LAB MANUAL

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Sr.No. Experiment Page Sign.

No.
1. To study the block diagram of electric 3
drives.
2.1 To simulate the 1- half controlled 6
rectifier circuit for firing angle <900 with
(A) R-load (B) RL-Load
2.2 To simulate the 1- fully controlled 10
rectifier circuit for firing angle <900 with
(A) R-load (B) RL-Load
2.3 To simulate the 3- fully controlled 14
rectifier circuit with (A) R-load (B) RL-
Load
3. To simulate the 1- full wave inverter 18
circuit with 1800 mode conduction.
4. To perform a matlab Simulink function of 22
Type A,B Chopper.
5.1 To determine the armature voltage control 28
of a DC Motor
5.2 To determine the field resistance control of 31
a DC Motor
6 To perform closed loop control of chopper 33
fed DC motor.
7 To perform speed control using Pulse 37
Width Modulation method.
8 To perform speed control of DC machine 41
by H-bridge Igbt.
9 To study Traction motor drive. 45

10 To study solar and battery powered drives. 50

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EXPERIMENT NO: 1

Aim: To study Block diagram of Electric Drive

THEORY

The system which is used for controlling the motion of an electrical machine, such
type of system is called an electrical drive. In other words, the drive which uses the electric
motor is called electrical drive. The electrical drive uses any of the prime movers like diesel
or a petrol engine, gas or steam turbines, steam engines, hydraulic motors and electrical
motors as a primary source of energy. This prime mover supplies the mechanical energy to
the drive for motion control.

The block diagram of the electrical drive is shown in the figure below. The electrical load
like fans, pumps, trains, etc., consists the electrical motor. The requirement of an electrical
load is determined regarding speed and torque. The motor which suited the capabilities of the
load is chosen for the load drive.

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Parts of Electrical Drive:

The main parts of the electrical drives are power modulator, motor, controlling unit and
sensing units.Their parts are explained below in details.

Power Modulator – The power modulator regulates the output power of the source. It
controls the power from the source to the motor in such a manner that motor transmits the
speed-torque characteristic required by the load. During the transient operations like starting,
braking and speed reversing the excessive current drawn from the source. This excessive
current drawn from the source may overload it or may cause a voltage drop. Hence the power
modulator restricts the source and motor current.

The power modulator converts the energy according to the requirement of the motor
e.g. if the source is DC and an induction motor is used then power modulator convert DC into
AC. It also selects the mode of operation of the motor, i.e., motoring or braking.

Control Unit – The control unit controls the power modulator which operates at small
voltage and power levels. The control unit also operates the power modulator as desired. It
also generates the commands for the protection of power modulator and motor. An input
command signal which adjusts the operating point of the drive, from an input to the control
unit.

Sensing Unit – It senses the certain drive parameter like motor current and speed. It mainly
required either for protection or for closed loop operation.

Advantages of Electrical Drive:

The following are the advantages of electrical drive.

• The electric drive has very large range of torque, speed and power.
• Their working is independent of the environmental condition.
• The electric drives are free from pollution.
• The electric drives operate on all the quadrants of speed torque plane.
• The drive can easily be started and it does not require any refuelling.
• The efficiency of the drives is high because fewer losses occur on it.

The electric drives have many advantages shown above. The only disadvantage of the drive is
that sometimes the mechanical energy produced by the prime mover is first converted into
electrical energy and then into a mechanical work by the help of the motor. This can be done
by the help of the electrical link which is associated with the prime mover and the load.

Because of the following advantages, the mechanical energy already available from a non-
electrical prime mover is sometimes first converted into electrical energy by a generator and
back to a mechanical energy of an electrical motor. Electrical link thus provides between the
non-electrical prime mover and the load impact to the drive flexible control characteristic.

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For example – The diesel locomotive produces the diesel energy by the help of the diesel
engine. The mechanical energy is converted into an electrical energy by the help of the
generator. This electrical energy is used for driving the other locomotive

Disadvantages of Electrical Drive:

The power failure completely disabled the whole of the system.

1. The application of the drive is limited because it cannot use in a place where the power
supply is not available.
2. It can cause noise pollution.
3. The initial cost of the system is high.
4. It has a poor dynamic response.
5. The output power obtained from the drive is low.
6. During the breakdown of conductors or short circuit, the system may get damaged due to
which several problems occur.

Application of Electric Drive:

➢ It is used in a large number of industrial and domestic applications like transportation
systems, rolling mills, paper machines, textile mills, machine tools, fans, pumps,
robots and washing, etc.

CONCLUSION:

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EXPERIMENT NO: 2

Experiment No: 2.1

➢ AIM: To simulate the 1Ø half controlled rectifier circuit for firing angle < 90 with
(A)R-Load
(B)RL-Load

➢ APPARATUS & MATERIAL:

NO COMPONENT QUANTITY VALUE

1 Thyristor 1 Forward voltage:0.8V

(SCR)
Latch current:0.1A

2 AC Voltage 1 100
Source

3 Voltage 2 -
Measurement

4 Current 1 -
Measurement

5 POWERGUI(discrete) 1 T=5e-05

6 SCOPE 1 -

7 Pulse 1 Pulse width:50%

generator

8 SERIES RLC 1 R=72, L=25e-2

BRANCH

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THEORY

In half wave rectification of a single-phase supply, either the positive or negative

half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the
input waveform reaches the output, mean voltage is lower. Half-wave rectification requires a
single diode in a single-phase supply, or three in a three-phase supply. Rectifiers yield a
unidirectional but pulsating direct current; half-wave rectifiers produce far more ripple than
full-wave rectifiers, and much more filtering is needed to eliminate harmonics of the AC
frequency from the output

➢ Procedure:

• Open Matlab and select simulink file to built required circuit.

• Collect required blocks from simulink library like diodes, ac source, voltmeter etc.
• Connect the circuit as it circuit diagram and start the simulation for required time.
• Measure Dc voltage and Ac voltage in output of half wave rectifier and save the file.
• Repeat same steps for RL load and calculate required parameters

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➢ MATLAB FIGURE:

(A) R-LOAD

(B) RL LOAD

CONCLUSION:

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Experiment No:2.2

➢ AIM: To simulate the 1Ø fully controlled rectifier circuit for firing angle < 900 with
(A)R-Load
(B)RL-Load

➢ APPARATUS & MATERIAL:

NO COMPONENT QUANTITY VALUE

1 Thyristor 4 Forward voltage:0.8V
(SCR)
Latch current:0.1A

2 AC Voltage 1 100
Source

3 Voltage 2 -
Measurement

4 Current 1 -
Measurement

5 POWERGUI(discrete) 1 T=5e-05

6 SCOPE 1 -

7 Pulse 1 Pulse width:50%

generator

8 SERIES RLC BRANCH 1 R=72, L=25e-2

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➢ THEORY:
The phase controlled rectifiers using SCRs are used to obtain controlled dc
output voltages from the fixed ac mains input voltage. The circuit diagram of a fully controlled
converter is shown in Figure 2. The output voltagvaried by controlling the firing
angle of SCRs.

The single phase fully controlled converter consists of four SCRs. During positive half
cycle, SCR1 and SCR 2 are forward biased. Current flows through the load when SCR1 and
SCR2 is triggered into conduction. During negative half cycle, SCR3 and SCR4 are forward
biased. If the load is resistive, the load voltage and load current are similar.

➢ Procedure:
➢ Open Matlab and select simulink file to built required circuit.
➢ Collect required blocks from simulink library like diodes, ac source, voltmeter etc.
➢ Connect the circuit as it circuit diagram and start the simulation for required time.
➢ Measure Dc voltage and Ac voltage in output of half wave rectifier and save the file.
➢ Repeat same steps for RL load and calculate required parameters

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➢ MATLAB FIGURE:

(A) R-LOAD

(B) RL-LOAD

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SIMULATION WAVE FORM IN MATLAB:

(A) R-LOAD

(B) RL-LOAD

CONCLUSION:

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Experiment No: 2.3

➢ AIM: To simulate the three phase fully controlled bridge rectifier circuit with .
(A)R-Load
(B)RL-Load

APPARATUS & MATERIAL:

NO COMPONENT QUANTITY VALUE

1 Thyristor 4 Forward voltage:0.8V

(SCR)
Latch current:0.1A

2 AC Voltage 1 100
Source

3 Voltage 2 -
Measurement

4 Current 1 -
Measurement

5 POWERGUI(discrete) 1 T=5e-05

6 SCOPE 1 -

7 Pulse 1 Pulse width:50%

generator

8 SERIES RLC BRANCH 1 R=72, L=25e-2

➢ THEORY:
The three phase full bridge converter works as three phase AC-DC converter
for firing angle delay 00<α≤900 and as three phase line commutated inverter for 900<α<1800.
The numbering of SCRs 1, 3, 5 for the positive group and 2, 4, 6 for negative group. This
numbering scheme is adopted here as it agrees with the sequence of gating of six thyristors in
a 3-phase full converter.

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Here each SCR is conduct for 1200. At any time two SCRs, one from positive group
and other from negative group must conduct together and this combination must conduct for
600.this means commutation occurs for every 600. For ABC phase sequence of three phase
supply thyristors conduct in pairs: T1 and T2, T2 and T3, T3 and T4, T4 and T5, T5 and T6,
T6 and T1.

➢ Procedure:

• Open Matlab and select simulink file to built required circuit.

• Collect required blocks from simulink library like diodes, ac source, voltmeter etc.

• Connect the circuit as it circuit diagram and start the simulation for required time.

• Measure Dc voltage and Ac voltage in output of half wave rectifier and save the file.

• Repeat same steps for RL load and calculate required paramete

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MATLAB FIGURE

(C) R-LOAD

CONCLUSION:

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Experiment No: 3

➢ AIM: To simulate the single phase full wave inverter circuit with
180 mode conduction.

➢ APPARATUS & MATERIAL

NO COMPONENT QUANTITY VALUE

1 IGBT/DIODE 6 Internal resistance Ron (Ohms) : 1e-

3

Snubber resistance Rs (Ohms) : 1e5

2 DC Voltage 1 240V
Source

3 Voltage 3 -
Measurement

4 POWERGUI(discrete) 1 T=5e-05

6 SCOPE 1 -

7 Pulse 6 Pulse width:50%

generator

➢ THEORY:
In the three phase inverter mode 180 degree, each SCR conducts for 180
degree.Thyristors pair in each arm , i.e. T1,T4;T3,T6;T2,T5 are turned on the with a time
interval of 180 degree. In the three phase inverter mode 120 degree, each SCR conducts for
120 degree. Like 180 mode , 120 mode inverter also requires six steps each of 60 degree
duration , for completing one cycle of t

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A power inverter, or inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct

current (DC) to alternating current (AC).The input voltage, output voltage and frequency,
overall power handling, are dependent on the design of the specific device or circuitry

Single Phase full bridge inverter

1. Bridge (single phase) is built from two half-bridge leg.

2. The switching in the second leg is “delayed by 180 degrees” from the first leg.

Procedure:

➢ Open Matlab and select simulink file to built required circuit.

➢ Collect required blocks from simulink library like diodes,dc source, voltmeter etc.

➢ Connect the circuit as it circuit diagram and start the simulation for required time.

MATLAB FIGURE And SIMULATION WAVE FORM IN

MATLAB:

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120 mode of conduction

CONCLUSION:

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Experiment No : 4
➢ AIM:To perform a matlab simulink fuction of

(1)A type chopper{step down copper}

(2)B type chopper{step up chopper}

APPARATUS & MATERIAL:

(1)A type chopper{step down copper}

NO COMPONENT QUANTITY VALUE

1 DIODE 1 Internal resistance

Ron (Ohms) : 0.01

2 DC Voltage 1 100V
Source

3 Voltage Measurement 1 -

4 POWERGUI(discrete) 1 T=5e-05

5 SCOPE 1 -

6 Pulse 1 Pulse width:50%

generator
Time:2e-5

7 Ideal switch 1 -

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(2)B type chopper{step up chopper}

NO COMPONENT QUANTITY VALUE

1 DIODE 1 Internal resistance

Ron (Ohms) : 0.01

2 DC Voltage 1 10V
Source

3 Voltage Measurement 2 -

4 POWERGUI(discrete) 1 T=5e-05

5 SCOPE 1 -

6 Pulse 1 Pulse width:75%

generator
Time:1e-5s

7 Ideal switch 1 -

8 Inductance 1 1e-3H

➢ THEORY:

(1)A type chopper:

In electronics, a chopper circuit is used to refer to numerous types of electronic

switching devices and circuits used in power control and signal applications. A chopper is a
device that converts fixed DC input to a variable DC output voltage directly. Helicopter rotor
chops or cuts the air to produce required the lift and hence the name chopper is used for
a helicopter. Incidentally, 'chopper' is used for a semiconductor device called thyristor
because of its ability to chop the sinosoidal wave at a desired location.

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This chopper operates by periodic turn ON and turn OFF of the SCR T1.When this SCR
is turned ON the current flows in the direction shown by the arrow through the SCR T1 and
load.When the SCR is turned OFF the current passes through diode D1

The Class-B chopper or Type-B Chopper is also called as Step Up chopper, because
the power can be transferred from a lower voltage (V0) to higher voltage as shown by the arrow
in the figure.Thus it is clear that output current IO can only be positive.Similarly diode D1 limits
the output voltage VO to be positive.The region of operation in the VO-IO plane is therefore the
first quadrant as shown in the below figure.The maximum instantaneous voltage VO is limited
to the supply voltage Vs when SCR T1 is turned ON.In the class A chopper, the power flow is
from the input voltage source to the load connected at the output.As the value of VO is always
lower than the input V, it is also called as step down chopper
.
(2)B type chopper:

(VS) only. This reverse power flow from the load to the source will occur only if the load is
active.Capable of providing continuous power output.A common example for reverse power
flow is the regenerative braking in DC motors.In that case, the kinetic energy stored in the
DC motor is returned to the input DC source.Here kinetic energy stored in the DC motor is
returned to the input DC source.Other example for transfer energy stored in large inductors.

The output current IO is restricted to negative values by the SCR T1 and diode
D1. The output voltage VO is restricted to be positive and lower than VS.
The load current is negative. It means, the load current flows out of the load.
[Note:If the current flows from source to load it is considered as positive current.If the
current flows from load to source it is considered as negative current.]
As the current flows from load to the source, the energy is transferred from load to the
source.It is known as inverting operation.This kind of situation occurs during the braking of
DC motor.The energy associated with back emf (Eb) of the motor is fed back to the
source.Thus the current is known as negative current.Since motor rotates in the same

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direction, it is called Forward Regenerative Braking.Regeneration means energy is fed from

load to the source during braking
.
Operation:
• The diode D1 allows the current flow only from load (E) to the source (VS).
• As shown in the figure, the load is assumed as motor load.
• The motor has internal inductance (L) and resistance (R). To avoid complexity, the R
is ignored in all figure.
• The Eb is the back emf of the motor load.This back EMF Eb is responsible for
negative current flow.

Mode- I: SCR(T1) is ON

• When the switch (T1) is turned ON, the output voltage Vo = 0 but the load voltage E
drives current through L and T1.

• The negative current flows from Eb, L and T1.

• This current keeps on increasing.

• The current IO flows through Eb, R, L and switch in negative direction.

• The inductance stores energy (which is supplied by back emf Eb) during this period.

Procedure:

• Open Matlab and select simulink file to built required circuit.

• Collect required blocks from simulink library like diodes,dc source, voltmeter etc.
• Connect the circuit as it circuit diagram and start the simulation for required time.

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MATLAB FIGURE:

(1) A type chopper{step down copper}

(2)B type chopper {step up chopper}

SIMULATION WAVE FORM IN MATLAB:

(1)A type chopper{step down copper}

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(2)B type chopper{step up chopper}

CONCLUSION:

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Experiment-5

• Aim: (A) To determine the armature voltage control of a DC motor.

B) To determine the field resistance control of a DC motor.

Experiment-5.1
Aim: (A) To determine the armature voltage control of a DC motor

• Procedure:

For the armature control,perform the simulation by using the model as shown in the figure
for different values of armature voltage Va= 180 V,240V ,300V ,while the voltage applied to
the field circuit is kept constant at its nominal value 240V.

Perform simulation for 3 different values of armature resistances of Ra= 0.6 ohm,01.2
ohm,1.8 ohm in order to investigate the effect of armature resistance on the slope of torque of
the speed curve.

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• OBSERVATION:
Voltage Speed

1.180 V 359.2
2.200V 546.6
3.220V 734.1
4.240V 921.6
5.300V 1484

• As the voltage increases, the speed of the dc motor increases.

• When we add external resistance in the armature ,the speed decreases.

Resistance V N=speed

1. 0.2 2. 240V 3. 630.8rpm

4. 0.4 5. 220V 6. 527.6 rpm

• Response curve:

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Conclusion: From this experiment we conclude that

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Experiment-5.2

• Aim: To determine the field resistance control of a DC motor.

• Procedure:

For the field resistance control, select the nominal value of field resistance,Rl=240
Ohm
And run the simulation for various values of Tl to determine the steady state value of
each value of speed of machine torque.

In order to investigate the effect, an increase in the field resistance on the speed torque
characteristics and Rexternal ==0,60 ohm with field winding for the same machine
torque.

Sketch the torque speed curve for both resistance value.

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• Observation:

• Rf(Resistance) Speed (rpm)

1. 60 1452
2. 120 1759
3. 180 2061

• As the resistance increases , the speed of motor increases.

• Response curve:

Conclusion:

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Experiment No:6

➢ AIM: To perform closed loop control of chopper fed dc motor

.
➢ APPARATUS & MATERIAL:

NO COMPONENT QUANTITY VALUE

1 Integrator LIMITED 1 -

2 DC VOLTAGE 2 300V AND 240V

SOURCE

3 DC MACHINE 1 2HP,240V,1750RPM,FIELD:150V

4 GTO 1 Current 10% fall time Tf (s) : 10e-6

5 POWERGUI(discrete) 1 T=5e-05

6 SCOPE 2 -

7 ADD 3 ++

8 CONSTANT 1 120

9 TORQUE LOAD 1 5

10 RELAY 1 -

11 DIODE 1 Resistance Ron (Ohms) :0.001

Forward voltage Vf (V) : 0.8

12 GAIN 2 1.6

DC Motor is very extensively used machine where the speed control is desired. The
operation of DC motor in different steps is easy compared to AC motors. By the open loop
control the DC motor can be operated at any intermediate speed by changing the voltage,
armature current etc. But in open loop (Prediction based) control accuracy in speed cannot be
obtained i.e. the speed will not be constant for load variations on the motor. There will not be
any feedback to the controller to indicate the change in speed due to load. This disadvantage

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restricts the use of open loop speed control DC motor in applications where constant speed is
essential. To avoid this disadvantage a closed loop technique is implemented where the output
measured speed is fed back to the speed controller. In closed loop controller the speed can be
maintained by adjusting terminal voltage according the speed difference caused by the load
torque. I.e. a fine control of speed can be obtained using closed loop speed control. The below
figure shows the basic block diagram of closed loop

The measured speed at the motor shaft is fed back and compared with reference
speed. The difference speed error is applied to the speed controller to generate a control voltage
Vc which controls the power converter and produces the desired terminal Vt .This terminal
voltage controls the speed of the motor and thus the speed of the motor can maintained for any
variations in the load torque. For example if the load torque has been increased, due to this high
load the motor speed reduces momentarily from its desired value. Thus the speed error at the
output of the comparator increases which increases the control signal Vc. The speed controller
can be proportional(P) or proportional integral(PI) and it also takes care of the maximum speed
limit of the motor. This control signal decreases the firing angle of the thyristor if it is phase
controlled converter or it increases the duty cycle to increase the switching On time if it is a
chopper converter and thus the output terminal voltage will increase. This increased terminal
voltage (armature voltage) develops more torque to compensate the effect of load torque and
to maintain the constant speed.The same operation in the reverse way will be performed if the
load torque reduces. When the applied torque matches the load torque then the motor speed
will be constant. There will be small oscillations during this control which can be reduced by
the perfect controller time constant.

➢ Procedure

• Open Matlab and select simulink file to built required circuit.

• Connect the circuit as it circuit diagram and start the simulation for required time.

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MATLAB FIGURE:

SIMULATION WAVE FORM IN MATLAB:

(a)Torque, speed & armature current graph

b) voltage graph:

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CONCLUSION :

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EXPERIMENT NO: 7
Aim: To perform speed control using Pulse Width Modulation method.

Apparatus:
Sr no. Item Specification

1. Signal Generator Amplitude:5; Frequency 1

Hz
2. Constant 1;2

3. Compare To Zero Operator <=

4. Sine wave block Amplitude Vm=ma*Vc

Ma=0.8
Vc=100
5. Rate transition Block Sample time : -1

6. Relational Operator >=

7. Repeating Sequence Block Time Values:

[0 1/(4*fc) 1/(2*fc) 3/(4*fc)
1/fc]
Output Values:
[0 Vc 0 -Vc 0]
8. Scope No. of axes :2

THEORY:

Pulse-width modulation (PWM), as it applies to motor control, is a way of delivering

energy through a succession of pulses rather than a continuously varying (analog) signal.By
increasing or decreasing pulse width, the controller regulates energy flow to the motor shaft.
The motor’s own inductance acts like a filter, storing energy during the “on” cycle while
releasing it at a rate corresponding to the input or reference signal. In otherwords, energy flows
into the load not so much the switching frequency, but at the reference frequency. PWM is
somewhat like pushing a playground-style merry-go-round. The energy of each push is stored
in the inertia of the heavy platform, which accelerates gradually wiharder, more frequent, or
longer-lasting pushes. The riders receive the kinetic energy in a very different manner than how
it’s applied.

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Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation: It explains the generation of a sinusoidal

PWM signal, which finds more applications in industries. the gating signal can be generated
by comparing a sinusoidal reference signal with a triangular carrier wave and the width of each
pulse varied proportionally to the amplitude of a sine wave evaluated at the center of the same
pulse. The output frequency (fo) of the inverter can be found by using the frequency of the
reference signal (fr). The rms output voltage (vo) can be controlled by modulation index M and
in turn modulation index is controlled by peak amplitude (Ar). The voltage can be calculated
by VO=Vs (S1-S4) . The number of pulses per half cycle depends on the carrier frequency. 78
The gating signal can be produced by using the unidirectional triangular carrier wave.

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SPWM 1-Phase:

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SPWM 3-PHASE:

Conclusion:

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Experiment No:8
➢ AIM: To perform speed control of dc machine by H-bridge Igbt
.
➢ APPARATUS & MATERIAL:

NO COMPONENT QUANTITY VALUE

1 RELATIONAL 2 Less than equal to

OPERATOR

2 DC VOLTAGE SOURCE 1 20V

3 DC MACHINE 1 2HP,240V,1750RPM,FIELD:150V

4 IGBT 6 Internal resistance Ron (Ohms): 1e-3

Snubber resistance Rs (Ohms) : 1e5

5 POWERGUI(discrete) 1 T=5e-05

6 SCOPE 1 -

7 SWITCH 4 Three port input and one output port

8 LOGICAL OPERATOR 2 -
(AND)

9 LOGICAL OPERATOR 2 -
(XOR)

10 REPEATING 1 Time values:[0 2]

SEQUENCE
Output value: [0 2]

11 BIAS 1 U+1

12 GAIN 1 2.5

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THEORY:

An H-Bridge is an electronic power circuit that allows motor speed and direction
to be controlled. Most DC Motors can rotate in two directions depending on how the battery
is connected to the motor. Both the DC motor and the battery are two terminal devices that
have positive and negative terminals. In order run the motor in the forward direction.

An H-Bridge circuit allows a large DC motor to be run in both directions with

a low level logic input signal. As shown in fig. 3 the IGBTs switches are used for switching.
If it is desired to turn the motor on in the forward direction, switches 1 and 4 must be closed
to power the motor. Fig. 4 below is the H-Bridge driving the motor in the forward direction.

If it is desired to turn the motor on in the reverse direction, switches 2 and 3 must be
closed to power the motor. Fig.below is the H-Bridge driving the motor in the reverse
direction.

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➢ Procedure

• Open Matlab and select simulink file to built required circuit.

• Connect the circuit as it circuit diagram and start the simulation for required time.

MATLAB FIGURE:

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➢ SIMULATION WAVE FORM IN MATLAB :

CONCLUSION:

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EXPERIMENT NO:9
➢ Aim :-To Study Traction motor drive.

➢ Theory:- The electric traction drive is supplied to the locomotive propulsion drives via
overhead lines.Motor-end inverter can be a current source inverter or a voltage source
inverter.The circuitry of th input converter which provides a DC supply for the load side
converter depends on the following:

▪ Type of the input power supply i.e AC or DC.

▪ Electricity utility’s limits on reactive power harmonics.
▪ Type of electric brakes; that’s regenerative , rheostatic or both.
Ac Voltage from the 25kv catenary supply is reduced to the required voltage of the
single phase rectifier. The properly filtered output of the rectifier becomes the input to
the inverter. A three phase inverter provides this high frequency controlled input to
the motor. Depending upon the control scheme adopted, the firing pattern of the three-
phase inverter is established and the desired inverter output is achieved. The desired
high frequency output of the inverter is then fed to three-phase induction motor to get
required values of torque and speed.

Fig. 1: Electric Traction Drive with Catenary Supply

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III. MODEL DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

The Simulink based PWM inverter model has been used for the paper contains fault
simulations blocks where various types of three–phase inverter faults can be simulated,
transient conditions of current and torque has been displayed under Normal and Inverter Fault
Conditions. Its performance is studied under PWM mode and Six Step Mode. PWM inverter-
fed induction motor drives are being used in large numbers throughout a wide variety of
industrial and traction applications. Both voltage & frequency are varied by PWM inverter.
As input voltage given to a PWM inverter should be constant and not variable, therefore an
uncontrolled rectifier can be used so input power factor is much better as compared to scheme
with a square wave inverter.

Fig. 2: Internal details of ' Inverter Block

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1. Simulation Model Blocks

The modelling of the rectifier system has been carried out by using universal bridge to provide
a perfect DC signal. The rectifier model has been developed by making use of
MATLAB/Power System Block (PSB) software. The rectified DC voltage is fed to a PWM
inverter [4].
In AC Propulsion system, 25 kV single phase line voltages is fed to a transformer, whose
secondary winding is connected to single-phase diode rectifier with a DC link capacitor which
produces a DC output. The DC voltage is then passed to the inverter, which provides the
controlled three phase supply to the traction motors. This forms the source for the two voltage
source inverters that supply power to six AC motors. The models of the all individual systems
are integrated in to one connected system for simulation purpose.

h inverter feed, three induction motors which drive the axles and wheels through the gear
boxes. The present work does a mathematical modeling of the inverter system including fault
condition. The conditions of current imbalance & braking torque developed to estimate the
induction machine maximum transient torque in the event of inverter fault [5]. “Fig. 3”, shows
the details of the „Power Circuit Block‟, in which there are six switches taken, whose threshold
inputs are the gating pulses previously received. +0.5 Vdc and zero are the upper and lower
signal inputs for the three top level switches and -0.5Vdc and zero are the upper and lower
signal inputs for the three bottom level switches.

Fig. 3: Internal details of ' Power Circuit

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2. Inverter Model Description

The inverter model is realized by generating voltage outputs of the inverter by algebraic
calculations based on „ON‟ or „OFF‟ state of the pulses. At OFF state, switches are modeled
as ideal open-circuits. The models consist of several blocks and each block is a combination
of subsystems of smaller blocks. In the „Inverter block‟sine wave modulating signal and the
carrier waveform are given to the modulator block, which compares the two waveforms and
according to the sine PWM principle, generates thetwelve gate pulses.There are total twelve
pulses, six for each inverter. The gating pulses are given to the „Power Circuit Block‟ as shown
in “Fig. 2”, where 0.5 Vdc and -0.5 Vdc signals are also given. The outputs of the power circuit
block are the required to be fed as three phase voltages for all the six motors.

Fig. 4: Rectifier two inverter model with six motors

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3. Inverter Fed Induction Motor Model Description

Rectifier - DC Link -Two inverter model with six motors is as shown in “Fig. 4”,.
The Rectifier - DC Link - inverter fed machine model shown in “Fig. 5”.

CONCLUSION:

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EXPERIMENT NO:10

Aim: To study Solar and Battery powered drives.

What is a Motor Controller?

A motor controller is a device that manages the performance of an electric motor by governing
the input power, providing current, voltage and temperature management protection and
enabling specific, even precise operation of the motor, such as speed and torque control.

What is a Solar+Battery Motor Controller?

The SMS Solar Motor Controller series combines several components – an MPPT
controller, voltage booster, charge controller and 3-phase inverter in a single compact,
lightweight and durable package. The SMC series are purpose designed to maximize the energy
from solar DC power, convert that energy into clean digital AC power to run high-efficiency 3-
phase (AC) motors and provide advanced controls generally found only in larger motor sizes.

The Solar+Battery series serves off grid applications to power 3-phase devices that can benefit
from the cost-savings of solar power, but also need the predictable operation of a secondary
power source – even when the sun is not shining.

What types of devices can a Solar+Battery Controller run?

The Solar+Battery Series runs 3-phase devices, such as; motors, pumps, compressors and
condensers. The series runs motor sizes of: 3HP, 5HP, 7.5HP and 10HP. It can also run SMS
specialty 3-phase solar motors and pumps.

What is required to run a motor on Solar+Battery power?

Solar Panels + Solar Motor Controller (w built-in Charge Controller) + Batteries + 3-Phase
Device. The Solar+Battery controller series connects to conventional solar panels using

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standard connections (in series or series/parallel). Standard 3-phase electrical wiring is used to
connect to practically any off-the-shelf 3-phase AC motor.

Most applications are best served using standard deep-cycle lead acid batteries. Battery
powered runtimes can be increased by adding panels (in parallel) and increasing the number of
batteries.

Always use a Certified Electrician for electrical work! Follow US National Electric Codes
(NEC2011) for installation guidelines and restrictions to conform to local electrical codes. For
a certified professional it’s an easy setup.

Model/Sizes: 3HP 5HP 7.5HP 10HP

• 3HP motor = 10 panels

• 5HP motor = 18 panels
• 7.5HP motor = 26 panels
• 10HP motor = 36 panels
100% solar utilization.
If the solar input falls below the minimum required to drive the motor, the system can be set to
automatically switch to batteries to keep the motor running. When excess power is available, it
is diverted to charge lead-acid batteries. Battery systems can be configured for 2, 4, 6, 8+ hours
of backup operation, simply by adding more panels in series/parallel combination to match the
size of the battery system.

Solar+Battery system specifications.

• Proprietary Charge Control technology simultaneously runs device and charges batteries
• Dynamic granular charging increases battery life and utilizes 100% of solar power produced.
• Configurable duration (watt hours) of standby battery power
• Proprietary Circuit-Level MPPT dynamically manages and automatically adjusts to variable
solar input – even on cloudy days or with partial shadowing.
• Digital Signal Processing (DSP) – practically eliminates electrical and electromagnetic noise.
Our digital, pure sine wave, vector-based inversion technology produces clean AC power to
dramatically improve motor performance.
• The Internet of Things (IoT) enabled – monitor and control systems from anywhere and
programmable SMS (text) based monitoring and alerts.
• Programmable management of power source and specified time line.
• Real-time synchronization of 24 clock.
• Global Parameter Settings – adjust many devices at once to optimize usage.
• Soft start technology.
• Speed and torque control.

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• Reversible motor (not recommended for pumps).

• Dry run monitoring.
• Closed-loop speed control.
• Temperature management of controller and 3-phase devices.
• Overload/over voltage protection.
• Use any standard PV solar panels.
• Use any standard 3-Phase AC motor.
• Light weight, compact design is more reliable requiring less maintenance

Conclusion:

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