Modul

e3-Ref
ormsi
nEv
aluat
ion

3.
1 RecentTr
endsi
nassessmentandEv
aluat
ion

Moder
nev
aluat
ioni
sent
ir
elydi
ff
erentf
rom t
hepasti
deaofev
aluat
ion.I
nthe
pastev
aluat
ion,
student
swer
eev
aluat
edonwr
it
tent
ermi
nalexami
nat
ionsandonl
ythe
cogni
ti
ve dev
elopmentwas ev
aluat
ed.Af
fect
ive and psy
chomot
ordomai
ns wer
e
compl
etel
ynegl
ect
ed.Mor
eimpor
tancewasgi
vent
osummat
iveev
aluat
ionandt
hat
wasnotcont
inuousandcompr
ehensi
ve.

Changesi
nneedofsoci
ety
,changesi
neducat
ionalgoal
s,useofpsy
chol
ogi
cal
t
heor
iesbr
oughtmanychangesi
nev
aluat
ion.Thechangesort
hemoder
ntr
endsi
n
ev
aluat
ionar
egi
venbel
ow.

• Nat
ionalPol
i
cyofEducat
ion(
1986)st
ressedt
heneedf
ormaki
ngev
aluat
ion
cont
inuousandcompr
ehensi
ve.

• Gi
vesst
resst
ofor
mat
iveandsummat
iveev
aluat
ionatt
hesamet
ime.

• Ev
aluat
eal
laspect
sofdev
elopmentt
hroughdi
ff
erentmet
hods

• Ev
aluat
ion shoul
dful
fi
lthe f
unct
ions of f
ormat
ive ev
aluat
ion l
eadi
ng t
o
i
mmedi
atef
eedback,
knowl
edgeofr
esul
t,di
agnosi
sandr
emedi
ati
on

• Summat
iveev
aluat
ionshoul
dful
fi
lthef
unct
ionsl
i
kegr
adat
ionandpl
acement
.

• Gr
adi
ngandsemest
ersy
stemswer
eint
roducesi
nev
aluat
ion

• Ev
aluat
epupi
lwi
thr
egar
dtot
hreedi
mensi
ons.

• Ev
aluat
ionofschol
ast
icski
l
ls

• Ev
aluat
ionofco-
schol
ast
icski
l
ls

• Ev
aluat
ionofper
sonal
andsoci
alqual
i
ties

Recentt
rendsi
nev
aluat
ioni
ncl
udes

• I
nter
nal
assessment
 • Cont
inuousandcompr
ehensi
veev
aluat
ion

• gr
adi
ng

3.
1 Recentt
rendsandpr
act
icesi
nassessmentandev
aluat
ion

ASSI
GNMENTS

Assi
gnmenti
sani
nst
ruct
ionalt
echni
quecompr
isesoft
hegui
dedi
nfor
mat
ion,
sel
f-
l
ear
ning,wr
it
ingski
l
lsandr
epor
tpr
epar
ati
onbyt
hel
ear
ner
s.Theassi
gnmentmet
hod
i
ncul
cat
est
hel
ear
ningexper
iences,i
nfor
mat
ionr
etr
iev
alandr
epor
twr
it
ingski
l
ls.The
f
oll
owi
ngobj
ect
ivescanbeder
ivedf
rom t
heassi
gnmentmet
hod.

• I
tpr
ovi
desgoodt
rai
ningf
ori
nfor
mat
ionseeki
ngandr
etr
iev
albehav
iour
.

• I
tincul
cat
est
hesel
f-
lear
ningat
ti
tudeamongt
hest
udent
s.

• I
tpr
ovi
desi
nfor
mat
ionanal
ysi
sandr
esear
chat
ti
tudet
othel
ear
ner
s.

• I
tdev
elopst
hel
ear
ningexper
iencesf
rom v
ari
oussour
ces.

Rol
eoft
eacher

I
nor
dert
oachi
evet
hedesi
redobj
ect
ivesf
rom t
heAssi
gnment
s,t
het
eacher
shoul
dmi
ndt
hef
oll
owi
ngst
agesbef
oreassi
gni
ngt
hewor
ktot
hest
udent
s.

• Theassi
gnmentmustbel
essonconcer
nedandr
elat
edwi
tht
het
extbooksand
cur
ri
cul
um.

• Thet
opi
c/uni
toft
heassi
gnmentmustbeexpl
ained wi
tht
heav
ail
abi
l
ityof
r
esour
ces.

• Thecor
eoft
hesubj
ectoruni
tmustbecl
ari
fi
ed.

• Thehar
danddi
ff
icul
tpor
ti
onsoft
heassi
gnmentneedt
obeexpl
ainedwel
l
.

Ty
pesofAssi
gnment
s

Gener
all
y,assi
gnment
sar
ecl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
wot
ypes

• HomeAssi
gnment
 • School
Assi
gnment

HomeAssi
gnment
:TheAssi
gnmentgi
venbyt
het
eacheri
scompl
etedbyt
hest
udent
s
i
nthei
rhomewi
tht
hehel
pofr
efer
encebooksandi
nst
ruct
ion/
inf
ormat
ionpr
ovi
dedby
t
het
eacher
.Thecompl
etedassi
gnment
sar
ethenev
aluat
edbyt
het
eacher
.

SchoolAssi
gnment
:Pr
iort
otheexper
iment
stobedoneoranydi
ff
icul
ttasks,t
he
t
eacheri
nter
rogat
essomequest
ionsr
egar
dingt
heexper
imentort
asks.Thest
udent
s
hav
etof
indt
heanswer
swi
tht
hehel
poft
extbooksandot
herr
efer
encebooksand
r
epor
titi
nwr
it
tenf
orm.Thet
eacherobser
vest
hei
nfor
mat
ioncol
l
ect
edbyt
hest
udent
s.
I
fiti
srel
evantandsuf
fi
cient
,thest
udent
swi
l
lbeal
l
owedt
opr
oceedf
urt
hert
owar
ds
t
heexper
imentort
ask.Ot
her
wiset
heyar
eagai
ninst
ruct
edwi
thf
urt
heri
nfor
mat
ionand
cl
ari
fi
cat
iont
oresubmi
ttheassi
gnment
s.Suchassi
gnment
sar
eter
medasschool
assi
gnment
s.

Fundament
alEl
ement
sofAssi
gnment
s

• Assi
gnment
smustbecl
earandwel
ldef
ined.

• I
tshoul
dbepr
eci
seaswel
lashav
ingsuf
fi
cienti
nfor
mat
iont
oenabl
ecompl
ex
t
askbyt
hest
udent
s.

• Thet
eachershoul
dcl
eart
heobst
acl
eofassi
gnmentpr
oposed.

• New t
opi
cs f
or assi
gnment
s shoul
d be cor
rel
ated wi
th ear
li
er l
ear
ning
exper
iences.

• Assi
gnmentmustbal
ancet
heski
l
lsandi
nter
estoft
hest
udent
saswel
last
hei
r
ageandat
ti
tude.

• Assi
gnmentmustenhancet
hei
nter
esti
nlear
ningexper
iencesoft
hest
udent
s.

• Assi
gnmentpr
oposedshoul
dbei
nli
newi
thi
ndi
vi
dualdi
ff
erencesandt
ime
managementski
l
ls.

• Li
brar
y/l
abor
ator
yfaci
l
iti
esar
emandat
oryf
orcompl
eti
onofassi
gnment
s.

Mer
it
s

• Thi
smet
hodi
sbasedonLear
ningbydoi
ng
 • Thest
udent
sfor
mthehabi
tofext
rast
udy

• I
thel
psi
ndev
elopi
ngsci
ent
if
icat
ti
tude.

• Eachst
udentcanwor
kathi
s/herownpace.

• Thet
eachercanhav
eindi
vi
dual
att
ent
ionofpupi
l
s.

Li
mit
ati
ons

• Thesuccessoft
hemet
hoddependsont
hewel
l
-dr
awnupassi
gnment
.

• Thet
extbookswr
it
tenont
hesel
i
nesar
enotav
ail
abl
e.

• I
trequi
resawel
l
-equi
ppedl
i
brar
yandl
abor
ator
y.

• Theweakerst
udent
smaycopyf
rom t
hebr
ight
erst
udent
s.

Ev
aluat
ionCr
it
eri
a

Sl St
ages Poi
ntst
obenot
ed Scor
e
No
1 Under
standi
ngoft
hecont
ent Knowledge about t
he 4/
3/2/
cont
ent 1
2 Comprehensi
veness of t
he Cont
entcov
erage 4/
3/2/
cont
ent 1
3 Abi
l
ityt
opr
esent St
ruct
ure, cl ari
ty i
n 4/
3/2/
l
anguage,
creat
ivi
ty 1
4 Concl
usi
on Obser
vat
ionandf
indi
ngs 4/
3/2/
1
5 Punct
ual
i
ty Ti
meboundcompl
eti
on 4/
3/2/
1

PROJECT

Pr
ojecti
sani
mpor
tantcomponentt
othet
eachi
ng-
lear
ningpr
ocess.I
tisbased
ont
hei
nqui
sit
ivequest
ionsar
ousedi
nthemi
ndsoft
hest
udent
swhi
l
etheyar
ethr
ough
some l
ear
ning act
ivi
ti
es.The pr
oject
s shoul
d be wi
thi
nthe compr
ehensi
on and
f
easi
bil
i
tyoft
hel
ear
ner
.Teachershoul
dbeagui
dei
nev
eryphaseoft
hepr
oject
.
Thei
mpor
tantphasesoft
hecompl
eti
onofapr
ojectar
e

• Choosi
ngt
het
opi
c

• Pl
anni
ngt
hepr
oject

• Dat
acol
l
ect
ion

• Dat
aanal
ysi
s

• I
nfer
enceandconcl
usi
on

• Repor
ti
ngandr
ecor
ding

• Ev
aluat
ion

Ev
erySt
agehasadef
ini
tepr
ocedur
e.St
udent
scan mov
ethr
ough di
ff
erent
st
agesonl
yaf
tercompl
eti
ngt
hepr
ecedi
ngst
age.Ev
erypr
ojectmustbeofi
nqui
sit
ive
nat
ureandmusthav
eapr
ovi
sionf
orcol
l
ect
ingdat
aandanal
ysi
ngi
tsci
ent
if
ical
l
y.

Ev
aluat
ingaPr
oject

Pr
oject
sshoul
dbepr
oper
lyev
aluat
edt
hroughdi
ff
erentst
ages.Thei
mpor
tantpoi
ntst
o
bekepti
nmi
ndwhi
l
eev
aluat
ingapr
ojectar
e

• Pr
eci
sion,
accur
acyandcompr
ehensi
venessi
npl
anni
ng

• Sy
stemat
icr
ecor
ding

• Compr
ehensi
venessi
nanal
ysi
s

• Possi
bil
i
tyofr
eachi
ngconcl
usi
ons

• Pr
ojectr
epor
t-sci
ent
if
icnat
ureandcompr
ehensi
veness

• Pr
esent
ati
onofconcept
sandcommuni
cat
ionski
l
l

• Par
ti
cipat
ioni
npr
ojectwor
k.

Sl
.No I
ndi
cat
ors Wei
ght
1 Abi
l
ityt
opl
an 1
2 Cl
ari
tyofcont
enti
npr
ocedur
e 1
3 Abi
l
ityt
ododat
acol
l
ect
ion 1
4 Abi
l
ityt
odoanal
ysi
s 1
 5 Pr
ojectr
epor
tandpr
esent
ati
on 1

SEMI
NAR

Semi
nari
s‘t
hest
ruct
uredgr
oupdi
scussi
ont
hatmaypr
oceedorf
oll
owaf
ormal
l
ect
ure,
oft
eni
nthef
orm ofapaperpr
esent
ati
on’
.Themai
nobj
ect
ivesofasemi
narar
e

• Topr
ovi
dei
n-dept
hunder
standi
ngofsubj
ectmat
ter

• Topr
omot
etol
eranceandco-
oper
ati
onamongst
udent
s

• Tohel
pinov
ercomi
ngt
hepr
obl
em ofst
agef
ear
.

• Todev
elopt
heabi
l
ityofkeenat
tent
ionandt
opr
esenti
deasef
fect
ivel
y

• Toacqui
regoodmanner
sofr
aisi
ngandanswer
ingquest
ions

Ty
pesofSemi
nar

• Mi
niSemi
nar
:Di
scussi
ononat
opi
cinacl
assr
oom si
tuat
ioni
scal
l
edmi
ni
semi
nar
.

• Maj
orSemi
nar
:Semi
naror
gani
sedi
nadepar
tmentl
evelori
nst
it
uti
onall
eveli
s
cal
l
edamaj
orsemi
nar
.

• St
ate/Nat
ional
/Int
ernat
ionalSemi
nar
:Semi
nar
sor
gani
sedbyanyNGO,St
ate,
Nat
ional
,I
nter
nat
ional
agenci
esar
ecal
l
edst
ate/nat
ional
/int
ernat
ional
semi
nar
s.

Mer
it
s

• Dev
elopsanal
yti
cal
andcr
it
ical
thi
nki
ng.

• Dev
elopsski
l
linor
gani
singandpr
esent
inggi
vensubj
ectmat
teri
nasy
stemat
ic
way
.

• Dev
elopsl
ear
ner
ssel
f-
rel
i
anceandsel
f-
conf
idence.

• Dev
elopst
heabi
l
ityt
ocompr
ehendmaj
ori
deas

• Dev
elopst
heabi
l
ityt
orai
ser
elev
antandpi
n-poi
ntedquest
ions.

Demer
it
s

• Lackofpr
epar
ati
onmakesasemi
narmer
ewast
e.
 • For
mal
str
uct
urer
est
ri
ctspar
ti
cipant
sfr
om aski
ngquest
ions.

Ev
aluat
ingaSemi
nar

Sl
.No I
ndi
cat
ors Wei
ght
1 Abi
l
ityt
opl
an 1
2 Knowl
edgeofcont
ent 2
3 Pr
esent
ati
on 1
4 Ref
erence/
Rev
iew 1

GROUPDI
SCUSSI
ON

Gr
oup di
scussi
on may r
efert
o a communi
cat
ive si
tuat
ion t
hatal
l
ows i
ts
par
ti
cipant
stoexpr
essv
iewsandopi
nionsandshar
ewi
thot
herpar
ti
cipant
s.I
tisa
sy
stemat
icor
alexchangeofi
nfor
mat
ion,v
iewsandopi
nionsaboutat
opi
c,i
ssue,
pr
obl
em orsi
tuat
ionamongmember
sofagr
oupwhoshar
ecer
tai
ncommonobj
ect
ives.

GDi
sessent
ial
l
yani
nter
act
iveor
alpr
ocess.Thegr
oupmember
sneedt
oli
stent
oeach
ot
herandusev
oiceandgest
ureef
fect
ivel
yusecl
earl
anguageandper
suasi
vest
yle.
GD i
sst
ruct
ured.Theexchangeofi
deasi
naGD t
akespl
acei
nasy
stemat
icand
st
ruct
uredway
.Eachoft
hepar
ti
cipant
sget
sanoppor
tuni
tyt
oexpr
esshi
s/herv
iews
andcomment
sont
hev
iewsexpr
essedbyot
hermember
soft
hegr
oup.

GDi
nvol
vesal
otofgr
oupdy
nami
cs,
thati
s,i
tinv
olv
esbot
h-per
sont
oper
sonaswel
las
gr
oupt
ogr
oupi
nter
act
ions.Ev
erygr
oupmemberhast
odev
elopagoalor
ient
edor
gr
oupor
ient
edi
nter
act
ion.Apar
ti
cipantneedst
obeawar
eofneedsofot
hergr
oup
member
sandov
eral
lobj
ect
ivesoft
hedi
scussi
on.

Gr
oupdi
scussi
onmaybedef
inedas–af
orm ofsy
stemat
icandpur
posef
ulor
al
pr
ocesschar
act
eri
zedbyt
hef
ormalandst
ruct
uredexchangeofv
iewsonapar
ti
cul
ar
t
opi
c,i
ssue,pr
obl
em orsi
tuat
ion f
ordev
elopi
ng i
nfor
mat
ion and under
standi
ng
essent
ial
fordeci
si
onmaki
ngorpr
obl
em sol
vi
ng.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofSuccessf
ulGr
oupDi
scussi
on

Forany gr
oup di
scussi
on t
o be successf
ul,f
oll
owi
ng char
act
eri
sti
cs ar
e
necessar
y:

Hav
ing a cl
earobj
ect
ive:The par
ti
cipant
s need t
o know t
he pur
pose ofgr
oup
di
scussi
on so t
hatt
heycan concent
rat
e dur
ing t
he di
scussi
on and cont
ri
but
eto
achi
evi
ngt
hegr
oupgoal
.Anef
fect
iveGDt
ypi
cal
l
ybegi
nswi
thapur
posest
atedbyt
he
i
nit
iat
or.

Mot
ivat
edI
nter
act
ion:Whent
her
eisagoodl
evelofmot
ivat
ionamongt
hemember
s,
t
hey l
ear
nto subor
dinat
ethe per
sonali
nter
est
stot
he gr
oup i
nter
estand t
he
di
scussi
onsar
emor
efr
uit
ful
.

Logi
calPr
esent
ati
on:Par
ti
cipant
sdeci
dehow t
heywi
l
lor
gani
set
hepr
esent
ati
onof
i
ndi
vi
dual
views,
howanexchangeoft
hev
iewswi
l
ltakepl
ace,
andhowt
heywi
l
lreacha
gr
oupconsensus.I
fthemodeofi
nter
act
ioni
snotdeci
ded,f
ewoft
hemember
sint
he
gr
oupmaydomi
nat
ethedi
scussi
onandt
huswi
l
lmaket
heent
ir
epr
ocessmeani
ngl
ess.

Cor
dialAt
mospher
e:Dev
elopmentofacooper
ati
ve,f
ri
endl
y,andcor
dialat
mospher
e
av
oidt
heconf
ront
ati
onbet
weent
hegr
oupmember
s.

Ef
fect
iveCommuni
cat
ionski
l
ls:ThesuccessofaGDdependsonanef
fect
iveuseof
communi
cat
iont
echni
ques.Li
keanyot
heror
alcommuni
cat
ion,cl
earpr
onunci
ati
on,
si
mpl
elanguage,r
ightpi
tchar
ethepr
e-r
equi
sit
esofaGD.Non-
ver
balcommuni
cat
ion
hast
o bepai
d at
tent
ion t
o si
ncemeansl
i
kebodyl
anguageconv
eyal
oti
n any
communi
cat
ion.

Par
ti
cipat
ionbyal
lcandi
dat
es:Whenal
lthemember
spar
ti
cipat
e,t
heGD becomes
ef
fect
ive.Member
sneedt
oencour
ageeachot
heri
ntheGD.

Leader
shi
pSki
l
ls:Qual
i
tiesl
i
kei
nit
iat
ion,
logi
calpr
esent
ati
on,
encour
agi
ngal
lthegr
oup
member
stopar
ti
ci
pat
e,summar
izi
ngt
hedi
scussi
onr
efl
ectt
hel
eader
shi
pqual
i
ties.

Ev
aluat
ioni
naGD

I
nanyki
ndofGD,t
heai
mist
ojudget
hepar
ti
cipant
sbasedonper
sonal
i
ty,
knowl
edge,communi
cat
iveabi
l
ityt
opr
esentt
heknowl
edgeandl
eader
shi
pski
l
ls.The
ev
aluat
orsgener
all
yassesst
heor
alcompet
enceofacandi
dat
eint
ermsoft
eam
l
i
steni
ng,appr
opr
iat
elanguage,cl
ari
tyofexpr
essi
on,posi
ti
vespeechat
ti
tudesand
adj
ust
ment
s,cl
earar
ti
cul
ati
on,
andef
fect
ivenon-
ver
bal
communi
cat
ion.

Per
sonal
i
ty:
Evenbef
oreonest
art
scommuni
cat
ing,
theat
ti
reofapar
ti
cipantcr
eat
esan
i
mpr
essi
on,hencei
tisessent
ialt
obedr
essedappr
opr
iat
ely
.Thef
aci
alexpr
essi
on
hel
ps t
o conv
ey at
ti
tudes l
i
ke opt
imi
sm,sel
f-
conf
idence and f
ri
endl
i
ness.The
exami
ner
s cl
osel
y wat
ch t
he non-
ver
balbehav
iour of candi
dat
es t
o det
ermi
ne
per
sonal
i
tyf
act
orssuchasner
vousness,
cooper
ati
on,
frust
rat
ion,
weakness,
insecur
it
y,
sel
f-
conf
idence,
def
ensi
veness,
andsof
ort
h.

Cont
ent
:Cont
enti
sacombi
nat
ionofknowl
edgeandabi
l
ityt
ocr
eat
ecoher
ent
,logi
cal
ar
gument
sont
hebasi
soft
hatknowl
edge.I
nagr
oupdi
scussi
on,
great
ert
heknowl
edge
oft
hesubj
ectmor
econf
identandent
husi
ast
icwoul
dbet
hepar
ti
cipat
ion.Par
ti
cipant
s
needt
ohav
eaf
airamountofknowl
edgeonawi
der
angeofsubj
ect
s.

Communi
cat
ionSki
l
ls:GDt
est
sone’
sbehav
iouraswel
lasone’
sinf
luenceont
hegr
oup,
f
ormall
anguageandmut
ualr
espect
.Themember
soft
hesel
ect
ioncommi
tt
eecl
osel
y
ev
aluat
etheor
alcommuni
cat
ionski
l
lsoft
hecandi
dat
es.Theef
fect
ivecommuni
cat
ion
woul
dimpl
yuseofcor
rectgr
ammarandv
ocabul
ary
,usi
ngt
her
ightpi
tch,goodv
oice
qual
i
ty,cl
earar
ti
cul
ati
on,l
ogi
calpr
esent
ati
onoft
hei
deasandabov
eal
l
,aposi
ti
ve
at
ti
tude.Usesi
mpl
eand speci
fi
clanguage.Av
oid or
nament
all
anguage.Cl
ari
tyof
expr
essi
oni
soneoft
hei
mpor
tantcr
it
eri
aofcommuni
cat
ion.Whent
her
eiscl
ari
tyof
t
hinki
ng,
ther
eiscl
ari
tyi
nusageofl
anguage.

Li
steni
ngSki
l
ls:Lackofact
ivel
i
steni
ngi
sof
tenar
easonf
orf
ail
ureofcommuni
cat
ion.
I
ntheGD,
par
ti
ci
pant
sof
tenf
orgett
hati
tisagr
oupact
ivi
tyandnotasol
oper
for
mance
asi
nel
ocut
ion.Bypar
ti
cipat
ingasanact
ivel
i
stener
,he/
shemaybeabl
etocont
ri
but
e
si
gni
fi
cant
lyt
othegr
oupdel
i
ber
ati
ons.Thel
i
steni
ngski
l
lsar
ecl
osel
yli
nkedt
othe
l
eader
shi
pski
l
lsaswel
l
.

Leader
shi
pSki
l
ls:Thesuccessofanygr
oupdependst
oal
argeext
entupont
hel
eader
.
Oneoft
hecommonmi
sconcept
ionsaboutl
eader
shi
pist
hatt
hel
eaderi
stheonewho
cont
rol
sthegr
oup.Acandi
dat
e'ssuccessi
naGDt
estwi
l
ldependnotonl
yonhi
s/her
subj
ectknowl
edgeandor
alski
l
lsbutal
soonhi
s/herabi
l
ityt
opr
ovi
del
eader
shi
ptot
he
gr
oup.Thel
eaderi
nagr
oupdi
scussi
onshoul
dbeabl
etomanaget
hegr
oupdespi
te
di
ff
erencesofopi
nionandst
eert
hedi
scussi
ont
oal
ogi
calconcl
usi
onwi
thi
nthef
ixed
t
imel
i
mit
.

PORTFOLI
O

A st
udentpor
tfol
i
oisacompi
l
ati
on ofacademi
cwor
kand ot
herf
ormsof
educat
ionalev
idenceassembl
edf
ort
hepur
poseof(
1)ev
aluat
ingcour
sewor
kqual
i
ty,
l
ear
ningpr
ogr
ess,andacademi
cachi
evement
;(2)det
ermi
ningwhet
herst
udent
shav
e
metl
ear
ning st
andar
ds orot
heracademi
crequi
rement
sforcour
ses,gr
ade-
lev
el
pr
omot
ion,andgr
aduat
ion;(
3)hel
pingst
udent
sref
lectont
hei
racademi
cgoal
sand
pr
ogr
essasl
ear
ner
s;and(
4)cr
eat
ingal
ast
ingar
chi
veofacademi
cwor
kpr
oduct
s,
accompl
i
shment
s.

Por
tfol
i
oscomei
nmanyf
orms,f
rom not
ebooksf
il
ledwi
thdocument
s,not
es,
andgr
aphi
cst
oonl
i
nedi
git
alar
chi
vesandst
udent
-cr
eat
edwebsi
tes,andt
heymaybe
usedatt
heel
ement
ary
,mi
ddl
e,andhi
ghschooll
evel
s.Por
tfol
i
oscanbeaphy
sical
col
l
ect
ionofst
udentwor
kthati
ncl
udesmat
eri
alssuchaswr
it
tenassi
gnment
s,j
our
nal
ent
ri
es,compl
etedt
est
s,ar
twor
k,l
abr
epor
ts,phy
sicalpr
oject
s,andot
hermat
eri
al
ev
idenceofl
ear
ningpr
ogr
essandacademi
caccompl
i
shment
,incl
udi
ngawar
ds,
honor
s,
cer
ti
fi
cat
ions,
andr
ecommendat
ions,
wri
tt
enev
aluat
ionsbyt
eacher
sorpeer
s,andsel
f-
r
efl
ect
ionswr
it
tenbyst
udent
s.

Onl
i
nepor
tfol
i
osar
eof
t eddi
encal
l git
alpor
tfol
i
osore-
por
tfol
i
os,amongot
her
t
erms.Por
tfol
i
osmayal
sobepr
esent
ed—publ
i
clyorpr
ivat
ely
—topar
ent
s,t
eacher
s,and
communi
tymember
saspar
tofademonst
rat
ionofl
ear
ningorexhi
bit
ion.

ScopeofPor
tfol
i
o

• St
udentpor
tfol
i
osar
emostef
fect
ivewhent
heyar
eusedt
oev
aluat
est
udent
l
ear
ningpr
ogr
essandachi
evement
.Al
sot
eacher
scanuset
hem t
oimpr
ove
i
nst
ruct
ional
str
ategi
es.

• Por
tfol
i
oscanhel
pteacher
smoni
torandev
aluat
elear
ningpr
ogr
essov
ert
ime.
 Por
tfol
i
oscandocumenthow st
udent
shav
egr
own,mat
ured,andi
mpr
ovedas
l
ear
ner
sov
ert
hecour
seofapr
oject
,schooly
ear
,ormul
ti
pley
ear
s.Forexampl
e,
mul
ti
plev
ersi
onsofanessaycanshowhowst
udent
srev
isedandi
mpr
ovedt
hei
r
wor
kbasedonf
eedbackf
rom t
het
eacher
sort
hei
rpeer
s.

• Por
tfol
i
oshel
pteacher
sdet
ermi
newhet
herst
udent
scanappl
ywhatt
heyhav
e
l
ear
nedt
onewpr
obl
emsanddi
ff
erentsubj
ectar
eas.

• Por
tfol
i
oscanencour
agest
udent
stot
akemor
eowner
shi
pandr
esponsi
bil
i
ty
ov
ert
hel
ear
ningpr
ocess.

• Por
tfol
i
oscani
mpr
ovecommuni
cat
ionbet
weent
eacher
sandpar
ent
s.

Pur
pose

• Toshowgr
owt
h-ov
erat
ime,
ident
if
yst
rengt
hsandweakness

• Toshowcaseabi
l
iti
es-accompl
i
shment
s,apt
it
ude

• Toev
aluat
ecumul
ati
veachi
evement
-forgr
adi
ngpur
pose,
promot
ion

Ev
aluat
ionCr
it
eri
a

• Bestwor
k-Pr
ogr
essmade,
bestper
for
mance

• Ev
idenceofgr
owt
h–bycompar
ingear
lyandl
aterwor
ks

• Ev
idenceofachi
evement

Assessmentofpor
tfol
i
oscanbedonewi
tht
hehel
pofr
ubr
ics,
viv
avoceet
c.

RUBRI
C

Rubr
icsar
etool
sdev
elopedbyi
nst
ruct
orst
oassesst
heper
for
manceoft
hei
r
st
udent
s.Thi
sassessmentt
ooll
i
stst
hedi
mensi
ons(
tasks)oft
heper
for
mancet
obe
ev
aluat
ed,andt
hespeci
fi
ccr
it
eri
ausedt
oev
aluat
eeachdi
mensi
on.I
tal
sodescr
ibes
t
hegr
adat
ionofqual
i
ty(
lev
el)f
oeeachdi
mensi
on.

Rubr
icsar
ety
pical
l
yusedwi
thassessment
sthatar
esubj
ect
ive(
present
ati
ons,
di
scussi
ons,
por
tfol
i
os)r
athert
hanobj
ect
ive.

• Rubr
icsmaket
hei
nst
ruct
or’
sexpect
ati
onscl
eart
ost
udent
s
 • I
thel
psst
udent
stoev
aluat
ethei
rwor
k.

• I
fmor
ethanoneper
soni
sev
aluat
ingt
heper
for
mance,i
timpr
ovesconsi
stency
andobj
ect
ivi
tyofgr
adi
ng

Cr
eat
ingaRubr
ic

Thest
epst
ocr
eat
ear
ubr
icar
e

• I
dent
if
ytheper
for
manceobj
ect
ive:i
dent
if
ytheknowl
edge,ski
l
landat
ti
tudet
he
l
ear
nershoul
ddi
spl
ayasar
esul
tofi
nst
ruct
ional
act
ivi
ty.

• I
dent
if
ythe di
mensi
onscompr
isi
ng t
he per
for
mance:di
mensi
onsar
e br
oad
concept
sorspeci
fi
ctaskst
hest
udentshoul
ddemonst
rat
ewhi
l
eper
for
mingt
he
act
ivi
ty

• I
dent
if
ythepot
ent
ialgr
adat
ionsofqual
i
ty:gr
adat
ionsar
ethedescr
ipt
ivel
evel
s
ofqual
i
tyst
art
ingwi
tht
hewor
stqual
i
tyt
othebestqual
i
ty.Exampl
efor3l
evel
gr
adat
ion:
poor
,av
erage,
excel
l
ent
.

• Assi
gnapoi
ntv
aluet
oeachgr
adat
ionandat
otal
poi
ntv
aluef
ort
heassessment
:
Assi
gnapoi
ntv
aluet
oeachgr
adat
ionofqual
i
tyandi
dent
if
ytot
alpoi
ntv
aluef
or
t
heassessment
.

• I
dent
if
ythecr
it
eri
aforeachl
evelofqual
i
tywi
thi
nthedi
mensi
on:l
i
stt
hespeci
fi
c
expect
ati
onsf
oreachl
evel
ofgr
adat
ion.

• Cr
eat
ear
ubr
ict
abl
e:r
ubr
icwi
l
lbeat
abl
ewi
theachdi
mensi
oni
nasepar
ater
ow
andeachgr
adat
ionofqual
i
tyi
nasepar
atecol
umn.

STUDENTPROFI
LE

Thet
erm“
studentpr
ofi
l
e”i
susedi
nsev
eraldi
ff
erentsensesi
ntheeducat
ion
communi
ty.I
nal
lcases,
ast
udentpr
ofi
l
epr
ovi
desi
nfor
mat
ionaboutast
udent
,butt
he
i
nfor
mat
ioncanbepr
esent
edandusedi
ndi
ff
erentway
s.St
udentpr
ofi
l
escani
ncl
ude
dat
asubmi
tt
edbyast
udent
,aswel
lasi
nfor
mat
ionwhi
chi
saddedbyst
affmember
sat
aneducat
ionali
nst
it
uti
ont
opr
ovi
deacompl
etepi
ctur
eoft
hest
udent
.Accesst
omany
t
ypesofst
udentpr
ofi
l
esi
srest
ri
ctedduet
oconcer
nsaboutsecur
it
yandpr
ivacy
.

I
naf
inanci
alai
dof
fi
ce,ast
udentpr
ofi
l
eisusedt
odet
ermi
neel
i
gibi
l
ityf
or
f
inanci
alai
dandt
okeept
rackoft
hest
udent
'
saccount
sandhi
stor
yatt
hecol
l
ege.
Admi
ssi
onsof
fi
cesal
soest
abl
i
shst
udentpr
ofi
l
eswhenst
udent
sappl
ytoaschool
.The
pr
ofi
l
eisof
tenel
ect
roni
csot
hati
tcanbeeasi
l
ytr
ackedandsentt
ovar
iousmember
s
oft
headmi
ssi
onsof
fi
cef
orr
evi
ew.

POSTERASSESSMENT

A post
erpr
esent
ati
on i
sasan exper
ient
iall
ear
ning act
ivi
tyt
hatst
imul
ates
cur
iosi
tyandi
nter
est
,encour
agesexpl
orat
ionandi
ntegr
ati
onofconcept
sandpr
ovi
des
st
udent
swi
thanov
elwayofdemonst
rat
ingunder
standi
ng.

Post
ers:

• ar
eanexcel
l
ental
ter
nat
ivemedi
um f
ordev
elopi
ngcommuni
cat
ion ski
l
ls

• i
nvol
vest
udent
sint
heassessmentpr
ocess,

• encour
agest
udent
stoi
nvest
igat
ea t
opi
c t
hor
oughl
y,

• pr
ovi
de oppor
tuni
ti
esf
orpeer
-­‐
lear
ning, pr
omot
e a posi
ti
ve at
ti
tude i
n
st
udent
s,

• expl
ori
ngand conf
ront
ing mi
sconcept
ions.

Whatconst
it
uteagoodPost
er

• The Message:
One keyconcept

• The Desi
gn:Sket
ch outa pl
an;
Sub-
div
ide post
eri
nto componentpar
ts;
Ti
tl
eImpact
-I
tist
he f
ocalpoi
ntofy
ourpost
er,i
tneeds t
o becat
chy
,or
col
our
ful
,cl
earand possi
blyl
arge sequence cont
ent
;use ofnumber
s and
col
our
;LessTextMor
eGr
aphi
cs– Sel
fExpl
anat
ory

• Rev
isi
ons& Awar
eness

Mer
it
sofPost
erassessment
 • I
tst
rengt
hensv
isual
lear
ner
s.

• St
udent
senj
oyandengagei
ntheact
ivi
ty.

• Possesgoodv
ali
dit
y.

Demer
it
sofPost
erassessment

• Newt
ost
udent
shencet
heyneedi
nst
ruct
iononhowt
odoi
t.

• Noteconomi
cal
int
ermsoft
imeandspace.

• St
udent
scanbener
vousofpr
esent
ing.

Ev
aluat
ionofPost
er

Fol
l
owi
ngar
ethemai
nindi
cat
orsofpost
erassessment

• Pr
ocess-pr
ocedur
einconst
ruct
ingt
hepost
er.

• Pr
oduct
-cont
entknowl
edge

• Desi
gn-v
isual
andor
gani
sat
ional
pat
ter
n

• Pr
esent
ati
on

OPENBOOKEXAM

An"
openbookexami
nat
ion"i
sonei
nwhi
chexami
neesar
eal
l
owedt
oconsul
t
t
hei
rcl
assnot
es,t
ext
books,andot
herappr
ovedmat
eri
alwhi
l
eanswer
ingquest
ions.
Radi
calandpuzzl
i
ngt
hought
hei
deamaysoundt
othosewhoar
eusedt
oconv
ent
ional
exami
nat
ions,i
tisi
deal
l
ysui
ted t
oteachi
ng pr
ogr
ammes t
hatespeci
all
yai
m at
dev
elopi
ngt
heski
l
lsofcr
it
ical
andcr
eat
ivet
hinki
ng.

Feat
uresofopenbookexami
nat
ions,

• I
nthi
sty
peofexami
nat
ion,successdependsont
hequant
it
yofi
nfor
mat
ion
memor
ised,
andt
heef
fi
ciencywi
thwhi
chi
tisr
epr
oduced.

• I
twi
l
lequi
pst
udent
swi
tht
heabi
l
ityt
oacqui
reknowl
edge,t
omodi
fyex
ist
ing
knowl
edgeont
hebasi
sofnewexper
ience,
tobui
l
dnewknowl
edge,
andt
oappl
y
av
ail
abl
eknowl
edget
osol
vepr
obl
emsandmakei
ntel
l
igentdeci
sions.
 • Thepur
poseofanexami
nat
ioni
stot
estt
heski
l
lsofpr
obl
em sol
vi
ngandcr
it
ical
t
hinki
ng.I
nacl
osedbookexami
nat
ion,t
hest
udentf
ir
stcopi
est
hei
nfor
mat
ion
f
rom t
het
ext
bookt
ohi
smemor
y,andt
hencopi
esi
tint
otheanswerbook.Thi
s
i
nter
medi
atest
ageofmemor
izat
ioni
swhatopenbookexami
nat
ionsat
temptt
o
el
i
minat
e.Gi
vent
heav
ail
abi
l
ityoft
ext
booksi
ntheexami
nat
ionr
oom,t
eacher
s
wi
l
lnotaskquest
ionst
hatr
equi
ret
hemer
etr
ansf
erofi
nfor
mat
ionf
rom t
he
t
ext
bookt
otheexami
nat
ionbook.

TwoTy
pesofOpenBookExami
nat
ions

Onemayt
hinkoft
woki
ndsofopenbookexami
nat
ions,-t
her
est
ri
ctedt
ypeand
t
heunr
est
ri
ctedt
ype.

I
nther
est
ri
ctedt
ypeofopenbookexami
nat
ions,st
udent
sar
eper
mit
tedt
obr
ingi
nto
t
he exami
nat
ion r
oom one ormor
e speci
fi
c document
s appr
oved byt
he cour
se
i
nst
ruct
or such as t
he l
ogar
thmi
ctabl
es,di
cti
onar
ies,or compl
ete wor
ks of
Shakespear
e,butnohandwr
it
tenmat
eri
alorpr
int
eddocument
swhi
chhav
enothad
pr
iorappr
oval
.

I
ntheunr
est
ri
ctedt
ypeofopenbookexami
nat
ions,
student
sar
efr
eet
obr
ingwhat
ever
t
heyl
i
ke.Theymaybr
inganybooks,l
ect
urehandout
soft
hecour
sei
nst
ruct
or,ort
hei
r
ownhandwr
it
tennot
es. Theuseofsuchexami
nat
ionsdemandst
hatt
hecour
se
f
ocusesonasetofi
ntel
l
ect
ual
ski
l
ls,
rat
hert
hanont
hei
nfor
mat
ioncont
ent
,andt
hatno
cont
entbasedquest
ionsbeaskedi
ntheexami
nat
ion.

I
mpactonLear
ningSt
rat
egi
es

A mor
eimpor
tantr
eason f
orusi
ng open bookexami
nat
ionsi
sthatt
heyhav
ea
t
remendousi
mpactonpr
omot
ingt
her
ightment
alset
sinbot
hlear
ningandt
eachi
ng.
Themosti
mmedi
ater
esul
tonst
udent
swi
l
lbet
hatt
heywi
l
lst
op"
muggi
ng"orr
ote
l
ear
ning.I
timpl
i
est
hatst
udy
ingshoul
dnotbeequat
edwi
thmemor
isi
ng;i
nst
ead,i
t
shoul
dbeunder
standi
ngconcept
s,andusi
ngt
heseconcept
s(al
ongwi
thav
ail
abl
e
i
nfor
mat
ion)t
o pr
act
ise t
he ski
l
ls ofmodi
fyi
ng and bui
l
ding knowl
edge,t
hinki
ng
cr
it
ical
l
y,andsol
vi
ngpr
obl
ems.
PARTI
CIPATORYASSESSMENT

Par
ti
cipat
ory assessment i
s a compr
ehensi
ve appr
oach t
o i
nst
ruct
ion,
assessment
,andaccount
abi
l
ity
.Iti
sgr
oundedi
nthet
heor
ythatassessmenti
scent
ral
t
olear
ning;
student
sar
econst
ant
lyassessi
ngt
hemsel
vesandbei
ngassessed,
andi
tis
t
hrought
heseconst
antsel
fandext
ernal(
howev
eri
nfor
mal
)assessment
sthatl
ear
ning
occur
s.Al
lpar
ti
ci
pant
sinapar
ti
cul
arset
ti
ngar
epot
ent
iall
ear
ner
s,i
ncl
udi
ngst
udent
s,
t
eacher
s,admi
nist
rat
ors,par
ent
s,desi
gner
s,andr
esear
cher
s,andal
lhav
eval
uabl
e
i
nsi
ght
stoshar
e.Par
ti
cipat
oryassessmenti
ncl
udesmul
ti
plel
evel
sofassessment
;thi
s
appr
oachal
i
gnscommunaldi
scour
set
omaxi
mizei
ndi
vi
dualunder
standi
ngi
nor
dert
o
i
ndi
rect
lyi
ncr
easeaggr
egat
edachi
evement
.

PEERASSESSMENT

Peerassessmenti
nvol
vesst
udent
staki
ngr
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
orassessi
ngt
hewor
k
oft
hei
rpeer
sagai
nstsetassessmentcr
it
eri
a.Theycan t
her
efor
ebeengaged i
n
pr
ovi
dingf
eedbackt
othei
rpeer
s(somet
imesr
efer
redt
oaspeerr
evi
ew)
,summat
ive
gr
ades(
moder
atedbyy
ouory
ourcol
l
eagues)
,oracombi
nat
ionoft
het
wo.I
t'
sa
power
fulwayf
ory
ourst
udent
stoactast
he'
assessor
'andt
ogai
nanoppor
tuni
tyt
o
bet
terunder
standassessmentcr
it
eri
a.I
tcanal
so t
ransf
ersomeowner
shi
poft
he
assessmentpr
ocess t
othem,t
her
eby pot
ent
ial
l
yincr
easi
ng t
hei
rmot
ivat
ion and
engagement
.Indoi
ngso,y
ourst
udent
smi
ghtbeencour
agedt
olear
nmor
edeepl
y,
bui
l
dingupt
hei
runder
standi
ng,
rat
hert
hanj
ustt
hei
rknowl
edgeoft
hef
act
s,aswel
las
gai
ningani
nsi
ghti
ntot
hei
rownappr
oacht
oanassessmentt
aski
ncompar
isont
othei
r
peer
s.

I
mpl
ement
ingPeerAssessmentmostef
fect
ivel
y

• Usecl
eargui
del
i
nesandmaket
hegui
del
i
neseasyt
oimpl
ement
.

• Ful
l
ytr
ainst
udent
sont
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onandi
mpor
tanceoft
hegui
del
i
nes.

• Requi
reassessor
stoj
ust
if
ythei
rjudgment
s.

• Cr
eat
eacl
assr
oom env
ironmentt
hatf
eel
ssaf
efori
nter
per
sonalr
isk-
taki
ngso
t
hatst
udent
swi
l
lfeel
mor
econf
identi
nev
aluat
ingt
hei
rpeer
s.

• Shar
ether
esponsi
bil
i
tyoft
hef
inalgr
adebet
weent
hei
nst
ruct
orandst
udent
sif
 concer
nexi
stsaboutst
udentbi
as.

• Emphasi
zet
ost
udent
sthatt
hemai
nfocusoft
hei
rpeerassessmentshoul
dbe
usef
ulf
eedback,
notgr
adi
ng.

• Usesmal
lfeedbackgr
oupssot
hatf
eedbackcanbeexpl
ainedanddi
scussed
wi
tht
her
ecei
ver
.

• Encour
agest
udent
stobeassuppor
ti
veaspossi
blei
ncr
it
iqui
ngt
hewor
kof
ot
herst
udent
s.

• St
ressbenef
it
sofbei
ngapeerassessort
ost
udent
s,suchasi
thel
pst
hem
ev
aluat
ethei
rownwor
kandbecomemor
esel
f-
dir
ect
edl
ear
ner
s.

• Tr
ainst
udent
show t
oint
erpr
etf
eedbacksot
hatt
heycanmakeappr
opr
iat
e
connect
ionsbet
weent
hef
eedbackr
ecei
vedandt
hequal
i
tyoft
hei
rwor
k.

Adv
ant
ages:

• Encour
agesst
udenti
nvol
vementandr
esponsi
bil
i
ty.

• Encour
agesst
udent
stor
efl
ectont
hei
rrol
eandcont
ri
but
iont
othepr
ocessof
t
hegr
oupwor
k.

• Focusesont
hedev
elopmentofst
udent
’sj
udgmentski
l
ls.

• St
udent
sar
einv
olv
edi
ntheassessmentpr
ocessandar
eencour
agedt
otake
par
towner
shi
poft
hispr
ocess.

• Pr
ovi
desmor
erel
evantf
eedbackt
ost
udent
sasi
tisgener
atedbyt
hei
rpeer
s.

Di
sadv
ant
ages:

• Noteconomi
cal
int
ermsoft
ime.

• Thepr
ocesshasadegr
eeofr
iskaspeerpr
essur
etoappl
yel
evat
edgr
adesor
f
ri
endshi
psmayi
nfl
uencet
heassessment
.

• St
udent
swi
l
lhav
eat
endencyt
oawar
dev
ery
onet
hesamemar
k.

• St
udent
sfeel
il
lequi
ppedt
ounder
taket
heassessment
.

• St
udent
smayber
eluct
antt
omakej
udgment
sregar
dingt
hei
rpeer
s.
3.
2Cont
inuousandCompr
ehensi
veEv
aluat
ion

Cont
inuousandCompr
ehensi
veEv
aluat
ion(
CCE)r
efer
stoasy
stem ofschool
-
basedev
aluat
ionofst
udent
sthatcov
ersal
laspect
sofst
udent
s’dev
elopment
.Iti
sa
dev
elopment
alpr
ocess ofassessmentwhi
ch emphasi
zes on t
wo f
old obj
ect
ives.
Theseobj
ect
ivesar
econt
inui
tyi
nev
aluat
ionandassessmentofbr
oadbasedl
ear
ning
andbehav
iour
alout
comesont
heot
her
.

I
nthi
sschemet
het
erm`
cont
inuous’i
smeantt
oemphasi
set
hatev
aluat
ionof
i
dent
if
iedaspect
sofst
udent
s’`
growt
handdev
elopment
’isacont
inuouspr
ocessr
ather
t
hananev
ent
,bui
l
tint
othet
otalt
eachi
ng-
lear
ningpr
ocessandspr
eadov
ert
heent
ir
e
spanofacademi
csessi
on.I
tmeansr
egul
ari
tyofassessment
,fr
equencyofuni
ttest
ing,
di
agnosi
sofl
ear
ninggaps,
useof
cor
rect
ivemeasur
es,
ret
est
ingandf
ort
hei
rsel
fev
aluat
ion.

Thesecondt
erm`
compr
ehensi
ve'meanst
hatt
heschemeat
tempt
stocov
er
bot
htheschol
ast
icandt
heco-
schol
ast
icaspect
sofst
udent
s'gr
owt
handdev
elopment
.
Si
nceabi
l
iti
es,
att
it
udesandapt
it
udescanmani
festt
hemsel
vesi
nfor
msot
hert
hent
he
wr
it
tenwor
d,t
het
ermr
efer
stoappl
i
cat
ionofv
ari
etyoft
ool
sandt
echni
ques(
bot
h
t
est
ingandnon-
test
ing)andai
msatassessi
ngal
ear
ner
'sdev
elopmenti
nar
easof
l
ear
ningl
i
ke

• Knowl
edge
• Under
standi
ng/
Compr
ehensi
on
• Appl
yi
ng
• Anal
yzi
ng
• Ev
aluat
ing
• Cr
eat
ing
Theschemei
sthusacur
ri
cul
ari
nit
iat
ive,at
tempt
ingt
oshi
ftemphasi
sfr
om
t
est
ingt
ohol
i
sti
clear
ning.I
tai
msatcr
eat
inggoodci
ti
zenspossessi
ngsoundheal
th,
appr
opr
iat
eski
l
lsanddesi
rabl
equal
i
tiesbesi
desacademi
cexcel
l
ence.I
tishopedt
hat
t
hiswi
l
lequi
pthel
ear
ner
stomeett
hechal
l
engesofl
i
fewi
thconf
idenceandsuccess.

Cont
inuousandCompr
ehensi
veEv
aluat
ionEducat
ionai
msatmaki
ngchi
l
dren
capabl
e of becomi
ng r
esponsi
ble,pr
oduct
ive and usef
ulmember
s of soci
ety
.
Knowl
edgeski
l
lsandat
ti
tudesar
ebui
l
tthr
oughl
ear
ningexper
iencesandoppor
tuni
ti
es
cr
eat
edf
orl
ear
ner
sinschool
.Iti
sint
hecl
assr
oom t
hatl
ear
ner
scananal
yseand
ev
aluat
ethei
rexper
iences,l
ear
nto doubt
,to quest
ion t
oinv
est
igat
eand t
othi
nk
i
ndependent
ly.

Anunder
standi
ngofl
ear
ner
s,educat
ionalai
ms,
thenat
ureofknowl
edge,
andt
he
nat
ureoft
heschoolasa soci
alspacecan hel
p usar
ri
veatpr
inci
plest
o gui
de
cl
assr
oom pr
act
ices.Concept
ualdev
elopmenti
sthus a cont
inuous pr
ocess of
deepeni
ngandenr
ichi
ngconnect
ionsandacqui
ri
ngnewl
ayer
sofmeani
ng.Al
ongsi
dei
s
t
hedev
elopmentoft
heor
iest
hatchi
l
drenhav
eaboutt
henat
uralandsoci
alwor
lds,
i
ncl
udi
ngt
hemsel
vesi
nrel
ati
ont
oot
her
s,whi
chpr
ovi
det
hem wi
thexpl
anat
ionsf
orwhy
t
hingsar
ethewayt
heyar
e,t
her
elat
ionshi
psbet
weencausesandef
fect
s,andt
he
basesf
ordeci
si
onsandact
ing.At
ti
tudes,
emot
ionsandv
aluesar
ethusani
ntegr
alpar
t
ofcogni
ti
vedev
elopment
,and ar
eli
nked t
othedev
elopmentofl
anguage,ment
al
r
epr
esent
ati
ons,concept
s and r
easoni
ng.As chi
l
dren'
s met
acogni
ti
ve capabi
l
iti
es
dev
elop,t
heybecomemor
eawar
eoft
hei
rownbel
i
efsandcapabl
eofr
egul
ati
ngt
hei
r
ownl
ear
ning.

Obj
ect
ivesofCCE

• Tohel
pdev
elopcogni
ti
ve,
psy
chomot
orandaf
fect
iveski
l
ls.

• Tol
ayemphasi
sont
houghtpr
ocessandde-
emphasi
sememor
izat
ion

• Tomakeev
aluat
ionani
ntegr
alpar
toft
eachi
ng-
lear
ningpr
ocess

• Touseev
aluat
ionf
ori
mpr
ovementofst
udent
sachi
evementandt
eachi
ng–
l
ear
ning st
rat
egi
es on t
he basi
s ofr
egul
ardi
agnosi
sfol
l
owed byr
emedi
al
i
nst
ruct
ion

• Touseev
aluat
ionasaqual
i
tycont
roldev
iset
omai
ntai
ndesi
redst
andar
dof
per
for
mance

• Todet
ermi
nesoci
alut
il
it
y,desi
rabi
l
ityoref
fect
ivenessofapr
ogr
ammeandt
ake
appr
opr
iat
edeci
sionsaboutt
hel
ear
ner
,thepr
ocessofl
ear
ningandt
hel
ear
ning
env
ironment

• Tomaket
hepr
ocessoft
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningal
ear
ner
-cent
eredact
ivi
ty
Adv
ant
agesofCCE

1.St
ress:
CCEr
educest
hest
ressonst
udent
sby
:

• I
dent
if
ying l
ear
ning pr
ogr
essofst
udent
satr
egul
art
ime i
nter
val
son smal
l
por
ti
onsofcont
ent
.

• Encour
agi
ngl
ear
ningt
hroughempl
oymentofav
ari
etyoft
eachi
ngai
dsand
t
echni
ques.

• Empl
oyi
ngav
ari
etyofr
emedi
almeasur
esoft
eachi
ngbasedonl
ear
ningneeds
andpot
ent
ial
ofdi
ff
erentst
udent
s.

• Recogni
zi
ngandencour
agi
ngspeci
fi
cabi
l
iti
esofst
udent
s,whodonotexceli
n
academi
csbutper
for
m wel
li
not
herco-
cur
ri
cul
arar
eas.

2.Ov
eral
lPer
sonal
i
tyDev
elopment
:Ther
egul
armoni
tor
ingoft
hest
udentwi
l
l
ev
ent
ual
l
yhel
pint
hepr
opergr
oomi
ngoft
hest
udentandwi
l
lhel
phi
mreal
i
zehi
s
st
rengt
hsandweaknessesi
nmul
ti
plef
iel
ds.Ov
ercomi
ngt
heweaknesseswi
l
lint
urn
hel
phi
m dev
elophi
sapt
it
udei
nmul
ti
plear
eas.
3.Gener
ati
ngI
nter
est
:Thei
ncr
easedemphasi
sonspor
tsandco-
cur
ri
cul
aract
ivi
ti
es
wi
l
lhel
pincr
eat
ingi
nter
estamongst
udent
s.Gr
oupact
ivi
ti
esandst
ageper
for
mances
wi
l
lbui
l
dupt
hei
rconf
idencewhi
chwi
l
lev
ent
ual
l
yhel
pthem i
nfut
ure(
probabl
ydur
ing
gr
oupdi
scussi
onsandi
nter
views)
.Inshor
t,i
tisanat
temptt
omer
gef
unwi
thst
udi
es.
4.De-
emphasi
zememor
izat
ion:
Theexami
nat
ionsunderCCEpat
ter
nar
eso
desi
gnedt
hatt
heyi
nawaycompel
student
stounder
standt
heconcept
srat
hert
han
muggi
ngt
hem up.Theneedoft
hehouri
stomakest
udent
sreal
i
zet
hepowerof
t
hinki
ngandhel
pthem t
odev
elopat
houghtpr
ocess.CCEpl
ansondoi
ngexact
lyt
hat
.
5.Lear
ner
-cent
redact
ivi
ty:
Til
lnow,
thet
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningwer
edependentmost
ly
ont
eacher
sandt
heav
ail
abl
ecur
ri
cul
um.Anydev
iat
ionf
rom t
hecur
ri
cul
um and
sy
ll
abuswasconsi
der
edassi
n.CCEencour
agest
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningt
obea'
l
ear
ner
cent
eredact
ivi
ty'
i.
e.st
udent
s'i
nter
estandchoi
cei
sgi
vent
hepr
ior
it
y
6.Fl
exi
bil
i
ty:
TheCCEpat
ter
nal
l
owsdi
ff
erentschool
sandi
ntur
nteacher
sthef
reedom
t
oconductt
het
est
sint
hei
rownway
.
7.Pat
ter
nofeducat
ion:Theol
dpat
ter
nofdeci
dingt
hef
ateofast
udentbyt
hesi
ngl
e
exam att
heendofacademi
cyearhasbeenscr
apedof
f.TheCCEpat
ter
nensur
es
sev
eral
test
sar
econduct
edt
hroughoutt
hey
ear
,bot
hwr
it
tenandor
als.

8.
Eval
uat
ion:Si
nceCCEf
oll
owsCr
it
eri
on-
Ref
erencedGr
adi
ngSy
stem,st
udent
sar
enot
compet
ingwi
theachot
herandar
ethusmor
eli
kel
ytoact
ivel
yhel
peachot
herl
ear
n.A
st
udent
'sgr
adei
snoti
nfl
uencedbyt
hecal
i
breoft
hecl
ass.

Di
sadv
ant
agesofCCE

• Thegr
adi
ngsy
stem i
sthebi
ggestdi
sadv
ant
agebecausest
udent
sscor
ing90t
o
99mar
ksar
ebot adeA+.Ther
hkeptonGr eisnosegr
egat
ion.Soi
tcoul
dbe
descr
ibedasunf
airf
ort
hest
udent
sscor
ingt
hehi
ghermar
ks.

• Oneot
hershor
tcomi
ngi
sthef
actt
hathugenumber
sofst
udent
sar
egr
ouped
t
oget
her
.(Forexampl
e,l
asty
eart
her
ewer
e348st
udent
sinNav
iMumbaiat
Uni
ver
salTut
ori
alsal
lscor
ingmor
ethan90%)
.Sor
anki
ngi
snotpossi
ble.Hence
t
headmi
ssi
onpr
ocessf
ort
heSt
andar
dXIi
sdi
ff
icul
t.

• Al
otofpeopl
ear
guet
hatCCEmakest
hest
udent
staket
hei
rboar
dsl
i
ght
ly.

• St
udent
sar
efor
cedt
ost
udyal
lroundt
hey
ear
,whi
chi
naway
,isl
i
kegi
vi
ngno
r
estt
othem.Eachandev
eryact
ivi
tyi
smoni
tor
edconst
ant
ly.

• Thei
nter
nalexam paper
sar
eev
aluat
edbyschoolt
eacher
s,whi
chmeant
hat
t
her
eisahugepossi
bil
i
tyoff
avour
it
ism.

• Endl
esspr
oject
sandst
udent
’sdependencyont
hei
nter
neti
shamper
ingt
hei
r
cr
eat
ivi
tyi
naway
,wi
thnoout
sideknowl
edge.

• Ther
ehasbeenani
ntr
oduct
ionofl
anguagel
absf
orconduct
ingl
i
steni
ngand
speaki
ngcl
assesi
nHi
ndiandEngl
i
sh.Howev
er,
alotofst
udent
sdonothav
ethe
i
nfr
ast
ruct
ureandf
aci
l
ityf
ort
hesame.

• Mul
ti
plet
est
sthr
oughoutt
hey
ear
.

• Reducedqual
i
tyofknowl
edgeandski
l
ls.

• Mostoft
het
eacher
sar
eunabl
etof
ini
sht
hei
rpor
ti
onsast
imei
swast
edf
or
unnecessar
yact
ivi
ti
es,pr
oject
s,assi
gnment
s,et
c.Theyj
ustr
usht
hrought
he
 por
ti
onwi
thoutmaki
ngt
hest
udent
sunder
standandt
hent
heygi
veawhol
eload
ofpr
oject
sandhomewor
k.

• For
cedt
opar
ti
cipat
einal
ltheev
ent
s,ev
ent
heonest
hathat
eit
.

• St
udent
sdon’
tgetenought
imef
orsel
fst
udyandpr
epar
ingf
orcompet
it
ive
examsandext
rast
udi
es.

• Concent
rat
ingst
udent
’st
owar
dst
hei
rassi
gnment
sandpr
oject
srat
hert
hant
hei
r
st
udi
es.

• CCE guar
ant
ees t
hatno st
udent
s wi
l
lfai
lwi
th whol
e pass sy
stem,t
he
achi
evementt
estcannotactasani
ndi
cat
ort
opr
ogr
ess.

• Lossofcompet
it
ionandf
utur
edegr
adat
ionofast
udent
.

Cr
edi
tandSemest
erSy
stem

Uni
ver
sit
yGr
ant
sCommi
ssi
onhascomeupwi
tht
heChoi
ceBasedCr
edi
tSy
stem
(
CBCS)pr
ogr
ammei
nwhi
cht
hest
udent
shav
eachoi
cet
ochoosef
rom t
hepr
escr
ibed
cour
ses,
whi
char
eref
err
edascor
e,el
ect
iveormi
nororsof
tski
l
lcour
sesandt
heycan
l
ear
natt
hei
rownpaceandt
heent
ir
eassessmenti
sgr
aded-
basedonacr
edi
tsy
stem.
Thebasi
cideai
stol
ooki
ntot
heneedsoft
hest
udent
ssoast
okeepup-
to-
dat
ewi
th
dev
elopmentofhi
ghereducat
ioni
nIndi
aand abr
oad.CBCS ai
mst
oredef
inet
he
cur
ri
cul
um keepi
ngpacewi
tht
hel
i
ber
ali
sat
ionandgl
obal
i
sat
ioni
neducat
ion.CBCS
al
l
owsst
udent
saneasymodeofmobi
l
ityt
ovar
iouseducat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onsspr
ead
acr
osst
hewor
ldal
ongwi
tht
hef
aci
l
ityoft
ransf
erofcr
edi
tsear
nedbyst
udent
s.

Feat
uresofCBCS

• Thi
sisauni
for
m CBCSf
oral
lcent
ral
andst
ateandot
herr
ecogni
seduni
ver
sit
ies.

• Ther
ear
ethr
eemai
ncour
ses:
Cor
e,El
ect
iveandFoundat
ion.

• Ther
e ar
e al
so non-
credi
t cour
ses av
ail
abl
e whi
ch wi
l
lbe assessed as
‘
Sat
isf
act
ory
’or“
Unsat
isf
act
ory
’.Thi
sisnoti
ncl
uded i
nthecomput
ati
onof
SGPA/
CGPA.

• Al
lthet
hreemai
ncour
seswi
l
lbeev
aluat
edandaccessedt
opr
ovi
def
oran
ef
fect
iveandbal
ancedr
esul
t.
Basi
cel
ement
sofCr
edi
tsy
stem

Semest
ers:Theassessmenti
sdonesemest
erwi
se.Ast
udentpr
ogr
essesont
hebasi
s
oft
hecour
sest
akenr
athert
hant
imel
i
ket
hreey
ear
sforsci
ence,ar
ts,commer
ceor
f
oury
ear
sforengi
neer
inget
c.Eachsemest
erwi
l
lhav
e15–18weeksofacademi
cwor
k
whi
chi
sequalt
o90t
eachi
ngday
s.Ther
eisf
lexi
bil
i
tyi
ncr
eat
ingt
hecur
ri
cul
um and
assi
gni
ngcr
edi
tsbasedont
hecour
secont
entandhour
soft
eachi
ng.

Cr
edi
tsy
stem:Eachcour
sei
sassi
gnedacer
tai
ncr
edi
t.Whent
hest
udentpassest
hat
cour
se,heear
nst
hecr
edi
tswhi
char
ebasedont
hatcour
se.I
fast
udentpassesa
si
ngl
ecour
sei
nasemest
er,
hedoesnothav
etor
epeatt
hatcour
sel
ater
.Thest
udent
s
canear
ncr
edi
tsaccor
dingt
ohi
space.

Cr
edi
ttr
ansf
er:
Iff
orsomer
easons,
hecannotcopewi
tht
hest
udyl
oadori
fhef
all
ssi
ck,
he has t
he f
reedom t
o st
udyf
ewercour
ses and ear
nfewercr
edi
ts and he can
compensat
ethi
sint
henextsemest
er.

Compr
ehensi
ve cont
inuous assessment
:Ther
eis a cont
inuous ev
aluat
ion oft
he
st
udentnotonl
ybyt
het
eacher
sbutal
sobyt
hest
udenthi
msel
f.

Gr
adi
ng

UGChasi
ntr
oduceda10-
poi
ntgr
adi
ngsy
stem asf
oll
ows:

O(
Out
standi
ng)
:10

A+(
Excel
l
ent
):
9

A(
Ver
yGood)
:8

B+(
Good)
:7

B(
Abov
eAv
erage)
:6

C(
Aver
age)
:5

P(
Pass)
:4

F(
Fai
l
):0

Ab(
Absent
):0
Adv
ant
agesofChoi
ceBasedCr
edi
tSy
stem

• The CBCS of
fer
sa‘
caf
eter
ia’appr
oach i
n whi
ch t
he st
udent
s can choose
cour
sesoft
hei
rownchoi
ce.

• Thecr
edi
tsy
stem al
l
owsast
udentt
ost
udywhathepr
efer
sinhi
sownsequence
asperhi
sint
erest
s.

• Theycanl
ear
natt
hei
rownpace.

• Theycanoptf
oraddi
ti
onalcour
sesandcanachi
evemor
ethant
her
equi
red
cr
edi
ts.

• Theycanal
sooptf
orani
nter
disci
pli
nar
yappr
oacht
olear
ning.

• I
ntercol
l
ege/
uni
ver
sit
ymi
grat
ionwi
thi
nthecount
ryandout
sidebecomeseasy
wi
tht
he t
ransf
erofCr
edi
ts.Thi
s means t
hati
twi
l
lbe easi
erf
orf
orei
gn
uni
ver
sit
iest
ocomeandof
fercour
sesi
nIndi
a.

• Canoptf
oronepar
toft
hecour
sei
nonei
nst
it
uteandt
heot
herpar
tinanot
her
i
nst
it
ute.Thi
swi
l
lhel
pinmaki
ngacl
earchoi
cebet
weengoodandbadcol
l
eges/
i
nst
it
utes.

• Thest
udent
shav
emor
escopet
oenhancet
hei
rski
l
lsandmor
escopeoft
aki
ng
uppr
oject
sandassi
gnment
s,v
ocat
ional
trai
ning,
incl
udi
ngent
repr
eneur
shi
p.

• Thesy
stem i
mpr
ovest
hej
oboppor
tuni
ti
esofst
udent
s.

• Thesy
stem wi
l
lhel
pinenabl
i
ngpot
ent
ialempl
oyer
sassesst
heper
for
manceof
st
udent
sonasci
ent
if
icscal
e.

Di
sadv
ant
agesofCBCS

• Notv
eryeasyt
oest
imat
etheexactmar
ks.

• Teacher
s’wor
kloadmayf
luct
uat
e.

• Needspr
operandgoodi
nfr
ast
ruct
uref
orauni
ver
sal
spr
eadofeducat
ion.

Concl
usi
on:I
tist
ooear
lyt
osaywhet
herCBCSwi
l
lbesuccessf
ulornot
.TheUGChas
al
way
sini
ti
atedmeasur
est
obr
ingef
fi
ciencyandexcel
l
encei
ntheHi
gherEducat
ion
Sy
stem ofI
ndi
a.Thebasi
cmot
ivei
stoexpandacademi
cqual
i
tyi
nal
laspect
s,r
ight
f
rom t
hecur
ri
cul
um t
othel
ear
ning-
teachi
ngpr
ocesst
oexami
nat
ionandev
aluat
ion
sy
stems.Howev
er,
sof
armul
ti
plemet
hodsar
efol
l
owedbydi
ff
erentuni
ver
sit
iesacr
oss
t
hecount
ryt
owar
dsexami
nat
ion,ev
aluat
ion and gr
adi
ng sy
stem.Consi
der
ing t
his
di
ver
sit
y,t
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
hechoi
cebasedcr
edi
tsy
stem seemst
obeagood
sy
stem i
nassessi
ngt
heov
eral
lper
for
manceofast
udenti
nauni
ver
salwayofasi
ngl
e
gr
adi
ngsy
stem.

Semest
erSy
stem

Thekeyf
acet
soft
henewsemest
ersy
stem ar
easf
oll
ows:

• Twosemest
ersoff
ivet
osi
xmont
hsi
ndur
ati
on,v
ersusacademi
cter
msspr
ead
ov
er10t
o12mont
hs.

• Cr
edi
tsbasedont
hewor
kloadoft
hel
ear
ner
,wi
thonecr
edi
tpoi
ntgener
all
y
cor
respondi
ngt
o30t
o40l
ear
ninghour
s.

• Compr
ehensi
vecont
inuousassessment(
ver
susend-
of-
yearexami
nat
ions)
.

• New assessmentpr
otocol
sbasedongr
adesr
athert
hanmar
ks,andt
heuseof
cumul
ati
vegr
adepoi
ntscor
est
odef
ineov
eral
lachi
evement
.

• Cur
ri
cul
arf
lexi
bil
i
tyandi
ncr
easedopt
ionsf
orst
udentmobi
l
ity
.

• Regul
arupdat
est
ocur
ri
cul
um.

Schol
ast
ic,
Co-
schol
ast
icandNonschol
ast
icev
aluat
ion

Schol
ast
icEv
aluat
ion

The desi
rabl
e behav
iourr
elat
ed t
othe l
ear
ner
's knowl
edge,under
standi
ng,
appl
i
cat
ion,
eval
uat
ion,
anal
ysi
s,andcr
eat
ingi
nsubj
ect
sandt
heabi
l
ityt
oappl
yiti
nan
unf
ami
l
iarsi
tuat
ionar
esomeoft
heobj
ect
ivesi
nschol
ast
icdomai
n.

I
nNat
ionalPol
i
cyonEducat
ion(
NPE)document
,1986andasmodi
fi
edi
n1992
al
soi
tisment
ionedt
hatt
heschemeofev
aluat
ionshoul
dcov
eral
ll
ear
ningexper
iences
ofschol
ast
icsubj
ect
sandnon-
schol
ast
icar
eas. Compr
ehensi
veev
aluat
ionwoul
d
necessi
tat
etheuseofav
ari
etyoft
echni
quesandt
ool
s.Thi
swi
l
lbesobecause
di
ff
erentspeci
fi
car
easofl
ear
ner
'sgr
owt
hcanbeev
aluat
edt
hroughcer
tai
nspeci
al
t
echni
ques.

Co-
Schol
ast
icEv
aluat
ion

Co-
Schol
ast
icAr
easofAssessment
:Thesear
easf
ocusonenhanci
ngt
heski
l
ls
ofast
udenti
ngener
alknowl
edge,env
ironment
aleducat
ion,phy
sicalEducat
ion,ar
t,
musi
canddanceandcomput
ers.

Theev
aluat
ionundert
hiscat
egor
ymai
nlycompr
isesof

Thi
nki
ngSki
l
ls-undert
hisact
ivi
ty,t
her
ear
evar
ioust
askwhi
chi
ncl
udesel
f-
awar
eness,
probl
em sol
vi
ng,
deci
sionmaki
ng,
cri
ti
cal
andcr
eat
ivet
hinki
ng.

Soci
al Ski
l
ls- Thi
s ski
l
ls i
ncl
udes I
nter
per
sonal r
elat
ionshi
p, ef
fect
ive
communi
cat
ionandempat
hy.

Emot
ionalSki
l
ls-Undert
heemot
ionalski
l
ls,t
hear
eacov
ersmanagi
ngemot
ions
aswel
lasdeal
i
ngwi
thst
ress.

Wor
kEducat
ion-OurSchool
’
swor
keducat
ionmost
lycov
erscomput
eroper
ati
on
andmai
ntenance.

Vi
sualandPer
for
mingAr
ts-Musi
c(Vocal
,I
nst
rument
al)
,Dance,
Drama,
Drawi
ng,
Pai
nti
ng,
Craf
t,Scul
ptur
e,Puppet
ry,
Fol
kAr
tfor
mset
c.

At
ti
tudeandVal
ues-St
udent
sar
etaughtt
hei
mpor
tanceofgoodv
aluesand
at
ti
tudet
owar
dst
eacher
s,School
-mat
es,SchoolPr
ogr
amsandEnv
ironment
al,and
Val
uesy
stems.

Nonschol
ast
icEv
aluat
ion

Non-
schol
ast
icabi
l
iti
esar
econcer
nedwi
tht
hel
ear
ner
’sat
ti
tude,
int
erest
,val
ues,
f
eel
i
ngs,
habi
ts,
soci
ali
nter
act
ionswhi
chcannotbeassesseddi
rect
ly.Thi
scanbedone
i
ndi
rect
ly by obser
ving t
he behav
ioroft
he l
ear
nerand hi
s exper
iences,t
hrough
bi
ogr
aphi
es,
sel
frepor
ts,
checkl
i
stset
c.

Nonschol
ast
icabi
l
iti
esar
eimpor
tanti
nshapi
ngt
heper
sonal
i
tyoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
whi
chi
snotev
aluat
edi
nexami
nat
ions.Abi
l
ityi
sdef
inedast
hepowerandski
l
ls,
especi
all
ytodo,t
hink,actandmake.Thewor
dschol
ast
icmeans“
oforconcer
ning
school
sandt
eachi
ng”.Byi
mpl
i
cat
ion,
thet
erm non-
schol
ast
iccanbet
akent
omean,
“
notoforconcer
ningschool
sandt
eachi
ng”
.Ingener
al,
nonschol
ast
icabi
l
iti
esi
ncl
ude
t
hose abi
l
iti
eswhi
ch ar
e nott
radi
ti
onal
l
ytaughtand ev
aluat
ed i
n school
s.These
abi
l
iti
esr
efl
ectt
hel
aterper
for
manceoft
hest
udentaspr
ofessi
onal
s.Ourassessment
sy
stemsi
nschooll
evelar
emai
nlybasedonper
cent
agest
hest
udentget
sinat
est.On
basi
soft
hiswet
ryt
ocer
ti
fyt
hechi
l
dasi
ntel
l
igentorasl
owl
ear
ner
.Theseday
slot
sof
school
sar
efocusi
ngont
hehol
i
sti
cdev
elopment,
whi
chi
sal
soknownasal
lround
dev
elopmentoft
hechi
l
d.1Theschoolhasnow emer
gedasapl
acewher
east
udent
acqui
resv
ari
ousski
l
ls.Ef
fect
iveschool
sfol
l
ow ahol
i
sti
cappr
oacht
oeducat
ioni
ean
i
ntegr
ated dev
elopmentst
ressesonphy
sical
,ment
al,mor
aland soci
alaspect
s.A
hol
i
sti
cappr
oacht
oeducat
ionatt
heel
ement
aryl
eveli
samust
,asi
tist
hemost
i
mpor
tantsubsect
ionoft
hewhol
eeducat
ionsy
stem.

I
nter
nal
Assessment

I
nter
nalassessment
,orcur
ri
cul
um-
embedded assessment
,ev
aluat
es what
st
udent
sdowhent
heyar
eint
hecl
assr
oom.I
nter
nalassessmenti
sacr
uci
alpar
toft
he
i
nst
ruct
ionpr
ocessi
nar
tandai
dst
eacher
s,st
udent
s,andpar
ent
sinev
aluat
ingst
udent
pr
ogr
ess.I
nter
nalassessmenti
l
lust
rat
esaspect
sofst
udentpr
ogr
esst
hatar
enot
t
ypi
cal
l
yev
aluat
edi
next
ernal
assessment
.

Thequal
i
tat
iveassessmentofl
ear
ner
’sbehav
iourchangesbywayofi
nter
nal
j
udgmenti
sknownasi
nter
nal
assessment
.

I
nter
nalassessmental
so ser
ves as a basi
sforpr
ofessi
onaldev
elopment
.
Teacher
swhoanal
yzet
hewor
koft
hei
rst
udent
swi
l
lseet
rendsi
nst
udentper
for
mance
t
hatmayber
elat
edt
oinst
ruct
ion.Forexampl
e,at
eacherwhoseest
hatt
hepr
oduct
sof
hi
s/herar
tst
udent
slackdept
hmaywi
sht
otakeadv
ancedar
tcour
sest
oel
i
citmor
e
dept
hinst
udentpr
oduct
s.

Anongoi
ngpr
act
iceofi
nter
nalassessmentenabl
est
eacher
stomoni
torl
ear
ning
aspar
toft
hei
rteachi
ngpr
ocess.Teacher
scanmakedat
a-baseddeci
sionst
oadj
ust
i
nst
ruct
ionalst
rat
egi
essot
hatt
heyaccommodat
ethedi
ff
erentneedsandl
ear
ning
st
ylesofst
udent
s.Dat
aal
soai
dst
udent
sinsel
f-
assessmentbypr
ovi
dingt
hem wi
th
cr
it
icalf
eedback.Though t
eacher
s somet
imes desi
gn speci
fi
ctasks t
o addr
ess
par
ti
cul
arconcept
sorski
l
ls,
anyst
udentpr
oductandl
ear
ningpr
ocesscanbev
iewedas
anassessmentt
oolandcanpr
ovi
det
eacher
swi
thv
aluabl
einf
ormat
iononcur
rent
l
evel
sofst
udentper
for
mance.Par
ti
cul
arl
yusef
ulexampl
esofi
nter
nalassessmentar
e
checkl
i
sts,
studentj
our
nal
s,i
n-cl
asswor
k,peerr
evi
ews,
conf
erenci
ng,
andpor
tfol
i
os.

Adv
ant
agesofI
nter
nal
Assessment

1.Exami
nat
ionbasedonmer
erot
ememor
yoft
hest
udent
scanbeav
oided.

2.I
nter
nalassessmenthel
pst
omi
nimi
set
heov
eranxi
etyandner
vousnessamongt
he
st
udent
s,whi
chot
her
wiseaf
fectt
hest
udent
satt
het
imeofexami
nat
ion.

3.Lear
ner
swi
l
lbemot
ivat
edt
oact
ivel
ypar
ti
cipat
einbot
hcur
ri
cul
arandco-
cur
ri
cul
ar
act
ivi
ti
es.

4.I
thel
pst
oident
if
ythest
rengt
handweaknessoft
hest
udent
sint
hev
ari
ousaspect
s
andt
oimpar
tther
emedi
ali
nst
ruct
ion.

5.I
tbr
ings abouta desi
rabl
e change i
nthe at
ti
tude t
owar
ds,i
nter
est
sin and
appr
eci
ati
onofst
udent
sandt
eacher
stowar
dst
hev
ari
oust
ypesofschool
progr
ammes.

6.I
tisauni
ver
sal
l
yaccept
edpr
inci
plet
hatonewhoi
mpar
tsi
nst
ruct
ioni
sthebest
per
sont
oassesst
hest
udent
s.I
nter
nal
assessmentmakesi
tpossi
ble.

Di
sadv
ant
agesofI
nter
nal
Assessment

1.Per
sonalpr
ejudi
ceandsubj
ect
ivi
tyar
eli
kel
ytocr
eepi
nandt
hismayadv
ersel
yaf
fect
t
hequal
i
tyassessment
.

2.Lackofbasi
cinf
rast
ruct
uref
aci
l
iti
esoft
heschoolmayadv
ersel
yaf
fectt
her
ight
assessment
.

3.Lackofent
husi
asm andi
nter
estoft
het
eacher
smayadv
ersel
yaf
fectef
fect
ive
assessment

Gr
adi
ng

Gr
adi
ng i
s di
ff
erentmet
hod ofcommuni
cat
ing measur
ementofst
udent
s’
achi
evement
.Whenst
udent
s’l
evelofper
for
mancear
ecl
assi
fi
edi
ntof
ewcl
assi
fi
cat
ory
uni
tsusi
ngl
ett
ergr
ades,
thesy
stem ofassessmenti
scal
l
edgr
adi
ngsy
stem.Gr
adi
ngi
s
consi
der
ed t
o be mor
e sci
ent
if
icwayofev
aluat
ion asi
tsol
vest
he pr
obl
emsof
bor
der
li
necasesbyi
ncul
cat
ingal
lthepupi
l
sfal
l
ingwi
thi
nawi
derr
angewi
thi
nthesame
gr
ade.I
ngr
adi
ngst
udent
sar
ecat
egor
isednotr
anked.Gr
adesr
epr
esentar
angeand
t
endt
oov
ercomet
hepossi
bleer
rorofj
udgement
.Iti
sapr
ocessofcl
assi
fyi
ngst
udent
s
basedonpr
edef
inedst
andar
ds.Gr
adesar
eusedf
orconv
eyi
ngst
udent
’sper
for
mance
wi
thr
efer
encet
ospeci
fi
edcr
it
eri
onandal
sot
her
elat
iveposi
ti
onofst
udent
sint
hei
r
gr
oup.Gr
adi
ngcanbedoneei
therdi
rect
lyori
ndi
rect
ly.

Ty
pesofgr
adi
ng

Di
rectgr
adi
ng

I
ndi
rectgr
adi
ng,j
udgementofanygi
venphenomenaski
l
ls,per
sonal
i
tyt
rai
tsby
ev
aluat
ori
nter
msofmostappr
opr
iat
elet
tergr
adewi
thoutassi
gni
ngt
hescor
es.I
n
exani
mat
ion,t
he ev
aluat
orwi
l
lawar
d a par
ti
cul
argr
ade t
othe answerf
oreach
i
ndi
vi
dual
quest
ionbasedoni
tsqual
i
ty.

I
ndi
rectgr
adi
ng

I
tist
hemet
hodofawar
dinggr
adest
hroughmar
ks.Mar
ksar
eawar
dedt
othe
i
ndi
vi
dual
quest
ionsbasedonpr
escr
ibedmar
kingscheme.

Absol
utegr
adi
ng

I
nabsol
utegr
adi
ng,somef
ixedr
angesofscor
esar
edet
ermi
nedi
nadv
ancef
or
eachgr
ade.Thescor
eobt
ainedbyast
udenti
nasubj
ecti
sconv
ert
edt
ocor
respondi
ng
gr
ade.Thi
s gr
adi
ng i
s cr
it
eri
on r
efer
enced and keeps t
asks i
n mi
nd wi
thoutany
v
ari
abi
l
ity
.

Rel
ati
vegr
adi
ng

Her
ethegr
ader
angei
snotf
ixedi
nadv
anced.Thef
undament
alpr
emi
seof
r
elat
ivegr
adi
ngi
sthati
fanev
aluat
ionr
esul
tispl
ott
edonagr
aph,t
hegr
aphwi
l
l
assumet
hef
orm ofanor
malpr
obabi
l
itycur
ve.Rel
ati
vegr
adi
ngi
snor
mref
erencedand
f
ocusesont
hev
ari
abi
l
ityi
nthequal
i
tyofst
udent
s.