Int reports

INTERNATIONAL
REPORTS
Part of MAINS CONTENT
BOOSTER Program
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TARGET YEAR: 2023/24

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if any will be notified later.

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INTERNATIONAL REPORTS
INDEX
INSTRUCTIONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3
SOCIAL ISSUES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8
ENVIRONMENT -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
SECURITY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26
GOVERNANCE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY -------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
MISCELLANEOUS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
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remember and revise from one particular report as per your comfort
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Report OR the institution publishing it. It is USELESS to write both name and publishing
institution
For Example
• Way 1: According to Ecological Threat Register, Demand for food is predicted to rise by 50% by
2050
• Way 2: According to Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP), Demand for food is predicted to
rise by 50% by 2050
• Way 3: According to Ecological Threat Register, published by Institute for Economics and Peace
(IEP), Demand for food is predicted to rise by 50% by 2050
* 'Way' 1 and 2 are Better and desirable. Avoid 'Way' 3, as you will end up wasting your words
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How this document will benefit You?

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answers.
• Reports and Data are also useful in Conclusion.
• It will be helpful in your Essay as well.
• Sometimes, UPSC Frames Questions on the basis of the Various Reports and their Suggestions.

ECONOMY
Report/Index Key Points
• Indian economic growth is projected to slow from 8.7% in
Global Economic FY2021/22 to 6.9% in FY2022/23.
Prospects (GEP) • Indian economy is expected to grow at 6.6% in fiscal year 2023-24.
2023 Report by • India is expected to be the fastest-growing economy of the seven
World Bank largest developing economies (EMDEs).
• Global economy is to grow by 1.7% in 2023 and 2.7% in 2024.
• India will grow at 6.7 % in 2024, fastest-growing major economy in
world.
World Economic
• Growth in India is expected to remain strong at 5.8 %, albeit slightly
Situation and
lower than the estimated 6.4 % in 2022.
Prospects 2023 by
UN DESA • India’s inflation is expected to decelerate to 5.5 % in 2023 as slower
currency depreciation eases imported inflation.
• World’s average inflation rate was at 9% in 2022
• India and ASEAN were the most resilient destinations, with FDI
increases of 10% and 5%, respectively.
World Investment
• FDI inflows were higher in developing countries compared with
Report 2023
those in developed economies.
(UNCTAD)
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• Investment gap across all sectors of SDGs increased to more than $4
trillion per year from $2.5 trillion in 2015.
• FDI flows to India decreased by 26% because large M&A deals
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Global Investment
recorded in 2020 were not repeated.
Trend Monitor
Report 2022 • FDI flows across developing economies increased by 30%. It reached
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(UNCTAD) to around USD 870 billion. In East and South-East Asia, growth
accelerated by 20%
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• Global wages were reduced in 2022 for the first time since 2008.
• Lower-income countries have especially been hit because of
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significant loss in wages during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Global Wage Report
• United States, United Kingdom, Spain, South Korea, Bulgaria and
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2022-23 by ILO
Spain are some countries that witnessed a fall in the minimum wages.
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• The average wages of advanced G20 countries is 4,000 USD per

month and for emerging G20 countries, it is 1,800 per month.
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• Global employment will increase by only 1 percent in the year 2023. The
global unemployment rate has been estimated at 5.8 percent.
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World Employment
• In the year 2022, the labor force participation rate of women was 47.4
and Social Outlook:
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percent, while the participation of men was 72.3 percent.

Trends 2023 - ILO
• Annual employment growth is estimated to be around 1% in Asia and the
Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean.
• The number of international migrants has grown from 84 million
World Migration
globally in 1970 to 281 million in 2020.
Report 2022 –
• Asia reported the largest displacement due to disasters.
International
Organization for • India reported 4 mn new displacements due to disasters.
Migration • Mostly new displacement is triggered by climate related events and
disasters like storms, extreme temperature, drought etc.
Migration and • In India, the largest global recipient, remittances represented only
Development Brief 3.3% of GDP in 2022.

2023 – World Bank • Almost 36% of India’s remittances are from the high-skilled and
largely high-tech Indian migrants in three high-income destinations
— the US, United Kingdom, and Singapore.
• Remittance inflows from the GCC countries account for about 28% of
India’s total remittance inflows.
• Top five recipient countries for remittances in 2022 were India ($111
billion), followed by Mexico ($61 billion), China ($51 billion), the
Philippines ($38 billion), and Pakistan ($30 billion).
• Climate change could force 216 million people across six world
regions to move within their countries by 2050.
• In South Asia, around 1.8% of population can be internal climate
Groundswell Report migrants by 2050.
– World Bank • Scale of internal climate migration will be largest in poorest and
most climate-vulnerable regions:Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa.
• In South Asia, Bangladesh is particularly affected by flooding and
crop failures, accounting for almost half of predicted climate migrants.
• Over 700 million people was facing hunger in the world in 2022
• In 2021, 22.3% (148.1 million) children were stunted, 6.8% (45
million) were wasted, and 5.6% (37 million) were overweight.
• ~2.4 billion individuals did not have consistent access to nutritious,
safe, and sufficient food in 2022.
Suggestions
• Reorientation of food systems to cater to new urban populations
State of Food and eradicate hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition.
Security and • Integrating humanitarian, development and peace building policies in
Nutrition in the conflict affected areas
World 2023 Report • Scaling up climate resilience across food systems
• Strengthening resilience of most vulnerable to economic adversity
• Intervening along food supply chains to lower cost of nutritious foods
• Tackling poverty and structural inequalities, ensuring interventions
are pro-poor and inclusive
• Strengthening food environments and changing consumer behaviour
to promote dietary patterns with positive impacts on human health and
the environment.
• LDC group's GDP per capita was 10% of global average in 2019.
• Only seven LDCs (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Laos, Lesotho,
Mali, and Myanmar) have continuously outperformed the global
Least Developed average GDP per capita growth rate by more than 1% and so
Countries Report converged to higher-income country standards of living.
2021 • Real GDP for LDCs has increased fivefold since 1971.
(UNCTAD) • The analysis showed that budget gaps in health will gradually expand
from 6.3 % to 11.3 % of GDP by 2030; in education, they will increase
from 4.2 % to 6.6 % of GDP by 2030; and in social protection, they will
increase from 2% to 8.5 % of GDP by 2030.
Commodities at a • Rapid growth in demand for rechargeable batteries due to gradual
glance: Special issue integration of electric vehicles(EVs) in global transportation.
on strategic battery • The sales of electric cars have increased by 65% in 2018 from 2017

and minerals report • The report highlighted that the supply of raw materials to produce
by UNCTAD rechargeable batteries is uncertain.
• Over 60% of the world’s Cobalt is mined in the DRC while over 75%
of global Lithium is mined in Australia and Chile.
• India's transition towards a green economy could contribute about $1
trillion in economic impact by 2030 which would increase to $15
trillion by 2070. It will create more than 50 million jobs.
• The Green New Deal for India will implicate the five sectors that
contribute to almost all of GHG emissions:
• Energy Sector: It accounts for ~40% of India’s GHG emissions and
Mission 2070: A will require three-pronged approach: replace fossil fuels with
Green New Deal for renewables; reduce fossil CO2 emissions from legacy infrastructure;
a Net-Zero India and remove unavoidable carbon emissions by carbon sequestration.
Report – World • Mobility: It relies heavily on oil. A shift will need a modal mix from
Economic Forum road to rail and fuel diversification.
• Industry: Iron and steel, cement, and chemicals and fertilizers sectors
having the highest CO2 footprint.
• Green buildings, infrastructure and cities: India’s top 25 cities
contribute more than 15% of its estimated GHG emissions.
• Agriculture: The agriculture sector is the largest contributor to
nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane emissions.
World • India is ranked at 40th position (43rd position in 2019-21).
Competitiveness • Top 3 positions are Denmark, Ireland and Switzerland.
Index 2023 - Institute • Key factors that contributed to India’s ranking were exchange rate
for Management stability, compensation levels and advancements in pollution control.
Development (IMD).
• It places India at the forefront of global trade facilitation efforts with
Global Survey on an impressive score of about 93% in 2023.
Digital and • Perfect scores of 100% in Transparency, Formalities, Institutional
Sustainable Trade Arrangement and Cooperation, and Paperless Trade.
Facilitation 2023 - • India stands as the best-performing country in the South Asia region,
UNESCAP surpassing several developed nations including Canada, France, the
UK, and Germany.
• India’s GDP growth to moderate to 7.5% in 2022-23 from an
estimated 8.9% in 2021-22.
Asian Development
Outlook 2022 – Asian • Factors impacting India’s growth: Russia-Ukraine conflict-> higher
Development Bank oil prices, higher public capital spending was expected to improve the
efficiency of India’s logistics infrastructure, crowd-in private
investment, generate jobs in construction and sustain growth.
Trade and • India's economic growth is to decline to 5.7% from 8.2% in 2021.
Development Report • India experienced an expansion of 8.2% in 2021,
2022 – UNCTAD the strongest among G20 countries.
• Countries that are depleting their resources in favor of short-term
gains are putting their economies on unsustainable development path.
Changing Wealth of
• Low- and middle-income countries saw forest wealth per capita
Nations Report 2021
decline 8% from 1995 to 2018, reflecting significant deforestation.
• Global wealth inequality is growing.

• Low-income countries’ share of global wealth has changed little from
1995 to 2018, remaining below 1% of the world’s wealth, despite
having around 8% of the world’s population.
• Renewable natural capital is becoming more valuable as it
provides crucial ecosystem services. For example, the value of
mangroves for coastal flood protection has grown more than 2.5 times
since 1995 to over $547 billion in 2018.
• In South Asia, total wealth has grown since 1995, but due to
population growth in same time period, per capita wealth remains
among the lowest in the world.
• If gender parity was achieved in South Asia, this could increase human
capital nationally by roughly 42 percentage points
World Bank Report • Remittance flows to India will rise 12% to reach $100 billion in 2022.
on Remittance 2022
• India, China, Russia, & 4 other countries were added to US’s annual
‘Priority Watch List’ for intellectual property protection, enforcement.
U.S. Priority Watch
• India was ranked among the top five source countries for fake goods
List for
trade by the OECD in 2019
Intellectual Property
(IP) • India had made “meaningful progress” to enhance IP protection and
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enforcement in some areas in 2019 and had acceded to the WIPO
Internet Treaties and the Nice Agreement
• India moves to 63rd slot from 77 last year, among 190 nations
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Ease of doing • Recognized India as one of top 10 improvers for 3rd consecutive year.
business rankings • India continues to maintain its first position in South Asian countries.
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2020 by • Recovery rate under resolving insolvency has improved significantly

World Bank from 26.5% to 71.6%. The time taken for resolving insolvency has
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also come down significantly from 4.3 years to 1.6 years

• Global wealth up 9.8% YoY at $463.6 trillion in 2021.
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• Wealth per adult grew by $6,800 (8.4%) to reach $87,489, close to

Global Wealth
three times the level recorded at the turn of the century.
Report 2022
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• Richest 1% of global population increased their share of all

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world’s wealth for 2nd year running to 46%, up from 44% in 2020.
Impact of pandemic
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• More than 1 billion children have been out of school and could lose
Human Capital
out, on average, half a year of schooling
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Index (HCI) 2020

• Estimation of a 12 % drop in employment levels.
By World Bank
• Impact of COVID-19, on developing countries particularly has been
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hard and there is the collapse of the formal and informal market
• World is unlikely to meet goal of ending extreme poverty by 2030.
Poverty and Shared
• 70 million people were plunged into poverty in 2020, the largest one-
Prosperity Report
year increase since global poverty monitoring began in 1990.
2022
By World Bank • An estimated 719 million people subsisted on less than $2.15 a day
by the end of 2020.
Worldwide Cost of • New York and Singapore emerged as joint-most expensive cities to
Living Report 2022 – live in.
EIU [Economist • In India: Bengaluru (161), Chennai (164) and Ahmedabad (165).
Intelligence Unit]

SOCIAL ISSUES
Global Data
• 1.1 billion people are acutely multi-dimensionally poor.
• Children under 18 years old account for half of MPI-poor people (566
million).
• The poverty rate among children is 27.7%, while among adults it is
13.4 %.
• Sub-Saharan Africa has 534 million poor and South Asia has 389
million
Global
India Specific
Multidimensional
• India has more than 230 million people who are poor.
Poverty Index 2023
• It has halved its global MPI values within 15 years. 415 million Indians
escaped poverty between 2005-06 and 2019-21.
• The incidence of poverty declined from 55.1% in 2005/2006 to 16.4%
in 2019/2021.
• Percentage of people who were multi-dimensionally poor and deprived
of nutrition decreased from 44.3% in 2005/2006 to 11.8% in 2019/2021
• India progressed in all the three deprivation indicators: Health,
Education, Standard of living.
• Around 13.5 crore people moved out of multidimensional poverty
between 2015-16 and 2019-21.
• Multidimensional poverty decreased from 24.85% in 2015-16 to
14.96% in 2019-21.
• The rural areas experienced fastest decline in poverty, with the poverty
National
rate dropping from 32.59% to 19.28% between 2015-16 and 2019-21.
Multidimensional
Poverty Index 2023 • In urban areas, the poverty rate reduced from 8.65% to 5.27% during
the same period.
• In terms of number of MPI poor, Uttar Pradesh saw the largest decline
in the number of poor individuals, with 3.43 crore (34.3 million) people
escaping multidimensional poverty.
• MPI value halved from 0.117 to 0.066 between 2015-16 and 2019-21.
• India has ranked 107 out of 121 countries.
• India’s child wasting rate at 19.3%, is worse than earlier levels
recorded in 2014 (15.1%) and 2000 (17.15) and is the highest for any
country in the world.
• Undernourishment risen in India from 14.6% in 2018-2020 to 16.3%
in 2019-2021.
• India fares worse than all South Asian countries.
Global Hunger
• Child stunting has declined from 38.7% to 35.5% between 2014 and
Index (GHI) 2022
2022.
• Child mortality dropped from 4.6% to 3.3% between 2014 and 2022.
Global Scenario
• Top rankings dominated by European nations including Croatia,
Estonia, and Montenegro etc.
• Yemen lies at the lowest position (121).
• In Asia, only China and Kuwait are ranked at the top of the list.

• Anaemia: Over half of Indian women in the age group 15-49 years are
anaemic.
• Children wasting: Over 17% of Indian children under 5 years of age
are affected. India is also among 23 countries that have made no
progress or are worsening on reducing ‘childhood wasting’.
• Obesity: Around 6.2% of adult women and 3.5% of adult men are
Global Nutrition
living with obesity in the country.
Report 2021
• Stunting: India is among 53 countries ‘on course’ to meet the target
for stunting. But over 34% of children under 5 years of age are still
affected, it added.
• Overweight: The country is also among 105 countries that are ‘on
course’ to meet the target for ‘childhood overweight’. Some 58% of
infants in the age group 0-5 months are exclusively breastfed in India.
• Between 691 million and 783 million people experienced hunger in
2022.
• The number of individuals lacking adequate access to food reached 2.4
billion in 2022.
• The prevalence of undernourishment rose to 9.2% of the global
Global Report on
population in 2022.
Food Crises 2023 -
• Stunting has declined from 204.2 million in 2000 to 148.1 million in
Global Network
2022.
Against Food Crises
• Child wasting shown a decline from 54.1 million in 2000 to 45 million
in 2022.
• A slight non-significant increase in child overweight or obesity, rising
from 5.3% (33 million) in 2000 to 5.6% (37 million) in 2022.
• 3.2 billion people worldwide could not afford a healthy diet in 2020.
• India is ranked at 68th position along with Algeria with the overall
score of 58.9.
Global Food • In 2022, 8 of the top 10 performing countries are in Europe,
Security Index 2022 with Finland topping the list with a score of 83.7.
• South Africa, at the 59th position, was recognized as the most food-
secure country in Africa.
Case Studies Discussed in report
• In northern Nigeria, norms of masculinity and desire to protect family
wealth, are intensifying inter communal farmer-herder conflicts and
motivating young men to join armed groups like Boko Haram, as
climate change impacts destroy natural resource-based livelihoods.
Gender, Climate &
• In Papua and West Papua, Indonesia, indigenous women have been
Security: Sustaining
disproportionately affected by the impacts of land degradation from
Inclusive Peace on
extractive industries, which have been exacerbated by a changing
the Frontlines of
climate.
Climate Change
Report by UNEP • In urban Pakistan, women have experienced domestic violence for
failing to manage households with depleting water supplies due to
climate change.
• In western Nepal, degraded livelihoods have increased the migration
of seasonal workers – mostly men – to neighboring India or to urban
areas. Women have higher levels of insecurity as the sole providers for

their families in ever more challenging environments.
• India’s population is pegged to reach 142.86 crore against China’s
142.57 crore by July 2023.
• India’s total fertility rate, or births per woman, was estimated at 2,
State of the World
lower than the world average of 2.3.
Population Report
2023 • The average life expectancy for an Indian male was projected at 71
and 74 for females.
• The adolescent birth rate per 1,000 girls aged 15–19 was 11, while
23% of girls were married off before the age of 18.
• The poorest half of the global population “barely owns any wealth”
possessing just 2% of the total, whereas the richest 10% of the global
population own 76% of all wealth.
• Women’s share of total incomes from work (labour income) was about
30% in 1990 and is less than 35% now.
• Over the past 40 years, countries have become significantly richer, but
their governments have become significantly poorer.
• China has had the largest increase in private wealth in recent decades.
India Specific
World Inequality • The private wealth increase seen in India over this time is also
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Report 2022 – remarkable (up from 290% in 1980 to 560% in 2020).
World Inequality • The top 1% of the population hold more than one-fifth of the total
Lab national income in 2021 and the bottom half just 13%.
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• LPG reforms adopted by India have mostly benefited top 1%.

• Deregulation and liberalisation policies implemented since the mid-
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1980s have led to “one of the most extreme increases in income and
wealth inequality observed in the world”.
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• The female labour income share is 18% which is significantly lower

than the average in Asia [21%, excluding China] and is one of the
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lowest in the world.

• India is a low carbon emitter. The average per capita consumption of
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greenhouse gas is equal to just over 2 CO2e.

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• Wealth concentration as a measure of inequality does not reveal the

changes in the purchasing capacity of households.
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• Extrapolation of the income data from PLFS 2019-20 has shown that a
monthly salary of Rs 25,000 is already amongst the top 10% of total
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incomes earned.
• The share of the top 1% accounts for 6-7% of the total incomes
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State of Inequality earned, while the top 10% accounts for one-third of all incomes earned.
in India Report 2022 • In 2019-20, among different employment categories, the highest
- Institute for percentage was of self-employed workers (45.78%), followed by
Competitiveness regular salaried workers (33.5%) and casual workers (20.71%). The
share of self-employed workers also happens to be the highest in the
lowest income categories.
• The country’s unemployment rate is 4.8% (2019-20), and the worker
population ratio is 46.8%.
• In the area of health infrastructure, there has been a considerable
improvement with a targeted focus on rural areas. From 1,72,608 total

health centres in India in 2005, total health centres in 2020 stand at
1,85,505.
• Education and household conditions have improved enormously due to
targeted efforts through several social protection schemes, especially
in the area of water availability and sanitation that have increased the
standard of living.
• Enrolment Ratio has also increased between 2018-19 and 2019-20
at the primary, upper primary, secondary and higher secondary.
• By 2019-20, 95% of schools would have functional toilet facilities on
the school premises (95.9% functional boy’s toilets and 96.9%
functional girl’s toilets).
• Urban areas have a 44.4% wealth concentration in the highest quintile
(20%) compared to a meager 7.1% concentration in rural areas
• Indian billionaires increased their wealth by 35% during the lockdown
• The wealth of just the top 11 billionaires during the pandemic could easily
sustain the MGNREGS or the Health Mins. for the next 10 yrs.
Sector Specific inequality
• Health: 6% of India’s population lived in a room or less, which meant
that protocols necessary to prevent the spread of COVID-19 cannot be
followed.
• Education: 32 crore students were hit by the closure of schools, of
Inequality Virus
whom 84 % resided in rural areas & 70% attended government schools.
Report by Oxfam
• Gender: Unemployment of women rose by 15% from a pre-lockdown
level of 18 %, which could result in a loss of India’s GDP of about 8 %
Suggestions/Recommendations
• It recommended reintroducing the wealth tax and effecting a one-time
COVID- 19 cess of 4% on taxable income of over Rs 10 lakh to help
the economy recover from the lockdown.
• According to its estimate, wealth tax on the nation’s 954 richest
families could raise the equivalent of 1% of the GDP
• 160 million people were rendered poor during the pandemic, while 10
richest people doubled their fortunes since the start of the pandemic.
• Billionaire variant: Emergency government expenditure (estimated at
$16 trillion) that was meant to keep economies afloat during pandemic,
inflated stock prices. resulting in billionaires’ collective wealth
Inequality Kills: The
increasing by $5 trillion during the pandemic.
unparalleled action
• Extreme inequality is a form of ‘economic violence’. Stark reality
needed to combat
of inequality contributes to the death of at least 21,000 people each day,
unprecedented
or one person every four seconds
inequality in the
wake of COVID-19 - • The brunt of inequality and the violence it begets is borne, for
Oxfam instance, by women across the world, Dalits in India, Blacks in the
United States and indigenous groups in many countries.
• 13 mn women have not returned to the workforce and 20 mn girls
are at risk of losing access to education after pandemic-led
lockdowns. Thus, goal of gender equality has suffered a huge set back
which will take at least 135 years to correct.

•Wealthiest 1% of humanity are responsible for twice as many
emissions as the poorest 50%
Suggestions
• The report then asks for governments to “claw” back the wealth from
billionaires by administering solidarity taxes higher than 90%
especially on the billionaires that have profited during and because of
the pandemic.
• Report asks for permanent cancellation of tax havens, progressive
taxation on corporations and an end to tax dodging by corporations.
• It suggests that all of this regained wealth be redirected towards
building income safety nets, universalizing healthcare for everyone,
investing in green technologies and democratizing them, and, investing
in protecting women from violence.
• It advocates for redistributing power along with wealth by
strengthening workers’ unions, boosting political representation of
marginalized groups, and asserting human rights.
India Specific
• When 84% of households in the country suffered a decline in their
income in a year marked by tremendous loss of life and livelihoods, the
number of Indian billionaires grew from 102 to 142.
• The stark wealth inequality in India is a result of an economic system
rigged in favour of the super-rich over the poor and marginalised.
• During COVID-19, the country’s healthcare budget saw a 10%
decline from RE of 2020-21. There was a 6% cut in allocation for
education, while the budgetary allocation for social security schemes
declined from 1.5% of the total Union budget to 0.6%.
• The collective wealth of India’s 100 richest people hit a record high
of Rs 57.3 lakh crore ($775 billion). In the same year, the share of the
bottom 50% of the population in national wealth was a mere 6%.
• India has the 3rd highest number of billionaires in the world, just
behind China and the US with a 39% increase in the number of
billionaires in India in 2021
• 1/5th of the increase in the wealth of the richest 100 families was
accounted for by the surge in the fortunes of a single individual and
business house – the Adanis.
• Report also points to the increase in indirect taxes as a share of the
Union government revenue last four years, while the proportion of
corporate tax in the same was declining.
• Lowering of corporate taxes from 30% to 22% to attract investment
last year resulted in a loss of Rs 1.5 lakh crore, which contributed to
the increase in India’s fiscal deficit
• Women constitute only one-third of internet users in India
• Only 31% of the rural population uses the Internet compared to
India Inequality
67% of their urban counterparts
Report 2022: India’s
Unequal Healthcare • Maharashtra has the highest internet penetration,
Story – Oxfam while Bihar has the lowest.
• Sikhs have the highest likelihood of having a
computer followed by Christians, Hindus and lastly Muslims.

• The tendency to use formal financial services is lowest for ST
households, followed by SC households.
• Globally, the under-five mortality rate (U5MR) fell to 38 deaths per
1,000 live births in 2021, while under-five deaths dropped to 5.0
million
‘The Levels & • More than 5.0 million children under age 5, including 2.3 million
Trends in Child newborns, along with 2.1 million children and youth aged 5 to 24 years
Mortality’ Report – 43% of whom are adolescents – died in 2021.
2022 • Children born in sub-Saharan Africa are subject to the highest risk of
by UNICEF childhood death in the world with a 2021 U5MR of 74 deaths per 1,000
live births – 15 times higher than the risk for children in Europe and
Northern America and 19 times higher than in the region of Australia
and New Zealand.
Global Scenario
• Around 10.6 million people across the world were diagnosed with TB
in 2021, an increase of 4.5% from 2020.
• The burden of drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) increased by 3%
globally between 2020 and 2021.
• Of the total TB deaths, 187,000 patients were also positive for HIV.
• Decline in global spending on essential TB services from US$6 billion
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Global Tuberculosis in 2019 to US$5.4 billion in 2021.

(TB) Report 2021 India Specific
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• With 28% cases, India was among the eight countries accounting for
more than two-third (68.3%) of the total TB patients’ count.
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• India accounted for 36% of the global TB related deaths among HIV
negative people.
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• India’s TB incidence for the year 2021 is 210 per 100,000 population
– compared to the baseline year of 2015 (which was 256 per 100,000
population).
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• Pneumonia and diarrhea kill more young children worldwide than any
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other disease, claiming over 1.22 million lives each year.

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• Over 70% of under-5 deaths from pneumonia and diarrhea occur in just
15 countries
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• With over 1 million young children still dying from pneumonia and
diarrhea each year, we are falling far short of reaching SDG targets for
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Pneumonia and preventable deaths of newborns and young children

Diarrhea Progress • The overall world’s health systems are falling short of ensuring that
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Report by children have access to prevention and treatment services.

International India Specific
Vaccine Access • India has made significant progress in its vaccination coverage to
Centre prevent child pneumonia and diarrhoea deaths.
• India has achieved a global target of 90% coverage for three of the
five vaccines.
• These are vaccines of Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus, Measles,
Haemophilus influenzae type B, Pneumonia, and rotavirus vaccine.
• India has also completed the “100-day agenda” — an unprecedented
national scale-up of rotavirus vaccine.

• India failed to reach all four targets for treatment, adding that the
treatment for diarrhea had the lowest coverage, with only 51% of
children receiving ORS and 20% getting zinc.
• As for Malaria cases, the upward trend continued but at a slower rate
— 247 million cases in 2021, compared to 245 million cases in 2020
WHO World
and 232 million in 2019.
Malaria Report
2022 • Among the 11 high-burden countries, five — the Democratic Republic
of the Congo, Ghana, India, Niger and the United Republic of
Tanzania — recorded a decline in deaths.
• Nearly 1/5th of the students aged 13-15 used any form of the tobacco
product (smoking, smokeless, and any other form) in their life.
• Prevalence of tobacco use among boys was 9.6% and among girls was
7.4%.
• The prevalence of smoking tobacco was 7.3%. In case of smokeless
tobacco product, the prevalence was 4.1%.
• Ever use of e-cigarette among the students was 2.8%.
• Use of any form of tobacco was higher among boys than girls.
Global Youth
Tobacco Survey • The current use of tobacco among students across the States/ UTs
(GYTS-4) India ranged from the highest in Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram (58%
each) to the lowest in Himachal Pradesh (1.1%) and Karnataka (1.2%).
• 2 in 10 current smokers tried to quit smoking in past 12 months and
another 2 in 10 students wanted to quit smoking now
• 29.5% of the students were exposed to second-hand smoke (11.2%
at home, 21.2% inside enclosed public places, 23.4 at outdoor public
places).
• 52% of students noticed anti-tobacco messages in mass media.
• 85% of school heads were aware of COTPA, 2003
• Countries are responding to the WHO’s call to action by putting into
place best-practice trans-fatty acids [TFA] policies.
• 43 countries have now implemented best-practice policies for tackling
trans-fat in food, with 2.8 billion people protected globally.
• Currently, 9 of the 16 countries with the highest estimated proportion
Global Trans-Fat
of coronary heart disease deaths caused by trans-fat intake do not have
Elimination Report -
a best-practice policy.
WHO
• Mandatory TFA policies are currently in effect for 3.2 billion people in
57 countries; of these, 40 countries have best-practice policies in effect,
covering 1.4 billion people (18% of the global population).
• In February 2021, India became the first lower middle-income country
to pass a best-practice policy, followed by the Philippines.
• Non-communicable diseases now make up 7 of the world’s top 10
causes of death, an increase from 4 of the 10 leading causes in 2000.
Global Health
• Deaths from diabetes increased by 70% globally between 2000 and
Estimates 2019 by
2019, with an 80% rise in deaths among males.
WHO
• Heart disease caused the most deaths and was responsible for 16% of
total deaths.
State of Global • Learning poverty has increased by a third in low- and middle-income
Learning Poverty countries.

• This generation of students now risks losing $21 trillion in potential
lifetime earnings in present value, up from the $17 trillion estimated in
2021.
• Learning poverty has shot up from 54% to 70% in India in 2022, as
compared to 2019.
“Beaten or Broken? • South Asia is set to plunge into its worst-ever recession in 2020 as the
Informality and devastating impacts of COVID-19 on the region’s economies linger.
COVID-19 in • Temporary school closures in all S. Asian countries have kept 391
South Asia” report million students out of school in primary and secondary education
by WB - It analyses • The projected learning loss for the region is 0.5 years of learning-
the impact of school adjusted years of schooling (LAYS), an enormous setback from recent
closures because of advances in schooling.
Covid on children
State of The • India has the highest relative AI skill penetration rate ( over 3
Education Report times the global average)
for India 2022 • AI Market in India is likely to reach US Dollar 7.8 billion by 2025 at
[Artificial the rate of 20.2 percent compound annual growth.
Intelligence in
Education]UNESCO
• 41 Indian institutes found a place among the total 1422 universities
ranked across the world, with only 27 in the top 1000, 3 in the top 200,
and none in the top 100.
Quacquarelli
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is the top university in
Symonds (QS)
the world for the 11th consecutive year.
World University
Rankings - 2023 • IISc Bengaluru (Rank 155), IIT Bombay (Rank 172) and IIT Delhi
(Rank 174) are the only three Indian universities that bagged a spot
amongst the top 200. IIT Bombay saw a big dip from Rank 117 last
year to Rank 172 this year
• The number of children in child labour has risen to 160 million worldwide
– an increase of 8.4 million children in the last four years – with millions
more at risk due to the impacts of COVID-19.
• The report warns that progress to end child labour has stalled for the
first time in 20 years, reversing the previous downward trend that saw
Child Labour: child labour fall by 94 million between 2000 and 2016.
Global estimates • It warns that globally, 9 million additional children are at risk of being
2020, trends and the pushed into child labour by the end of 2022 as a result of the pandemic.
road forward’ • The agriculture sector accounts for 70% of children in child labour (112
Report: UNICEF million) followed by 20% in services (31.4 million) and 10% in
and ILO industry (16.5 million).
• Child labour is more prevalent among boys than girls at every age.
When household chores performed for at least 21 hours per week are
taken into account, the gender gap in child labour narrows.
• The prevalence of child labour in rural areas (14%) is close to three
times higher than in urban areas (5%).
State of the World's • A total of 67 million children missed out on vaccinations between 2019
Children 2023 - and 2021. In 2022, the number of measles cases was more than double
UNICEF the total in the previous year.

•Over a third of the 55 countries studied for vaccine confidence showed
a decline.
India Specific
• Between 2020 and 2021, the number of zero-dose children in India
decreased from 3 million to 2.7 million.
• 98% of the population in India currently perceive vaccines as important
for children.
• In 2020, only 47% of women of working age participated in the
labour market, compared to 74% of men
The World’s • On an average day, women globally spend about three times as many
Women 2020: hours on unpaid domestic and care work as men
Trends and • Women held only 28% of managerial positions globally in 2019 –
Statistics Report by almost the same proportion as in 1995.
United Nations • In political life, women’s representation in parliament has more than
Department of doubled globally. However, it has still not crossed the barrier of 25%
Economic and Social of parliamentary seats in 2020.
Affairs • Around one third of women worldwide have experienced physical
and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner and 18% have
experienced such violence in the past 12 months.
om
• Finland has been named the happiest country in the world for the sixth
consecutive year.
World Happiness
Report 2023 • India is ranked 126, ten places higher than its ranking of 136 in 2022.
l.c
It remains below most neighboring counties, including Pakistan (108)

and Sri Lanka (112).
ai
• Population displacement, abandonment of agricultural land, loss of life

and assets, disruption of trade and cropping and loss of access to
gm
markets caused by conflicts can worsen food insecurity.

Hunger Hotspots
• Extreme weather conditions and climate variability are likely to
Report – FAO and
ct
affect several parts of the world during the outlook period.

World Food
Programme • For instance, in Haiti, reduced precipitation during the main growing
o
season ended May is likely to have impacted yield. Desert Locust

15
infestation was a major worry in the Horn of Africa at the beginning of

July 2021.
aj
• The area of irrigated crops has doubled while that of rain fed crops
has only increased by 2.6% in the time period 2000-2019.
ur
• Soil salinity is estimated to take up 1.5 million ha of cropland out of

production each year.
rit
State of the world’s • Population increases have meant that agricultural land available per
land and water capita for crops and animal husbandry declined by 20% between 2000
resources for food and 2017.
and agriculture - • Due to increased population in the last two decades, there was a decline
FAO in global per capita internal renewable water resources (IRWR) of
about 20%.
• Progress made in reducing the number of undernourished people in the
early part of the 21st century has been reversed. The number has risen
to 768 million in 2020 from 604 million in 2014.

• By 2050, agriculture will need to produce almost 50% more food,
livestock fodder and biofuel than in 2012 to satisfy global demand and keep
on track to achieve “zero hunger” by 2030.
• India’s rank on the Human Development Index slipped from 130 in
2020 to 132 in 2021.
• India’s rank has not improved over the last two decades.
• The latest HDI value (index score) of 0.633 places the country in
the medium human development category, lower than its value of 0.645
Human
in the 2020 report.
Development Index
• India’s expected years of schooling stand at 9 years, down from 12.2
Report 2021
years in the 2020 report.
(UNDP)
• The Gross National Income (GNI) per capita level is $6,590.
Global findings
• The index has been topped by Switzerland.
• 90% of countries have registered a reduction in their HDI value in 2020
or 2021.
• The pandemic has increased mental stress globally. However, a crisis
was already in place in 2019.
• Approximately 7,03,000 people or 1 in a 100, died by suicide in 2019.
• The global age-standardized suicide rate was 9.0 per 1,00,000
population for 2019.
• More than half of global suicides (58%) occurred before age of 50
Suicide Worldwide years.
in 2019 Report - • Suicide was the fourth-leading cause of death among young people
WHO aged 15-29 globally in 2019.
• Africa, Europe and South-East Asia recorded suicide rates higher than
the global average.
• In 20 years (2000-2019), the global suicide rate had decreased by 36%.
• India has the highest suicide rate in Southeast Asian region.
• Currently, only 38 countries are known to have a national suicide
prevention strategy.

ENVIRONMENT
• Denmark topped the 2022 rankings followed by UK and Finland both
earning high scores for slashing greenhouse gas emissions in recent years.
Environment • The United States places 20th out of 22 wealthy democracies in the Global
Performance West and 43rd overall.
Index 2022 by • India was ranked at 180th after Pakistan, Bangladesh, Vietnam and
the Yale Myanmar.
University • India has also scored low on rule of law, control of corruption and
government effectiveness, according to EPI.
• India was ranked 168th in EPI-2020, with a score of 27.6.
• The world is falling short of the goals set forth in the Paris Climate
Agreement adopted in 2015.
• The top seven emitters (China, the EU27, India, Indonesia, Brazil, the
Russian Federation and the United States of America) plus international
transport accounted for 55 percent of global GHG (greenhouse gas)
Emissions Gap emissions in 2020.
Report 2022 by • No credible pathway is currently in place to restrict global warming to under
UNEP 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
• In India and six other top emitters, emissions have rebounded in 2021,
exceeding pre-pandemic 2019 levels.
• G20 members are responsible for 75 percent of global GHG emissions.
• The global average per capita GHG emissions was 6.3 tonnes of CO2
equivalent (tCO2e) in 2020.
• Global GHGs emissions continued to increase in 2022.
• Carbon dioxide is at 149% of pre-industrial levels, Methane is at 262% of
pre-industrial levels, Nitrous oxide is at 124% of pre-industrial levels.
• In 2022, the planet was 1.15 ± 0.13 °C warmer than the pre-industrial
(1850-1900) average, making the last 8 years the warmest on record.
• In 2022, 58 percent of the ocean surface suffered at least one marine
State of the heatwave event and 25% of the surface experienced at least one marine
Global Climate cold spell.
Report 2022 by • In 2022, global mean sea level continued to rise. The sea has risen
WMO approximately 3.4 ± 0.3 mm per year over the past 30 years.
• Global mean ocean pH has been steadily declining at rates not seen for at
least the past 26,000 years.
• Antarctic sea-ice extent dropped to the lowest level and almost 1 million
km 2 below the long-term (1991-2020) mean.
• In Switzerland 6% of the glacier ice volume was lost between 2021 and
2022.
• The first three overall positions therefore remain empty.
Climate Change • Denmark, Sweden, Chile and Morocco were the only four small countries
that were ranked above India as 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th respectively.
Performance
Index 2023 by India’s performance
• India jumps 2 spots higher, and now ranks 8th.
German watch
• India has been ranked amongst top 5 countries in the world, and the best
among the G20 countries, based on its Climate Change performance.

• CCPI places India as the only G-20 country in the top 10 rank.
• India is on track to meet its 2030 emissions targets (compatible with a well-
below-2°C scenario).
• It has ranked India as the seventh worst-hit country in 2021 compared to
5th in 2020 Index.
• In India floods caused by heavy rain in 2019 took 1,800 lives across 14 states
Global Climate and displaced 1.8 million people.
Risk Index 2021 • It also caused economic loss to the tune of US $8.1 billion.
by • As per the report, there has also been an increase in the heat waves,
Germanwatch melting of glaciers and intensity of cyclones in India.
• The impact of climate change was visible around the globe but poorer countries
are hit hardest because they are more vulnerable to the damaging effects of a
hazard and have lower coping capacity.
• The mountain ranges of the Himalayas, the Hindu Kush, and the
Karakoram span 2,400 kilometers across six nations and contain 60,000 km²
of ice – storing more water than anywhere besides the Arctic and Antarctic.
• Black carbon deposits originating from factories, cooking and vehicles
Glaciers of the
are compounding the effects of climate change to speed up the melting of
Himalayas
the Himalayan glaciers.
Report – World
•
om
Bank More than 750 million people depend on the glacier- and snow-fed Indus,
Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers for freshwater, and changes in the volume
and timing of flows will have important economic and social implications.
l.c
• By 2050, from 1.5 billion to 1.7 billion people in South Asia are projected
to be vulnerable to water scarcity.
ai
• There is inadequate interaction among climate services providers and

information users in 43% of WMO Members.
gm
State of Climate
• 3 billion people – or 25% of the global population – are already living in
Services Report
countries under water stress.
2021 - World
Meteorological •
ct
Regions with highest water stress in 2018 were Northern Africa (109%),
Organization Central Asia (80%), Southern Asia (78%), and Western Asia (60%).
o
• Globally, a quarter of all cities are already water stressed and experience
15
perennial water shortages

World Energy • Investments in clean energy have surpassed investments in fossil fuels by
aj
Investment 70%; Transition driven by Electric Vehicles (EVs) and renewable power;
Report 2023 - $1.7 allocated to clean energy for every $1 spent on fossil fuels.
ur
International • Over 90% of the surge in clean energy investment since 2021 is in advanced
Energy Agency economies and China.
rit
• The global energy transition is still “off-track” and falls short of the 1.5
degrees Celsius pathway.
• To keep 1.5°C alive, deployment levels must grow from some 3,000
gigawatts (GW) at present to over 10,000 GW in 2030, an average of 1,000
World Energy
GW annually”.
Transitions
Outlook 2023 • Global investment in energy transition technologies reached a new record
of $1.3 trillion in 2022, yearly investments must more than quadruple to
over $5 trillion to stay on the 1.5 degrees Celsius pathway.
• By 2030, cumulative investments must amount to USD 44 trillion, with
transition technologies representing 80% of the total, or $35 trillion,

“prioritising efficiency, electrification, grid expansion and flexibility”.
• Current pledges and plans fall well short of IRENA’s 1.5°C pathway and
will result in an emissions gap of 16 gigatonnes (Gt) in 2050.
Global Scenario
• CO2 emissions rose six percent to 36.3 billion tonnes last year. 33 percent
of these can be traced back to China.
• Renewables-based generation reached an all-time high, exceeding 8 000
TWh in 2021.
Global Energy • Global methane levels went up five percent in 2021, but were still lower than
Review 2022 by pre-pandemic levels.
IEA • Emissions from the world’s power plants reached their highest ever level.
India Specific
• India used 13 percent more coal to generate electricity in 2021 than the
previous year, given the COVID-19 pandemic.
• India’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2021 soared to 80 megatonnes
(Mt) above pre-pandemic levels in 2019.
Global Electric • Global sales of electric cars have kept rising strongly in 2022, with 2 million
Vehicle Outlook sold in the first quarter, up 75% from the same period in 2021.
2022 –
International
Energy Agency
• Countries are largely turning to fossil fuels for meeting the increase in
Electricity
electricity demand, as Covid-19 lockdown restrictions are lowering down.
Market Report
• Global electricity demand increased by 6% year-on-year in 2021. It was the
2022 –
steepest year-on-year increase recorded by IEA since 2008 financial crash.
International
Energy Agency • Global energy intensity decreased by 1.9% year-on-year. This drop was only
half as compared to the level required to lay foundation for net-zero by 2050.
• The richest 1% of humanity accounted for 15% of cumulative emissions,
while the poorest 50% accounted for only 7%.
Confronting
• While the richest 10% accounted for 46% of emissions growth, the
Carbon
poorest 50% accounted for only 6%.
Inequality
Report 2020 by • About half of the emissions of the richest 10% are associated with North
Oxfam Report America and the European Union (EU).
2020 • India’s per capita emissions were a fraction of not just the EU, but also
China, making it the lowest per capita emitter amongst the world’s large
economies.
Cooling • The world will have four times more cooling appliances by 2050,
Emissions and contributing significantly to rising temperatures.
Policy Synthesis • Without policy intervention, direct and indirect emissions from air
Report: conditioning and refrigeration are projected to rise by 90% above 2017
Benefits of levels by the year 2050.
cooling
efficiency and
the Kigali
agreement by
the UNEP and
IEA.

• The number of people living in internal displacement reached a record high
of 71.1 million people across 110 countries and territories.
Global Report • Disasters displaced 8.7 million people internally in 88 countries and
on Internal territories as of December 2022.
Displacement • Pakistan had the highest number of disaster displacements in the
2023 world in 2022, at 8.16 million.
• India recorded the fourth largest disaster displacement, with 2.5
million displacements and Nigeria at fifth rank with 2.4 million.
SDG Index • India stands at the 121 position out of 193 UN members [117 in 2020 and
2022 120 in 2021]
• Forest area has declined all across the world in the past three decades. The
world lost an area the size of Libya of forest since 1990,
• The rate of forest loss has also declined due to the growth of sustainable
management.
• India among top 10 countries gaining forest area in the world, as of now,
India accounts for 2% of total global forest area.
• FRA 2020 has credited the GoI’s Joint Forest Management programme for
significant increase in community-managed forest areas in Asian continent.
• The forest area managed by local, tribal and indigenous communities in
India increased from zero in 1990 to about 25 million ha in 2015.
• India reported maximum employment in the forestry sector in the world.
Global Forest
Remote Sensing Survey 2022
Resources
Assessment • Net forest losses fell by 3.1 million hectares per year in the period 2010-
2020 by FAO 2018, as compared to 6.8 million hectares in 2000-2010.
• Cropland expansion (including oil palm plantations) is the main driver of
deforestation, causing almost 50% of global deforestation, followed by
livestock grazing, accounting for 38.5%. Oil palm alone accounted for 7%
of the global deforestation from 2000 to 2018.
• South America lost around 68 million hectares — the highest in the
world, followed by Africa with 49 million hectares.
• Annual deforestation decreased by around 29% to 7.8 million hectares
per year in the period 2010-2018, from 11 million hectares per year in the
decade 2000-2010.
• Almost one-quarter of forests planted in this millennium replaced naturally
regenerating forests, with half of this area in South and Southeast Asia.
• World gross product fell by an estimated 4.3% in 2020. It is the sharpest
Global Forest
contraction of global output since the Great Depression.
Goals Report
2021 - UN • An estimated 25% of the global population rely on forests for their subsistence
needs, livelihoods, employment, and income.
• Nearly a third of the 100 cities in the world susceptible to ‘water risk’
are in India.
WWF Water
• 17% of the global population and 10% of the world’s GDP currently come
Risk Filter
from regions of high-water risk .
• By 2050 this could increase to 51% and 46% respectively.
Global e-waste • There was 53.6 MT e-waste in 2019, which is a nearly 21% increase in
Monitor 2020 just five years. Global e-waste — discarded electrical and electronic
Report equipment — will increase by 38% in the decade between 2020 and 2030.

• Asia generated the greatest volume followed by the Americas and Europe.
• Less than 18% of the e-waste generated in 2019 was collected and
recycled.
• The number of countries that have adopted a national e-waste policy,
legislation or regulation has increased from 61 to 78 and includes India.
• Long-term exposure to outdoor and household air pollution contributed to
over 1.67 million annual deaths in India in 2019.
• Overall, air pollution was now the largest risk factor for death among all
State of Global health risks in India.
Air 2020 • India faced the highest per capita pollution exposure in the world,
followed by Nepal and Niger.
• Among the 20 most populous countries, India recorded the highest increase
(17%) in O3 concentrations in the past ten years.
• The highest numbers of poaching incidents were reported from the States of
TRAFFIC
Uttarakhand and Maharashtra.
study on
Leopards • Among all the derivatives found in illegal wildlife trade, skin remained the
most in-demand product, accounting for 69% of all seizures
• 69% decline in the wildlife populations of mammals, birds, amphibians,
reptiles and fish, across the globe in the last 50 years.
om
• Freshwater species populations globally were reduced by 83%.
• About 50% of warm water corals have already been lost and warming of 5
degrees Celsius will lead to a loss of 70-90% of warm water corals.
l.c
• Only 37% of rivers that are over 1,000 km long remain free-flowing in their
Living Planet
natural state.
Report 2022 by
ai
India Specific
WWF
• The Himalayan region and the Western Ghats are the most vulnerable
gm
regions in the country in terms of biodiversity loss.

• 137 km of the Sundarbans mangrove forest have been eroded since 1985,
ct
reducing land and ecosystem services for people living there.

• The country has seen a decline in the population of the likes of honeybees
o
and 17 species of freshwater turtles in this period.

15
• More than 60% of the world’s coral reefs are under threat.
• Only 66% of the stocks fished worldwide were at biologically sustainable
Global
aj
levels in 2017, down from 71% seven years earlier.

Biodiversity
• Habitat loss and degradation remains high, especially in forests and tropical
ur
Outlook-5
Report regions.
rit
• Global wetlands are declining and rivers are fragmenting, posing a “critical
threat to freshwater diversity
• Lead poisoning is affecting children on a “massive and previously
unknown scale”.
• Around 1 in 3 children have blood lead levels at, or above, 5 micrograms
Pure Earth
per decilitre (µg/dL). Nearly half of these children live in South Asia.
Report by
UNICEF • The impact of lead on adults is so large that over 9 Lakh premature deaths
per year are attributed to lead exposure.
• Juvenile delinquency, violence and crime have been associated with
preschool lead exposure.
Ecological • Around 1.26 billion people across 30 countries are suffering from both

Threat Register extreme ecological risk and low levels of resilience.
2021 • The most vulnerable countries are clustered in the Middle East and North
Africa, sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
• By 2040 over 5.4 billion people will live in countries facing extreme water
stress.
• Pakistan (14th), Bangladesh (15th), Afghanistan (25th) and India (26th) are
among four South Asian countries where children are at extremely high risk
of the impacts of the climate crisis.
Children’s • It is estimated that more than 600 million Indians will face ‘acute water
Climate Risk shortages’ in the coming years.
Index 2021 - • Flash Flooding is to increase significantly in the majority of India’s urban
UNICEF areas once the global temperature increase rises above 2 Celsius.
• There is a disconnect between where GHG Emissions are generated, and
where children are enduring the most significant climate-driven impacts.
The children from countries least responsible will suffer most of all
• Up to 700 million people are at risk of being displaced as a result of
drought by 2030.
• 2/3 of the world will be living under water stressed conditions by 2025
when demand outstrips supply.
• Drought can have differential economic, social and environmental effects
on women in developing countries. Unequal power relations, gender
GAR Special
inequalities and discrimination mean women and girls have to work more
Report Drought
or get dropped out of work, experience pay cuts and get fewer opportunities
2021
• The effect of severe droughts on India’s gross domestic product (GDP) is
estimated at 2–5% per annum, despite substantial decreases in the
contribution of agriculture to GDP over the period 1951–2003
• Deccan Plateau: Major droughts have occurred across the region and over
large areas of India in 1876–1878, 1899–1900, 1918–1919, 1965–1967,
2000–2003 and 2015–2018.
Physical • Cotton makes up about 31% of all raw material used in the global textile
Climate risk market, with a yearly economic impact of over $600 billion
assessment for • Climate change could expose half of all global cotton-growing regions,
Global Cotton including India, to high risks from temperature increases, changes in rainfall
Production patterns and extreme weather events by 2040
Report – Cotton • Under a worst-case climate scenario, all global cotton-growing regions will
2040 be exposed to increased risk from at least one climate hazard by 2040.
• The report has highlighted that in less than a decade, climate breakdown has
led to vanishing of 14% of coral reefs.
• First global-scale coral bleaching in 1998 led to decline of hard coral cover
Status of the
from 32.5% to 30% between 1997 and 2002.
Corals of the
World Report - • Between 2002 and 2009, global average hard coral cover returned to pre-
UNEP 1998 levels.
• It meant that in the absence of major global disturbances, many of the
world’s coral reefs have remained resilient and capable of recovering,
despite the influence of local stressors.

• However, between 2009 and 2018, global average hard coral cover declined
from 33.3% to 28.8%, which represents a loss of 13.5% of world’s hard
coral.
Atlas of • In past 50 years, number of weather-related disasters had increased fivefold
mortality and across the globe. In this period, total losses amounted to $3.6tn and 2mn
economy losses deaths.
from weather, • Developed nations incurred the bulk of $3.6tn in economic losses because
climate & water of severe weather events in past five decades.
extremes-World • High death tolls in poorer countries have been partly reduced by better
Meteorological evacuation
Organization
• Abundance of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reached a
new record again in the year 2020.
Greenhouse • Concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) increased to 413.2 parts per million
Gas Bulletin - in 2020. It accounted for 149% of the pre-industrial level.
World • Methane (CH4) accounted for 262% and nitrous oxide (N2O) accounted for
Meteorological 123% of 1750 levels, when human activities started disrupting the natural
Organization equilibrium of Earth
• In between 1990-2020, radiative forcing by greenhouse gases increased by
47%, in which CO2 accounted for 80% of this increase
State of Finance • Current global investments in NbS are around $154 billion (Rs 12,49.44
for Nature crore) per year, which needs to be increased to $384 billion by 2025.
Report – • “Harmful subsidies are highest in the energy sector, estimated to range
UNEP, WEF from $340 billion/ year to $530 billion/year and in the agriculture
and Economics sector, estimated around $500 billion/year”.
of Land
Degradation
• As per report, human-animal conflict is one of the main threats for long-
A future for all term survival of world’s most iconic species.
– the need for • Conflict-related deaths affect more than 75% of world’s wild cat species.
human-wildlife • In India, human-elephant conflict resulted into killing of 500 elephants and
coexistence 2361 people during 2014-2015 and 2018-2019.
Report – UNEP • India is going to be most-affected by human-wildlife conflict because of
and WWF having world’s second-largest human population and large populations of
tigers, Asiatic Lions, Asian elephants, one-horned rhinos etc
• The amount of plastics in the oceans has been estimated to be around 75-
199 million tonnes at present.
From Pollution
• Under a business-as-usual scenario and in the absence of necessary
to Solution: a
interventions, the amount of plastic waste entering aquatic ecosystems could
global
nearly triple by 2040.
assessment of
marine litter • Approximately 7,000 million of the estimated 9,200 million tonnes of
and plastic cumulative plastic production between 1950 and 2017 became plastic waste.
pollution - • The economic costs of marine plastic pollution with respect to its impacts
UNEP on tourism, fisheries and aquaculture, together with other costs such as those
of clean-ups, were estimated to be at least USD 6-19 billion globally in
2018.

• It is projected that by 2040 there could be a $100 billion annual financial
risk for businesses if governments require them to cover waste management
costs at expected volumes and recyclability
• Human-caused methane emissions are increasing faster currently than at any
other time since record keeping began in the 1980s.
• Oil and gas extraction, processing and distribution accounted for 23% of
Global Methane methane emissions in the fossil fuel sector. Coal mining accounted for 12%
Assessment of emissions.
Report – UNEP • In agricultural sector, livestock emissions from manure and enteric
and Climate fermentation constituted for 32% and rice cultivation 8% of emissions
and Clean Air • For India, greatest potential to reduce methane emissions is in waste sector.
Coalition • Human-caused methane emissions must be cut by 45% to avoid the worst
effects of climate change. It would prevent a rise in global warming by up
to 0.3 degrees Celsius by 2045 and also prevent 260,000 premature deaths,
as well as 25 million tonnes of crop losses
• The production gap to achieve the climate goal is the widest for coal: Production
plans and projections by governments would lead to around 240% more coal,
Production Gap 57% more oil, and 71% more gas in 2030 than global levels consistent with
Report 2021 - limiting warming to 1.5°C.
•
om
UNEP The production gap has been fueled by incremental capital flow towards
fossil fuels in comparison to clean energy in the post novel coronavirus
disease (Covid-19) recovery phase.
l.c
• There are huge gaps in needed urban climate finance — resources directed
to activities aiming to address climate-related risks faced by cities —
ai
especially in rapidly urbanizing cities in developing countries.

• Up to 3 billion people are expected to move from rural to urban areas by
gm
2050. Half the world’s urban population growth is expected to be in Africa

State of Cities
and Asia.
Climate
• An average of $384 billion was invested in urban climate finance annually
ct
Finance report
in 2017-2018. This, however, falls far short of investment needs, which are
– World Bank
o
estimated in trillions.
15
• The largest portion of urban climate finance was invested in and for China
and in developed economies.
•
aj
Investment in urban transport represented 53% of total urban climate

finance estimated at $202 billion in 2017-2018.
ur
• Climate change is largely to blame for a near doubling of natural disasters

in the past 20 years.
rit
• China and US reported highest number of disaster events followed by

India
Human Cost of
• There has also been a rise in geo-physical events including earthquakes and
Disasters 2000-
tsunamis which have killed more people than any of the other natural
2019: UNDRR
hazards
• India is the 2nd most affected country by floods after China.
• Extreme heat is proving especially deadly. Heatwaves of 2015 in India
resulted in 2,248 deaths.

SECURITY
• India ranked 13th in world on list of countries most affected by terrorism
in 2023.
• Globally, deaths from terrorism fell by 9% to 6,701 deaths, marking a
Global
38% decrease from its peak in 2015.
Terrorism
Index, 2023 • South Asia remains the region with the worst average GTI score.
• Islamic State (IS) and its affiliates were the deadliest terror group
globally for the eighth consecutive year, recording the most attacks and
deaths of any group in 2022.
• According to the report, the Movement restrictions owing to the
pandemic may lead to an initial statistical reduction in drug seizures
“Synthetic Drugs
• Organised crime groups active in the region have shown a high degree
in East and
of flexibility to respond to shortages of supplies, raising risk levels on
Southeast Asia”
certain trafficking routes.
Report by United
Nations Office on • India reported a substantial increase in seizures of amphetamine-type
Drugs and Crime stimulants (ATS), most of which are suspected to be meth.
• India is in the middle of two major illicit opium production regions, the
Golden Crescent in the west and the Golden Triangle in the east.
Global • The US topped (1st), followed by the UK (United Kingdom) and Saudi
Cybersecurity Arabia tied on the second position together.
Index 2021 - ITU • India is at the 10th position worldwide and 4th in Asia-Pacific region.
• Almost 33mn new displacements were recorded in 2019 — around
25mn were due to natural disasters and 8.5mn as consequence of
conflict and violence.
• There were 12 million new displacements of children in 2019
• Natural disasters resulted in more new displacements than conflict and
UNICEF “Lost violence.
at Home” report • Today, more children than ever before are displaced in their own
countries.
• At the end of 2019, an estimated total of 46 million people were
internally displaced by conflict and violence.
• About 19 million children were displaced within their own countries due
to conflict and violence in 2019.
• Child sexual abuse is a chronically underfunded issue.
• Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, cases of child sexual exploitation and
Global Threat
abuse online have increased.
Assessment
Report 2021 - We • As per report, currently, 37% children use tools to detect online
Protect Global grooming.
Alliance • The Internet Watch Foundation observed a 77% increase in child ‘self-
generated’ (arising without apparent external cause) sexual material from
2019 to 2020.
• More than 18 million children and adolescents working at e-waste
Children and dumpsites in low- and middle-income countries are potentially at the risk
Digital Dumpsites of severe health hazards.
Report - WHO • The volume of e-waste generated is surging rapidly across the globe.
About 53.6 million tonnes of e-waste was generated in 2019.

• Only 17.4% of this e-waste was processed in formal recycling facilities.
The rest of it was dumped in low- or middle-income countries for illegal
processing by informal workers
• e-waste contains over 1,000 precious metals and other substances like
gold, copper, mercury and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Wildlife trade
• Illegal trade generates revenues of up to $23 billion a year.
• Criminals are frequently misusing the legitimate wildlife trade, as well as
“Money
other import-export type businesses, as a front to move and hide illegal
Laundering and
proceeds from wildlife crimes.
the Illegal Wildlife
Money Laundering
Trade” report by
FATF • According to the report, criminal syndicates are misusing the formal
financial sector to launder the proceeds.
• Accounts of innocent victims are also used and high-value payments
avoided evading detection.
• Over 296 million people worldwide used drugs in 2021, a 23% increase
over the past decade.
• The increasing dominance of synthetic drugs, such as methamphetamine,
The World Drug and fentanyl which have transformed illicit drug markets due to their low
Report 2023: UN cost and ease of production.
• Drug use disorder cases have surged by 45% in the last ten years
• Only one in five individuals with drug use disorders received treatment in
2021, with significant regional disparities in access to treatment.

GOVERNANCE
• 100 million people were forced to go back to their homes in 2021, due to
violence, war in Ukraine, food insecurity, human rights abuses, climate crisis,
Global Trends and other emergencies from Africa to Afghanistan.
Report by • 23.7 million new internal displacements worldwide, due to disasters.
UNHRC 2022 • On Earth, 1 in every 78 people is now displaced.
• Largest displacement, 6 million, occurred in China in 2021 due to disasters,
followed by the Philippines (5.7 million) and India (4.9 million).
• India’s ranked 85th among 180 countries. While India ranked 86th in
Corruption
2021, the score has remained the same, 40.
Perception Index
2022 by • Report states that some of the mechanisms that could help reign in
Transparency corruption are weakening. There are concerns over the country’s
International democratic status, as fundamental freedoms and institutional checks and
balances decay.
• India is ranked 161 out of 180 countries. Press freedom in India has gone
from “problematic” to “very bad”, with the country slipping 11 ranks since
World Press the 2022 report.
Freedom Index, • Except for Bangladesh (163), Myanmar (173) and China (179), all other
om
2023 by neighbours have a better rank than India -- Bhutan (90), Nepal (95), Sri
Reporters Lanka (135), Pakistan (150), Afghanistan (152).
Without Borders • India was positioned 169 in political indicators while it was 144 in
l.c
legislative, 155 in economic, 143 in social indicators and 172 in the safety
of journalists.
ai
• It has ranked India as 4th most powerful country in the Asia-Pacific region
for comprehensive power out of 26 countries, with an overall score of 37.7
gm
Asian Power out of 100.

Index - Lowy • India’s overall score declined by 2 points compared to 2020.
Institute • India again falls short of the major power threshold in 2021.
ct
• India is one of 18 countries in Asia to trend downward in its overall score

o
in 2021
15
International • India rejected a report by the U.S. Commission on International Religious

Religious Freedom (USCIRF) that alleged "severe violations" of religious freedom
aj
Freedom 2023 in the country.

• It raises concerns about alleged measures that may have impacted critical
ur
voices, particularly those belonging to religious minorities.

• It classifies India as an electoral autocracy ranking it 93rd on the LDI, out
rit
of 179 countries.
• India is one of the top ten ‘autocratisers’ in the world.
Global State of
• India is part of a broader global trend of an anti-plural political party
Democracy
driving a country’s Autocratisation.
Report 2021
• Ranked 93rd in the LDI, India figures in the “bottom 50%” of countries.
• In South Asia, India is ranked below Sri Lanka (88), Nepal (71), and
Bhutan (65) and above Pakistan (117) in the LDI.
‘Remote • At least a third of the world’s school children which is around 463 million
Learning could not access remote learning since schools have been shut down
Reachability’ because of Covid-19.

Report by •
In India, at least 1.5 million schools are closed because of the pandemic,
UNICEF which is affecting 286 million students from pre-primary to secondary
levels of which 49% are girls.
• Approximately a quarter of households (24%) in India have access to the
internet and there is a large rural-urban and gender divide.
• The learning gap is likely to widen across high, middle and low-income
families, as children from economically disadvantaged families cannot
access remote learning.
• Students, especially girls, from most marginalised communities don’t have
easy access to smartphones, and even if they do, internet connectivity is
poor, and quality education content is often not available in vernacular
languages.
• Third of students in India are in private schools that receive no state help.
o 67,000 of the 97,000 schools established since 2014 have been private
Global and unaided.
Education o 29,600 unrecognised schools educating 3.8 million children in 2020.
Monitoring o 500,000 students are educated at an estimated 4,139 unrecognised
Report 2022: madrasas in India.
UNESCO • Only 46% of adults thought that the government bore primary
responsibility for delivering school education, the lowest number among
35 middle- and high-income countries.
• Despite the significant learning losses stemming from the COVID-related
school closures, in 2020, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, half of
Education the sample of countries analyzed reduced their annual real spending on
Finance education.
Watch 2022 • Since the onset of the pandemic, overall bilateral aid to education has
fallen, while households continue to take on a large share of education
costs in low-income countries.
Global Scenario
• It identified 22 countries, including India, China where universities and
scholars experience significantly less academic freedom today than they
did ten years ago.
Academic
• Only five small countries (Gambia, Uzbekistan, Seychelles, Montenegro,
Freedom
and Kazakhstan) representing 0.7 % of the global population, improved
Index 2023
their rankings.
• Like China and India, populous countries like the United States of
America and Mexico have recorded a decline in academic freedom over
the past decade.
• The countries that took the top 10 places, in order, were Switzerland, New
Human Freedom Zealand, Estonia, Denmark, Ireland, Sweden, Iceland, Finland,
Index, 2021 Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
• India is ranked at 112 position.
Digital Quality • India ranks 59th in the overall parameters of the index.
of Life (DQL) • China has jumped 16 places to 22nd. Pakistan is at 97th position while
Index 2022 Bangladesh is at 103rd position.
Rule of Law Global Scenario
Index 2022 by • Top-ranked country in WJP Rule of Law Index 2022 is Denmark,

World Justice followed by Norway (2), Finland (3), Sweden (4), and Netherlands (5).
Project • Bottom ranked countries are Venezuela (140), Cambodia (139),
Afghanistan (138), Democratic Republic of Congo (137), and Haiti (136).
India Specific
• India has been ranked 77 out of 140 countries with a score of50 on the
'rule of law index'.
• Globally, India ranks 94 out of 140 as far as adherence to fundamental
rights are concerned, 111 out of 140 in civil justice, 89 out of 140 in
criminal justice and 93 out of 140 in absence of corruption.
Neighbouring countries
• Bangladesh scored 0.39 in the 127th rank, Pakistan settled with a 0.39
score at the 129th rank, and China scored 0.47 in the 95th rank.
• Nepal has performed better than its neighbours, with a 0.52 score and
69th rank.
• India has been ranked at 53rd position among 117 nations in terms of
budget transparency and accountability
• Survey noted that non-appearance of a published Pre-Budget Statement
Open Budget and not presenting out a Mid-Year Review in 2018-19 decreased the
Initiative and transparency score for the Union Budget of India.
Open Budget • But India has performed well in timely publishing and providing relevant
Survey information in the audit reports
Suggestions
• It suggests that providing adequate space for public participation in its
budgets can be a major area of improvement for India.
• It highlighted that unfolding of Covid-19 pandemic has been catastrophic
for cities as it further aggravated the most pressing urban challenges.
• About 70% of India’s GDP comes from its cities and around 25-30 people
migrate to the cities from rural areas every minute.
• Most big cities in India have a wide economic disparity, with expansive
slums and a large urban poor population.
• About 25 million urban households in India (35% of total) cannot afford
Indian Cities in
housing at market prices.
Post-Pandemic
• Vulnerable populations, including low-income migrant workers have
World: WEF
suffered the dual blows of lost income and weak social-protection.
Recommendations
• Greater decentralization and empowerment of local governments
• Collection of data to help cities
• Prioritise action on environmental sustainability
• Prioritising inclusivity by addressing the biases and impediments faced by
women and vulnerable populations
Government • India enforced one of the strongest lockdowns at an early phase of case
Response growth.
Stringency Index
• India is ranked 122nd on a new Global Youth Development Index 2020
Global Youth
measuring the condition of young people across 181 countries.
Development
Index 2021 • Singapore ranked topmost followed by Slovenia, Norway, Malta and
Denmark.

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
• The greenhouse gas concentrations are already at a record high & NDCs under
Paris Agreement to reduce GHG emissions by 2030 need to be seven times
higher to keep Earth’s warming under 1.5 degree Celsius, the report noted.
• Global warming during the 21st century is estimated (with 66% probability)
United in at 2.8 degrees Celsius, assuming a continuation of current policies, or 2.5°C
Science 2022 (range 2.1°C–3.0°C) if new or updated pledges are fully implemented.
Report • In May 2022, carbon dioxide concentration at Mauna Loa reached
420.99 parts per million (419.13 ppm in 2021) and Cape Grim 413.37 ppm
(411.25 ppm in May 2021).
• From 2022 to 2026, the global near-surface temperature in each of the years
will be 1.1°C-1.7°C higher than pre-industrial average, according to WMO.
• India has been ranked 40th position out of 132 countries.
• Switzerland is the most innovative economy in the world in 2022 - for the
Global 12th year in a row - followed by the United States, Sweden, the United
Innovation Kingdom and the Netherlands.
Index 2022 by • India is the innovation leader in the lower middle-income group. It continues
WIPO to lead the world in ICT services exports
• The top global corporate R&D spenders increased their R&D expenditure by
om
almost 10% to over USD 900 billion in 2021.

• The Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research (GERD) has been stagnant
l.c
at 0.7% of the GDP for years, although, in absolute terms, research

expenditure has increased.
ai
• India has one of the lowest GERD/GDP ratios among the BRICS nations.
• India's research intensity has been declining since 2014.
gm
• In 1990, the density of scientists/engineers engaged in R&D in India per

10,000 of the labour force stood at 10. It rose to just 11 in 2018, when it stood
ct
at 50 in China, 130 in Japan and 180 in South Korea

Science • R&D in the government sector has been in steady decline since 2015,
o
Report 2021 whereas the share of private business enterprises in it has shot up to 42%.
15
• Investment in R&D by foreign multinationals is on the rise, accounting for

as much as 16% of private-sector investment in R&D in 2019.
aj
• On the bright side is the encouraging increase in scientific publications by

Indian researchers on cutting-edge technologies. Total publications have
ur
risen from 80,458 in 2011 to 1.61 lakh in 2019.

• Indian researchers are publishing between 1.5 and 1.8 times the global
rit
average on smart-grid technologies, photovoltaics, biofuels and biomass

and wind turbine technologies, complementing the government's push to
expand green energy sources.
• Children and adolescents account for 1 in 9 reported Covid-19 infections.
Averting a • Around third of the 135 countries analysed,
Lost Covid o witnessed a drop of at least 10% in coverage of health services and,
Generation” o 40% decline in the coverage of nutrition services for women and children.
Report by • The number of children living in multidimensional poverty is estimated to
UNICEF have soared by 15% or an additional 150mn by mid-2020.
Recommendations

• Ensure all children learn by closing the digital divide.
• Guarantee access to nutrition and health services and make vaccines
affordable and available to every child.
• Reverse the rise in child poverty and ensure an inclusive recovery for all.
• Redouble efforts to protect and support children and their families living
through conflict, disaster and displacement.
• It has warned that future pandemics will emerge more often, they’ll spread
more rapidly, do more damage to the world and kill more people than COVID-
Likelihood of
19, unless significant measures are taken
Future
• COVID-19 is at least the 6th pandemic to have taken place in the last century
Pandemics
since the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918
Report
• Three of these were caused by influenza viruses, one by HIV followed by
SARS and COVID-19
• 1.27 million people died in 2019 as a direct result of AMR, which is now a
Global leading cause of death worldwide, higher than HIV/AIDS or malaria
Research on
• Of the 23 pathogens studied, drug resistance in six (such as E coli) led directly
Antimicrobial
to 9.29 lakh deaths and was associated with 3.57 million.
Resistance
(GRAM) • AMR is predicted to contribute to a 100.2 tr USD loss to world GDP by 2050
Report • In India, over 56,000 newborn deaths each year due to sepsis are caused by
organisms that are resistant to first line antibiotics

MISCELLANEOUS
• Most severe risks facing the world in the next decade:
o Failure to mitigate climate change’
Global Risk Report, o Failure of climate change adaptation’
2022 by WEF o Natural disasters and extreme weather events
• India recorded extreme weather events on 291 of the 334 days
between January 1 and November 30, 2022.
• India has been ranked at 14th spot among 114 countries. This rank
is up from its 10-year global rank of 82.
World Giving Index • It highlights Indonesia as the most generous nation in the world.
2021 More than eight in ten Indonesians have donated money in the past
year and Indonesia's rate of volunteering is more than three times
the global average.
• India’s rank is 18 out of 30 countries. It has an overall score of
46/100.
• With a few exceptions, the meaningful participation of civil society
Global Drug Policy and affected communities in drug policy processes remains
Index 2021 severely limited.
• Drug policies disproportionately affect people marginalised on the
basis of their gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation and socio-
economic status.

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significant loss in wages during the COVID-19 pandemic.

• The average wages of advanced G20 countries is 4,000 USD per

percent, while the participation of men was 72.3 percent.

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2020 by • Recovery rate under resolving insolvency has improved significantly

also come down significantly from 4.3 years to 1.6 years

• Wealth per adult grew by $6,800 (8.4%) to reach $87,489, close to

• Richest 1% of global population increased their share of all

Index (HCI) 2020

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• LPG reforms adopted by India have mostly benefited top 1%.

• The female labour income share is 18% which is significantly lower

lowest in the world.

greenhouse gas is equal to just over 2 CO2e.

• Wealth concentration as a measure of inequality does not reveal the

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Global Tuberculosis in 2019 to US$5.4 billion in 2021.

other disease, claiming over 1.22 million lives each year.

Pneumonia and preventable deaths of newborns and young children

Report by children have access to prevention and treatment services.

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It remains below most neighboring counties, including Pakistan (108)

• Population displacement, abandonment of agricultural land, loss of life

markets caused by conflicts can worsen food insecurity.

affect several parts of the world during the outlook period.

season ended May is likely to have impacted yield. Desert Locust

infestation was a major worry in the Horn of Africa at the beginning of

• Soil salinity is estimated to take up 1.5 million ha of cropland out of

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• There is inadequate interaction among climate services providers and

perennial water shortages

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regions in the country in terms of biodiversity loss.

reducing land and ecosystem services for people living there.

and 17 species of freshwater turtles in this period.

levels in 2017, down from 71% seven years earlier.

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