpy;
vd;gtuJ fl;Lg;ghl;bYk; ,,uhZt tptfhuq;fs; mkPupd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPOk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
 epjp rPu;jpUj;jk;
igj;Jy; khiy kj;jpa epiyakhf nfhz;l epjp Kiwik murhq;fj;jpy;
fhzg;gl;lJ.xt;nthU khfhzq;fspypUe;Jk; Nrfupf;fg;gLk; epjpahdJ khfhzq;fspd;
Njit Nghf kj;jpa igj;Jy;khypy; Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ. ]h`pG igj;Jy;khy; vd;gtu; epjp
epWtdj;jpd; nghWg;ghsuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
,jw;fhd tUkhd topfs; fdpkj;> ]fhj;> [p];ah> igc> fuh[;> c\;u;> `pkh Nghd;wtw;wpd;
%yk; ngwg;gl;L Kiwahf epu;tfpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ePjp gupghyzk;
ePjp tplaq;fis epu;thfj;jpypUe;J Ntwhf;fpajd; %yk; tYNtwhf;f rpe;jidia cku;
(uyp) mtu;fs; murpaypy; eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhu;. epu;thfj;jpypUe;J ePjpj;Jiw jdpahf
gpupf;fg;gl;L> Rje;jpukhf nraw;gLtjw;fhd xOq;Ffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld
,];yhkpa \uPMtpy; Mo;ej ; mwpTk; jpwikAk; kpf;ftu;fs; ePjpgjpfshf epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;
ePjpgjpfspd; flikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs; vd;gd xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;L vOj;J%y
Mtzq;fshf nfhLf;fg;gl;ld.
ePjpgjpfs; NtW njhopy;fs; nra;af;$lhJ vd fl;lis gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJld;
mtu;fSf;fhd rk;gsg; nghWg;G murhq;fj;jplkpUe;jJ.
fyPgh ePjpgjpfSf;F nghUj;jkhd MNyhridfis toq;fp mtu;fis newpg;gLj;jpdhu;.
c- k;: mG+ %]h my; m\;mup
gytPdkhdtu;fs; ghjpf;fg;glhj tifapy; ePjp eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd
fl;lis ,lg;gl;lJld; Fwpj;j fhyj;jpy; mit tprhupf;fg;gl;L jPu;gG ; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vDk; epge;jidAk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

M.I.THAHLAN (MADANI)B.A(HONS), PGDE,M.A.,I.S.A Page 5

  jpizf;fsq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lik
epu;thf nraw;ghLfis ,yFgLj;Jk; tifapy; epu;thfkhdJ gy jpizf;fsq;fshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;L> epu;thf nraw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. jPthDy; fhjk;> jPthDu; u]hapy;>
jPthDy; guPj;> jPthDy; fuh[;> aPthDy; [_d;j;
 k[;yp]_]; \_uh
epu;thf nraw;ghLfspy; Kf;fpakhd KbTfis fye;jhNyhridapd; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
tifapy; ,J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,iwar;rk;> rl;l mwpT> ek;gpf;if > ehzak; Nghd;w jFjpfisg; ngw;wtu;fs;
cWg;gpdu;fshf fhzg;gl;ldu;.epue;ju cWg;gpdu;fs;> rkah rka cWg;gpdu;fs; vd ,uz;L
tiffspy; mq;fj;Jtk; fhzg;gl;lJ.,tu;fspy; c];khd; (uyp)> myp (uyp)> KMj; gpd; [gy;
(uyp) ,g;D mg;gh]; (uyp) MfpNahu; Kf;fpakhdtu;fshtu;.
 ,uhZt xOq;fikg;G
egp (]y;) kw;Wk; mG+gf;fu; (uyp) fhyj;jpy; ,uhZt gilahdJ xU njhz;lu; gilahfNt
nraw;gl;L te;jJ. gpw;gl;l fhyq;fspy; rhk;uh[;a tpupthf;fj;jpd; NghJk; Nghuhl;lq;fs;
mjpfupj;j NghJk; mit gapw;rp ngw;w xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt g; gpupT fshf
cUthf;fg;gl;ld
,uhZt tPuu;fSf;fhd gapw;rpfs;> jdpahd Kfhk;fs;> rk;gsk;> Xa;T+jpak;> tpNrl epjp
cjtp vd;gdTk; toq;fg;gl;ld
jPthDy; [_d;j; jpizf;fsk; - ,uhZt nraw;ghLfisf; fz;fhzpj;J te;jJ.

,) mG+gf;fu; (uop) vjpu;nfhz;l rthy;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

c]hkh (uop) jiyikapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l gilazpia Nuhk; gpuNjrj;jpw;F mDg;gy;
njhlu;ghdJ (kjPdhtpd; ghJfhg;G/ jsgjp khw;wk;)
]fhj; toq;f kWj;Njhu;
kjk; khwpNahu; fpsu;r;rp
gpur;rpidia Kbj;jy;
egp (]y;) epakpj;j jsgjpia khw;Wk; cupik jdf;F ,y;iy vd vz;zpaik.
]fhj; mbg;gilf; flik. mjidg; gpupj;Jg; ghu;ff ; KbahJ. mjpypUe;J tpjptpyf;Fk;
nra;a KbahJ vd;W $wpaik.
egp (]y;) mtu;fs;jhd; ,Wjp egp. mtu;fSf;Fg; gpwF egp fpilahJ vd;w `jPi]f;
fhl;b> Nghyp egpkhu;fSf;F vjpuhf ,uhZt eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

<) jk; rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; ,];jpuj;jd;ikf;F fyPgh mg;Jy; kypf; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;if ahJ?
 `p 65 gjtp Vw;wik.
1. jdf;F rthyhf ,Ue;jtu;fis Rl;bf;fhl;ly;.
(fhypj; - rpupah> Kf;jhu; - $gh> mg;Jy;yh`; gpd; Rigu; - kf;fh)
1. ,tw;iw vt;thW Kwpabj;jhu;. kw;Wk; fpyhgj;ij ];jpug;gLj;jpdhu;.
2. jdf;Fg; gpd; fyPgh tyPij thuprhf epakpj;jik.
3. rhk;uh[;a ];jpuj;jd;ikf;F `[;[h[; gpd; A+Rgpd; gq;fspg;G
4. ehzak; ntspapl;lhu;> ehza khiyfis cUthf;fpdhu;.
5. muG nkhopia Njrpa nkhopahfg; gpufldg;gLj;jpdhu;
6. Aj;j jsghlq;fs; cUthf;fg;gly;> fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopw;rhiy cUthf;fk;
7. kf;fis tptrha Kaw;rpapy; <LgLj;jpaik.

M.I.THAHLAN (MADANI)B.A(HONS), PGDE,M.A.,I.S.A Page 6

c) fyPgh `h&d; fhy mgptpUj;jpg; gzpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
mg;gh]pa Ml;rpapd; 05tJ fyPgh Mthu;. ,tu; `p 170 Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig Vw;whu;. Vw;Fk;
NghJ mtuJ taJ 22 MFk;. Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;w gpd;du;> vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; ehL
tsu;rr ; p fz;lJ.
1. fy;tp mgptpUj;jp :-
igj;Jy; `pf;khtpw;F gy E}y;fs; jUtpf;fg;gl;L> nkhop ngau;ff ; g;gl;ld. igj;Jy;
`pf;khtpy; gy fy;tpg; gzpfs; eilngw;wJ. (thdpay;> fzpjtpay; vd;gd tsu;r;rp ngw;wd
– jz;zPuhy; ,aq;Fk; kzpf;$L fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.)
1. cs;sf mgptpUj;jp :-
gs;spthry;fs; - cau;ej ; ngWkjpahd khspiffs; fl;lg;gl;ld. gs;spthry;fs; njUf;fy;
xopA+l;lg;gl;ld.
1. tptrha eltbf;if Cf;Ftpg;G :-
rpwpa> ngupa ghyq;fs; fl;lg;gl;ld. fpzWfs;> rpw;whWfs; Njhz;lg;gl;ld. tptrhag;
gzpfis Nkw;ghu;it nra;ar; rpwg;Gj; jpizf;fsk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. (c-k;) Rigjh
fhy;tha; epu;khzk;.
ifj;njhopy; Jiwf;F Cf;Ftpg;G :-
fljhrp Miy epu;khzk; fp.gp 795
rtu;ff ; hu cw;gj;jp
1. kUj;Jtkid :-
gf;jhjpy; u\Pj; kUj;Jtkid mikj;jhu;
1. nghJr;Nrit mgptpUj;jp
2. ehLfSf;fpilapyhd mgptpUj;jp
3. may; ehLfSf;fpilapyhd ey;YwT
(gpuhd;]; kd;dd; rhu;ypkhd;)
1. vy;iy efuq;fis ig]he;jpau;fsplkpUe;J ghJfhf;f “mthrpk;” vd;w efiu epUtp
vy;iyg; Gw ghJfhg;ig cWjpgLj;jpaik (fhJfs; Nfl;fhJ fz;fs; ghu;fF ; k;) ef;g+Uf;F
vOjpa fbjk;

(03)
m) egp (]y;) fhy k];[pj; egtpapd; tfpghfk; ahJ?
 kjPdh jiy efu; - Gdpj G+kpahfg; gpufldk;
 igmj; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;
 \_uh Kiwg;gb jPu;T fhzy;
 ,uh[ je;jpu eltbf;iffSf;F jFjpahdtu; epakdk; (,uh[ je;jpuk; - mG+ cigjh –
tuNtw;G – Kmtpah)
 gpuNjrq;fSf;F thyp epakdk; (32 Ngu; epakdk;)
 gpuNjr jiytu;fs; Um]hf;fs; vdg;gl;ldu; (tup mwtply;)
 re;ijfisf; fz;fhzpf;f ]h`pg; #f; epakdk;
 gpuNjr kf;fspd; cs;tptfhuk; ftdpf;f efPg;fs; epakdk;
 muR tpuptile;j NghJ MSeu; epakdk;
(c-k;) akd; - KMj; gpd; [gy;

M.I.THAHLAN (MADANI)B.A(HONS), PGDE,M.A.,I.S.A Page 7

  gy ehLfSf;Fk; J}Jtu;fs; mDg;gy;
 xg;ge;jk; nra;jik (`_ijgpa;ah)
 kjPdh rhrdk;

M) ,];yhj;jpd; gutYf;F kjPdh rhrdj;jpd; gq;fspg;igf; Fwpg;gpLf.

kjPdh rhrdk;:
murpay; gpd;dzp>
mt;]; - f];u[; vd;gtu;fspd; epiy.
A+ju;fspd; epiy
mg;Jy;yh`; ,d;D ciga;apd; epiy.
kf;fh Fiw\pau; ek;gpTldhd gif. gil vLg;Gf;fhd rhj;jpaKk; mij vjpu;nfhs;s
Maj;jkhjYk;.
K];ypk;fspd; epiyAk; mtu;fsJ cWjpahd epiyAk;
,];yhj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
`p[;uj;jpd; gpddu; egp (]y;) mtu;fs; nra;J nfhz;l murpay; xg;ge;jq;fs; ,];yhj;jpd;
gutypy; fzprkhfg; gq;fspj;jpUf;fpd;wd. ‘kPjhFy; kjPdh’ vdg;gl;l kjPdh rhrdk;
a+ju;fs; - ,];yhj;ijAk;> mjd; J}jiuAk; ed;F Gupe;J nfhs;s toptFj;jJ.
`_ijgpah cld;gbf;if kf;fh> ifgu; gpuNjrq;fspy; ,];yhk; gutTk; kf;fh
,];yhj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; tuTk; fhuzkhfpaJ.
`p[;uj;Jf;F Kd;du; kf;fh gFjpapy; kl;LNk ,];yhk; mwpKfkhfpaJ. MapDk;
`p[;uj;jpd; gpd;dNuNa FOf;fs;> Nfhj;jpuq;fs; ,];yhj;jpy; ,ize;J mNwgpah
KOtjpYk; ,];yhk; gutpaNjhL egp (]y;) mtu;fsJ jiyikapy; mwG ehL xd;WgLk;
epiyAk; cUthfpaJ.
mwG ehl;by; gy nja;t topghL kiwe;jik ,];yhj;jpd; vOr;rpiaNa vLj;Jf;
fhl;LfpwJ. NkYk;> Nfhj;jpu muRfspd; mjpfhuk; kiwe;J nrd;wikAk; ,];yhj;jpd;
gutiyNa vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. kjPdh rhrdj;jpd;; gpd;dNuNa ,J ngUkstpy;
rhj;jpag;gl;lJ.
,];yhj;jpd; fUj;Jf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;Nthu; Jd;gq;fSf;F cw;gLj;jg;gl;lik
,];yhj;jpy; ,ize;J nfhs;Sk; Mir rpyuplk; ,Ue;jhYk; mjidj; jil nra;tjhf
mike;J tpl;lJ. kjPdh rhrdj;jpd gpd; kjPdh ,];yhj;jpd; g+kpahf khwpaikAk;
,];yhj;jpy; ,ize;J nfhs;NthUf;F Gfyplkspj;jikAk; mr;rk; ePq;fp ,];yhj;jpy;
,ize;J nfhs;tjw;F topjpwe;Jtpl;lJ.
kf;fh fhyg;gFjpapy; K];ypk;fs mlf;fp itg;gjw;F Fiw\pauplk; gykpUe;jJ. kjPdh
rhrdj;jpd; %yNk ,];yhj;jpw;Fk; ,];yhkpa muRf;Fk; gyk; fpl;lNt Fiw\pau;fsJ
gyj;ij Kwpabf;f egp (]y;) Kw;gl;lhu;fs;. Fiw\pau; Nkw;nfhz;l ,uhZt
uPjpapyhd jhf;Fjy;fis egp (]y;) rpwg;ghf Kwpabj;jik ,];yhj;jpd; vOr;rpiaAk;>
gutiyANk vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.
kjPdh rhrdj;jpd; gpd;du; egp (]y;) mtu;fsJ murpay;> r%fj;jiyik cUthfpaJ.gy
cWjpg;ghLfs; Vw;gl;ld. ,];yhj;ij Rje;jpukhf eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jsKk;
fpilj;jJ. ,jdhy; egpatu;fs; `p - 7 ,y; ifgiu ntw;wp nfhz;L `p - 8 ,y;
kf;fhitAk; ntw;wp nfhz;lhu;fs;. njhlu;e;J mwGyF KOtjpYk; ,];yhk; gut
topgpwe;jJ.
kjPdh rhrdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
egpapd; jiyikj;Jtj;ij K];ypk;fSk; K];ypk; my;yhjtu;fSk; Vw;wik. cs;ehl;by;
mikjpAk; K];ypk; my;yhj r%fk; ,uj;jk; rpe;Jk; epiya jtpu;jj
; y;.

M.I.THAHLAN (MADANI)B.A(HONS), PGDE,M.A.,I.S.A Page 8

K];ypk;fSf;Fk; Fiw\pfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nghupy; kjpdhthrpfs; cjtp
Fiw\pfSf;Ff; fpilf;fhky; nra;jy;. rfyUf;Fk; Fbay; cupik. ,];yhkpaf; FbauR
];jPukhjYk; ,];yhj;jpd; guty; Ntfk; ngwYk;.
epiwthd kdpj cupikfis ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
mf;fgh tpjpfis Kiwfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; r%f R+oy; cUthFjy;.

,) `[;[j;Jy; tpjhg; NgUiuapd; RUf;fk; ahJ?

,Wjp `[; ciuapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;. mQ;Qhd gof;fq;fs; KOikahf mopf;fg;gl;ld.
mugp –m[kp NtWghL ,y;yhkyhkyhf;fg;gl;lJ. K];ypk;fs; xUtUf;nfhUtu;
rNfhjuu;fs;. mbik tho;T ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gl;lJ. gopf;Fg; gop
,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gl;lJ.kdpj fz;zpak; czT> cilik> khdk; vd;gtw;wpw;fhd
ghJfhg;G. ngz;Zupikf;F cj;juthjk;> tl;b jLf;fg;gl;lJ. my;Fu;Md; Rd;dhtpd;
epiy. khu;ff ; k; epiwT gLj;jg;gl;lik. midtu; kPJk; ,];yhkpag; gpurhuk;
flikahf;fg;gl;lJ.
ciuapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
[h`pypaj; ,];yhj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL : ,];yhj;jpw;F Kuzhd rpe;jidfs;>
fyhrhuk; vd;gd kPz;Lk; vOr;rp ngwf;$lhJ.
,];yhk; mwptpd; khu;ff
; k; : %lj;jdkhdit mjpy; ,lk;ngwyhfhJ.
kdpj ,dj;jpd; kfpik : NtWghlw;w epiy - cau;T jho;T fpilahJ. Mjk; kz;zpdhy;
gilf;fg;gl;lhu;. midtUk; Mjkpd; gps;isfs;. cyf kf;fs; midtUk; xU jha;
gps;isfs;.
rNfhjuj;Jt rpe;jid : ,];yhj;jpd; gyNk ,jpy; fhzg;gLk;.Kuz;ghLfisf; fise;J>
xw;Wikia egp mtu;fs; Vw;gLj;jpaik.
mbik tho;it ,y;yhnjhopj;jy; : ,];yhk; mbikj;Jtj;jpw;F vjpuhdJ. mbik tho;it
ePf;Ftjw;F ,];yhk; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.
gopf;Fg; gop $lhJ : jdJ FLk;gj;jpd; ugPMila ,uj;j gypia jil nra;jik.
tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jhy; GupeJ
; ld; tho topfhl;baik
khdpl fz;zpak; : kdpj capUf;Fk; cilikf;Fk; khdj;jpw;Fk; ghJfhg;Gk;>
capu;fn
; fhiyfs;> Nkhrkhd mgfupj;jy;fs; jLf;fg;gly;
ngz;zpak; : [h`pypa;ahf; fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; elj;jg;gl;l Kiw> egp toq;fpa fz;zpak;
tl;bapd; nfh^uk; : ,];yhkpa nghUshjhuKk; tl;bapd; nfhLikAk; tpsf;fg;gly;>
mg;gh]; ,g;D mg;Jy; Kj;jypgpd; tl;bia jil nra;jy;.
kdpj Fyj;jpw;fhd topfhl;ly; : my;Fu;Md; m];]_d;dhtpd; kfpikia typAWj;jpaik.
,];yhkpag; gzp : ,q;F tUifje;Njhu; tuhjtu;fSf;F vj;jp itf;FkhW gzpf;fg;gly;.

M.I.THAHLAN (MADANI)B.A(HONS), PGDE,M.A.,I.S.A Page 9

<) egp (]y;) fhy epu;thf Kiwia njspgLj;Jf.
 kjPdh jiy efu; - Gdpj G+kpahfg; gpufldk;
 igmj; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;
 \_uh Kiwg;gb jPu;T fhzy;
 ,uh[ je;jpu eltbf;iffSf;F jFjpahdtu; epakdk; (,uh[ je;jpuk; - mG+ cigjh
– tuNtw;G – Kmtpah)
 gpuNjrq;fSf;F thyp epakdk; (32 Ngu; epakdk;)
 gpuNjr jiytu;fs; Um]hf;fs; vdg;gl;ldu; (tup mwtply;)
 re;ijfisf; fz;fhzpf;f ]h`pg; #f; epakdk;
 gpuNjr kf;fspd; cs;tptfhuk; ftdpf;f efPg;fs; epakdk;
 muR tpuptile;j NghJ MSeu; epakdk;
(c-k;) akd; - KMj; gpd; [gy;
 gy ehLfSf;Fk; J}Jtu;fs; mDg;gy;
 xg;ge;jk; nra;jik (`_ijgpa;ah)
 kjPdh rhrdk;

c) igrhe;jpag; gpuNjrq;fs; kPJ K];ypk;fs; gil vLj;jikf;fhd fhuzpfis tpgupf;Ff.

murpay;
 J}Jtu;fs; mtkjpf;fg;gl;lik. (mg;Jy;yh`; gpd; Fjhgj; m];]`;kp)
 Nghyp egpkhu;fSf;F cjtp nra;jik (mG+gf;fu; (uop) fhyj;jpy;)
 vy;iyfspy; jhf;fk; Vw;gLj;jpaik.
Gtpapay;
 <uhf;> mwG jPgfw;gj;jpd; njhlu; vy;iyg; gFjp giftu;fsplk; ,Ug;gJ jdf;F ghjfk;
vd K];ypk;fs; epidj;jik.
 vy;iyapy; tho;ej ; tu;fs; mNugpau;fs;. mtu;fs; mbik Nghy; elj;jg;gl;lik.
 ghurPfk; ,dj;jhy;, gpuNjrj;jhy; muG cyFld; njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sJ.
nghUshjhuk;
 mNugpa tu;jj ; fr; re;ij <uhf;fpy; fhzg;gl;lik
 nkh]gNjkpa tu;j;jfr; re;ij vjpupfsplk; ,Ug;gJ Mgj;jhf mikAk; vdf;
fUjpaik.

M.I.THAHLAN (MADANI)B.A(HONS), PGDE,M.A.,I.S.A Page 10

 gFjp 11
(04)
m) fyPgh mG+ [/gu; my;kd;R+upd; Nritfis kjpg;gPL nra;f.

 mGy; mg;gh]pd; kiwTf;Fg; gpd; fyPghthf gjtp Vw;wy;.

 jd; Ml;rpf;Fr; rthyhfyhk; vdf; fUjpatu;fis xopj;jik.
(c-k;) mg;Jy;yh`; gpd; myp – mG+ K];ypk;
 cs;ehl;Lf; fpsu;r;rpia fl;Lg;gj;jy;.
(fthup[;: uhte;jpau; fpsu;r;rp)
 ghJfhg;Gf; fUjp gf;jhj; epu;khzk;. jiyefuhf mikj;jik (`p 145-144)
 jpwikf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fp mNugpau;fs;> ghurpfu;fs; epu;thfj;jpy; ,lk;
toq;fpaik
 jhUs; `pf;khit epUtp mwptpay; Jiwf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jik (ju;fk;> thdtpay;>
nkhop ngau;gG ; )
 tptrhag; nghUshjhuj;ij tpUj;jp nra;jik (fhy;tha; - fpzW)
 mikr;R> `h[pg; gjtpfs; epakdk;
 gilfs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jp> etPd MAjq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.

M) nry;[_f;fpa Ml;rp gw;wp tpgupf;Ff.

 nry;[_f; vd;w JUf;fpa mkPupd; topj;Njhd;wy;fNs nry;[_f;fpau; vdg;gl;ldu;>
,tu;fs; Fuh]hdpy; FbNawpaik.
 f];dtpa Ml;rpahsu; Ry;jhd; k];Cj; ,tu;fis ntspNaw;w Kaw;rpj;jhu;. ,jdhy;>
\Puj;jpy; Nghu; %z;lJ.
 Ry;jhd; k];Cj; Njhy;tpAw nry;[_f;fpau; Fuh]hdpd; Ml;rpahsuhdhu;fs;.
 fyPgh Jf;upy; ngf;Ff;F Ry;jhd; gl;lk; toq;fp> Ml;rpiaAk; mq;fPfupj;jhu;.
 nry;[_f;fpa Ml;rpapd; ];jhgfu; Jf;upy; ngf; Mthu;
 kj;jpahrpa rpy khfhzq;fis Mz;lhu;.
 ,tu; [_u;[hd;> <uhf;> Fthup];kp Mfpa gFjpfis ntw;wpnfhz;lhu;.
 mLj;j Ml;rpahsuhf myg; mu;]yhd; epakdk;. ,tu; 464 kyh];fu; Nghupy;
cNuhku;fis ntd;whu;.
 kypf; \h gjtpNaw;whu;.
 ,tu; fhyj;jpy; fy;tp mgptpUj;jp fhzg;gl;lJ.
 mj;jhfpa;ah> Gfhuh> Fthup];kp> rku;fe;J> f];fu; ntw;wp nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
 rpah]j; ehkh ntspaPL.
 epohkpa;ah gy;fiyf;fofk; cUthf;fy; (,khk; f];]hyp> ]mjp nfsutpf;fg;gly;)
 fzpj Nkij cku; ifahk;> [yhyp vd;w E}y; ml;ltiz jahupj;jhu;.
 epohKy; Ky;if `]d; gpd; ]yh`; vd;gtd; nfhiy nra;jhd; - ,td; `\P\p
vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;fpdhd;.
M.I.THAHLAN (MADANI)B.A(HONS), PGDE,M.A.,I.S.A Page 11
(05)
m) mg;ghrpau; Ml;rpapd; nropg;gpw;fF
; gu;kf;fpfspd; gq;fspg;ig kjpg;gPL nra;f.

 mg;gh]pa Ml;rpapd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F fhypj; gu;kf;fp Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpdhu;.

 fyPgh mGy; mg;gh]; rg;gh`; fhyj;jpy; epjp mikr;ruhf nraw;gl;lhu;
 fyPgh mG+ kd;#u; fhyj;jpy; fhypj; gpujk ke;jpupahf nray;gl;lhu;. gf;jhj; efu;
epu;khzj;jpy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpdhu;.
 fyPgh `h&d; fhyj;jpy; a`;ah gu;kf;fp Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpdhu;. `h&dpd;
MrpupauhfTk; `h&d; fyPgh epakd tplaj;jpYk; ngUk; gq;F tfpj;jhu;.
 Ml;rp epUthfj;jpy; gu;kf;fpfs; gpujk mikr;ru;fshf> epUthfpfshf gq;fhw;wpdu;.
 ,,uhZt k; - igj;Jy;khy; Nghd;wtw;iw Nkw;ghu;it nra;jik.
a`;ah gu;kf;fpapd; gps;isfs; :
1. go;y; - Fuh]hd; - thyp
2. [/gu; - vfpg;J - thyp
3. K`k;kJ – `h[pG urPj;
 Rkhu; 17 tUlk; Nrit nra;jdu;
 mwptpay; Jiw tsu;r;rp
 ntspehl;bypUe;J E}y; jUtpj;jy;> nkhop ngau;jj ; y;
 ,uhZt eltbf;iffs;

M) rPu;jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba gFjpfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L> ,khk; f];]hypapd; rPu;jpUj;jg;

gzpia kjpg;gpLf.
j[;jPj; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba Jiwffs;
<khidg; ghjpf;Fk; mk;rq;fs; (\pu;f;> gpj;mj;)
KMkyhj;jpy; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;F khw;wkhd tplaq;fs;.
(tl;b> msit epWit Nkhrb)
jf;yPj; rpe;jidapd; jhf;fj;jpypUe;J r%fj;ij tpLtpj;jy;.
r%f tho;T (gpw r%f> fyhrhu jhf;fk;)
murpay;
,khk; f];]hyp (u`;) `p 450 gpwe;jhu; - `p 505 tghj;jhdhu;. 5k; E}w;whz;bd; K[j;jpj;
vd miof;fg;gLfpwhu;. `_[;[Jy; ,];yhk; ,tupd; rpwg;Gg; ngauhFk;.
rPu;jpUj;j Kaw;rp
fpNuf;f jj;Jtj;jpypUe;J kf;fis kPl;l Kaw;rpj;jhu;. mjw;fhf gpd;tUk;
eltbf;iffis Nkw;fhz;lhu;
fpNuf;f jj;Jtj;ij %ynkhopapy; fw;whu;| Fiwfisf; fz;lwpe;jhu;.
jfhGj; gyh]pgh vd;w E}ypD}lhf fpNuf;f jj;Jtj;jpYs;s Fiwfisr;
Rl;bf;fhl;bdhu;.
fpNuf;f jj;Jtj;jpypUe;J tpLgLKiw gw;wp Kdf;fpj; kpdy; oyhy; vd;w E}ypd; %yk;
njspT gLj;jpdhu;.
mbg;gil ek;gpf;iff;F gFj;jwpT rhu;ej ; tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jy;.

M.I.THAHLAN (MADANI)B.A(HONS), PGDE,M.A.,I.S.A Page 12

 ,];yhj;ijAk; ,];yhk; my;yhj rkag; gpupTfisAk; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;ly;.
fz; %bj;jdkhd ek;gpf;ifia tpl;Lk; kf;fis Fu;Md; - `jP]; gf;fk; jpUg;Gjy;.
,];yhkpaf; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ij tFj;jy; (,`;ah cY}Kj;jPd;)
jtwhd Ml;rp Kiwiaf; fz;bj;J> ey;yhl;rp elj;j tpUk;gpaik.

(06)
m) jg;yPf; [khmj; - [khmNj ,];yhkp Mfpatw;wpw;fpilapyhd NtWghL ahJ?
[khmNj ,];yhkp jg;yPf; [khmj;
1. gbj;j kf;fis ,yf;fhff; nfhs;fpwJ. 1. ghku kf;fis ,yf;fhff; nfhs;fpwJ.
2. Nkw;fj;jpa fyhrhuj;jpy; ghjpj;j 2. ,e;J fyhrhuj;jpdhy; ghjpj;j kf;fis
kf;fis tpLtpjjy;. tpLtpjjy;.
3. fhyj;jpd; nkhopapy; ,];yhj;ij 3. Md;kPfj;jpw;F Kd;Dupik toq;fy;.
Kd;itj;jy;.
4. kjPdh tho;it Kd;Djhuzkhff; 4. kf;fh tho;it Kd;Djhuzkhf
nfhs;sy;. nfhs;sy;.
5. gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffs;> E}y;fs; 5. FLk;g ghuk;gupak;> kj;u]h fy;tp Kiw
6. murpaypy; <LghL 6. murpaypy; <LghL ,y;iy

M) fpyhgj; Ml;rpf;Fk; Nkw;fpd; [dehaf Ml;rpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd xw;Wik Ntw;Wikfis

milahsg;gLj;Jf.
Nkw;fpd; [dehaf Ml;rpf;Fk; fl;rpf;Fk; ,ilNa gy;NtW xw;Wik Ntw;Wikfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
xw;Wikfs;
Ml;rpKiw :
Nkw;F [dehafk; ; :...........................................................................................................
: fpyh/gj; :...........................................................................................................
jiytu; njupT:
Nkw;F [dehafk; :...........................................................................................................
: fpyh/gj; :...........................................................................................................
ePjpj;Jiw :
Nkw;F [dehafk; :...........................................................................................................
: fpyh/gj; :...........................................................................................................

jiytUf;fhd MNyhrid :
Nkw;F [dehafk; ; :...........................................................................................................
: fpyh/gj; :...........................................................................................................
Ntw;Wikfs;
Ml;rpapd; ,iwik mjpfhuk; :
Nkw;F [dehafk; :.........................................................................................................
: fpyh/gj :.........................................................................................................
rl;lthf;fk;
: Nkw;F [dehafk; :........................................................................................................
: fpyh/gj :.........................................................................................................

M.I.THAHLAN (MADANI)B.A(HONS), PGDE,M.A.,I.S.A Page 13

(07)
m) rpYit Aj;jk; Vw;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fisAk; mjd; tpisTfisAk; tptupf;Ff.
200 tUl fhyk; fpwp];jt cyF ,];yhkpa cyFld; Nghupl rka> murpay;> nghUshjhu
fhuzpfs; ,Ue;Js;sik - ,J jdpahfNth> xd;whfNth tpsf;fg;glyhk;.

1. rkak;
 fpwp];jt> ,];yhk; rkaq;fSf;fpilapyhd cwTfs;.
 ,];yhkpa vOr;rpAk; ru;tNjr mq;fPfhukhFk;.
 fpwp];jt INuhg;ghTf;F xNu rthyhf ,];yhk; fhzg;gly;.
 <]h (miy) gpwe;j n[&]yj;ij KOikahf jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;
itj;jpUj;jy;.
 ghg;gurupd; Nkyhjpf;f vz;zKk; - rka ntwpAk;.
 gPl;lu; re;epahrpapd; gpurhuKk; MNtrKk;.
 igj;Jy; Kfj;jpi] juprpf;fr; nry;Yk; ahj;jpuPfu;fs; K];ypk;fshy;
Jd;GWj;jg;gLfpd;wdu; vd;w Fw;wr;rhl;L

2. murpay;
 fpwp];jt jiyikgPlj;jpd; fPo; khdpa Kiw rKjhak; xd;iw cUthf;Fjy;.
 cNuhkg; NguuR K];ypk;fsplk; ,oe;j gpuNjrq;fis kPl;bf;nfhs;Sjy;.
 fpwp];jt INuhg;ghtpd; mjpfhuj;ij> K];ypk; MrpahTf;Fs; jpzpj;jy;.
 gpuGf;fspd; epykhdpa MSif tpUg;gk; - K];ypk; gFjpfis ntw;wp nfhs;tjd;
%yk; gpuNjr mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd;w Mir.
 epykhdpa Kiw rPu;Fiye;jjhy; jkf;fpilNa Vw;gl;l cl;g+ry;fs; jk;ikNa mopj;J
tplyhk; vd mQ;rp mtu;fspd; vjpu;g;G rf;jpia K];ypk; gpuNjrq;fis Nehf;fp
efu;jj; paik.

3. nghUshjhuk;.

 kpfg; gpujhdkhd tu;jj; f re;ijfis jkJ nghUshjhu Nkyhjpf;fk; fUjp

K];ypk;fsplkpUe;J Mf;fpukpj;J jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUj;jy;.
 INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; cUthfp te;j tWik epiy.
 ,];yhkpa cyfpd; nry;tr; nropg;Gk; - K];ypk; ehLfspd; tsq;fisr; #iwahLk;
vz;zKk;.
 K];ypk; cyf nghUshjhu tsq;fis mopg;gjd; %yk; mtu;fspd; cWjpg;ghl;il
jsu;jyhk; vd;w vz;zk;.

4. K];ypk; jug;gpy; ,Ue;j fhuzpfs;.

 K];ypk;fsJ gykpd;ikAk; tPo;rpAk;.

 ,];yhkpa cyfpd; If;fpak; rPu;Fiye;jik.
 rpw;wuRfspd; epiy.
M.I.THAHLAN (MADANI)B.A(HONS), PGDE,M.A.,I.S.A Page 14
  ,];yhkpa cyfpd; Ntw;Wik fpwp];jt cyfpd; xw;Wik.
 [p`hjpa czu;T K];ypk;fsplk; kiwjy;.
 ,iwar;rk; kiwe;J cNyhfhaj rpe;jid cUthjy;.
tpisTfs;

 rhjfq;fs;> ghjfq;fs; vd;w mbg;gilapy; ,jd; tpisTfs; Vw;gl;Ls;sik.

ghjfq;fs;

 200 tUl Nghu; ,og;G - capu> cilik ,og;G> mikjpahd tho;f;if ghjpf;fg;gly;.
 igj;Jy; Kfj;jp]; ifkhwy; - 1099,y; ,og;G - 1187y; ifg;gw;wg;gly;
 ,];yhkpa cyif vjpu;nhfs;s etPd MAjq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gly;.
 K];ypk; cyFf;Fk; fpwp];jt cyFf;Fkpilapyhd gif tsuy;.
rhjfq;fs;

 ,];yhkpa cyfpy; INuhg;gpa tPuu; epiynfhs;sy; - ,];yhk; gw;wpa jg;ggpg;uhaq;fs;

kiwjy;.
 ,];yhkpa fyhrhu ftu;r;rpf;F INuhg;gpau; cs;shjy;.
 K];ypk;fs; jkJ epu;thf Kiwfis kWguprPyid nra;J rPuikj;Jf; nfhs;s top
gpwj;jy;.
 ,];yhkpa cyfpd; kj Rje;jpuk;> nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gtw;why; INuhg;gpau;
gad; ngwy;.
 ,];yhkpa cyfpd; fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fz;L INuhg;gpau; jkJ ehLfspYk;
gy;fiyf;fofq;fis cUthf;fy;.
(07)
m) cikah - mg;gh]pa fpyhgj;jpw;F ,ilapyhd NtWghl;il tpsf;fp> mjd; tPo;rr
; pf;fhd
fhuzpfisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jf.
1. xw;Wik :-
2. ,U Ml;rpAk; kd;duhl;rp Kiwiaf; nfhz;lJ.
 k[;yp\; \_uh – ngaustpy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 jpwik> jifik vd;gd ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;glhJ> FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk;
ez;gu;fSf;Fk; gjtpfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
 khfhz Kiwapyhd Ml;rp Kiw.
 Mlk;guk;> mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfk; vd;gd fhzg;gly;.

Ntw;Wik :-
 cikah jiyefu; rpupah> mg;gh]paj; jiyefu; gf;jhj;.
 cikahf;fsplk; muG Njrpa thjk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mg;gh]pau;fs; ghurPfu;fis
Kd;epiy gLj;jpdu;.
 cikahf;fs; Nuhk; epu;thf Kiw. mg;gh]pau; ghurPf epu;thf Kiw.
 cikahf;fs; jdpahl;rp elj;jpdu;. mg;gh]pau;fs; fhyj;jpy; rpww
; uR Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
M.I.THAHLAN (MADANI)B.A(HONS), PGDE,M.A.,I.S.A Page 15
  cikahf;fs; fhyj;jpy; ,];yhkpa rhk;uh[;ak; tpuptile;jJ mg;gh]pa fhyj;jpy; jd;
Ms;Gyg; gFjpia ghJfhj;jdu;.
 cikahf; fhyj;jpy; murpaypy; ngz;fs; <LghL fhzg;gltpy;iy. mg;ghrpau;
fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 cikah fhyj;jpy; E}y; nkhopngau;g;G Fiwthf ,Ue;jJ. mg;gh]pau; fhyj;jpy;
mjpfkhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
 fy;tpjJ ; iw tsu;r;rp mg;gh]pau; fhyj;jpy; mjpfk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
tPo;r;rp :
(mg;gh]pau; Ml;rp `p 132 - `p 656 tiu gf;jhij jiy efuhf nfhz;L mike;j Ml;rp)
1. rka cl;gpupTfs; Njhw;wk; (K/j]pyh - #gpj;Jtk;)
2. rkaf; fUj;J epu;thf tplaq;fspy; Gwf;fzpg;G.
3. gpw fyhrhu Nkhfk; (Mlk;gu tho;T)
4. Nfhj;jpu gpsTfs;
5. mwgp> m[kp NtWghL
6. fyPghf;fs; gytPdk;
7. Ju;f;fpau; nry;thf;F
8. ,uhZt fl;likg;G rPu;f;Fiyjy;
9. rpw;wuR Njhw;wk;
10. jhj;jhupa gilnaLg;G
11. jpiwNrup
12. fpsu;r;rpfs; - tUkhdg; ghjpg;G
13. kj;jpa muR – khepy muR Nkhjy; - tUkhdk; FiwT

M) cikah - mg;gh]pa fpyhgj;jpw;F ,ilapyhd NtWghl;il tpsf;fp> mg;gh]pa

fpyhgj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzpfisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jf.
xw;Wik :-
,U Ml;rpAk; kd;duhl;rp Kiwiaf; nfhz;lJ.
 k[;yp\; \_uh – ngaustpy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 jpwik> jifik vd;gd ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;glhJ> FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk;
ez;gu;fSf;Fk; gjtpfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
 khfhz Kiwapyhd Ml;rp Kiw.
 Mlk;guk;> mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfk; vd;gd fhzg;gly;.

Ntw;Wik :-
 cikah jiyefu; rpupah> mg;gh]paj; jiyefu; gf;jhj;.
 cikahf;fsplk; muG Njrpa thjk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mg;gh]pau;fs; ghurPfu;fis
Kd;epiy gLj;jpdu;.
 cikahf;fs; Nuhk; epu;thf Kiw. mg;gh]pau; ghurPf epu;thf Kiw.
 cikahf;fs; jdpahl;rp elj;jpdu;. mg;gh]pau;fs; fhyj;jpy; rpw;wuR Njhw;wk;
ngw;wJ.
 cikahf;fs; fhyj;jpy; ,];yhkpa rhk;uh[;ak; tpuptile;jJ mg;gh]pa fhyj;jpy;
jd; Ms;Gyg; gFjpia ghJfhj;jdu;.
 cikahf; fhyj;jpy; murpaypy; ngz;fs; <LghL fhzg;gltpy;iy. mg;ghrpau;
fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
M.I.THAHLAN (MADANI)B.A(HONS), PGDE,M.A.,I.S.A Page 16
  cikah fhyj;jpy; E}y; nkhopngau;g;G Fiwthf ,Ue;jJ. mg;gh]pau; fhyj;jpy;
mjpfkhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
 fy;tpj;Jiw tsu;r;rp mg;gh]pau; fhyj;jpy; mjpfk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
mg;gh]pa fpyhgj; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzpfs;
(mg;gh]pau; Ml;rp `p 132 - `p 656 tiu gf;jhij jiy efuhf nfhz;L mike;j Ml;rp)
1. rka cl;gpupTfs; Njhw;wk; (K/j]pyh - #gpj;Jtk;)
2. rkaf; fUj;J epu;thf tplaq;fspy; Gwf;fzpg;G.
3. gpw fyhrhu Nkhfk; (Mlk;gu tho;T)
4. Nfhj;jpu gpsTfs;
5. mwgp> m[kp NtWghL
6. fyPghf;fs; gytPdk;
7. Ju;f;fpau; nry;thf;F
8. ,uhZt fl;likg;G rPu;f;Fiyjy;
9. rpw;wuR Njhw;wk;
10. jhj;jhupa gilnaLg;G
11. jpiwNrup
12. fpsu;r;rpfs; - tUkhdg; ghjpg;G
13. kj;jpa muR – khepy muR Nkhjy; - tUkhdk; FiwT

(08)
Muk;g fhy K];ypk;fs; ,yq;ifAld; nfhz;l njhlu;Gfs; ahit?
1. tu;jj; f uPjpahd njhlu;G
(fpof;F, Nkw;F tu;jj ; fg; (gl;Lg; ghij) ghijapy; ,yq;if mikeJs;sik. tu;jj ; fg;
nghUl;fs; fhzg;gl;lik. thridj; jputpak;> khzpf;ff;fw;fs;.)
1. Ml;rpahsu;fSld; ey;Ywitg; Ngzy;
ngupa jk;gp kupf;fhu;/ me;juq;f Jiwapy; mq;fj;Jtk;
,uhZt j; jsgjp – jh`_u;
1. murpay; uPjpahd njhlu;Gfs; (mikr;ru;> J}Jtu;fs;)
2. kUj;Jtu;fshf gzpahw;wpaik (ngn`j;Nf K`he;jpuk;> itj;jpa jpyf uh[fUzh
Nfhghy Kjypahu;)
3. mur tptfhuq;fspy; Kf;fpa gjtpfs; (K`he;jpuk;> Nyfk;)
,];yhj;jpd; Muk;g E}w;whz;bNyNa ,yq;ifapy; ,];yhk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ gw;wp
tpsf;Ff.
 K`k;kJ egp (]y;) mtu;fsJ fhyg; gpuptpy; mwpKfkhdik.
 ,uz;lhk; fyPgh cku; (uop) fhyg; gpuptpy; mwpKfkhdik.
 Cika;ahf; fhyg; gpuptpy; ,lk; ngw;w `h\pkpau; Gyk;ngau;Tfs; %yk;
mwpKfkhdik.
muG tu;j;jfu;fs; %yk; ,];yhk; gw;wpa mwpKfk; fpilj;jik.
1. `p 06 t`g; gpd; mgP`g;]h - ,yq;ifia juprpj;jik.
2. 2k; mf;uNghjp ,];yhj;ij mwpe;Jtu J}J mDg;gpaik.
3. cikahf;fs; nfhLikf;F mQ;rp `h\pkpfspy; rpyu; FbNawpaik.
4. khdtu;k kd;dd; (fp.gp. 691-726) - muG tpjitg; ngz;fs; jk; ehl;Lf;F mDg;gpaik.
(GJ}`hJy; Gy;jhd; - my;gyhJ}upapd; Fwpg;G)

M.I.THAHLAN (MADANI)B.A(HONS), PGDE,M.A.,I.S.A Page 17

 5. K];ypk; tu;jj
; fu;fs; RNjrg; ngz;fis kze;jik.

M) K];ypk;fspd; Njrpa gq;fspg;ig kjpg;gpLf.

1) INuhg;gpau; tUiff;F Kd;du;
 ek; ehl;il cyfpw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jp ,q;Fs;s cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;Fr; re;ij
tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jik
 Vw;Wkjp-,wf;Fkjp tu;jj ; fj;ijf; fhz;gpj;Jf; nfhLj;jik
 jtsk; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaik
 me;epaUf;F vjpuhf ,e;j ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;fhfg; Nghuhbaik
 nerthsu;fis mioj;J te;J nerTj; njhopiy mwpKfg;gLj;jp tsu;j;jik
 A+dhdp kUj;Jtj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpaik.
 mur J}Jtu;fshfTk; ke;jpupfshfTk;> cau; mjpfhupfshfTk; ,Ue;J
gzpahw;wpaik.
2) fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
 fhydpj;Jt thjpfsJ tUifapd; Nehf;fj;ij mwpe;J vjpu;j;J epd;wik
 rpq;fs kd;du;fSf;F cjtpaik (fs;spfN ; fhl;il rhNkhupdpd; gilAjtpia
ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jik)
 kd;diuf; fhl;bf; nfhLf;fhik (kfpufk;kd)
fhuzk;: ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;whky; fhj;jy;
tsq;fs; Ruz;lg;glhky; fhj;jy;
jkJ tUkhdk; FiwAnkd gag;gLjy;.
3) Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;
 Njrpa xUikg;ghl;Lf;F xj;Jioj;jy; (ehL gpsTglhky;> rpq;fsk; mur nkhop)
Njrpa nfhs;iffis mikr;ru;fshf epd;W epiyehl;ly;. (ghlrhiyfisg;
nghWg;Ngw;wy;> Gjpa fy;tpj; jpl;l mwpKfk; - 1972)
 Njrpa fyhrhuj;jpd; NghJ cjty;. (ngw;Nwhypag; nghUl;fis kj;jpa fpof;fpypUe;J
ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;> njhopy; tha;g;Gf;F rpghupR nra;jy;> kj;jpa fpof;fpypUe;J nghJr;
Nritf;fhf epjpAjtp)
 Njhl;lg;gapu;r;nra;if> Vw;wpwf;Fkjp tu;jj ; fk; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; <Lgl;L
ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpia ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
 mur mYty;fspy; ek;gpf;ifAld; nrayhw;Wjy;.
 cupikfSf;fhf MAjNke;jhik.

M.I.THAHLAN (MADANI)B.A(HONS), PGDE,M.A.,I.S.A Page 18