Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC 2018)
IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part Number:CFP18J06-ART, ISBN:978-1-5386-0807-4; DVD Part Number:CFP18J06DVD, ISBN:978-1-5386-0806-7
A Review Paper on Impact on the
Decentralization of the Smart Grid
Amit Singla
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra
Abstract— India is the defiant to meet electric power
demand of the quick growing economy .Reconstruct of
the power industries is only improves the several
challenges for power system engineers. It is the
proposed idea to introduce the workable Smart Grid
(SG) at different level in the Indian power systems is to
be suggested that an advanced automation mechanism
is required. Smart Grid is introduce to build the grid
operation smarter and quick. Smart grid operations,
upon suitable deployment. It can be open up with new
avenue and opportunities with important financial
proposition. This work present in the various Smart
grid initiatives and implication in the context of the
power market development in India. This paper
proposed the concert examination of the power flow
controller for photovoltaic (PV), wind energy and fuel
cell generation system. Typical grid joined with solar
system includes Photovoltaic system, fuel cell, Dc to DC
Converters, three phase inverter, wind energy, battery
units, related power electronics devices and loads are
required in the grid. This detailed model of smart grid
connect with photovoltaic systems and fuel cell starts
with PV source which is coupled with the boost dc-dc
converter and then in turn joined to the three phase
inverter which delivered the solar energy to the smart
grid, in addition to fuel cell connects to inverter which
deliver power to smart grid. This inverter is operated as
the shunt active power filter (APF)and is adopted with
the nonlinear control scheme in sort to compensates the
voltage unbalance, the harmonics , are active power,
and the load voltage and current variation.
I. INTRODUCTION
The present electric power industry can be undergoes
key change from being the centralization generation
into the decentralization generation. This advance in
the technology have creates speedy growths in the
utilization of the distributed generations which leads
to energy promote becoming further attractive and
competitive and more suitable. Besides, due to the
electricity deregulations, environmental issued in the
addition to the government incentive, this technology
is created interest in the development and additional
to the amongst industrial countries all through the
globe. In addition, these issue also result in the Smart
978-1-5386-0807-4/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
Sunita Chauhan
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra
Grid platform to end the traditional electric power
industry which conventionally it is perpendicularly
integrated and congested results in a higher energy
cost. Smart Grid is predictable as a new platform for
the future power industries in India. It is the quick
rises on this issue is too leads to the quick growth of
the distributed generation technology markets such as
in fuel cells (FC), photovoltaic cell (PV), wind
energy (WS) and energy storage (ES).Also we design
simple model which includes Fuel cell, Wind energy
and Solar cell. In this model we calculate voltage,
current and power factor across all three system and
calculates best reliable system. When solar energy is
more we used this system decentralized with solar
energy. When wind is more we decentralized this
system with the wind energy. Fuel cell is required in
the system also calculate the power factor and
calculate its efficiency. This is all about the
distributed generation connection with distribution
grids.
II. SMART GRID CONCEPT
Smart Grid is the up and coming business strategy in
the electric utility industry. Regulators are powerful
the conversation around Smart Grid from the desire
need to reduced its consumption through with energy
efficiency and demand response. Utilities need to be
increase generation capacity to meet with the rising
demand which is reverse with the regulatory
direction. Generation plan is becoming a mixture of
the nuclear, oil, gas, green power, demand response,
and energy efficiency initiative (utility and the
customer). The utilities is required to reduces its
operational costs is to be improving management of
their existing T&D asset. Customer is being asked to
bear the trouble of increased rate, accept required
demand response, or get the scheme to willingly
reduce to their demand through the use of new
978
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC 2018)
IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part Number:CFP18J06-ART, ISBN:978-1-5386-0807-4; DVD Part Number:CFP18J06DVD, ISBN:978-1-5386-0806-7

efficient appliances. Smart grid is good concept for IV. CHARACTERSTICS OF SMART GRID
the management of the energy also gives better
response in the future for the power generation. The U. S. National Technology Laboratory and the
Smart Grid European Technology platforms have
III. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PRESENT defines seven principal characteristic of the smart
ELECTRICAL GRID AND THE SMART grid. To full-fill the objectives of the electrical
GRID [23] power sector, and the Smart Grid has the great
characteristics [30-31].
S.No Present Electrical Grid Smart Grid
1 Electromechanical Digital device 1. Safe and Reliable: The smart grid is very safe and
device more reliable system as compares to present electric
2 Centralized source of Centralized and grid and losses are least.
the supply distribution power
generation 2. Efficient and Economical: The smart grid, is able
3 One way direct Two way direct
to improve the economic settlement through the
communications communications
relates its policy innovations, management and the
4 Few sensors is Sensors throughout
required energy efficiency, and market competitions. Power
5 Few customer choices Many customer network is more supported to provide for balanced
this system choices allocations of resource. It stops power deals
6 Limited control of this Pervasive control effectively with the electricity market, to reduce its
system of the system power loss and improves the system efficiency.

3. Clean and Green: This system is very much clean

and green and it works in very good operating
condition. Also this system is environment friendly.

4. Optimization: The smart grid is very much proper

price of the electrical energy which provide to the
society. Smart grid is to be optimize resources of
utilization; reduces investment cost. It also reduces
the operation and maintenance costs.

5. Self-healing: The smart grid main feature is Self-

healing. It is used to improve the services of the
quality, improve reliability and reduce costs. It
detects the fault.
Fig.1 Present Electric Grid
6. Flexible and Compatible: The smart grid can be
supported correct, reasonable combination of the
renewable energy resource and it is the appropriate
for the combination of the distributed generation and
the power grid. Besides, it can improved and enhance
the functions of the management to achieved the
efficient interaction capabilities with the consumers.
It is companionable with the present grid also.

7. Integrated: It gives cohesive platform and model is

employed on the grid. It can be obtained good quality
of combination and information shared to the power
grid and is achieved the standard, normative and
Fig.2 Smart Grid refines management that integrate infrastructure. In

978-1-5386-0807-4/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE 979

Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC 2018)
IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part Number:CFP18J06-ART, ISBN:978-1-5386-0807-4; DVD Part Number:CFP18J06DVD, ISBN:978-1-5386-0806-7
this many system like solar energy, wind energy, PV
cell are integrated in the system. It is more efficient
and its cost is effective.
V. COMPONENTS OF SMART GRID
The Smart Grid consist the various component. All
components are inter-related and inter-linked too. All
components must be integrated to enhancement the
reliability, more efficiency and security as shown in
fig.3.
Smart Meter: It is a foundation for Smart Grid.It is a
measuring device which is used to measure the
energy consumed by the user. It provides the two-
way communication between energy providers and
consumers. When demand is high, the smart meters
permit utilities to communicate with customers via e-
mail or other communication method, so that
consumers can reduce their use of electricity [32].
The functions of smart meter are following [33].
1. It measures the active power, reactive power usage
amount. Smart meter have two way metering
function and more storage for electrical energies.
2. It supported bi-directional communication which
can send data and receive command such as real time
power useful and their programs upgraded such as
remote configuration.
3. According to the demand response requirement,
achieves the intelligent restraint of total load. Smart
meter and smart interactive terminal will work
together to realize smooth transition to an isolated
system when power grid fails.
4. It supported multipurpose value-added services,
for example, reads smart gas meter, water meter, etc.
Distribution Automation: IEEE has defines
Distribution Automation (DA) system as “a system
that enables an electric utility to remotely monitor,
coordinate and operate distribution components, in a
real time mode from remote locations”[34].It
consists of four main components e.g., field
instrumentation, RTUs, communication engineering
and automation software. Demand Response
Management: “Changes in electric usage by end-use
customer from their normal consumption patterns in
response to changes in the price of electricity over
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time, or to reason payments design to induced the
lower electricity used at the time of high wholesale
market prices or when system reliable is jeopardized
“It is most important component to electrical utilities
to get better efficiency and smoother load curve [36].
Demand response plays an important role to the
retailer and wholesale power market. It means by
which demand will be dynamic and continuous
balanced with supply-side resource to produce a cost
effectively electricity system. It should have both
supplied and demanded system that respond to
transparent price scheme.
Demand management is a mechanism to influence
the ability and willingness to reduce electricity
consumption of customers. It is a function of service
in order to fine-tune power expenditure pattern of
consumers, according to the energy production of
utility and distribution capacity. DSM programs
consist of the monitoring, implementing, and
planning activities of the utilities that are designed to
encourage consumers to modify their level and
pattern of electricity consumption. It is the
combination of highly efficient and good operating
system. It is the implementation of policy and served
to control.
Smart Appliances: It is the most important
component of smart grid. The consumption of energy
is very less. It makes the life very much easier.
Transmission automation system can be developed
by combination the smart substation, smart
communication system and smart measurement,
command and then control centers [38].In this power
transmission can be increased by the embedded
career along with the exciting transmission system.
Various types of information will be present at every
point of the system.it gives good system to the
consumer and gives better output. This model gives
various information about the different grids that
helps to measures the energy management. The
figure given below shows the different components in
the smart grid like smart meter, transmission
automation, electric storage, renewable energy
resources, electric vehicles, demand response
management etc. The smart appliances will make the
current systems faster, reliable and dynamic in
nature. The smart metering will help in power theft
detection and online billing of the electrical
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Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC 2018)
IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part Number:CFP18J06-ART, ISBN:978-1-5386-0807-4; DVD Part Number:CFP18J06DVD, ISBN:978-1-5386-0806-7
consumers. The demands will increase in coming
years.
Fig.3 Smart grid components
Electric vehicles [39]: It consists of two concept (a)
Grid to-Vehicle (G2V) and (b) Vehicle-to-Grid
(V2G). In G2V, electric vehicle are powered by
storage electricity initially from an external power
resource, and thus required to be charged after the
batteries discharged. This technology is practically
simple. It solution to moderate the impact of electric
vehicle on smart grid is optimizing their charging
profile. In this we need to keep the peak power of
demand as small as possible, takes into account the
extra power utilization from vehicle charging. It can
be done by coordinate the charging operations of
dissimilar electric vehicle so that it is not charged at
same time. In V2G, electric vehicle provides a new
way of storage and supplied electric power. V2G-
enabled electric vehicle sends the signal to grid and it
is delivered electricity to the grid, when they are
parked and connected to grid. Electric Storage: These
technologies such devices as superior batteries, hydro
and required electricity to be stored and dispatch
during the highly demands of power from renewable
resources. Renewable Energy Sources: The
Renewable Energy Sources is the useful component
of Smart Grid .Renewable Energy Source is
following types: wind generation small hydro, micro
hydro, and solar technologies bio-gas. It protects the
environment and for sustainable progress of the
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significance of renewable Energy. The renewable and
nonconventional forms of energy will play an
increase the future cleaner and easiy to use and
environmently friendly and is bounded to become
economically.
VI. CONCLUSION
In the paper, the features of the present power system
operation in India have been discussed. The
comparison of present power grid and smart grid has
been elaborated and the comparisons prove the
superiority of smart grid system. Viewing the
technological advancement in the world in power
system, India should also adopt the latest methods
like Smart Grid for the operation and management of
power system. The integration of smart grid
technologies will help the present power system to
manage and eradicate the existing problems in the
present power management in Indian power sector
The smart grid is an evolution in electric power
systems that using renewable source to increase
dissemination of distributed generations, furthermore
the additional goal is to enhance reliability, efficiency
and safety of the current power grid. At the other end
timely information collection about the failures of
equipment, natural accidents, capacity limitation are
exceptionally critical proactive and real time problem
diagnose for to overcome the failure in smart grid
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Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC 2018)
IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part Number:CFP18J06-ART, ISBN:978-1-5386-0807-4; DVD Part Number:CFP18J06DVD, ISBN:978-1-5386-0806-7
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IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part Number:CFP18J06-ART, ISBN:978-1-5386-0807-4; DVD Part Number:CFP18J06DVD, ISBN:978-1-5386-0806-7

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